Hoogland's Comfort Canopy

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TU Delft

Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment

Msc Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences

Building Technology Master Track

SWAT Studio 2019 Amersfoort Final Report

Tolga Özdemir

4843959

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Table of Contents

2.2.5 Ecology ___________________________ 11

2.2.6 Technology ________________________ 12

2.2.7 Typology __________________________ 13

1 Introduction __________________ 1

1.1 SWAT Studio _______________________ 1

1.2 City-zen Roadshow _________________ 2

1.3 Group Hoogland 1 (H1) ______________ 3

2 Briefing ______________________ 4

2.1 Texts _______________________________ 4

2.1.1 Design for deconstruction: Or why

aluminium and glass is better than wood? ______ 4

2.1.2 The relationship between operational

energy demand and embodied energy in Dutch

residential buildings _________________________ 5

2.1.3 Discussion __________________________ 6

2.2 -ologies ____________________________ 7

2.2.1 Climatology _________________________ 7

2.2.2 History and Archaeology ______________ 8

2.2.3 Geology ____________________________ 9

2.2.4 Mythology__________________________10

2.2.8 Morphology _______________________ 14

2.2.9 Sociology _________________________ 15

2.3 Energy Analysis ___________________ 16

2.3.1 Renewable Energy Targets __________ 16

2.3.2 Energy Demand of the Site __________ 17

2.3.3 Energy Potentials ___________________ 18

2.3.4 Existing Energy Networks ___________ 20

2.4 Potentials and Challenges _________ 21

3 Intervention_________________ 22

3.1 Design Strategies _________________ 23

3.1.1 Social Strategy _____________________ 23

3.1.2 Environmental Strategy _____________ 24

3.1.3 Urban Farming _____________________ 25

3.1.4 Farm Union Hoogland and Collaboration

with the Local Associations _________________ 26

3.2 Design Proposal___________________ 27

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3.2.1 Main Hub __________________________28

3.2.2 Poultry Hub ________________________29

3.2.3 Education Hub ______________________30

3.2.4 Family Hub _________________________31

3.3 Energy Strategy ____________________32

3.3.1 Energy Reduction and Reuse Possibilities

32

3.3.2 Sustainable Energy Networks and Smart

Grids 33

3.3.3 Preliminary Design Proposal for

Hoogland’s Sustainable Energy Network ______34

4 Elaboration _________________ 35

4.1 Problem Statement_________________36

4.2 Design Overview ___________________37

4.2.1 Programming _______________________37

4.4 Developed Solutions _______________ 45

4.4.1 Structure __________________________ 45

4.4.2 Glazing ___________________________ 47

Glazing frame _____________________________ 47

BIPV panels ______________________________ 48

Sunscreen ________________________________ 49

4.4.3 Wind Flaps ________________________ 50

4.4.4 PV electricity generation _____________ 51

4.4.5 Temperature under the Canopy ______ 53

4.4.6 Water management _________________ 55

5 Conclusion _________________ 56

6 Reflection __________________ 57

7 References _________________ 58

4.2.2 Components of the Comfort Canopy __39

4.3 Design Criteria _____________________41

4.3.1 Financial Model _____________________41

4.3.2 Material Selection ___________________43

4.3.3 Modularity _________________________44

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1 Introduction

1.1 SWAT Studio

SWAT (Fig. 1.1) is an MSc 3 grade sustainable design

studio with technologically advanced solutions

that adapt to urban and societal challenges.

Concepts and designs with Climatic, Façade and

Structural challenges on how to respond to current

and future sustainable urban scenarios are evaluated.

SWAT evaluation criteria are based not only

on technical aspects but also on political, economic,

cultural and environmental factors (Teeuw,

n.d.).

observations, socio-technical readings, analysis of

energy potential, and Pecha-Kucha team presentations.

Second, the Intervention, an intensive onsite

workshop where groups are developing a sustainable

urban-scale proposal in response to identified

urban challenges and potential. Finally, the

Elaboration, in which individually selected and

technically advanced and detailed is one partly developed

element of the group intervention proposal.

