Reduksjon i utslippene av HFK, PFK og SF6: Utredning av avgift ...
Reduksjon i utslippene av HFK, PFK og SF6: Utredning av avgift ...
Reduksjon i utslippene av HFK, PFK og SF6: Utredning av avgift ...
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<strong>Reduksjon</strong> i <strong>utslippene</strong> <strong>av</strong> <strong>HFK</strong>, <strong>PFK</strong> <strong>og</strong> <strong>SF6</strong>: <strong>Utredning</strong> <strong>av</strong> <strong>av</strong>gift som virkemiddel (TA-1754/2001)<br />
Innhold<br />
1 Sammendrag .................................................................................................................7<br />
1.1 Bakgrunn ........................................................................................................................7<br />
1.2 Forbruk <strong>og</strong> utslipp <strong>av</strong> <strong>HFK</strong>, <strong>PFK</strong> <strong>og</strong> <strong>SF6</strong>........................................................................8<br />
1.3 Regulering i andre land...................................................................................................9<br />
1.4 Forslag til <strong>av</strong>gift på importen <strong>av</strong> <strong>HFK</strong>, <strong>PFK</strong> <strong>og</strong> <strong>SF6</strong> i bulk <strong>og</strong> produkter.......................9<br />
1.5 Administrasjon <strong>av</strong> systemet............................................................................................9<br />
1.6 Proveny <strong>og</strong> systemkostnader ........................................................................................10<br />
1.7 Forholdet til EØS regelverket.......................................................................................10<br />
1.8 Vurdering <strong>av</strong> retursystemer på bakgrunn <strong>av</strong> eksisterende systemer for retur ..............10<br />
1.9 Effekter <strong>av</strong> <strong>og</strong> kostnader ved <strong>av</strong>giftsforslaget ..............................................................11<br />
1.10 Mulige konsekvenser for kuldebransjen.......................................................................12<br />
1.11 Mulige konsekvenser for skumplastbransjen ...............................................................12<br />
1.12 Mulige konsekvenser for bruken <strong>av</strong> <strong>HFK</strong> som brannslukningsmiddel ........................13<br />
1.13 Mulige konsekvenser for kraftbransjen, inkludert utstyrsleverandører........................13<br />
2 Bakgrunn <strong>og</strong> innledning.............................................................................................14<br />
2.1 Behovet for regulering <strong>av</strong> <strong>HFK</strong>, <strong>PFK</strong> <strong>og</strong> <strong>SF6</strong>...............................................................14<br />
2.2 Referanser til tidligere konklusjoner <strong>og</strong> dokumenter ...................................................14<br />
3 Forbruk <strong>og</strong> utslipp <strong>av</strong> <strong>HFK</strong>, <strong>PFK</strong> <strong>og</strong> <strong>SF6</strong> .................................................................16<br />
3.1 Gassene som omfattes <strong>av</strong> forslaget til regulering.........................................................16<br />
3.1.1 Samlet strategi for regulering <strong>av</strong> gassene .....................................................................16<br />
3.1.2 <strong>HFK</strong> (hydrofluorkarboner) ...........................................................................................16<br />
3.1.3 <strong>PFK</strong> (perfluorkarboner) ................................................................................................16<br />
3.1.4 <strong>SF6</strong> (svovelheksafluorid)...............................................................................................17<br />
3.2 Metoder for å beregne utslipp <strong>av</strong> <strong>HFK</strong>, <strong>PFK</strong> <strong>og</strong> <strong>SF6</strong> ...................................................17<br />
3.3 Framskrivning <strong>av</strong> <strong>utslippene</strong> <strong>av</strong> <strong>HFK</strong>, <strong>PFK</strong> <strong>og</strong> <strong>SF6</strong>......................................................18<br />
3.4 Forutsetninger for framskrivningen..............................................................................19<br />
3.5 GWP-verdier som grunnlag for rangering <strong>av</strong> tiltak......................................................20<br />
4 Beskrivelser <strong>av</strong> bruksområdene for <strong>HFK</strong>, <strong>PFK</strong> <strong>og</strong> <strong>SF6</strong> ..........................................21<br />
4.1 <strong>HFK</strong> til kuldeteknikk....................................................................................................21<br />
4.1.1 Kuldemedier..................................................................................................................21<br />
4.1.2 Husholdningsanlegg......................................................................................................21<br />
4.1.3 Stasjonære anlegg i industriell <strong>og</strong> kommersiell sektor .................................................22<br />
4.1.4 Mobile luftkondisjoneringsanlegg ................................................................................22<br />
4.2 <strong>HFK</strong> til blåsing <strong>av</strong> skum...............................................................................................23<br />
4.2.1 Generelt om blåsing <strong>av</strong> skum........................................................................................23<br />
4.2.2 Stivt PUR-skum............................................................................................................23<br />
4.2.3 Mykt PUR-skum...........................................................................................................23<br />
4.2.4 PUR fugeskum..............................................................................................................23<br />
4.2.5 Ekstrudert polystyren (XPS).........................................................................................24<br />
4.2.6 Ekspandert polystyren (EPS)........................................................................................24<br />
4.3 <strong>HFK</strong> til brannslukking..................................................................................................24<br />
4.4 <strong>HFK</strong> som løsemiddel....................................................................................................25<br />
4.5 Bruk <strong>av</strong> <strong>PFK</strong> .................................................................................................................25<br />
4.6 Bruk <strong>av</strong> <strong>SF6</strong> i høyspenningsanlegg...............................................................................25<br />
4.6.1 Generelt om <strong>SF6</strong> i høyspenningsanlegg........................................................................25<br />
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