ARDIENTE

ARDIENTE

STUDENT GROUP

Qiao Cendon - 4854950

Tolga Özdemir - 4843959

Javier Montemayor - 4781988

Seyedeh Kiana Mousavi - 4878736

Nikoleta Sidiropoulou- 4822552

MSc Architecture, Urbanism & Building Sciences

Building Technology

Bucky Lad Design (AR1B015 2018/19)

RESPONSIBLE INSTRUCTOR

Dr.-Ing. Marcel Bilow

Ir. Sietze Kalkwijk

DATE | 28-01-2019

CONTENT

00 | INTRODUCTION

ASSIGNMENT

ELEVATOR PITCHES

ROUND-UP

01 | DESIGN

WHY?

PRINCIPLES

DESIGN PROCESS

APPLICATION

MATERIALISATION

VISUALISATION

02 | PRODUCTION

WHAT TO BUILD ?

PREPARATION

BUILDING

MOCK-UP

03 | STRUCTURAL MECHANICS

DESCRIPTION

APPROXIMATIONS

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

04 |CONCLUSION

SUMMARY

REFLECTION

REFERENCES

05 |APPENDIX

MOCK-UP DRAWINGS

INTRODUCTION

4

The Academic Medical Center (AMC) is located in

Amsterdam, in the most south-eastern part of the city,

in the Bijlmer neighbourhood.

It is an institution that combines academic formation

with medical services just in a single complex. AMC

is an extensive campus, being one of the largest and

leading hospitals of The Netherlands, having officially

more than 1000 beds and 25,000 admitted patients

per year.

Given the complexity of the program, the necessities of

the AMC are also broad, such as lecture rooms, offices,

laboratories, bedrooms, cantines or shops.

The building was founded in 1983, but is currently

facing major problems regarding energy consumption

and thermal comfort. Most of the energy consumption

is taken over the thermal control, ventilation, and

energy used to light the interior spaces. Therefore AMC

asked TU Delft to find for future solutions that could be

developed in order to improve its demands in a broader

way.

Solutions are needed to achieve a better performing

building that relies less in the active system and

INTRODUCTION

ASSIGNMENT

expensive methods of energy production, as well as

using innovative processes for a successful operation.

The task of this course is focused on a design

“product” that can be applied to any facade of the

AMC. Therefore the new design can contribute to

the better performance of the building, regarding to

lighting, ventilation, heating or cooling. The final idea

should be a simple and innovative design that can help

the institution to achieve their functions but in a more

sustainable way.

Based on these criteria, Ardiente is an innovative

concept based on natural ventilation and solar energy

that can be easily attached to every type of buildings

and modified according its different requirements. In

the end, this concept will be able to improve the cooling

system of the building, decreasing its energy demand

and therefore, saving costs.

This report describes the entire design development

process of Ardiente, since the original drawings until

its technical details, structural calculations and

construction prototype.

FIGURE 1: THE AMC, ACADEMIC MEDICAL CENTER - AMSTERDAM

1

INTRODUCTION

ELEVATOR PITCHES

FIGURE 2: AIR TUBE BY NIKOLETA

Air Tube: This is a natural ventilation system that

supports the existing ventilation. The main structure

is a vertical tube attached to the facade. The tube

consists of 3 glass surfaces that increase the imported

solar energy and redirect the sunlight in a high thermal

mass material, which heats up. Cold air is getting inside

the tube from the bottom, it warms up from the sun

and the thermal mass material and because of a lower

density it raises to the top and leave the tube. As result

of the vertical air flow pressure difference is developed

between the inside air of the building and the air of the

tube. This difference causes the extraction of the “used”

air of the building with a passive way. Furthermore, the

use of the high thermal mass material speeds up the

air’s warm up and extends the functional duration in

the obscure hours. This system takes up a small space

on the facade of the buildings, so functions without

reducing much window surface.

2

INTRODUCTION

FIGURE 3: THE DEMOUNTABLE SOLAR CHIMNEY BY KIANA

The Demountable Solar Chimney: One of the major

problems in the AMC building is the excessive amount

of heat which is produced by the equipment and

can get worse in the near future due to the issues of

climate change. The demountable solar chimney is a

combination of a solar chimney and a wind catcher.

It is designed to minimize the energy demand for

ventilation. The principle flow in the solar chimney

is from bottom to top while in the wind catcher, it is

the opposite. This contradicting air flows require two

separate shafts. However, in this product, the openings

are set in a way that only shaft is needed, therefore

less material is used and less space is needed. It has

openings on two opposite sides. The windward side

has openings which provide fresh air to the rooms. On

the leeward side, there are valves at the top of each

solar chimney. When the fresh air enters the room, it

accelerates the flow of the exhaust air into the shaft

which will then be directed upwards and exit the shaft.

3

INTRODUCTION

FIGURE 4: THE GAP BY JAVIER

The Gap: Because of the necessities exposed by the

AMC, thermal comfort had to be the issue to tackle.

However, as a designer, a major intervention is known

to be little feasible, especially when an operating

hospital is involved. Lightest intervention is the main

intention, through a second skin façade that would act

as thermal buffer for the patient room towers of the

AMC. Simply, two basic components form the design:

the second skin façade made of a light textile and an

air gap in between the new additional façade and the

existing building, connected through an aluminum

frame. This would allow the building to have more time

to cool down in summer and to stay warm in winter.

Having tackled the thermal problem, light and vision

might seem to be affected. However, the new exterior

layer is divided in two types: a translucent one to let

the light in, and a transparent one that would allow

patients have the much-needed views to the exterior.

Being modular and adjustable, the façade, while being

airtight, still contemplates air outlets to ventilate the

gap when necessary using different configurations

based on the season. The new envelope would not just

give the AMC a new look, but a more efficient way to

continue its operation.

4

INTRODUCTION

Qiao Cendón

4854950

Elevator Pitch. 10/10/18

1- PROBLEM: Cooling system

2- PURPOSES:

• Radiation surface:

• Air flow ( heat ):

3- CONCEPT:

• Pores

Insulation

Noise:

• Optional PV:

BREATHING LAYER

Ext & int exchange

4- CHARACTERISTICS:

• Prefabricated / flexibility:

• Winter & summer:

• Porosity material

clay, ceramic…

5- FURTHER DEVELOPMENT:

. + = . =

FIGURE 5: BREATHING LAYER BY QIAO

Breathing Layer: The problem addressed in this concept

is the thermal comfort, mainly the cooling in summer.

The design is based on the principle of second skin,

exchanging the heat from the inside to the outside and

vice versa, due to the exterior holes on both sides of

the piece. It consists on small pieces made of porous

material with vertical channels inside, allowing reducing

the noise and improving the insulation. The conic shape

of the vertical channels speed the air flow up, sweeping

the heat and reducing it. The radiation surface is

reduced to half and optional PV can be installed on top,

hiding its wires behind due to the horizontal holes. The

product can be easily assembled in different shapes

due to its flexibility and prefabrication, and it works for

summer and winter climate. It is possible to adjust

this heat exchange design according to every building

needs, changing the direction of the conic vertical

channels or the location of the exterior openings.

5

INTRODUCTION

FIGURE 6: SOLAR FACADEY BY TOLGA

Solar Façadey: The major in the AMC building is

excessive summer temperatures and the lack of natural

illumination. The building in continuous use and any

refurbishment would create a temporary disturbance.

So, the construction must be done as fast as possible.

In this concept, the unitised facade elements not only

offering larger windows with better properties, but also

a solar chimney to cope with high indoor temperatures

in summer. In winter, the hot air is captured in the

facade and redirected to the rooms driven by a solar

powered fan, through a PCM thermal mass for the

facade to continue functioning at night.

6

INTRODUCTION

ROUND-UP

Evaluating in detail the concepts of the five projects,

the thermal comfort principle of The Gap project

was discarded, as the cooling system and natural

ventilation were discussed to be more important in the

AMC building. However, the lightness and the feasibility

concept of this project were taken into account.

The rest of the projects were based on natural

ventilation concept and solar chimney principle, except

the Breathing Layer project, which was based only on

the first one. This project had the advantage of the

smaller size of the modules and the possibility of PV

cells installation, which was considered for the final

idea.

The common point of most of the projects was the

necessity of reducing the disturbance while renovation

the facade, so the concept of a second layer skin

was settled. Moreover, the possibility to be adaptable

either for winter or summer climate was established

in most of the projects, except the Demountable Solar

Chimney. The problem of this project was the wind

catcher, which only worked for summer climate and

also the one-floor module for the solar chimney, which

seemed not to be efficient enough. With regards to the

Air tube project, the downside was the size of the solar

chimney, which needed to be reduced for adaptable,

feasible and visual reasons.

Qiao Cendón

4854950

Elevator Pitch. 10/10/18

BREATHING LAYER

Ext & int exchange

1- PROBLEM: Cooling system

2- PURPOSES:

• Radiation surface:

• Air flow

3- CONCEPT:

• Pores

• Optional PV:

( heat ):

4- CHARACTERISTICS:

Insulation

Noise:

• Prefabricated / flexibility:

• Winter & summer:

• Porosity material

clay, ceramic…

5- FURTHER DEVELOPMENT:

. + = . =

The Solar-Facadey seemed to be complex but also

interesting, as it was based on the interconnection of

different interior rooms to the solar chimney, either

in vertical or horizontal levels. The negative aspects

were the partial demolition of the facade for the new

innovative windows and the PCM insulation, which

increased even more the difficulties of this complex

concept. However, it was carefully selected for a further

development in the following steps of the Design

course, due to its dynamic interaction and passive

cooling system.

FIGURE 7: ELEVATOR PITCHES

In the end, although the Solar-Façadey was selected,

there were still a lot of adjustments to be modified,

discarded and combined from the rest of the projects.

In the following weeks, finding the right combination

of the positive aspects of the other projects and

negative ones of the Solar-Façadey, where crucial and

a challenge task for the final design product.

7

DESIGN

DESIGN

8

DESIGN

WHY?

Solar chimneys are mostly used for individual dwellings

or as a centralized system for larger buildings. In

our concept, the solar chimney principle is used as

a decentralized system improving interior thermal

comfort.

Solar chimneys rely on the pressure difference inside

the room and inside the chimney. For adequate

pressure difference which extracts the air from the

room, solar chimneys are built higher than the space

they serve. Our facade chimneys are thus designed

two storeys high and placed in a vertically shifted order

between two rooms for maximum efficiency.

Two storey high chimneys are divided into two units

for easier handling. The bottom unit is equipped with

PV cells for optimum electrical-thermal gain balance.

Operable lids control the solar chimney behaviour for

different weather conditions.

Heat exchangers, placed on top, maximizes the

thermal gains in winter. As the top lid is closed, the

trapped air inside the module heats up rapidly and

used inside, reducing the heating load.

The fans continue to cool the room down in warm

summer nights. They run on the stored electricity

generated by the PV cells.

9

DESIGN

PRINCIPLES

As the AMC building is a hospital, there are many

machines, devices and equipment used in the building.

These equipment produce a significant amount of heat

which has a direct impact on the ventilation demand of

the building.

Due to the existing excessive amount of heat from the

devices and also the climate change that will get worse

in the near future, one of the main issues that need to be

tackled in the AMC building is the ventilation. Ardiente

is designed as a solution for this problem and not only

can be used in the AMC but also can be attached to

other existing buildings to improve their performance

or can be integrated into the design process from the

beginning for the future constructions.

This product is a unitized demountable solar chimney.

Each unit has the same height as two rooms and it

comprises two parts which will be connected to two

rooms on top of each other. Each room is attached to

two different units. In this way, a room drives its exhaust

air into one module and receives warm water from the

heat exchanger from the adjacent module. The lower

part of the module has inlets to allow the outside air

in, accelerating the airflow and preventing the solar

chimney from overheating. It is connected to the bottom

room with a pipe at the level of around 2.50m which

collects the exhaust air from the room. The upper part

has outlets to drive the exhaust air to the out and it is

connected to the upper room with a heat exchanger.