The SWAT Studio laboured in Amersfoort / The

Netherlands in the 2019 Winter Semester and

worked in collaboration with municipalities, local

apartment owners and other stakeholders such as

associations to initiate a process of urban design

intervention and innovation at different neighbourhood

scales.

By implementing a design methodology that embraces

theoretical knowledge, technological merit,

environmental efficiency and, more significantly,

societal impact, SWAT explores new insights and

directions for the sustainable city. Combined with

a site analysis/mapping that exposes site narrative,

this approach can produce site-specific, eco-efficient,

technologically advanced and detailed elaboration

concepts at different urban / neighbourhood

scales (“SWAT Amersfoort Brief,” 2019).

There are three elements in the SWAT Studio. First

the Briefing, usually consisting of initial urban site

Figure 1.1: SWAT Studio logo (facebook.com/swatbktudelft)

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1.2 City-zen Roadshow

City-zen is a European Union project that has received

funding from the UN's Seventh Framework

Programme (FP7) for research, technological development

and demonstration, coordinated

by VITO. The consortium consists of 25 partners

representing industries, network operators, housing

corporations, city representatives and research

institutes from 5 European countries.

The project leader of the Roadshow – Dr. Craig Lee

Martin of TU Delft – selects cities with diverse climates,

urban typologies, economies, and cultural

backgrounds to ensure that the highly mobile and

compact method of the project is fully tested and

evolved through various societal and technological

challenges.

The Roadshow is a showcase experience that

blends international professional expertise with national

stakeholder involvement and regional background

and lifestyle awareness. The SWAT Studio

visits every hosting city before the Roadshow begins.

After that, The Roadshow spends several

days in each hosting city delivering seminars on

energy and urban design in which all local participants

are welcome and encouraged to participate

and take ownership of the final results. Outcomes

that will allow the capital, people, expertise and renewable

energy capacity of the cities to be effectively

guided over a realistic timeframe to meet their

energy transition. The process begins by defining

the urban neighbourhood. The process begins by

identifying the urban lifestyle and energy challenges

of a neighbourhood. Then a concrete sustainable

"City Vision" is delivered to the city on the

final day of the event project, which will adapt to all

scales of their built and natural environment.

City-zen Roadshow Amersfoort took place between

October 16 th and 18 th , 2019 in Amersfoort.

Three teams were present. The Binnenstad Team

was formed by Prof. Greg Keeffe (QUB), Dr. Andrew

Jenkins (QUB) and Javier Montemayor Leos

(TUD SWAT). Prof. Dr. Andy van den Dobbelsteen

(TU Delft), Dr. Han Vandevyvere (VITO), Lincheng

Jiang (TUD SWAT) and myself were in the Hoogland

Team (Fig. 1.2.2 is a collage made by myself).

Siebe Broersma (TUD) and Riccardo Pulselli

(UNISI) worked on overall energy and carbon neutrality.

The collaboration between the Roadshow

team and the Municipality of Amersfoort, together

with the input of Amersfoort residents in everyday

presentations, resulted in a productive process

and beautiful outcomes.

The proceedings of City-zen Roadshow Amersfoort

and the previous Roadshows can be tracked

in the City-zen website, citizen-smartcity.eu.

Figure 1.2.1: City-zen Amersfoort (facebook.com/CityzenRoadshow)

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1.3 Group Hoogland 1 (H1)

The Briefing and the Intervention parts were collaborative

work of the groups of 4-5 students, determined

at the start of the course. These parts lasted

2 weeks each. The group H1 included Lieve

Croonen, Lincheng Jiang, Milou Klein, Max Veeger

and myself as the team captain, coordinating the

meetings within and with the other groups.

The team assembled in the Building Technology

studio on a daily basis for the first two weeks and

the tasks regarding research and presentation

were distributed in short-term periods. At the end

of the tasks, the group was briefed with the outcome.

Constant communication and regular check

of the progress resulted in a smoother process and

a more sophisticated understanding of the case

from multiple aspects for all the group members.

