Tehnici utilizate in imunologie - PIM Copy
Tehnici utilizate in imunologie - PIM Copy
Tehnici utilizate in imunologie - PIM Copy
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PETRU CIANGA<br />
TEHNICI UTILIZATE IN IMUNOLOGIE<br />
NOTIUNI INTRODUCTIVE
PETRU CIANGA<br />
TEHNICI UTILIZATE IN IMUNOLOGIE<br />
NOTIUNI INTRODUCTIVE<br />
Editura Pim<br />
2008
EDITURA <strong>PIM</strong><br />
Soseaua Stefan cel Mare nr. 11 Iasi -700498<br />
Tel. / fax: 0232-212740<br />
e-mail:editurapim@pimcopy.ro<br />
www.pimcopy.ro<br />
EDITURĂ ACREDITATĂ CNCSIS BUCUREŞTI<br />
66/01.05.2006<br />
Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României<br />
CIANGA, PETRU<br />
<strong>Tehnici</strong> <strong>utilizate</strong> în <strong>imunologie</strong> : noţiuni <strong>in</strong>troductive /<br />
Petru Cianga. - Iaşi : <strong>PIM</strong>, 2008<br />
Bibliogr.<br />
ISBN 978-606-520-214-6<br />
612.017
Cupr<strong>in</strong>s<br />
Reacţia Antigen-Anticorp................................................................1<br />
1. Legături implicate în formarea complexului antigen-anticorp.......2<br />
2. Factori care <strong>in</strong>fluenţează <strong>in</strong>teracţiunea d<strong>in</strong>tre antigen şi anticorp..8<br />
2.1 Caracteristici structurale...............................................................9<br />
2.1.1 Specificitatea situsurilor de legare a antigenului.......................9<br />
2.1.2 Reactivitatea încrucişată............................................................9<br />
2.1.3 Accesibilitatea antigenică........................................................10<br />
2.1.4 Structura imunoglobul<strong>in</strong>elor....................................................10<br />
2.1.5 Valenţa antigenelor..................................................................10<br />
2.1.6 Concentraţia de antigene şi anticorpi.......................................11<br />
2.2 Factori fizico-chimici care afectează legarea d<strong>in</strong>tre antigen şi<br />
anticorp..............................................................................................12<br />
2.2.1 Factori de mediu.......................................................................12<br />
2.2.2 Concentraţia în săruri (forţa ionică).........................................12<br />
2.2.3 Potenţialul zeta.........................................................................13<br />
Anticorpi monoclonali....................................................................14<br />
Reacţia de precipitare.....................................................................24<br />
1. Precipitarea în soluţie....................................................................24<br />
2. Precipitarea în gel..........................................................................27<br />
2.1 Dubla imunodifuzie (Oucthterlony)............................................27<br />
2.2 Imunodifuzia radială simplă (Manc<strong>in</strong>i).......................................30<br />
3. Imunelectroforeza.........................................................................32<br />
3.1 Imunelectroforeza.......................................................................35<br />
3.2 Electroforeza de imunofixare (immunofixation electrophoresis -<br />
IFE)...................................................................................................36<br />
3.3 Electroforeza contracurent (countercurrent electrophoresis)......37<br />
3.4 Electroforeza în rachetă (rocket electrophoresis)........................37<br />
3.5 Focusarea isoelectrică (isolectric focus<strong>in</strong>g)................................38<br />
Reacţia de aglut<strong>in</strong>are......................................................................40<br />
1. Aglut<strong>in</strong>area directă........................................................................44<br />
2. Aglut<strong>in</strong>area <strong>in</strong>directă.....................................................................46<br />
3. Aglut<strong>in</strong>area pasivă.........................................................................47<br />
4. Testele de <strong>in</strong>hibiţie a aglut<strong>in</strong>ării....................................................48
5. Testul anti-imunoglobul<strong>in</strong>ic (testul Coombs)...............................50<br />
Teste de fază solidă - Solid phase assay.........................................52<br />
1. RIA - Radio Immuno Assay..........................................................52<br />
2. RIST – Radioimmunosorbent test.................................................53<br />
3. RAST – Radioallergosorbent test.................................................54<br />
4. ELISA - Enzyme L<strong>in</strong>ked Immunosorbent Assay.........................56<br />
4.1 ELISA <strong>in</strong>directă..........................................................................57<br />
4.2 ELISA sandwich.........................................................................59<br />
4.3 ELISA competitivă.....................................................................60<br />
4.4 ELISPOT.....................................................................................61<br />
5. Chemilum<strong>in</strong>iscenţa........................................................................62<br />
Imunohistochimia (Cor<strong>in</strong>a Cianga, Petru Cianga)..........................65<br />
1. Noţiuni de enzimologie.................................................................67<br />