The heat exchanger is linked to the radiator of the room

below the window. (maybe explain the cycle of the heat

exchanger to the room?). The heat exchanger helps to

warm up the air inside the solar chimney and it speeds

up the air flow. Each unit is a closed module as the top

and bottom of the unit are covered by lids. The units

can be put on top of each other based on the height

of the building. For the ease of setting up and also

to prevent the rooms from overheating, the units are

placed with a distance from the main façade and are

attached to C channels.

The module is made out of Aluminum sheets with a

thickness of 4mm. Aluminium is the best material for

this design as it has a high thermal conductivity while

having a lightweight and low price. PV cells are attached

to the front face. An insulation layer is considered

next to the backplate so that condensation does not

happen inside the module. There are also ribs used in

this design to enhance the structural performance of

the product and reduce the thickness of the Aluminum

sheets.

FIGURE 8: AMC - ENERGY CONSUMPTION

10

Simplification

The selected concept Solar-Façade was criticised and

the problematic parts were tried to be fixed in the first

place. The concept was a whole façade design, requiring

a lot of advanced engineering, so it was decided to be

reduced to a lighter additional product to be mounted

on the existing façade. Another topic discussed was

whether the shifted order was necessary or not, to turn

the concept into a more generic plug-and-play product.

The initial idea was to have two interdependent

modules serving four rooms at two storeys, one above

another. It was proposed to reduce the whole solar

chimney concept to one storey solution. The advantage

of having a high solar chimney is the ability to use the

solar chimney to extract air from a room in summer

and to use the trapped hot air in the room above. The

additional height would also ensure the adequacy of

pressure difference for the mechanism to function. So

it was decided to go on with the two-storey alternative.

DESIGN

DESIGN PROCESS

Ventilation

There are opposite views on either natural or

mechanical ventilation is to be preferred in hospital

buildings. Natural ventilation needs lower capital,

operational and maintenance costs. It can achieve a

high ventilation rate and has a large range of control

of the environment by occupants. As a downside,

it is more difficult to predict and design. Mechanical

ventilation is usually preferred due to its suitability

for all climates and weather with air-conditioning

for a more controlled and comfortable environment.

Yet inadequate ventilation may lead to a widely seen

phenomenon called sick building syndrome. Taking all

these criteria into account, hybrid ventilation, which

relies on natural driving forces to provide the desired

flow rate, using mechanical ventilation when the

natural ventilation flow rate is too low, maybe a proper

solution. However, many hospitals have regulations that

ban natural ventilation, so trapped heat was decided to

be used in an indirect way in the rooms, restricting the

airflow to be only from the room. This was where heat

exchangers were introduced to extract the heat from

the air in the chimneys. The hot air would heat the water

running through them and the hot water would either

be used in the wall type radiators that are behind them

immediately or collected first in a centralised system

and distributed therefrom. These two were decided to

be kept as options.

FIGURE 9: BUILDING APPLICATION

Size

Solar chimneys rely on the pressure difference inside

the room and inside the chimney. For adequate

pressure difference which extracts the air from the

room, solar chimneys are built higher than the space

they serve. In this case, chimneys are thus designed

two storeys high and placed in a vertically shifted order

between two rooms for maximum efficiency.

11

DESIGN

Thermal Energy

To further develop the basic solar chimney principle,

a solution was sought to be able to extract the hot air

from even when there is no sun to heat the chimney up.

The energy was somehow to be stored in the daytime

and used when there is no sun. Two options were

discussed. First one was to store the thermal energy

of the sun with a phase change material (PCM). The

heated PCM would give its heat to the inside of the

module when it is cooler and keep the mechanism

functioning. This idea was inspired by the Double Face

2.0 project run by the lead researchers Dr. ir. Martin

Tenpierik and Dr. Michela Turrin of TU Delft. Double

Face 2.0 is a contemporary Trombe wall incorporating

an insulator and PCM heat storage on either side of a

rotatable element. In winter it captures and re-radiates

heat from the sun. In summer it captures and disposes

of internal heat. However, PCM is a relatively new

approach and is not mature enough to be used in such

a concept.

FIGURE 10: FACADE APPLICATION

Energy production

The other one was to place photovoltaic (PV) cells on

the outer surface of the module, harvesting energy

and storing it in batteries to be used at night to extract

the air from the room. As in the hot water collection,

different options were decided to be offered in electricity

production and storage. As PV cells generate direct

current (DC) and most of the appliances in the hospital

run on alternating current (AC), some conversion steps

are of necessity. The first option would be converting

the DC to AC in a central system and connect it to the

grid. The second one would be the usage of a central

battery as preparation of transition to DC smart grid.

The third option would be placing individual batteries

in the façade modules and running the fans over them.

Shape

The initial idea of the solar chimney integrated into the

facade unit incorporated chimneys with a rectangular

section. When they were taken out, they had to

withstand the wind loads on their own with less support.

Thus, a more streamlined section was needed. In this

case, either a curved semi-circular or a polygonal

section was needed. In addition, the outer surface/s

would have to host PV cells. There are different types

of PV cells, both flexible, as Amorphous silicon, Copper

Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS), or organic PV and

rigid, as Monocrystalline silicon, Polycrystalline silicon

and Cadmium Telluride (CdTe). The design was desired

FIGURE 11: 2-PART MODULE

12

DESIGN

to be as flexible as possible, so a polygonal section was

adopted, a semi-octagon, which offers flat surfaces for

a wider range of PV type selection.

FIGURE 12: ENERGY MANAGEMENT

heat exchanger

exhaust air

Openings

After the selection of the shape of the module, the

size, shape and location of the external air inlets and

outlets were discussed. Usually, solar chimneys only

have an air outlet, since the air feed is from the room.

However, it was decided to put an inlet to the bottom of

the bottom module to act as an emergency valve. Since

the outlet of the top module would be so close to the

inlet of the module above, inlets and outlets were put

on different faces. These openings could either be cut

out or perforated. Cut out openings were preferred over

perforation due to aesthetic reasons. Large cutouts

can create a problem that the birds can build their nest

in or other small animals can climb in, so the cutouts

are arranged of thin incisions to form grilles.

Bulding attachment

Last topic discussed was the connection of the

modules to the facade. From the beginning, a flexible

and reversible design was a priority. So, the panels are

not directly mounted to the facade with permanent

connections, but with detachable anchors to the

U-profiles that fixed to the slabs of the building.

FIGURE 13: OPENINGS

FIGURE 14: FINAL DESIGN

13

1. LOCATION

DESIGN

APPLICATION

3. CONNECTIONS

CREADO CON CON UNA UNA VERSI

EADO CON UNA VERSIÓN PARA ESTUDIANTES DE AUTODESK

One of the advantages of the project is that can The product can be easily attached to the existing

be adjustable and located in almost every type of building due to the connexion elements previously

building. Its dimensions can vary according to its assembled in the factory, therefore achieving a

different morphology and requirements, but always demountable concept. These connection elements

with a minimum dimension box of 1.30x6.6 m. Due to are based on 2 metals C-channels (with the respective

its width dimension, it allows being located either in resistant screws) located along the height of the

facades with or without windows, as well as regards product and at both lateral sides. The dimensions that

its CREADO length, which CON can UNA be VERSIÓN adjustable CREADO PARA according CON ESTUDIANTES to UNA the VERSIÓN were DE AUTODESK

PARA analyzed ESTUDIANTES are around 7.5x15x7 DE AUTODESK mm. However,

building height (see Figure XX).

The system consists of:

• 2 modules with dimensions of 1.3x0.5x3.3 m

• 2 interior rooms)

• 2 heat exchangers

• 2 exhaust-air fans

CREADO CON UNA VERSIÓN PARA ESTUDIANTES DE AUTODESK


It can be mentioned that the number of rooms that are

connected to the facade product can be either for 1 or

2 rooms, therefore the number of heat exchangers and

fans can change accordingly.

2. GEOMETRY

The shape can be modified into different combinations

according to the wind force or sun radiation. More

division faces in the box will bring not only more stability

against wind forces coming from different angles, but

also more optimum surfaces to be heated. The shape

that is chosen to be developed is in the middle of the

options, with a relation between functional-stabilityaesthetical

purposes.


FIGURE 16: BUILDINGS APPLICATION

14

these connexion elements can easily vary, from U, C,

I profiles, as long as it allows a minimum accessibility

from one of the sides.

FIGURE 15: SHAPE OPTIONS

CREADO CON UNA VERSIÓN PARA ESTUDIANTES DE AUTODES

DIANTES DE AUTODESK

CREADO CON UNA VERSIÓN CREADO PARA CON ESTUDIANTES UNA VERSIÓN DE AUTODESK

PARA ESTUDIANTES DE AUTODESK


DESIGN

4. INSTALLATIONS

PV-cells

PV cells are optional in the project, so they can either

be totally released or covered with them. In the first

case, neater visibility of the product will be achieved, as

well as increasing the heat transfer surface into inside

the solar chimney. In the second case, with a surface

covered of maximum 75%, more electrical energy is

achieved in order to supply the heat exchanger or fans.

Several dispositions of PV can be displayed in order

to focus on different purposes, such as the examples

described in Figure XX. However, a 50% covered facade

was chosen in order to achieve an optimum heat

capacity-electricity production relationship.

or inside the solar chimney product. The position of

the fan inside the room may cause some undesired

noises in the hospital, whereas in the interior of the

solar chimney may cause noises reverberation into the

module. The final selected location in the project was

inside the module, in order to decrease annoying noises

and construction interventions inside the building.

Insulation

Although the insulation in the module is not really

needed due to the building insulation, it can be placed

inside the module at the back plate in order to ensure

that there is not heat transfer from the chimney to the

building, especially in summer climate.

Fans

The exhaust fumes from the lower interior rooms can

be extracted by a fan, carefully placed inside the room


FIGURE 17: PV-CELLS OPTIONS

15


DESIGN

MATERIALISATION

In the real product, the suitable material for the

solar chimney box needed to absorb efficiently the

heat gain from the sun as a priority. Thus, glass was

expected at the beginning to achieve that requirement.

However, CES program allowed finding the correct

material for that purpose and additionally, to add

more restrictions according to other real factors. For

example, it needed to be stiff enough in order to avoid

undesired deformations, resistant to weather climate,

light as possible, low thermal expansion, high thermal

conductivity, a high melting point in order to stand hot

temperatures, non-flammable and if possible, recycle

and downs cycle property. In the end, an aluminium

sheet was found to be the best material for those

requirements, as well as finding the way it could be

joined and shaped.

As regards with the insulation, foams, composites

and fibres materials were expected at first to fulfil

the thermal absorption properties. Therefore, the

restrictions that were applied were mainly about

low density, low thermal conductivity and thermal

expansion coefficient, enough melting point in order

to stand hot temperatures, low flammability and if

possible recyclable. The optimum material that was

achieved by the program according to the thorough

analysis and common sense was Phenolic foam.

The connexions placed between the box and the facade

were expected to be made by metal C-Channels. They

had to comply with the requirements of stiffness, lighter

if possible, resistant to shear and bending forces, low

tensile strength, the low thermal conductivity in order

VEL 1

A

room

B

room

ON PLAN

0.50 0.16 0.40

7.80

2

A106

7.80

2

FACADE APPLICA

1 : 100

FIGURE 18: FACADE APPLICATION - PLAN

16

to avoid heat transmission to the facade, low thermal

LEVEL 1

A

expansion coefficient, resistant to weather conditions,

non-flammable, and recyclable if possible. The

material selected was stainless steel, but most of the

C-channels that are in the market are made of carbon

steel, which is not in the database of CES. This result

was something that needed to be discussed, so at the

end, carbon steel was considered to be cheaper and in

addition, it was already universally used.

0.50 0.16 0.40

DESIGN

Similar restrictions as the C-channels were applied for

the bolts inside

B

them, ending with a coated stainless

steel.

Although it was not mentioned, the price was one of

the main factors to be considered while choosing the

suitable material. In general, the CES program not

only allowed selecting the appropriate material for the

specific requirements, but only the shaping process,

and joining method of the different components.