Figure 1.2.2: Photo by Han Devyvere, collage by Tolga Özdemir

During the Intervention weeks, the majority of the

team members stayed together first in Amersfoort

and then in Hoogland for several days in rented

apartments, and stuck together during the day.

This was beneficial for strengthening team spirit

and communication. In the end, this was a productive

and enjoyable learning process.

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2 Briefing

2.1 Texts

Each group was supposed to read 2 texts (paper,

journal article, etc.) written by environmental theorists

and technological visionaries to get insights

into how designers can interact and be inspired by

their environment. The important feature of academic

texts of having a clear structure was to be

benefited from it. This also makes it easier for the

designer to organise their own material. The first

texts were given to the groups by the course coordinator

and the second ones were to be chosen by

the groups themselves.

2.1.1 Design for deconstruction: Or why

aluminium and glass is better than

wood?

by Ulrich Knaack

In this article, Knaack addresses the energy source

used in the industry and how it can be used reasonably

when it comes from different sources. Although

solar may be the most sustainable source of

energy, the industry is not limited to the current solar

radiation but is also using stored solar radiation

in the form of coal oil, gas, biomass/wood and

geothermal energy. How fast the flow of energy is

can be questioned. It takes several million years to

get ready for use with coal, oil, and gas, or just

years or decades as with biomass/wood. Actually,

energy cannot be created or lost, but it can only be

transformed into other energy types.

In addition to energy conservation, he explores

what might be the most practical way to determine

how much energy in the construction sector should

be put into each component. He notes that the

building's short life means the lowest possible energy

use for construction. In this situation, it is possible

that operating power will not be used for the

proper function of the building in an optimal way.

On the other hand, putting a lot of energy into a

building that is designed to have a long life to reduce

operating energy is more prudent. The only

question is how this can be determined and how in

terms of the choice of materials and construction

these criteria, which have a significant influence on

the design of the building, can be incorporated into

the design accurately and early enough.

A significant amount of energy, compared to wood,

is used in aluminium processing since the raw material

must first be extracted in opencast mining,

then smelting takes place and the raw material

must then be transformed into components.

Transport is not insignificant either, because aluminium

is not as common in the area as wood.

Similar considerations are valid to glass as well.

Nevertheless, with the use of aluminium and glass,

reuse is possible at the same level of quality and

this is important if we are to take a fundamental position

on the subject of circularity.

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In the end, he claims that with better renewable energy

generation technologies, the difference between

the embodied energy between wood and aluminium,

also glass will be insignificant and eventually

aluminium and glass will become better competitors

as circular building materials (Knaack,

2018).

2.1.2 The relationship between operational

energy demand and embodied

energy in Dutch residential

buildings

by A. Koezjakov, D. Urge-Vorsatz, W. Crijns-Graus,

M. van den Broek

Due to legal and technological advances in the EU,

raising the heat demand of buildings changes the

ratio of functional vs. embodied energy to an increasing

proportion of the latter. This results in a

shifting focus on the use of (embodied) energy in

building materials. The relationship between heat

demand and embodied energy use was investigated

in this study, using Dutch residential buildings

as a case study.

A 36% reduction in total energy use can be

achieved by 2050 through a 46% reduction in operational

energy use and a 35% increase in the use

of embodied energy compared to 2015. For regular

homes, the embodied energy consumption is

about 10–12 percent of total energy consumption,

while in energy-efficient homes it is 36–46 percent.

It suggests that in the future, incarnated energy usage

(EEU) will play an increasing role. Especially as

the share of advanced new and advanced retrofit

buildings (passive and/or nZEB) increases, the

share of embodied energy use in the total energy

consumption of buildings becomes much greater.

In particular, given the deep greenhouse gas emission

mitigation scenarios in line with the goal of

achieving a 2 ° C or lower maximum temperature

increase by 2100, it is necessary to include the EEU

in future policies.

Precast concrete is the most important contributor

to the EEU for most building types, and reinforced

concrete is secondary, with an average of 27% and

21% respectively. Softwood is third in the ranking

in all types of buildings except apartments due

mainly to the relatively large volume used. Because

of the flat roofs, more bitumen and sand concrete

are used in buildings rather than ply-or softwood.

