134 HUGO VAN DEN ENDEN guishing those ideas which ought to be encouraged and those which ought to be suppressed or redirected <strong>»</strong> ; (53) XIV C. W. MILLS: <strong>«</strong> Like any social philosophy, liberalism can conveniently be understood and discussed: (1) as an articulation of ideals which, no matter what its level of generality, operates as a sort of moral optic and set of guidelines for jUdgments of men, movements and events; (2) as a theory, explicit or implied, of how a society works, of its important elements and how they are resolved; (3) as a social phenomenon, that is, as an ideology or political rhetoric - justifying certain institutions and practices, demanding and expecting others<strong>»</strong>; of in de formulering van 1. L. HOROWITZ: <strong>«</strong> In the examination of a political position, Mills insisted on the need to study what seemed to be four central components of any political perspective. The ideology in terms of which institutions and attitudes are justified or criticized; the ethic or worked out body of ideals and beliefs; the agencies of change, that is the instruments of reform, restoration or revolution; and the theory of a political movement as such, its assumptions about how man in society functions <strong>»</strong> ; (54) XV J. GOULD: <strong>«</strong> Ideology is a pattern of beliefs and concepts (both factual and normative) which purport to explain complex social phenomena with a view to directing and simplifying socio-political choices facing individuals and groups <strong>»</strong> ; (55) XVI M. DUVERGER: <strong>«</strong> Les ideologies sont des ensembles de croyances elaborees et systematisees. Elles refletent la situation de la societe ou elles surgissent ... <strong>»</strong> ... <strong>«</strong> representations collectives d'une communaute, qui sont en quelque sorte ses elements spirituels et psychologiques. Les techniques et les institutions constituant plutot des elements materiels<strong>»</strong> ... <strong>«</strong> Tous les membres d'une meme societe ont en commun certaines croyances, certains jugements de valeur, qui constituent une ideologie unitaire, interferant avec les ideologies partielles et opposees des differents groupes en lutte les uns contre les autres<strong>»</strong> ... <strong>«</strong> Mythes et ideologies jouent a peu pres Ie meme role dans la vie politique ; ils servent a mobiliser les citoyens, soit contre Ie pouvoir, soit autour de lui<strong>»</strong> ... <strong>«</strong> Ils (= lfi1 (53) Oakeshott, (M.) : <strong>«</strong> Rationalism in Politics I), London, 1962, p. 116. (54) Mills, (C. W): <strong>«</strong>Power, Politics and People I), New York, 1963, p. 188 en p. 189. (55) Gould, (J.) : <strong>«</strong> A Dictionary of the Social Sciences I), Free Press Glencoe, 1964, p. 315.
HET BEGRIP <strong>«</strong> IDEOLOG IE }) 135 de leden van een gemeenschap) se servent d' elles pour exprimer leurs aspirations et leurs revendications, ils definissent par elles les objectifs fundamentaux de leurs actions politiques, ils construisent aut our d'elles des partis ou des organisations de meme nature. L'acceptation ou Ie rejet des ideologies depend essentiellement de la fa