1 LOCATION PLAN FACADE APPLICATION

2

1 : 50

1 : 100

7.80

7.80

2

A106

FIGURE 19: FACADE APPLICATION - PLAN & VIEW

17

DESIGN

AIR OUTLET

HEAT

EXCHANGER

1.B

ALUMINIUM

CHIMNEY

UNION OF

MODULES

EXHAUST FAN

1.A

PV PANELS

AIR INLET

FIGURE 20: KIANA’S CONCEPT

1 SINGLE MODULE

18

A101 SINGLE MODULE

Team: Ardiente

DESIGN

Q

ANCHOR SYSTEM

BACK PLATE

INSULATION

RIBS

EQUIPMENT

HEAT EXCHANGER

CHIMNEY

PV PANELS

1.B

EXISTING BUILDING

1.A

EXHAUST FANS

1

AXONOMETRIC EXPLOTED

FIGURE 21: EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC

19

DESIGN

3

A107

2

A107

1

A107

0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55

3.30 3.30

6.60

MODULE 1.1 MODULE 1.2

Copper pipes 2 CM Diameter

Cold water input

Warm water output

Tube & Shell heat exchanger

39 x 57 CM box

Cooper pipes

Aluminum sheet 0.4 CM thick

Black paint finish & coating

Insulation 5 CM thick

Phenolic foam

Fan for air exhaust

Diameter 20 CM

Aluminum ribs (7.0 x 0.6 CM)

At every 1.65 M of module

PV Panels

0.3 MM thick

0.40 0.16 0.50

1

00_SECTION TRANSVERSAL

1 : 25

FIGURE 22: SECTION TRANSVERSAL

20

DESIGN


Cold water input

Warm water output

1.65


39 x 57 CM box

Cooper pipes

1.65

6.60

1.65

1.65

3.30

MODULE 1.2




Phenolic foam

C-Channel (5x5 cm)

For holding insulation

3.30

MODULE 1.1

Fan for air exhaust

Diameter 20 CM



1.30

1

01_SECTION LONG

1 : 25

FIGURE 23: SECTION LOG

21

DESIGN

0.16

0.16

PVC Pipes

16 CM Diameter

1

0.24 0.41 0.40 0.56

0.24 0.26 0.16

0.40

0.40

Detail 1- Bottom

1 : 10

0.16 0.30 0.30 0.16

0.09 0.11 0.16 0.59 0.16 0.11 0.09

0.05

0.07

0.07 1.15 0.07

0.45

0.07 0.35

1.01

0.14

0.42 0.46 0.42

1.30

Existing concrete column

50 X 50 CM

Existing facade

Concrete core, insulation &

finishing

U-Profile

UPA 150X75X6


Phenolic foam

Fan for air exhaust

Diameter 20 CM





PV Panels

0.3 CM thick

Existing concrete column

50 X 50 CM

0.02 0.51 0.51

0.02


Cold water input

Warm water output

0.40

0.16

0.50

0.24 0.26 0.16

0.40

0.14 1.02 0.14

0.09 1.13 0.09

0.07

0.45

0.07

0.07

0.35

0.15

1.15

0.41

0.07

Existing facade

Concrete core, insulation &

finishing

U-Profile

UPA 150X75X6


Phenolic foam


39 x 57 CM box

Cooper pipes



2

Detail 2- Top

1 : 10

0.42 0.46 0.42

1.30



FIGURE 24: DETAIL - BOTTOM & TOP

22

DESIGN

0.06

Aluminum tab for coupling

of upper module

Sealant/adhesive

Silicone GE Rubber

Air outlet for warm air

0.47

0.57

0.004

0.05 0.16 0.27




39 x 57 CM box

Cooper pipes

3

12_DETAIL TOP

1 : 10

0.20

0.40 0.16 0.26 0.24

0.40 0.16 0.50


Phenolic foam

U-Profile

UPA 150X75X6

0.004

0.01

0.01

0.05 1.65

1.65





Sealant/adhesive

Silicone GE Rubber

Aluminum tab for coupling

of upper module


Phenolic foam

PV Panels

0.3 CM thick

2

11_DETAIL MIDDLE

1 : 10

0.40 0.16 0.26 0.25

U-Profile

UPA 150X75X6

0.40 0.16 0.51

PV Panels

0.3 MM thick

0.004 0.05



0.06 0.54 0.20

0.26 0.16 0.12

0.25 0.30

0.14

0.21 0.25

Anchor to slab

3/8''- 8NC (9.5 MM)


Phenolic foam

Fan for air exhaust

Diameter 20 CM

PVC Pipes

16 CM Diameter



0.16 0.40 0.40 0.16

0.26 0.25

0.56 0.40 0.16 0.51

U-Profile

UPA 150X75X6

1

10_DETAIL BOTTOM

1 : 10

FIGURE 25: DETAIL - HEAT EXCHANGER & CONNECTION

23

DESIGN

VISUALISATION

FIGURE 26: ANIMATION - AMC FACADE

24

DESIGN

FIGURE 27: FACADE OF THE AMC, ARDIENTE APPLIED IN SOUTH FACADE

FIGURE 28: CLOSE-UP OF ARDIENTE - PV PANELS AND ALUMINUM

25

PRODUCTION

PRODUCTION

26

Ardiente has a narrow shape with a total length of

6,60m. Its function is based on natural ventilation

and passive heating through a combination of simple

components. The two functions comprised of exhaust

air extraction and heat supply through heat exchangers

allow having a range of design possibilities.

PRODUCTION

WHAT TO BUILD ?

0.50 m

1.30 m

So the questions were focused on: “What and how was

going to be built?”

Furthermore, from the one hand, the construction of

a prototype in 1:1 scale was not possible due to its

big dimensions. From the other hand, a scale down

in a 1:10 scale was also not efficient, since only the

basic shape could be constructed, leaving out the

demonstration of its functionality.

In the end, the idea that was finally developed was to

create an “educational” prototype in 1:5 scale. Due

to these new dimensions, the different components

of the project could be easily and simply represented,

allowing describing the air and the heat flows by other

means.

The construction of the total length of the project was

not something interesting to be represented since it

is a simple hollow tube where the air flows along its

length.

6.60 m

Further reduction of the height was needed in order

to construct a feasible prototype of at least under 80

cm long. Therefore, several sections along the height

were done, including the most representative parts of

the working concept, such as the ceilings, fans, heat

exchanger, etc.

0.50 m

1.30 m

0.05 m

1.30 m

0.66 m

1.30 m

FIGURE 29: MOCK-UP SCALE DOWN

27

PRODUCTION

1

1

Room 1

Radiator

Heat exchanger

Room 2

Room 2

2

2

Fan

Room 3

3

3

Room 3

FIGURE 30: SELECTION OF SECTION REPRESENTATION

The concept is first demonstrated by the sun rays,

represented by a circuit of LEDs in white colour. After

that, the air goes inside the module through the inlet

opening at the bottom part and it flows along two

modules until the top part, going again to the exterior

through two openings.

On the other hand, the smoking machine that is hidden

at the bottom of the prototype allows representing the

air flow extracted from the interior rooms due to the

fans and hotter air coming from the solar chimney. The

circuit of LEDs inside the solar chimney represents

the air temperature change, which is transforming its

colour as the temperature of the air is being increased

(from cold to hot>from blue to red)

At the upper rooms, there are heat exchangers in order

to save heat and transfer it to the interior rooms. They

are smoking

described as radiators, represented as well as a

circuit of LEDs and with the same colour code. However,

machine

they differ in time from the previous LEDs, as the heat

takes more time to be transferred into the room. All the

cables and electrical connexions for the LEDs and fans

are hidden and controlled in the lower part, due to an

Arduino circuit and an exterior button.

Finally, a fan and a recipient of oil are hidden inside the

upper box in order to extract all the air from the airtight

model.

circu

contro

28

PRODUCTION

opening

air oulet

WATER

smoke-oil remove

Fan

smoke extraction

LEDs

heat transfer

LEDs air temperature and flow

LEDs sunlight

smoke

machine

circuit

controller

opening

air inlet

FIGURE 31: SHAPE OF HEAT TRANSFER AND AIR FLOWS

29

1. MATERIALS

IIn order to materialize properly the prototype,

considering its function and properties of the materials

itself, several pieces of research were performed. The

principal component to be analysed was the solar

chimney module. In the beginning, it was going to be

made of glass in real life due to its great properties

to absorb the heat from the sun. Therefore, a sheet

of transparent styrene was considered to be the

best material to represent this idea. Different ways

to bend this material were performed, from changing

the thickness sheet until bending it through heat

application.

PRODUCTION

PREPARATION

possibilities were proposed but the most realistic one

was performed by the smoke machine. The smoke

machine provided from the University did not work,

so alternatives of producing smoke were discussed,

such as small smoke machine, flour powder, etc.

Frankincense was concluded to be the cheapest and

cleanest one, but with no sufficient smoke strength.

Due to this important function in the project, an airtight

box made of cardboard was constructed, simulating

the air coming from the room through a pipe. Fans were

placed at specific locations in order to facilitate the air

movement through different rooms and spaces.

All the cables from the circuit of LEDs and fans, as well

as the smoke machine, were discussed to be hidden

at the lower part of the model. Moreover, extra space

at the upper part was required in order to place an oil

container, in charge of removing the air to the outside.

FIGURE 32: BENDING STYRENE

However, after testing and trying to form the module

shape, it proved to be not the suitable material for this

case (see Figure 32). Further research was performed

and the glass was replaced by an aluminium sheet in

the real-life product. For this reason, non-transparent

styrene was selected, but in this case, by cutting and

pasting the different parts individually. However, it

proved to be difficult to work with this complicated

material. The solution was grey cardboard with 2 mm

thickness, despite losing the glossiness effect and thin

sheet of the metal sheet in real life.

After searching for different possibilities of representing

the increase of the air temperature (powder colour,

coloured arrows, etc), a circuit of LEDs finally came

out. A better and dynamic representation of the air

temperature flow was able to be performed with them.

LEDs were used for representing the sun, the air flow

inside the solar chimney and the heat exchangers

(white colour for the sun, blue for the cold temperature

and red for the hot temperature air).

A representation of the air flow was challenging due

to its lightness and specific properties. Different

In order to show and demonstrate all the functions

of the project, a transparent property material was

selected for the lateral sides of the model. Plexiglas

is an expensive material and due to the limited

sheets from the University supply, a reduction of the

transparent surface was required, therefore ending in

an increase of the wooden part.

A demountable concept of the chimney box was

desirable, as well as the connexion to the facade

through some anchors. In the end, a solution based

on C-channels along the height on the module allowed

reducing the undesirable heat transfer to the facade, as

well as increasing the possibilities of demount-ability.

In order to represent the insulation, a 10 cm-foam of

polystyrene was discussed. However, a thinner sheet

was chosen later due to the unnecessary thermal

insulation, as the chimney box was finally separated

from the facade.

2. CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS

AIn the beginning, the Autocad program was used to do

the constructions plans. However, any small modification

of the prototype ended in a time consuming changing

process within the program. So, once a 3D model was

done in Rhinoceros, the rest of 2D plans were able to

be easily and faster performed. The program was set

30

PRODUCTION

Material List

Mock-up material Real-life material Thickness/Size Color Quantity Supply

Multiplex

Existing wall/slab

Frame*

d: 6, 9, 18 mm Natural s. plans University

Plexiglas Frame* 70x70mm Transparent 2 University

Rubber sealant Sealant plexiglass* L: 5.2 m Black 1 Group

Styrene

Metal box

Sunlight*

Radiator

Heat exchanger

d: 1.0 mm 2

Transparent 3x sheets Group

d: 0.5 mm 2 Transparent 1x sheet Group

Styrodur Insulation d: 0.1 m Grey/white 1x (1x0.5m) Group

PVC pipes (flexible)"

Ventilation of room

r: 10 mm

Black 1 Group

Smoke extraction* r: 50mm - 1 Group

Silicon pipe Smoke channel* r: 20 mm - 1 Group

PV Cell / Printing PV panels Printed 45 Group

Fan Export of the smoke* 60x60x25 mm - 1 Group

Fan grill Export of the smoke* 60x60 mm Black 1 Group

Micro Fan

Exhaust air ventilation

system

25x25x10mm - 2 Group

LED

strip

Power supply

regulator

cables single core

PVC U-Profiles

Brushes or roller

& paint

Daylight* 1m White 2 University

Heat transfer

Air temperature

1 m RGB 6 University

Circuit* 5-12 V - 1 University

Circuit*

Support of heat

exchanger & radiator

For finishing of the

wood*

d: 2mm

L: 25m

40x40mm

L:200

Black, white,

yellow

3 University

White 8 University

25m 2 Grey, Black 1 Group

* These materials do not any real-life material, they are used for the structure for the mock-up

TABLE 1: MATERIAL LIST

31

PRODUCTION

up in a way that any change in the 3D model would be

automatically transfered in the final drawings.

The drawings for the construction weeks were organized

in A4 layout sheets (see Appendix) for practical reasons.

Moreover, an specific naming system has been used in

order to recognize easily the different pieces so that

avoiding any type of confusions (see Figure 35).

Material thickness

Material

W: wood

C: carboard

I: insulation

P: plexiglas

ST: styrene

Scale of print

Titel: W6 H06

Scale: 1:2

x 4

FIGURE 35: DESCRIPTION OF CONSTRUCTION PLANS

Unique Code

Number of pieces

3. ARDUINO

Top

An arduino circuit was developed to connect and

program then electronic components for the

representation of heat transfer and air flow.

Botton

Titel: W9 H05

Scale: 1:2

Firstly one by one each component were checked and

then programmed separately. Finally their function

was combined in one script.

Section | 1:2

Titel: W 18 H02

Titel: W6 H06

Scale: 1:5 Scale: 1:2 x 4

FIGURE 33: SAMPLE OF CONSTRUCTION PLANS

Everything was taking into consideration, such as

extra openings and space for the installation of the fan

cables and LEDs, air flow, thickness of each material,

etc.

Before the final drawings and constructed prototype,

several physical models were made during all the

design process. In the previous period, before the

building weeks, a 1:15 physical model was constructed

to ensure that all the points of the mock-up were

precisely sold.

LEDs with integrated chip were used to simplify the

circuit. The sunlight LEDs were programmed to open

and close by a button. The air temperature LEDs were

getting from blue to red steady once the sunlight was

on. The heat transfer LEDs were moving red LEDs the

gets lighter the more red the air temperature LEDs are.

After a few tries it was find out that heat capacitors are

needed to stabilize the current supply. Also the current

supply was not enough to supply all the LEDs, and a

voltage-up converter is needed to power the extraction

fan.

The cables were planned to run along the construction

to connect all the components to an Arduinomicro-controler

through a board. Thus, holes in the

construction elements were foreseen.

㈀砀㘀䰀䔀䐀猀㈀砀㘀䰀䔀䐀猀㈀砀㘀䰀䔀䐀猀

匀甀渀䠀攀愀琀䔀砀挀栀 ⸀ 䄀椀爀吀攀洀瀀攀爀 ⸀

倀漀眀攀爀

䔀氀 ⸀ 䌀愀瀀愀挀椀琀漀爀

㔀嘀⼀䄀

㐀砀甀䘀

㔀嘀

瘀漀氀琀愀最攀甀瀀

挀漀渀瘀攀爀琀攀爀

㈀嘀

㔀嘀

䘀愀渀

FIGURE 35: MODEL 1:15

䄀刀䈀㔀 ⴀ 䐀㈀䈀甀挀欀礀䰀愀戀䐀攀猀椀最渀 ⴀ 䌀䄀䐀簀䨀愀瘀椀攀爀䴀漀渀琀攀洀愀礀漀爀 ⴀ 㐀㜀㠀㤀㠀㠀簀儀椀愀漀䌀攀渀搀漀渀 ⴀ 㐀㠀㔀㐀㤀㔀簀吀漀氀最愀 혀 稀搀攀洀椀爀 ⴀ 㐀㠀㐀アパート㤀㔀㤀簀匀攀礀攀搀攀栀䬀椀愀渀愀䴀漀甀猀愀瘀椀 ⴀ 㐀㠀㜀㠀㜀アパート㘀簀一椀欀漀氀攀琀愀匀椀搀椀爀漀瀀漀甀氀漀甀 ⴀ 㐀㠀㈀㈀㔀㔀㈀

FIGURE 36: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

32

After weeks of testing new materials and searching for

different optimization shapes, the practical part of the

course was finally about to start in Rotterdam.

Day 1

An introduction to the building, different machines, tool

instructions, safeness and rules were given in the first

session, in order to get familiar with this working site.

Day 2

All the wood and Plexiglas were supplied that day.

Looking in detail at the rigidity of the Plexiglas and

the heaviness of the 18 mm wood, a change of the

thickness of the wood into 9 mm was a lighter and more

efficient solution. So, pieces that were not affected by

this new thickness dimension were cut.

The 2 mm cardboard of the module that was previously

selected did not work, as it was not stable enough

according to the required height. Therefore, a final

sheet of 4 mm wooden plate was used.

The Arduino programming started since the first day, as

it was going to take a lot of time, checking at first the

LEDs function.

Day 3

New construction drawing plans were made according

to the change of thickness of wood in the previous day.

The rest of the wood pieces were cut.

The micro-fans were removed according to the basic

smoke test, which proved that they were not needed.

With regards to the Arduino circuits, a set up of the

program was done.

Day 4

The cutting pieces and Arduino set up was still in process.

Meanwhile, it was decided to split the construction into

several parts, allowing to be individually assembled.

The order that was discussed to be joined was first the

main building structure, then, the smaller individual

parts, and lastly, the electronic circuits and smoke

installations. Unfortunately, the first part was already

assembled, making more difficult the installation of

the electronic circuits. However, it was finally solved by

putting strings and tape in the interior of the box.

PRODUCTION

BUILDING

FIGURE 37: BUILDING PROCESS

33

Day 5

The smaller individual parts were assembled together

and they were ready to be painted with the first layer

of grey primer colour. Other pieces related to the solar

chimney box were cut and sanded. As regards with

Arduino, this was the last day of setting up the program.

Day 6

Once the colour got dry and realized the good colour

surface quality of the pieces, another second layer of

this grey primer was decided. Pieces of styrene were

cut in order to start to make the interior components,

such as heat exchangers and radiators, and then they

were carefully sanded.

Installing the circuit components inside the assembled

parts was a difficult task, due to the height of the box

and narrows holes to put the cables through it.

Day 7

Styrene pieces for the interior components were still

being made. The square holes that were previously

decided to be made, changed into circular shape due

to it was faster and easier with the machines provided

in the work site. Therefore, the supports for holding

these interior components changed from square boxes

of styrene into simple plastic tubes.

Once the components of Arduino were installed, the

colours of the LEDs circuit were still not correct as

they were programmed. One of the reasons that were

predicted was about the intensity of the current, which

needed to be arranged by an alternating current power

supply.

As the cut wooden pieces had some inaccuracies,

several arrangements needed to be done, such as

sanding them or filling the gap with other thin pieces of

cardboard. Most of the model was painted by the end

of that day and also rubber sealant was placed in the

slabs.

PRODUCTION

Day 8

The pieces of the solar chimney were painted in a

darker grey that was carefully created, thus simulating

the metal sheet in real life. Using a paper template,

PV cells were painted on top of them even in a darker

colour. More pieces of styrene were cut to hold the

insulation at the back plate. Final pieces were cut and

assembled in order to finish the final details, such as

the exterior button, the bottom supports of the model,

etc. Electronic circuits were still in the installation

process. The limited sheets of plexiglass for all teams

were provided and unfortunately, there was a big gap

between the cut sheets and the wood.


34

PRODUCTION

wood

cardboard

styrene

plexiglas

styredur

PVC

sealant

FIGURE 39: DIVISION OF CONSTRUCTION IN SMALLER PARTS

35

PRODUCTION

Day 9

Several units of Frankincense were tested at the bottom

part of the model in order to check possible leaks. Like

there were, a painted L was made by wood to reduce

exhaust fumes to the outside. Moreover, the quantity

and quality of smoke were not productive enough in

order to achieve the desired visual effect of airflow.

Therefore, a small smoke machine was decided to be

bought in the following weeks. The electronic circuits

worked perfectly and all the cables were carefully fixed,

tight and hidden in the interior of the prototype. The

problem of the Plexiglas was solved by reducing its size

in order to achieve parallel and accurate perpendicular

sides. Moreover, it was decided to be drilled to reduce

the undesired smoke leak. Therefore with this solution,

a more airtight but also stable Plexiglas sheet was

achieved. The rest of the components were forced to

be assembled and in the end, everything was joined.

Day 10

This day was only for cleaning and transferring the

models, along with other machines, back to the

university in Delft.

After the building weeks

Last refinements were made, like the section lines

in the plexiglass. The new small smoke machine is

supplied and another smoking test took place. The test

shows that the smoke was flowing from the room to the

interior of Ardiente mostly stayed there. The installed

fan for air extraction was not enough so that the smoke

flow out from the top opening of Ardiente. Finally, it

was decided 1:20 model was made, to represent the

project at its full shape.



36

PRODUCTION

MOCK-UP

FIGURE 42: MOCK-UP & 1:20 MODEL

37

PRODUCTION

FIGURE 43: MOCK-UP & 1:20 MODEL

38

PRODUCTION

FIGURE 44: TEAM

39

MECHANICS

MECHANICS

40

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

1° MODULE 2° MODULE

MECHANICS

DESCRIPTION


0.24

0.26

AIR OUTLET

HEAT EXCHANGER

HALLOW TUBE

C-PROFILE

FAN/EXHAUST

HALLOW TUBE

C-PROFILE

AIR INLET

D'

A

FIGURE 45: AXONOMETRIC

0.42

G

D

0.46

B

0.12 1.06

1.30

E

0.42

F

FIGURE 46: DRAWING-MEASURES

0.49


0.12

Measures (mm)

Length : 1300 AD’, E’C : 260

Width : 500 DE : 460

Hight : 3300 DD’,EE’ : 490

FC, AG : 120 AC : 1300

E'

C

In order to start a proper structural analysis, it is first

necessary to bring a simple definition to the design

proposed for the AMC facade.

Ardiente is an attachable metallic hollow box that acts

as a solar chimney, serving two lower and upper rooms

with natural ventilation and passive heating. The system

consists of two long prismatic modules, comprised of

a black plate which is facing the existing building and

an adjustable front plate. The shape of Ardiente can

be modified according to every building type, but in

the case of AMS, it has five faces due to the wind load

forces and the increased of solar gain for the PV cells.


Regarding connections, the modules are attached

to the building through two U-profiles, placed along

the vertical direction of the back plate of the project.

Anchors are needed to connect first of all the module

to the U-profile, and after that, to connect the U-profile

to the slabs of the existing building. Specifications of

these anchors and U-profiles are also included at the

end of this report.

The connection between both hollow modules is

through a bending process, ensuring that no warm air is

transferred and leaked. As this detail is not structurally

interesting, is not going to be further analysed in this

report.

The whole system is comprised of two-storey height, and

each of these two modules is one storey high, 3.3 m.

Regarding the structural behaviour, the whole system is

considered as one, but for analytical calculations, one

module will be taken into account.

Apart from the principal function of the metallic box,

achieving high temperatures and pressure differences

due to air openings, other interior components have

also a major role for its operation. The fresh air coming

from the exterior is first introduced to the interior,

then is heated up, and finally is extracted again to the

exterior. In order to help with the extraction of the air

from each room, two fans are placed inside the bottom

part of the module. Moreover, two heat exchangers

are placed at the top part in order to transfer the heat

into the interior through radiators, which produce heat

water for the building use.