These are made of concrete, bitumen and gravel,

while an inclined roof is made of plywood and softwood.

There is an increase in uncertainty due to the levels

of insulation used. However, in terms of environmental

impacts, the configuration of a passive

home and the related amount and type of insulation

materials used is not necessarily optimal. Therefore,

considering multiple environmental impact

factors, the optimal level of insulation and related

results of embodied energy can be changed. The

study showed high sensitivity to the use of embodied

energy for virgin versus recycled materials,

highlighting the value of increased recycling of

building materials to reduce energy consumption

(Koezjakov, Urge-Vorsatz, Crijns-Graus, & van den

Broek, 2018).

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2.1.3 Discussion

Team H1 discussed two points of this text. Firstly,

cross-contamination and impurity is the main

drawback for the building materials to be used several

times. Classifying materials and elements with

concepts like material passports is still a complex

problem considering the existing material stock.

This complex problem will need a complex solution

and it will take time. Secondly, the energy needed

in the world is constantly increasing in different

sectors like SWHs, solar dryers, space heating,

and cooling systems and water

desalination (Mekhilef, Saidur, &

Safari, 2011). These require lower

temperatures and it is more compatible

with solar energy. It is

doubtful that if renewable energy

will ever become available and

enough for the heavy industry.

Both texts argue that by preferring recycled materials

in a building, embodied energy is limited by

skipping the extraction and reaction energy. This is

another argument in the same direction with the

first text, supporting the reuse of the materials by

smelting and reforming. However, in some cases,

it is argued that the saved energy does not compensate

for the loss during the collection stage

(Dyer, 2014). A sensible material management system

should be established to avoid these contradictions.

Ellen MacArthur Foundation’s “butterfly

diagram” (Fig. 2.1.3) shows these relations comprehensively.

The second study defends that

the increased embodied energy

use has more benefits than its

drawbacks. Considering the

Dutch housing stock, a total 36%

energy saving can be achieved by

a 35% embodied energy increase.

This supports the view in the first

text. The paper also shows it

clearly that the share of recycled

material used in the construction

sector affects the embodied energy

use.

Figure 2.1.3: Ellen MacArthur Foundation’s “butterfly diagram” (Source: https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/images/circular-economy/System_diagram_cropped.jpg)

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2.2 -ologies

2.2.1 Climatology

Where urban conglomerates emerge, in the form of

roads, squares, car parks and houses, natural and

open permeability and vegetation are largely replaced

by impermeable surfaces. Impermeable areas

in towns and cities on hot summer days tend

to be considerably warmer than rural parts in practice.

This incident is commonly referred to as "Urban

Heat Islands".The trees provide shade and

keep ground and air temperatures down in natural

surroundings with grass and trees. A greater percentage

of structures and other impermeable surfaces

often reduces soil (and plants) evaporation.

Processes of evaporation have a cooling effect on

air and surface temperatures (Atelier GroenBlauw

(a), n.d.)

temperature variability is around 14.5 ° C (Weather

Atlas, 2019).

The prevailing wind blows form South-West, followed

by West-South-West and South-South-

West (meteoblue, n.d.).

The initial findings of Group H1 about the climate

can be seen in Figure 2.2.1.

The climate of Hoogland is warm and temperate.

The Hoogland rainfall is high, there is precipitation

even in the driest period. Hoogland's average annual

temperature is 9.3 ° C. The average rainfall

here is 794 mm. During April, the least amount of

rainfall takes place. This month's average is 47

mm. In August, with an average of 76 mm, the precipitation

reaches its peak. The average temperature

in July is highest at about 16.6 ° C. January is

the coldest month of the year at an average of 2.1

° C. The difference between the driest and wettest

months in the precipitation is 29 mm. The average

Figure 2.2.1: Initials findings regarding Hoogland’s climate.

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2.2.2 History and Archaeology

Before 1798, the territory of Hoogland included

Hoogland and Emiclaer. These were areas with

their own administration and jurisdiction. However,

the introduction of the French municipality organization

created the municipality of Hoogland on

January 1, 1811.