2. Metode de colorare........................................................................70<br />
2.1 Metoda directă.............................................................................70<br />
2.2 Metoda <strong>in</strong>directă în doi paşi........................................................71<br />
2.3 Metoda <strong>in</strong>directă în trei paşi........................................................72<br />
3. Controale.......................................................................................73<br />
4. Colorarea de fond (nespecifică sau background)..........................74<br />
5. Contracolorarea.............................................................................77<br />
6. Imunocitochimia...........................................................................77<br />
7. Dubla/tripla coloraţie....................................................................78<br />
Imunofluorescenţa..........................................................................80<br />
1. Imunofluorescenţa directă............................................................82<br />
2. Imunofluorescenţa <strong>in</strong>directă.........................................................84<br />
Microscopia confocală....................................................................85<br />
Tissue FAXS....................................................................................86<br />
Citometrie în flux (Flow cytometry)..............................................87<br />
1. Pr<strong>in</strong>cipiu........................................................................................87<br />
2. Sortarea particulelor......................................................................94<br />
Aplicaţii ale citometriei în flux......................................................95<br />
1. Imunofenotiparea.........................................................................95<br />
2. Analiza conţ<strong>in</strong>utului ADN (Ploidia ADN)...................................97
3. Investigarea unor molecule solubile............................................99<br />
4. Medic<strong>in</strong>a reproducerii.................................................................100<br />
5. Cross-match................................................................................100<br />
6. Biologia celulară.........................................................................101<br />
7. Analiza proliferării celulare........................................................101<br />
8. Analiza morţii celulare pr<strong>in</strong> apoptoză.........................................104<br />
9. Analiza citotoxicităţii celulare....................................................104<br />
10. Microbiologie............................................................................105<br />
11. Botanică....................................................................................106<br />
12. Farmacologie.............................................................................106<br />
Histocompatibilitatea în transplant............................................107<br />
Tiparea tisulară (tiparea HLA I şi II)........................................110<br />
1. Citometria în flux.......................................................................110<br />
2. Microlimfocitotoxicitatea sau citotoxicitatea<br />
dependentă de complement (CDC).................................................110<br />
3. Metode de biologie moleculară...................................................112<br />
3.1 Metoda SSP - sequence-specific prim<strong>in</strong>g.................................113<br />
3.2 Metoda SSOP - sequence-specific oligonucleotide prob<strong>in</strong>g.....114<br />
3.3 SBT – sequence-based typ<strong>in</strong>g...................................................116<br />
4. Cultura limfocitară mixtă............................................................116<br />
Cross-match (X-match)................................................................117<br />
Evaluarea funcţionalităţii componentelor sistemului imun......120<br />
1. Limfocitele B..............................................................................120<br />
1.1 Teste <strong>in</strong> vivo..............................................................................120<br />
1.2 Teste <strong>in</strong> vitro.............................................................................122<br />
2. Limfocitele T..............................................................................122<br />
2.1 Teste <strong>in</strong> vivo..............................................................................122<br />
2.2 Teste <strong>in</strong> vitro.............................................................................124<br />
3. Celulele NK (natural killer)........................................................126<br />
4. Fagocite.......................................................................................127<br />
5. Bazofile.......................................................................................130<br />
6. Sistemul complement (SC).........................................................131<br />
Modele experimentale animale....................................................134<br />
1. Animale <strong>in</strong>bred (s<strong>in</strong>genice).........................................................135<br />
2. Animale congenice......................................................................136<br />