TABLE 2: MEASURES

41

MECHANICS

APROXIMATIONS

For the structural analysis, the following assumptions The two wind load case studies are analysed according

are taken into consideration:

to a structural perspective, from the top and lateral

• Every single hollow module is made of metal flat application, important to investigate the following

sheets that are well connected and fixed with each points:

other.

• The necessary thickness (h) of the metallic flat

• The sheet of the backplate is strongly fixed to the sheets (front and backplate sheets)

U-Channels.

• The necessity of placing ribs inside the module in

• The self-weight of the whole box is small, so is not the horizontal direction.

considered in the hand calculations.

• In case of necessary ribs, their required dimensions

• Due to the thin nature of the sheets that comprise and distances between them.

the box, wind loads are the most critical to be

considered in the analytical calculation. PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK A simplified STUDENT 3D version VERSION of the unit was modeled in the

• Arch formulas are taken from the website www.

structx.com (Fixed parabolic arches and Tied

parabolic arch - Two Hinge)

Diana software. The hand calculation results were

compared later with the finite element analysis (FEA)

results, under an assumption of a wind load of 1kN/m 2 .

1° MODULE 2° MODULE

HOLLOW TUBE

WIND LOADS


CONNECTION

BETWEEN MODULES

WEAK POINT

CONNECTION

TO EXISTING

BUILDING

FIGURE 47: POINTS FOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Material Properties (AL 6070 T6)

Young’s modulus 69000 MPa

Yield strength

310 Mpa

Possion’s Ration 0.33

Density 2,7x10 3 kg/m 3

Safety factor 1.65

W

TABLE 3: MATERIAL PROPERTIES

W

FIGURE 48: PLAN - TOP WIND LOAD

FIGURE 49: PLAN - SIDE WIND LOAD


42

MECHANICS

In order to calculate the necessary geometry of the module,

it was important to convert the 3D structure box into a

schematic 2D structure of its cross section.

Moreover, a further simplification of the shape is applied

when is needed, considering a half circumference or

a rectangle geometry, so in this way, it was possible to

compare and verify the hand calculations with the

Diana results.

The following analytical studies are focused first on

the module without and with the backplate (open

and closed frame), then dimensions and distances of

possible ribs, and finally, other connections.

1

OPEN FRAME

3

RIBS CASE

DISTANCE OF THE RIBS

A. FRONT FRAME

h=?

?

B. BACKPLATE

h=?

2

CLOSED FRAME

A. FLAT SHEET

h=?

B. RIBS

FIGURE 50: CASES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

b rib

=?

h rib

=?

43

MECHANICS

1. OPEN FRAME

The first approach is to divide the cross section into

two different parts, the front frame and the backplate,

in order to calculate them separately as beams. The

dimensions and factors considered are: b=1000mm,

h=2mm and W= 1kN/m

1.A Front frame

For the hand calculations, the polygon shape of the

project is simplified to an arch in order to analyse

the forces, moments and maximum stress. However,

for calculating the deflections, an approximation of a

rectangular frame is needed to be simplified.

W

B

A

C

R A

R C

FIGURE 52: BEAM DIAGRAM FOR STRESSES CALCULATION

Having done the calculations for top wind load case

and considering a sheet made of 2 mm, it can be seen

in the results that the arched approximation shows a

little and no relation to the actual values given by FEA.

This result is due to basic simplifications and it means

that another way of approaching the problem might be

needed. In any case, both calculations were conclusive

in which the sheet would not be able to withstand the

wind load applied from the top side.

A

B

FIGURE 53: BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM

C

D

B

E

D’

W

E’

D’

E’

δ max

A

C

A

C

FIGURE 51: BEAM SIMPLIFICATIONS

FIGURE 54: BEAM DIAGRAM FOR DEFLECTION CALCULATION

Top Wind Load

Results H. Calculations Diana Required

R A

0.65 kN 0.71 kN

R c

0.65 kN 0.71 kN

M A,

M C

0 kNm 0 kNm

M E’,

M D’

0.03 kNm 0.03 kNm

M E,

M D

0.015 kNm 0.012 kNm

M B

0 kNm* 0.04 kNm

σ max

51.05 N/mm 2 70.80 N/mm 2 in B <310 N/m 2

δ max

455 mm 105.77 mm in B <2 mm

TABLE 4: CASE 1A - RESULTS OF TOP WIND LOAD - B=2MM

44

MECHANICS

Even though the maximum stress obtained is

acceptable, considering a moment in between points

A-B and B-C, the deflection is very high (455 mm by

hand, 105 mm in FEA). Given such unacceptable

deflection, it means that the module would have noise

problems that could represent discomfort for the users

in the rooms.

However, if an improvement was to be made, for

example by increasing the sheet thickness to 8 mm,

the final deflection could be reduced to a minimum of

1.65 mm according to FEA. Unfortunately, this solution

cannot be accepted as it would increase considerably

the weight of the project and decrease the efficiency of

the heat gain.

FIGURE 55: DIANA STRESSES TOP WIND LOAD

FIGURE 56: DIANA DEFLECTIONS TOP WIND LOAD

Top Wind Load

Results Improved DIANA Required

σ max 8.73 N/mm 2 <310 N/m 2

δ max 1.65 mm <2 mm

FIGURE 57: DIANA DEFLECTIONS IMPROVED

TABLE 5: CASE 1A - RESULTS OF IMPROVED TOP WIND LOAD - B=8MM

45

MECHANICS

Considering the same case, for a frame without a

backplate, a further analysis was made by applying the

wind load from one side. The previous case of top load

gave already conclusive results about the necessity

of an extra structure to support the metallic box.

However, the side load seems to be more critical for

the stabilisation of the box, which makes more sense

in this project.

W

A

B

R A

H A

H C

R C

C

Starting to discuss the conclusions from the table

below, the hand calculations are still far from the

results given by Diana. The reactions and moments give

an estimated idea of the behaviour of the structure,

with a maximum moment reached on the left portion

of the figure, exactly where the wind hits directly the

box. It can be seen that the rest of the module deforms

accordingly to this force. It is evident that the moments

in the supports given by Diana are almost zero, which

is different from the given formulas for the hand

calculation process. This can confirm the difference in

approximations and the necessity of another approach

for the solution of the problem.


B

A

C


δ max

From the rest of the results, the most relevant points

are stresses and deflections. The maximum stress

reached by both procedures is similar (138.6 N/mm 2 by

hand and 109.15 N/mm 2 by FEA) and is not considered

critical as it is under the allowable permitted stress.

W


Side Wind Load


R A

0.048 kN 0.17 kN

R c

0.048 kN -0.17 kN

H A

0.39 kN -0.50 kN

H c

0.10 kN 0.29 kN

M A

0.045 kNm 5.05 x 10 -18 kNm

M B

0.0054 kNm 0.13 kNm

M c

0.017 kNm 3.82 x 10 -16 kNm

M D

0.049 kNm 0.075 kNm

M D’

0.056 kNm 0.054 kNm

M E

0.039 kNm 0.057 kNm

M E’

0.049 kNm 0.054 kNm

σ max 138 .6 N/mm 2 109.15 N/mm 2 in D’ <310 N/m 2

δ max 21.22 mm 223.70 mm in E <2 mm

TABLE 6: CASE 1A - RESULTS WIND LOAD SIDE - B=2MM

46

MECHANICS

Regarding deflections, the results differ a lot, having

a difference in more than 200 mm. If the results from

the software need to be considered, this would mean

that the 2 mm metallic box would deflect more than is

allowed.

Therefore, a new improvement was tested in the

software, increasing this time the thickness of the

sheet to 10 mm. This helped to reduce the deflection

to a value of 1.73 mm, which is less than maximum

permitted deflection of 2 mm.

However, as happened in the previous case, the

thickness of more than 3 mm sheet is not desirable in

order to keep the thermal properties of the box, as is

the basic concept of every solar chimney.

FIGURE 61: DIANA STRESSES SIDE WIND LOAD

FIGURE 62: DIANA DEFLECTIONS SIDE WIND LOAD

Side Wind Load


σ max 5.82 N/mm 2 <310 N/m 2

δ max 1.7 mm <2 mm

FIGURE 63: DIANA DEFLECTIONS IMPROVED TABLE 7: CASE 1A - RESULTS SIDE WIND LOAD IMPROVED - B=8

47

MECHANICS

1.B Back plate

For the backplate analysis to explore the possibility of

its thickness, the reactions from the previous case were

considered, as the front sheet affects the structural

behaviour of this backplate is important.

According to the former calculations, when the wind

load is applied to the top edges, the backplate gets the

maximum vertical forces and when is applied from the

lateral side, it gets the maximum bending moments.

Therefore, both cases are further analysed in order to

define the required thickness of the backplate.

The dimensions taken into account are b=1000 mm,

h=2 mm and L AC

=1.3 m. The wind forces are already

inside the calculations of the front plate, thus are not

considered.

After the calculations were done, it could be seen that

by a top wind load condition, the maximum bending

moment and deflection appears in the middle of the

backplate. Nevertheless, by considering side wind

load, the maximum bending moments, stresses and

deflections are focused in the left side of the backplate

(point A), exactly where the wind force is applied.

In contrast with the previous case, the maximum

deflection achieved is when the load is applied from

the top side, with an unacceptable value of deflection

A

G

A G

A

C

C

M 1

M 2

F R 2

R 1

G

F

FIGURE 67: BEAM DIAGRAM FOR STRESSES CALCULATION SIDE LOAD

F C

F C

M

A G

FIGURE 68: BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM SIDE LOAD

δ max

R 1

R 2

FIGURE 64: BEAM DIAGRAM FOR STRESSES CALCULATION TOP LOAD

FIGURE 65: BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM TOP LOAD

δ max

A

G

F

C

A

G

F

C

FIGURE 66: BEAM DIAGRAM FOR DEFLECTION CALCULATION TOP LOAD

FIGURE 69: BEAM DIAGRAM FOR DEFLECTION CALCULATION SIDE LOAD

Top Wind Load


R G 0.65 kN 0.65 kN

R F 0.65 kN 0. 65 kN

M A 0 kNm 0 kNm

M C 0 kNm 0 kNm

M G 0.078 kNm 0.078 kNm

M F 0.078 kNm 0.078 kNm

σ max 117 N/m 2 117 N/m 2 <310 N/m 2

δ max 238 mm 238 mm in middle of GF <2 mm

TABLE 8: CASE 1B - RESULTS TOP WIND LOAD - B=2MM

48

MECHANICS

FIGURE 1: DIANA STRESSES TOP WIND LOAD


FIGURE 1: DIANA DEFLECTIONS TOP WIND LOAD


238 mm calculated in both approximations. This

direction of the wind seemed to be the most critical for

the stresses and deflection of the backplate, so further

analysis was required.

Regarding the values found for reactions forces and

moments, it can be seen that very similar results

were obtained by both methods. This means that the

hand calculations method was applied very accurate

and results were reliable. The reason for this accuracy

might be because the shape of the component was

really simple, so formulas were not as complex as the

other cases.

In order to comply with the requirements, an

improvement of the thickness of the backplate was

applied gradually. As mentioned, the top load was the

most critical situation, so a final thickness of 10 mm

was needed to stabilize the behaviour of this sheet.

Side Wind Load


R G 3.8 x 10 -4 kN 3.8 x 10 -4 kN

R F 3.8 x 10 -4 kN 3.8 x 10 -4 kN

M A 0.045 kNm 0.045 kNm

M C 0.017 kNm 0.017 kNm

M G 0.039 kNm 0.039 kNm

M F 0.011 kNm 0.011 kNm

σ max 67.5 N/m 2 67.50 N/m 2 in A <310 N/m 2

δ max 76 mm 46 mm in middle of GF <2 mm

TABLE 9: CASE 1B - RESULTS TOP WIND LOAD B=2MM

Top Wind Load


σ max 4.68 N/m 2 <310 N/m 2

δ max 1.9 mm <2 mm

FIGURE 70: DIANA DEFLECTIONS IMPROVED

TABLE 10: CASE 2B - RESULTS IMPROVED TOP WIND LOAD - B=10MM

49

MECHANICS

1.C EVALUATION FRONT & BACKPLATE

The improved solution of the previous cases was

ending with a thickness of 10 mm. This result was

totally far from what it was expected at the beginning

and additionally, it decreased a lot the efficiency of the

solar chimney concept.