Hoogland had a business relationship with Amersfoort.

It was common in the proximity for farmers

from more distant municipalities to own a few hectares

of land in these polders. Hoogland land was

too far from Amersfoort residents to monitor the

young cattle that stayed there from May to November.

A solution was to outsource this work to a polder

farmer, someone who grew up there and was

well known. These people were called the keepers

(de bewaarsmannen) (Ridder, 1996). Wim de Ridder

himself is shown in the photograph in Figure

2.2.2.

During WO I and WO II Hoogland had to endure

frequent natural disasters throughout its history

and battles during the First World War (WW I) and

the Second World War (WW II). Many old farmhouses

were destroyed. Along the Eem there was

a line of defence for Dutch troops and the Germans

fired heavy during WW II (Willemse, 2019). Then,

around the ’50s, Hoogland grew vastly in the areas

Langenoord and Bieshaar. After the war, Amersfoort

continuously expanded and needed more

space for housing. Despite the intensive resistance

of Hooglanders, Hoogland has been a part of the

municipality of Amersfoort in 1974 (Amersfoort op

de Kaart, n.d.). Although Hoogland got more surrounded

by the new housing of Amersfoort in Kattenbroek,

Nieuwland and Schothorst, the village

characteristics stayed intact.

There are no legally protected archaeological monuments

within the area. There are, however, areas

with archaeological values and expectations.

Bieshaar Zuid has a high archaeological expectation

because this is a cover sand ridge. From a soil

perspective, these types of soils are often characterized

by a thick cultural cover, which means that

the archaeological remains can be well preserved.

The high expectation applies to both hunter-gatherers

and farmers.

Figure 2.2.2: Wim de Ridder with a bull

(Source: http://historischekringhoogland.nl)

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2.2.3 Geology

Hoogland's geomorphological state and surroundings

are clearly influenced by the last two ice ages

and the ensuing warmer times. Hoogland is situated

on a larger complex of cover sands that developed

during the last ice age when it was exceptionally

cold and a heavy sand spray that was deposited

elsewhere as cover sands may occur periodically.

A wavy area of sand covered with ridges

running east-west emerged.

Hoogland's land use is characterized as arable

farming and horticulture in the stream valley on the

cover sand ridge and grassland. The plots are small

and surrounded by a thick network of hedges and

wooded banks, generally parallel to the surface of

the soil. These also ran parallel to the street along

the Zevenhuizerstraat, so the plots were completely

fenced. There were mostly alder girths in the

lower parts. Rare ash, hawthorn, blackthorn and

pedunculate oak are also going to be part of the

hedges on the higher parts.

Since the last ice age, the climate

has continuously improved to date

and rich vegetation has emerged,

especially in the wet and swampy

layers between the ridges. The water

from these layers was drained to the

Eem through streams, which form

the central drain in the Gelderse Vallei

for all streams. The Valley's surface

is angled westward. Therefore,

all the streams flow west. A relatively

thick peat pack in the Eem Valley

may emerge through a cycle of peat

formation that lasted for many thousands

of years. Due to the expansion

of the Almere (later the Zuiderzee),

the region was constantly flooded. A

dike was built to protect Amersfoort

and the surrounding area (The

Municipality of Amersfoort, 2013). A

geomorphological map of Amersfoort

from the municipality archive is

shown is Figure 2.2.3.

Figure 2.2.3: A geomorphological map of Aersfroort from the municaplity archive

(Source: https://www.amersfoort.nl/ro-online/NL.IMRO.0307.BP00048-

0302/t_NL.IMRO.0307.BP00048-0302_3.2.html)

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2.2.4 Mythology

On the occasion of the "annexation" by the municipality

of Amersfoort in 1974, a so-called tombstone

of the former municipality of Hoogland was

laid at the auxiliary secretary on Zeverhuizerstraat

/Hamseweg. The inscription reads: "Luctati non

emersimus gem Hoogland obiit ad MCMLXXIII"