3. Animale chimerice (chimeras)....................................................138
4. Şoareci SCID (severe comb<strong>in</strong>ed immunodeficiency–<br />
imunodeficienţa severă comb<strong>in</strong>ată)...............................................140<br />
5. Şoareci nuzi.................................................................................141<br />
6. Şoareci transgenici......................................................................143<br />
7. Şoareci knock out (KO)..............................................................145<br />
8. Şoareci knock-<strong>in</strong>.........................................................................146<br />
<strong>Tehnici</strong> de biologie moleculară (manipulare a acizilor nucleici şi<br />
producţie de prote<strong>in</strong>e)<br />
Metode de manipulare a genelor.................................................149<br />
1. Extragerea ADN d<strong>in</strong> ţesuturi şi culturi de celule........................149<br />
2. Extragerea ARN-ului d<strong>in</strong> ţesuturi sau culturi de celule..............151<br />
3. Electroforeza ADN în gel...........................................................152<br />
3.1 Electroforeza în gel de agaroză.................................................153<br />
3.2 Electroforeza în gel de poliacrilamidă......................................156<br />
3.3 Electroforeza în câmp electric pulsatil .....................................157<br />
4. Southern blot...............................................................................157<br />
5. Northern blot...............................................................................161<br />
Metode de evidenţiere a secvenţelor nucleotidice în celule şi<br />
ţesuturi...........................................................................................161<br />
1. Hibridizarea <strong>in</strong> situ......................................................................161<br />
2. FISH – Fluorescence <strong>in</strong> situ hybridization..................................168<br />
3. CISH – Chromogenic <strong>in</strong> situ hybridization.................................169<br />
Manipularea enzimatică a ADN-ului..........................................170<br />
1. Digestia cu enzime de restricţie..................................................170<br />
2. Utilizarea ligazelor în <strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>eria genetică....................................171<br />
3. Amplificarea pr<strong>in</strong> PCR................................................................172<br />
4. RT-PCR (reverse transcription-PCR).........................................177<br />
5. Real time PCR – PCR în timp real..............................................178<br />
6. Secvenţierea ADN.......................................................................179<br />
Metode de <strong>in</strong>troducere a ADN-ului recomb<strong>in</strong>ant în bacterii şi<br />
celule eucariote<br />
1. Vectori.........................................................................................182<br />
1.1 Plasmide....................................................................................182<br />
1.2 Virusuri.....................................................................................186
1.3 Bacteriofagi...............................................................................187<br />
1.4 Cosmide....................................................................................188<br />
1.5 Cromosomi bacterieni artificiali...............................................188<br />
1.6 Cromosomii artificiali d<strong>in</strong> drojdii (YACs)................................188<br />
2. Transformarea bacteriană şi purificarea ADN-ului<br />
d<strong>in</strong> plasmide....................................................................................189<br />
Producerea prote<strong>in</strong>elor în gazde bacteriene<br />
1. Inducerea s<strong>in</strong>tezei proteice în gazde bacteriene..........................192<br />
2. Purificarea prote<strong>in</strong>elor.................................................................193<br />
2.1 Filtrarea în gel (cromatografie de excludere)............................194<br />
2.2 Purificarea prote<strong>in</strong>elor cu ajutorul răş<strong>in</strong>ilor<br />
schimbătoare de ioni.......................................................................195<br />
2.3 Tehnologia Ni-NTA (nichel-acid nitriloacetic)........................195<br />
3. Inhibitori de proteaze..................................................................199<br />
4. Metode de caracterizare a produsului genelor manipulate..........201<br />
4.1 Electroforeza prote<strong>in</strong>elor...........................................................206<br />
4.2 Western blot..............................................................................203<br />
4.3 Caracterizarea funcţională pr<strong>in</strong> analiza asocierii cu<br />
alte prote<strong>in</strong>e.....................................................................................205<br />
4.4 Alte metode de analiză funcţională...........................................206<br />
4.4.1 Analiza Farwestern................................................................206<br />
4.4.2 Imunoprecipitarea..................................................................206<br />
4.5 Surface plasmon resonance (SPR)............................................208<br />
Bibliografie....................................................................................213