One point that was considered is that the solar chimney

acted as a sum of the two pieces, allowing balancing

the internal forces and thus be able to stabilize the

structural behaviour.

Regarding the values found for reactions forces and

moments, it can be seen that very similar results

were obtained by both methods. This means that the

hand calculations method was applied very accurate

and results were reliable. The reason for this accuracy

might be because the shape of the component was

really simple, so formulas were not as complex as the

other cases.

and an acceptable deformation value. The final result

ended with a 6 mm thickness sheet and a deformation

value of 1.60mm<2 mm, which was better from the

previous improved values of 1.70 mm (front frame) and

1.90 mm (backplate).

This result was achievable due to the combination of

the structural behaviour of both components and the

addition of a cap at the bottom side, which increased

the stability, and therefore decreased by far the

deformations and stresses of the final box.

Side Wind Load

thickness (b) Results δ max

Required δ max

10 mm 0.37 mm

6 mm 1.60 mm

TABLE 11: CASE 1 - RESULTS DIANA

<2 mm

In order to comply with the requirements, an

improvement of the thickness of the backplate was

applied gradually. As mentioned, the top load was the

most critical situation, so a final thickness of 10 mm

was needed to stabilise the behaviour of this sheet.

For further improvement, a new 3D model in Diana was

performed but considering initial factors such as 10

mm thickness and a wind load from the lateral side. As

a result of FEA, a deflection of 0.37 mm was achieved,

which it complied by far the minimum requirement.

As this new deflection was noticeable smaller, the

thickness of the box was able to be reduced and

therefore improve the solar heat capacity of the solar

chimney. Therefore a new analysis from Diana was

done gradually until achieving an optimal thickness

FIGURE 71: CASE 1 - RESULTS DIANA - B=10MM

FIGURE 72: CASE 1 - RESULTS DIANA IMPROVED - B=6MM

50

MECHANICS

2. CLOSED FRAME

W

In this approach, loads of the cross section

are calculated according to two different beam

sections: a flat sheet (b>h) considered in case A

and a rib (h>b) in case B. Like before, in both cases,

the polygon shape needs to be simplified in order

to perform structural analysis. For the calculation

of forces, moments and maximum stress, it is

considered an arch with a tie, and for deflections,

it is considered a simple rectangle frame.

A

R A

B

C

R C

The wind load is still w=1kN/m, considering a force

applied to a wide of 1 m along the solar chimney

tube.

2.Unit as flat sheet

The dimensions that are considered for the

calculation of the beam are b=1000mm and

h=5mm.

D’

A

D

B

E

FIGURE 73: BEAM SIMPLIFICATIONS

b

FIGURE 74: CASE 2A - BEAM SECTION

h

E’

C

A

A


B


W

D’ E’

δ max


C

C

Top Wind Load


R A 0.65 kN 0.714 kN

R c 0.65 kN 0.714 kN

M A,

M C 0 kNm 0.015 kNm

M E’,

M D’

0.087 kNm

M E,

M D

0.017 kNm

M B 3.3 x 10 -6 kNm 0.044 kNm

σ max 0 N/m 2 20.89 N/m 2 in D’ <310 N/m 2

δ max - 56 mm 6.1 mm in middle of DE <2 mm

TABLE 12: CASE 2A RESULTS TOP WIND LOAD

51

MECHANICS

Firstly, the structural behaviour is analysed when

the wind load is applied from the top. From the

results of the table, it can be seen that with this

wind load direction, the simplification into an arch

and a rectangle is not totally effective, because

the values of bending moments, stresses and

deflection differ a lot from the real model. In this

case, the FEA seems to have more reasonable

results and therefore, be more reliable for real

situation behaviour.

The assumption of 5mm thickness from hand

calculations seems to be sufficient against breaking

load, but with big consequences in deflection.

Therefore, further FEA was needed, where the

thickness of the material was increased steadily.

In the end, a thickness of 7,5 mm was found to be

the most suitable, with a final deformation of 1,8

mm.

FIGURE 78: DIANA STRESSES TOP LOAD

FIGURE 79: DIANA DEFLECTIONS TOP LOAD

Top Wind Load


σ max 9x 10 -3 N/m 2 <310 N/m 2

δ max 1.8 mm <2 mm

FIGURE 80: CASE 2A - DIANA TOP LOAD IMPROVED

TABLE 13: CASE 2A RESULTS IMPROVED TOP WIND LOAD - B= 7.5MM

52

MECHANICS

Secondly, the structural behaviour is analysed

when the load is applied from the lateral side. From

the table, it can be concluded that with this wind

load direction, the simplification into an arch is not

effective either, due to the difference of values

of bending moments and stresses. However, the

values of deflections from hand calculations are

close enough to FEA results. The assumption

of 5 mm thickness, in this case, is also enough

for resisting to breaking loads, but big deflection

appears as a consequence. So, further analysis

in Diana was needed, in which the thickness of

the material was increased step by step. Finally, a

calculation of 7,5 mm thickness seems to be the

most suitable one, with deformation of 1,9 mm,

which is acceptable.

W

A


B

H A N H C

R A

C

R C

δ max

B

W

A

C



Side Wind Load


R A

-0.096 kN - 0.167 kN

R c

0.096 kN 0.167 kN

H A

0.5 kN 0 kN

H c

-0.5 kN 0 kN

N 0.143 kN 0 kN

M A

- 0.054 kNm - 0.051kNm

M B

- 0.009 kNm - 0.011 kNm

M c

0.071 kNm 0.043 kNm

M D

0.346 kNm (in L/3) 0.010 kNm

M D’

0.048 kNm

M E

- 0.262 (in L/3) - 0.033kNm

M E’

- 0.017kNm

σ max 83.03N/m 2 12.32 N/m 2 in A <310 N/m 2

δ max 5.8 mm 6.25 mm in middle of EE’ <2 mm

TABLE 14: CASE 2A RESULTS SIDE WIND LOAD

53

MECHANICS



Side Wind Load


σ max 9x 10 -3 N/m 2 <310 N/m 2

δ max 1.9 mm <2 mm

FIGURE 85: CASE 2A - DIANA SIDE LOAD IMPROVED

TABLE 15: CASE 2A RESULTS IMPROVED SIDE WIND LOAD

54

MECHANICS

2.B Unit with Ribs

For the calculation of the ribs, the same simplification

schemes explained in case 2.A (Fig. XX) is considered.

Moreover, only calculations of deflection are needed in

this approach, since the previous analysis proved that

thickness over 5 mm was resistant against braking

loads. Nevertheless, complete hand calculations were

developed in order to check the results and compare

them with Diana (see Appendix).

Firstly, the structural behaviour of a rib that supports

a 1m wide flat sheet is analysed. The self-weight of

the flat sheet is neglected, so the only force that is

considered is the wind load of 1 kN/m 2 applied from

the top side of the rib (Fig. 86). If we consider 1 m wide

of the flat sheet around the rib, it means that a wind

force of 1kN/m is applied to each rib.

Secondly, an analysis of the wind load from the top

and lateral side of the rib was evaluated in the hand

calculations for deformation. For the calculation of the

deformation, an average between simple supported

and fixed beam deformation was performed, in order to

consider the rest of the forces of the structure. In this

case, since the ribs will be main structural elements,

a deformation less than 1 mm is demanded. In the

end, it could be seen that the top wind load was more

critical for the structural behaviour of the rib, but with

a small difference.

The initially expected dimensions of the ribs in the hand

calculations were increasing gradually, achieving a final

dimension of b=6mm and h=70mm. Nevertheless, like

in the previous cases, the simplification shape leads to

non-reliable results, therefore Diana analysis needs to

be performed and checked.

Finally, an acceptable deflection of under 0.5 mm

was obtained in both cases of wind load. Therefore,

the next step is to calculate the distance between the

calculated ribs.

FIGURE 87: DEFLECTION TOP LOAD

1.0 m

b

h

without self

weight

FIGURE 86: CASE 2B - BEAM SECTION

FIGURE 88: DEFLECTION SIDE LOAD

Top Wind Load


δ max 1.85 mm - 0.39 mm in middle of DE <1 mm

TABLE 16: RESULTS TOP WIND LOAD

Side Wind Load


δ max 0.08 mm 0.38 mm in D <1 mm

TABLE 17: RESULTS SIDE WIND LOAD

55

MECHANICS

1.C EVALUATION SHEET VS RIBS

According to the previous analysis, a thickness of 5

mm is more than enough regarding the stresses that

are developed when both wind load directions are

applied. However, the calculated deflection exceeds

the maximum value required, which can lead to

undesirable buckling and noise production.

In order to verify the results and improve even more

these calculations, a new 3D analysis of the whole

module was conducted in Diana. The wind load

direction was set from the lateral side since this

direction has the biggest deflections. The FEA results

shows that the thickness of 7.5 mm, has a 0.64 mm

deflection. The deflection difference with the beam

calculations is logical because the module is a hollow

tube with one cap from one side, which contributes to

the stability of the structure. This model was improved

and analysed further, allowing reduction to 5.5 mm

thickness, obtaining a final and acceptable deflection

of 1.64 mm.

It is important to mention, that structure of 6 mm

thickness leads to an approximate weight of 180 kg for

each module, leading to heavy construction. Therefore,

it is concluded that a further structural analysis with

ribs is necessary to increase the structural stability and

allow at the same time to decreasing the thickness of

the box even more.

Side Wind Load


Required δ max

7.5 mm 0.64 mm

5.5 mm 1.64 mm

TABLE 18: CASE 2A - RESULTS DIANA

<2 mm

The improved result of case 2 concluded with the

possibility of reducing the thickness to 5.5 mm, which

compared to case 1, resulting in 0.5 mm less. So, the

between the two cases can lead to the conclusion that

the more inside the supports are placed, the more

deflection appears in the box.

FIGURE 89: CASE 2 - RESULTS DIANA - 7.5MM

FIGURE 90: CASE 2 - RESULTS DIANA - 5.5MM

56

MECHANICS

3. CASE RIBS DISTANCE OF THE RIBS

After it was seen that the presence of ribs was necessary,

further calculations were made in order to analyse

the deflections and the bending stresses occurring in

the module, with one auxiliary ending rib and with or

without different numbers of middle ribs, considering a

2 mm aluminium sheet. The 3.30 m height of the unit

was divided with 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 middle ribs in order to

reach divisions of 1,65m, 1,10m, 0,825m, 0,66m and

0,55m, respectively. For these different cases, the most

critical values of deflections and bending stresses were

calculated. From the previous analysis, it is proved that

both load conditions had similar deflections. Therefore,

the wind top load orientation with a value of w=1kN/m²

is used for this analysis.

3.A Unit without middle ribs

The midpoint of the front plate is the most vulnerable

spot for deflection, so the middle parts of different

cases were taken as a criterion. Deflection was

calculated with two steps in this approach.

difference is caused because the shape of the beam

allows the wind load to be applied to a larger surface.

Secondly, the deflection of the middle front plate

around global-z-axis was calculated. Since the ratio

of the long side to the short side is large, the beam

formula was used, and the ends were considered to be

rigid. The deflection in the centre was found to be 2.53

mm. With this method, the sum of the deflection in the

midpoint was calculated as 2.90 mm. The value taken

from the software is 2.40 mm ((see Figure 94). This

difference is again most probably caused because of

the beam shape.

Stress was calculated at two edges of the middle front

plate and the beam formula fixed at edges was used.

The found value of 13.22 MPa is far different from the

software values, which resulted in 23.83 MPa.