(We have struggled, but have not emerged.) in Figure

xx. The territory of Hoogland was divided between

Bunschoten-Spakenburg and Amersfoort. In

the years before, parts had already been added to

the territory of Amersfoort, so that this city could

continue to grow. In 1991 the monument was

moved to the corner of Zevenhuizerstraat-

Sportlaan. Every year on New Year's Eve the commemoration

of the municipality of Hoogland is

commemorated. The commemoration consists of

the arrival of the regents (dressed in moody black)

in antique cars, the raising of the flag, a speech

about the 'nefarious policy' of the municipality of

Amersfoort, a wreath-laying and the singing of the

Highland national anthem (Amersfoort op de Kaart,

n.d.). As seen in Figure xx, this became a tradition

and a storytelling opportunity for Hoogland residents.

Besides, in Amersfoort, 400 people dragged a

boulder into the town creating the Soest moors because

of a bet between two landowners in 1661.

This earned Amersfoort the name Keientrekker

(boulder dragger) to the residents of the city, which

made them so embarrassed that they buried the

boulder in 1672. The boulder was discovered again

in 1903 and has now been put as a memorial in a

prominent spot, although it may not be there for

every visit because it has been stolen as a joke on

a regular basis.

Figure 2.2.4: The commemoration of Hoogland through years. (Souces from left to right:

https://www.archiefeemland.nl/bronnen/foto-s/detail/33e299ce-dc46-11df-a9e7-7590f0316edd and

https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Mkuc8uYeN44/Tu3pOzdBFmI/AAAAAAAAAUk/0azQaAJ9GRM/s320/herdenking+annexatie+hoogland.jpg)

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2.2.5 Ecology

The Netherlands has implemented the guidelines in

the Nature Conservation Act of 1968 and 1998 for

area protection and the Flora and Fauna Act for

species protection. Area protection takes place in

the Netherlands through the Nature Conservation

Act and the main ecological structure. Special living

environments and resting places are protected

through area protection. In addition to all legislation

and regulations at the European and national levels,

a policy has been developed at the municipal

level to protect Flora and Fauna in and around

Amersfoort. This is partly an elaboration of European

and national policy, but there is also additional,

specific Amersfoort policy. The policy in

Amersfoort is aimed at preserving nature and biodiversity

as much as possible. The general objective

of the municipality is to preserve the

variation of landscapes inside and outside

the city. The starting point for the greenblue

structure of Amersfoort is favourable

due to the various landscapes around the

city, which partly come back into the city.

These offer plenty of opportunities for nature

development and recreation (The

Municipality of Amersfoort, 2011). A view

of this green and blue in Hoogland can be

seen in the photograph in Figure 2.2.5.

crawler, bitter roach, bindweed, elver and pike;

amphibians such as brown frog, common toad and

green frog reptiles as ring snake; birds such as

grebe, moorhen, coot, forest reed singer and reed

bunting; mammals as forest shrew, water bat and

lake bat, water shrew, dwarf mouse, vole and weasel

(The Municipality of Amersfoort, 2011).

Reeds, lakes, green grasslands, swamps, wetlands,

flowery grasslands, and groves have been

set out to make the environment suitable for these

species as well as fauna passages under the

bridges. The farmland across Bunschoterstraat

which determines the western border of Bieshaar

is protected landscape and urban development is

prohibited (Atlas Natural Capital, 2019). The area

mainly hosts livestock and acts as the biomass

source for high-temperature heat generation.

The Valleikanaal runs from the Nether

Rhein to the Eem in Amersfoort. The

breeding species found in and around the

canal are insects such as orange tip, Small

fire butterfly, Argus butterfly, Hay beast

and meadow brook; fish such as river

goby, loach, small mud crawler, large mud

Figure 2.2.5: An examplary view of the green-blue structure in Hoogland.

Photo by Lincheng Jiang

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2.2.6 Technology

Amersfoort used to be the capital of the brewing

industry among its surroundings. The first time that

Amersfoort's beer is mentioned is in 1323. At that

time, brewing was primarily a domestic industry

and bound by many rules. For example, the

amount that was allowed to brew was precisely

recorded. Amersfoort traditionally has good water,

so more and more breweries came to Amersfoort.

After 1800 the beer export gradually lost its significance.

Many breweries closed their doors for good

due to the rising competition, the improved water

quality and the change in taste among the drinkers

(Stadsbrouwerij De Drie Ringen, n.d.). Nowadays,

the brewing tradition is sustained in small-scaled

local breweries also in Hoogland.

Amersfoort gives importance to technical education.

In the Tech College Amersfoort courses in the

areas of Middle Management Engineering, Electrical

Engineering, Installation Engineering, Mechanical

Engineering, and Mechatronics are given (ROC

Midden Nederland, n.d.). Views of a closed establishment

Roman Catholic School giving technical

education and the Tech College Amersfoort can be

seen in Figure 2.2.6.

As mentioned in Chapter xx, the keeper profession

used to be a significant source of income for Hoogland.

This outsourcing of taking care of livestock

might have lost its significance, but at the same

time, contractorship for agricultural work arose.

From sowing and harvesting the corn to injecting

the land, periodical agricultural work is being outsourced

to contractors.

Figure 2.2.6: Roman Catholic School in Amerij (left) and Tech College Amersfoort (right) giving tecnical education

(Souces from left to right: www.archiefeenland.nl/bronnen/foto-s and www.facebook.com/TechCollegeAmersfoort)

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2.2.7 Typology

Old farmhouses

These are single houses with relatively large gardens

with either decorative green or crops, along

the old roads. They were built before 1930 and due

to their technology, they require high-temperature

heating. This house typology is shown as 1 in Figure

2.2.7.

Terraced houses

These are cheaper row houses that were built

around 1960 when rapid construction was needed.

They are 1-2 storey high with flat roofs. Their building

quality and insulation are poor. This house typology

is shown as 2 in Figure 2.2.7.

Semi-detached single-family houses

These are among the newest buildings in the area

which were built around 2000 with 2-3 storeys and

their own parking lot. They are the best candidates

for low-temperature heat networks due to their

good insulation. This house typology is shown as 4

in Figure 2.2.7.

Multiple-storey buildings

These buildings were built after 2005 and have a

mixed-use with commercial areas on the ground

floor and first floors and residences above them.

These are the most energy-consuming building but

a potential heat source at the same time as will be

elaborated in Chapter xx. This building typology is

shown as 3 in Figure 2.2.7.

Detached single-family houses

These are 2-3 storey high

buildings with hipped roofs,

mostly built after 1980. Their

building quality is better and

they are more suitable candidates

for the energy-neutral

building concept. This house

typology is shown as 3 in Figure

2.2.7.

Figure 2.2.7: Exemplary views of different building typologies.

Photos taken from Google Street Views

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2.2.8 Morphology

The settlement in Hoogland used to be dispersed

due to the agricultural function of the village. In Figure

xx, buildings are inscribed according to their

construction years. It can be seen that the buildings

along the main roads are relatively old. These

buildings also form a path to the St. Martinus

Church. The former farm areas were opened for

construction, when a rapid development was

needed in the post-war period. This causes the

area to be car dominated and disruption of the advanced

soft transportation infrastructure between

Amersfoort and Hoogland as well as through the

protected landscape. A map showing the building

construction years can be seen in Figure 2.2.8.

The areas of responsibility, Bieshaar Zuid, Bieshaar

Noord, and De Biezen are adjacent neighbourhoods

and confined by main roads. Rondweg

Noord in the West-East, Bunschoterstraat in the

South-North and Zevenhuizerstraat in the South

West-North East direction define their boundaries.

These roads also separate the neighbourhoods

from the surrounding landscape and result in an introvert

settlement.

The main village square is taking place on the drive

of Zevenhuizerstraat and surrounded by a supermarket

and commercial buildings. A local market is

set up every Saturday and the square is used for

car parking otherwise.

Figure 2.2.8: Building construction years in Hoogland (Source: https://code.waag.org/buldings)

14

2.2.9 Sociology

Hoogland is a village where the houses that are

built between 1970 and 2000 are predominant.