3.B Unit with middle ribs

First, the three front plates were considered as a whole

beam section, since their total second moment of area

is much less than the sum of the rest. The formulas

for “fixed both ends beam” were used because the

connections of the front plates to the bottom cap

and the top rib is rigid. By applying the formulas, the

deflection along the global-z-axis, around the global-xaxis

is found to be 0.37 mm. When the results were

checked with the software, the deflection of the same

spot was seen to be 0.43mm (see Figure 93). This

FIGURE 93: CASE WITHOUT MIDDLE RIBS - DIANA STRESSES

FIGURE 91: SECTION

W

3.3 m

FIGURE 92: CASES - B/H>2

FIGURE 94: CASE WITHOUT MIDDLE RIBS - DIANA DEFLECTION

57

MECHANICS

With the introduction of the ribs, the deflection around

the global-x-axis, which was found to be 0.37 mm,

becomes negligible. According to Diana results, the

maximum value obtained with a middle rib is 0.05 mm.

Thus, the rest of the calculations were made only to

find the defections around global-z-axis. Stresses at the

longitudinal mid edges were also calculated.

Case 1 and 2 middle ribs:

With the longitudinal divisions of 1,65m and 1,10mm,

the ratio of the long side to the short side is still more

than 2, so the method is giving the same result of

2.53mm. Stress was calculated at two edges of the

middle front plate. Beam formula fixed at edges was

used, resulting in the same values as the unit without

middle ribs. Diana analysis shows that the maximum

deflection in the front plate of the unit with one middle

rib is not at the centre of the divided piece, but closer

to the ends of the unit.

K

L

M

M

K

L

K

W

FIGURE 95: CASE 1 & 2 MIDDLE RIBS - BEAM DIAGRAM FOR STRESSES

FIGURE 96: CASE 1 & 2 MIDDLE RIBS - BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM

δ max

L

FIGURE 97: CASE 1 & 2 MIDDLE RIBS - DEFLECTION

FIGURE 98: CASE WITH 3 MIDDLE RIBS - DIANA STRESSES & DEFLECTIONS

FIGURE 99: CASE WITH 5 MIDDLE RIBS - DIANA STRESSES & DEFLECTIONS

58

MECHANICS

Case 3, 4 and 5 middle ribs :

In these cases, the ratio of

the long side to the short

side is between 1.5 and 2,

so plate formulas were used.

Comparing the values from

both calculations, it is seen that

maximum deformations and

maximum stresses of the units

with longer parts, calculated

with simple beam formulas, do

not result in a realistic value.

In addition, the first method

of calculating separately and

combining the deflection

around global-x and global-zaxis,

makes the result stray

from the Diana result. However,

hand calculation results for

which the plate formulas

were used, are quite similar

to the ones obtained with the

software. As a conclusion, with

the introduction of 5 middle

ribs inside the aluminium

sheet made of 2 mm, the final

deflection can be reduced to

1.61mm, still complying with

the maximum requirement of

2mm.

N

N

N

w

W 2

M

δ max

K

K

K

W 1

L

M

L

L

δ max

K

K

K

FIGURE 100: CASES MORE THAT 2 MIDDLE RIBS - BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM & DEFLECTION

Top Wind Load

Divisions Results H. Calculations Diana Required

δ max

2.9 mm 2.4 mm < 1 mm

3300 mm σ max

(longitudinal mid edge) 13.22 N/mm 2 23.83 N/mm 2

k x σ max

21,81 N/mm 2 39.32 N/mm 2 < 310 GPa

δ max

2.53 mm 2.08 mm < 1 mm

1110 mm σ max


k x σ max

21,81 N/mm 2 38.56 N/mm 2 < 310 GPa

δ max

1.61 mm 1.61 mm < 1 mm

550 mm σ max


k x σ max

35.97 N/mm 2 19.95 N/mm 2 < 310 GPa

TABLE 19: CASE 3 - RESULTS

59

MECHANICS

4. FINAL EVALUATION

A new refinement still needed to be performed in

order to achieve a reasonable thickness for achieving

the maximum thermal transfer of the metal sheet.

Therefore, further Diana analysis took place to

combine the calculations of the flat sheet and possible

reinforcement by interior ribs. According to Diana

student license the analysis of the whole 3D model

with ribs was not possible, therefore individual and

separated model parts were performed for the sheets

and the ribs.

The previous FEA results of the sheets (case 3) with

top windload showed that a further decrease of the

distance of the ribs is less productive than the thickness

increase of the sheets. So, in the case of rib distance

Top Wind Load


Required δ max

2 mm 1.61 mm

2.5 mm 0.83 mm

TABLE 20: CASE 3 - RESULTS DIANA - SHEET

<1 mm

of 0.55m the thickness was increases to 2.5 mm

having a deflection less than 1mm avoiding buckling

and undesired noises in the interior of the module.

Taking into consideration this case, the rib structural

behavior should be redefined and recalculated, since

its wind load has changed. For this analysis the side

wind load is applied, because it causes the most

deformation according to cases 1&2, with a value of

w=1kN/m 2 x 0.55= 0.55 kN/m. Also, the thickness

(b) of the rib is reduces to 2,5 mm the shame as the

sheet for simplification reasons. In the Diana analysis

the hight (h) was steadily decreased until having an

acceptable deflection below 1 mm. The FEA result

showed that a rib with a hight of 60mm meets the

requirements.

Side Wind Load

Rib (bxh) Results δ max

Required δ max

2.5 x 70 mm 0.53 mm

2.5 x 60 mm 0.83 mm

TABLE 21: CASE 2A - RESULTS DIANA - RIB

<1 mm

FIGURE 101: FINAL RESULTS SHEETS - DIANA DEFLECTION

FIGURE 103: FINAL RESULTS RIBS- DIANA DEFLECTION

FIGURE 102: FINAL RESULTS SHEETS - DIANA STRESSES

FIGURE 104: FINAL RESULTS SHEETS RIBS- DIANA STRESSES

60

MECHANICS

5. ANCHORING

The anchors were chosen from a catalogue, making

sure their capacity would be able to support the selfweight

and the applied loads in the module.

They are two types of anchors. The first, connecting the

existing building to the U profile which is connected

to the module, is 10 mm diameter and 150 mm long,

attaching itself to the existing structural column. The

second type connects the U profile to the back plate

of the module. It is also 10 mm diameter and 50 mm

long. Using a steel metal sheet, bolts on both ends fix

the elements together.

6. U-PROFILE

The dimensions of the U-profile running along the

back face of the back plate of the module, where

dimensioned according to the necessary properties

for the anchoring earlier discussed. In such case, the

U-profile consists of a UAP (UPA 150X75X6), leaving a

150 mm gap in between the modules and the existing

building. In order to verify the profile was appropriate

for the loading conditions, the stress was calculated

according to the sectional area of the profile, and then

compared to the allowable stress for steel.

FIGURE 105: SELECTED ANCHOR SYSTEM

61

MECHANICS

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

The process that was conducted was done in a way that

the behaviour of the project could be easily improved

by small changes. In all approximations t a 2D analysis

was executed and then a 3D one to achieve more

accurate results.

In the first part the analysis was performed with

two separated components: the front frame and

the backplate. This result allowed having a first

approximation of the structural behaviour of Ardiente, at

the same time as obtaining a possible initial thickness

of 6 mm. However, this thickness differed by far from

the ideal 2 mm sheet that it was previously expected.

In the second part, an analysis with a closed frame was

preformed and supports on the edges. In comparison

to the first case the influence of the wind load in the

structural behavior is less, because of the position of

the supports, so a 5,5 mm thickness is needed. But

even in this case the thickness is much more than the

desired one. Thus the possibility of integrating ribs in

the construction was analyzed. This analysis resulted

to ribs of 6 x70 mm for a placement distance of 1m,

resulting in a much lighter construction.

Therefore the scenario of ribs is developed further.

In the third part the deformation of the sheets in

comparison to the distance of the ribs, resulting to a

distance of 0,55m.

Τhen, the previous analysis of the ribs and the sheet

was combined and furtherer developed in Diana to

achieve reasonable thickness for maximum thermal

transfer and minimum buckling of the metal sheet. In

the end, a possible thickness of 2.5 mm was achieved

due to the introduction of interior ribs, which resulted in

a final deflection of less than 1 mm. The distance of the

ribs, which ended with a value of 0,55 m. Regarding

the dimensions of the ribs, a final thickness of 2.5 x 60

mm was achieved.

It is important to mention that,i n all approximations,

deformation was the main factor affecting the results,

since the developed stresses were fulfilling the

requirements with difference.

In general, the structural analysis that was performed

resulted really clear and easy to follow. Small

modifications and continuous FEA analysis were

achieved, understanding the whole process since the

initial simplifications until the final result. The knowledge

obtained from the previous part of the Structural course

allowed understanding and developing efficiently this

structural report.

Simplifications of the module needed to be performed

in order to simulate the behaviour of the project. In

the beginning, results from hand calculations and the

software differed, but once further steps and more

accurate approximations to the reality were evaluate,

better and reliable results were obtained. Diana

software allowed no only obtaining structural data,

but also to understand the most important structural

behaviour of the project.

Final result

Component Dimensions Results δ max

Required δ max

Sheet Thickness: 2.5 mm 0.83 mm <1 mm

Rib Section: 2.5 x 60 mm 0.83 mm <1 mm

Distance ribs

0.55 m

TABLE X: FINAL RESULTS

62

CONCLUSIONS

CONCLUSIONS

63

CONCLUSIONS

SUMMARY

This report describes the most important steps of the

designing process, since the first individual concepts

through technical details, and until the final result

product.

The modification of the first approaches to the final

design was a challenging task process, trying to find an

optimal height, interior heat efficiency, demountable

components, natural ventilation, material optimization

and correct extraction fumes, among others. There

were many problems that were desired to be tackled,

but simplifications were needed in order to proceed

with a feasible, clear and universal product concept. For

example, components such as PCM, solar collectors,

rotational lids for the openings and multiple fans were

discarded after several researches and discussions.

Other components such as PV cells, which were thought

to supply the energy for the heat exchangers and fans,

were no further developed due to priority of the main

solar chimney concept. However, as it is mentioned in

the architectural application chapter, this component

can be adjustable to every building need.

from the first approaches. Therefore it triggered into a

slower technical designing process and into undesired

modifications of several already plans.

Another issue was related to the smoke machine,

which was an essential aspect of the prototype

construction project. Many attempts were tested and

discussed during the previous weeks before and during

construction process, but all of them were not effective

enough for the desired visual air flow concept. In the

last days, a new machine needed to be bought to solve

this problem, as well as adjusting some components to

make it work.

Overall, the result achieved during this period fulfils

largely the expectations of every member of the group.

Bucky Lab was not only a basic design course, but also a

combination of different subjects that helped greatly to

develop efficiently Ardiente design concept. Moreover,

the opportunity to put in practice the knowledge and

construct the prototype in scale 1:5, was an enriching

and useful experience for the team.

The principles based on passive natural ventilation

through a solar chimney were combined with the idea

of a reduced module of two-floor height, capable to

extract the interior undesired air from lower rooms and

introduced the heat into the upper ones through heat

exchangers.

The main difficulties found in order to develop the solar

chimney box were about structural analysis. In order

to obtain the maximum thermal gain from the solar

radiation was by using a thin aluminium box, expected

to be around 2 mm thickness. However, after the first

rough calculations it ended up with a 5 mm thickness,

which was considered not to be efficient enough. The

final solution that was concluded from the structural

report was the necessity of adding internal ribs, so that

deformation could be minimised and thinner sheets

could be achieved. All this long process took longer

than was expected and in addition, the results differed

64

Qiao: Although I used to have this type of course in

my country, Bucky Lab has been unique, practical

and really useful for my personal development. The

way the different subjects were correlated with each

other allowed me to have a better comprehension

of the difficulties of realizing a project in real life.

Overall, they were interesting and well organized

but particularly, Material Science and Cad Design

were the most relevant courses because they largely

contributed to the understanding and development

of our design concept; for example searching for the

best materials or applying Arduino and Rhinoceros

programme knowledge. However, the downside I could

say to improve this course is that Structural Mechanics

consultancies could have been done earlier, because

having a structural concept is basic in order to further

develop the idea.

As regards with the Design course, it was challenging

but also enriching the way to solve a problem for a

specific client and building type. The individual design

part was very useful as I had to do research about new

topics and sustainable solutions, and the opportunity

to combine our own idea in the final group was very

convenient and efficient. However, this individual

design part took longer than I would have expected,

considering the workload of the group design in the

second part.

The production week has been one of the most

interesting and enjoyable experiences I have done

during this semester; having the opportunity to use

different machines, working closely together with

my classmates and learning more efficient ways to

manipulate materials. They were two weeks of fun

but also stress because of tolerance errors that were

only seen while constructing the prototype in scale

1:5. The small negative aspects I could mention were

the commute transport, its cost and the provision of

materials, which could have been solved if we have

decided earlier the required materials.

As in every group work, we had our own discussions

and different point of views, but undoubtedly, it was an

excellent experience to work with different perspectives

and ideas.

Finally, I can say that this course has not been only

interesting, but also very practical and enjoyable. It

has been an amazing experience and a really good

start of this master at this faculty. In particular, I am

very grateful with the behaviour and feedback of the

teachers of the Design course because they made me

CONCLUSIONS

REFLECTION

65

feel really comfortable and desired to improve and

learn from their knowledge.

Nikoleta: Buckylab was a course with combining many

different aspects. I got knowledge from many fields

that I could apply in my project. Many workshops for

programs were organized , but I am disappointed

that almost all of them are used only locally in the

Netherlands and no worldwide or in europe. Specially,

BAO which is a dutch program, when half of the

students don’t know dutch. The timeline was well

organized, except some points. In my opinion the 1st

design phase should be at list one week shorter and

the final report needs more time to organize it and put

everything in one document. Maybe a pre-submission

would help. The material science assignment deadline

for Buckylab project should be before Christmas, so

that the students are more sure about their material

choice that they analyze structurally and have one less

deadline in the semester end. Furthermore, I believe

that the size of my group was the main factor of lack

of communication, organization and taking decisions.

In my opinion groups of maximum 3 people would

work more productive. During the building weeks the

only negative point was the personal travel expenses

of over 100 euros. However, I enjoyed and learnt a lot

during these days and in the end was amazed about

the different tools and construction techniques that

were applied.Finally, the experience that I got from this

course met my expectations and I am general satisfied

from the workflow.

Kiana: Bucky Lab was undoubtedly the most interesting

and thorough design course I have had during my

bachelor and master studies. For me, it was the first

time that I had different courses parallel to each other

that would complete each other. In the past, I used to

have a vague image of the construction process and

its various problems as I was always involved in the

design area and didn’t have much time to explore the

building environment, but Bucky Lab definitely helped

me develop a wider perspective and familiarized me

with different topics that should be tackled in a project.

In my opinion, the topics of the other courses and their

combination were chosen perfectly as they matched

and their relevance to each other was tangible.

Among the parallel courses, I highly enjoyed the

Material Science as it was very practical and useful,

not only for the Bucky Lab project, but also for my

CONCLUSIONS

general knowledge. The software that we learnt how

to work with, CES, was a great tool and I’m happy that

the syllabus of the course was set in a way that we had

to practice the software. However, the Cad course was

not practical for me. The introduced software were all

interesting but it was just a glimpse. I understand that

it is the student’s duty to learn these by herself but

considering the hectic schedule that we had during

the first semester, it was very difficult to explore those

software properly. Compared to Material Science, in

Building Physics various software were introduced to

the students. However, for each one we only spent a

one-day practical which was not sufficient. Also, one of

the practicals was for a Dutch program that of course

would be only used in the Netherlands, while we could

have practiced another software in a language that is

spoken everywhere and by all the students. I would have

preferred to work with fewer software, but at a deeper

level. Besides the various software, the major problem

stated by a lot of students was that the syllabus of this

course was tightly related to another bachelor course

at the faculty, while half of the class were international

students and it was hard to follow the content of the

lectures without that background knowledge. For the

design part of Bucky Lab, I think the only issue was that

the group work demanded more time in comparison

with the individual part. Maybe putting less time on

the individual design could have been better. I have to

mention that I really enjoyed the way of communication

between the teachers and the students as they were

friendly and helped us with all of our questions.

The building weeks of Bucky Lab were definitely the

best part of the design course. We had the chance

to work in a real-life environment and experience the

atmosphere and face the obstacles that might occur in

a building process. The only downside of the building

weeks for me was the daily commute which was

extremely exhausting and its cost. I think considering

a work space in Delft with all the required facilities,

equipment and machines would be much more

convenient. During the building process, unfortunately

we lost a lot of our energy, focus and motivation due

to the inside conflicts which was clearly a result of

miscommunication and different characters. However,

we managed to finish our project on time. In general,

Bucky Lab was a memorable experience which taught

me a lot about different aspects of a project.

Tolga: Bucky Lab was one of the most comprehensive

courses that I have ever taken in my university life.

Starting with different ideas in a group, melting them

in the same pot and merging them into one concept,

developing the concept parallel to essential courses,

making a prototype out of it and making this complete

story of the whole process was a unique experience for

me. I learned a lot during every step.

Academisch Medisch Centrum (AMC) in Amsterdam

is a noticeable building in its environment due to

its size, scale and material, facing the challenge of

catching up with de rigueur energy neutral buildings.

Given the situation of the building, choosing which

problem to address was a freedom and a great

responsibility, walking hand in hand. Improving the

energy performance of the AMC was all our righteous

goal in this case.

It was great to find fellow students who were enthusiastic

about solar thermal energy and ventilation or even the

solar chimney principle as me. My concept was more

of a whole façade design rather than a product design

to be placed on an existing façade. However, the idea

of a universal design led us to work harder to make the

output as flexible as possible. Uniting with the ideas of

my group mates, we were able to design a product that

can be applied to many different buildings.

The development phase of the project was highly

intense. Disagreements happened countless times but

at the end, this work taught us that the most useful

asset in group work is the ability to state one’s own

opinion clearly and open enough to listen to what

others think. By doing so, different opinions do not rein

each other back but feed.

Construction weeks in Rotterdam was the most

physically challenging, yet fun part of the whole process.

It was fairly difficult to make 2-3 hours of a way in the

Netherlands, I had been used to that in Turkey, though.

The introduction on the first day was so helpful since

power tools are not easy and completely safe to work

with. We also had to be disciplined with timing to prevent

chaos in an environment with almost 70 people. The

time limit forced all of us to quit overthinking and get to

work immediately.

The reporting step after the prototype was complete also

very educative. I saw the importance of documenting

every small step and be well organised. This was a very

rapid and inclusive process, so it should be recorded

systematically.

All in all, Bucky Lab broadened my horizon, showing

me and making me experience a whole process from

the concept design to prototyping. Working with an

enthusiastic team for the energy improvement of an

existing building was also as exciting. The main purpose

of the course, getting our hands dirty, taught me a lot. It

was a great semester!

66

Javier: Bucky Lab by Marcel Bilow was a proper start

to the Building Technology Track. It gives you a good

insight to the discipline and gets you in the correct

mindset. I already knew this track was going to be more

technical-oriented and I wasn’t disappointed. Coming

from an architectural background focused only in

design, the studio was very challenging but extremely

gratifying: I learned things I had never even thought of.

Everyone, not just teachers, had something to share

and to learn from. As many of my peers had more

experience from the construction side of architecture, I

learned to listen and being able to take in as much as

I could. Research was also important to get the course

going, and the feedback given by the tutors was always

accurate and highly appreciated. With this, Bucky Lab

gave me a new perspective on design. It didn’t only

have to do with the smaller scale of the project, but

also with a new way of designing and considering other

factors, not only aesthetics. We were talking solar

chimneys, heat exchangers, phase changing materials,

and other interesting topics that were merged into our

daily conversations in class. The deeper we went into

the physics, material, and structural world, the most

I learned. Actually, the Building weeks were a perfect

way of merging our knowledge from the class and

putting it into a tangible object. This meant getting

familiarized with machines and tools that can come

very handy once confident to realize one’s projects.

Even though it was intimidating to work with some of

the equipment, help was always available, were it from

the teachers and staff or from another classmate. As

for the structure of the course, I think it was very wellorganized

considering the huge number of courses we

must take in the first semester. The first part of the

course, the individual one, was very much like a normal

studio; only this time, a technical focus was necessary

as already mentioned. Then, the second part consisting

in teams was even more complex, as it required all our

efforts to combine ideas and come up with a concept

that was simple yet useful. The workload was fine and

there were some clashing deadlines with other classes,

but that was something I was already expecting from

the beginning. So, no surprises there. Besides, the

different lectures from other subjects always enriched

our knowledge, adding up to the project and to the

final solution we came up with. I have to end up with

Marcel, our mentor, who was truly helpful and patient

even though we were at times stubborn and slow. I

hope I can still collaborate with him more, as he has

great knowledge and a passion for what he does that

it’s undeniably contagious. Congrats on the Bucky Lab.

CONCLUSIONS

67

CONCLUSIONS

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68

APPENDIX

APPENDIX

69

APPENDIX

MOCK-UP DRAWINGS

70

APPENDIX

MOCK UP FRONT VIEW RIGHT VIEW SECTION A-A TOP VIEW

SCALE: 1:5

71

SECTION B-B & C-C

5

APPENDIX

Top

Top

Titel: W18 P03

Scale: 1:5

Top

Top

x 12

Titel: C2 12

Scale: 1:1

62

Titel: C2 03b

Scale: 1:2

Titel: C2 03a

Scale: 1:2 x 3

Titel: C2 11

Scale: 1:1

x 12

x 12

Titel: C2 13

Scale: 1:1

Botton

Botton

363 301

Botton

Titel: W9 P02

Scale: 1:5

x 2

Titel: W9 V03

Scale: 1:5

Titel: W9 V04

Scale: 1:5

x 2

Titel: W9 V05

Scale: 1:5

Titel: W9 V07

Scale: 1:5

x 4

Titel: C2 06

Titel: C2 05

Titel: C2 14

Scale: 1:2 x 2 Scale: 1:2

Scale: 1:1 x 2

Botton

R-V | 1:2

Section | 1:2

Section | 1:2

Titel: W 18 H03

Scale: 1:5

Titel: W 18 H02

Scale: 1:5

Titel: W18 P01

Scale: 1:5 x 2

x 4

Titel: W18 P06

Scale: 1:5 & 1:1

Titel: W 18 H04

Scale: 1:5

Titel: W 18 H01

Scale: 1:5

Section | 1:2

Titel: ST10 02

Scale: 1:2

x 2

63

Titel: W6 V09

Scale: 1:2

x 2

Titel: W6 H07

Titel: W6 P07

Scale: 1:2 Scale: 1:2 x 2

Titel: W6 V08b

Scale: 1:2

611

Titel: P4 01

Scale: 1:5

x 2

Titel: ST5 04

Scale: 1:2

x4

(+4 white?)

Titel: ST5 05

Scale: 1:1

x 10

Titel: ST10 01, unrolled Srf

Scale: 1:5

Unroll

Titel: ST5 02

Scale: 1:1

x 2

Titel: W9 H05

Scale: 1:2

Titel: C2 09

Scale: 1:5

Titel: C2 08

Scale: 1:5

x 2

Titel: C2 07

Scale: 1:5

Titel: W6 P08

Scale: 1:2 x 2

Titel: W6 V08b

Scale: 1:2

Titel: I10 01

Scale: 1:5

Unroll

Titel: ST5 06

Scale: 1:5

x 2

Titel: W18 V01

Scale: 1:5

x 2

Titel: W18 P09

Scale: 1:2

Titel: C2 01

Scale: 1:2

x 8

Titel: I10 02

Scale: 1:5

Section

Titel: T15 02

Scale: 1:1

x 2

x 4

Top

Titel: W9 P04

Scale: 1:5

x 2

Titel: W6 H06

Scale: 1:2

x 4

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