Most of its residents are over the age 45 (53,7 %)

and even 65 (21,2 %) (Indebuurt033, 2019). The average

income is relatively high and criminality is

low. There is a very strong bond among the residents

and even though the prior territory of Hoogland

was shared between two municipalities, the

village stayed intact.

Hoogland also has an active youth group of its

own, Jong Hoogland. The association organizes for

Jong Hoogland participants various activities,

gatherings, sporting events, and trips. All members

are from sixteen to thirty-five years of age. Under

the name Katholieke Plattelands Jongeren (K.P.J.)

Hoogland, the association was founded in 1967.

This name has been changed to Jong Hoogland

since July 1st, 1996. The association belongs to

other organisations as well.

Every September the

village comes together

during the annual

Dorpsfeest Hoogland,

which is seen

in Figure xx. This

event attracts around

thirty thousand visitors

every year. This

party is the highestrated

event in the municipality

of Amersfoort.

The Dorpsfeest

Hoogland is realised

by the many volunteers

without any

subsidy from the municipality.

An aerial

photo of this fest is

given in Figure 2.2.9.

Figure 2.2.9: Aerial photo of Dorpsfeest Hoogland (Source: www.facebook.com/dfhoogland)

15

2.3 Energy Analysis

2.3.1 Renewable Energy Targets

To slow climate change, the need to reduce CO2

emissions has resulted in international, European

and national agreements. At European level, it was

decided that CO2 emissions should be reduced by

20% relative to 1990 levels by 2020. Energy consumption

needs to be reduced by 20%, and according

to the 2002 Directive, the share of renewables

in the total energy mix needs to increase by

20% by 2020. In the 2018 amended guideline, the

goal of at least 32.5 % energy efficiency for 2030.

The binding goal is set in relation to the modelling

predictions for 2030 for 2007, to be met collectively

across the EU.

Each country in Europe has a different energy mix.

This is the distribution of different sources of energy.

Due to its large share of gas and relatively

small share of renewable energy sources, the

Dutch energy mix stands out at 9-10%. A little less

than half of this energy comes from household

waste incineration, but this is not a renewable

source according to the EU definition. Over half of

the national output of sustainable energy comes

from wind turbines. Hydropower and solar energy

make a small contribution to total national energy

production (Chyong & Tcherneva, 2015). The European

target of renewable energy in 2020 is an estimate

with a share of 20%. The target for the Netherlands

is to reach a level of 14% of renewable energy

by that time; this was 4% in 2009. Hoogland

has an ambition to become carbon-neutral by 2030

and many associations work towards this goal by

working to find affordable and effective solution for

the house owners to make their homes more energy-efficient.

16

2.3.2 Energy Demand of the Site

Maps throughout this chapter were created using

ArcGIS® software by Esri. Numbers such as population,

household count and average energy and

gas use were taken from the Heat Atlas, created by

Netherland Enterprise Agency. The Heat Atlas is a

digital, geographical map showing the heat supply

in the Netherlands. It shows potential suitable locations

of deep geothermal energy, heat and cold

storage, biomass and residual heat; an overview of

the heat demand of households, industry, greenhouse

horticulture and utility construction; information

about older gas networks from network operators;

and a quick scan to determine the chances

of shallow soil energy at a location (Netherlands

Enterprise Agency, 2015).

In Table 2.3.2, population and energy facts of the

Bieshaar Zuid, Bieshaar Nord and De Biezen

neighbourhoods in total can be seen.

Table 2.3.2: Population and energy facts of Bieshaar

Zuid, Bieshaar Nord and De Biezen

Number of households 1600

Population 3835

Number of cars 1795

Number of cars per household 1.1

Average households Size 2.4

Gas usage per resident (annual)

18.7 GJ

In Figure 2.3.2.1, a map showing the average electricity

usage in each household and in Figure

2.3.2.2, a map showing the average gas usage in

each household are given.

Electricity usage per resident (annual)

CO2 emissions per resident (annual)

5 GJ

2169 kg

Total household gas use (annual)

72 TJ

Total household electricity use (annual)

19TJ

17

Figure 2.2.3.1: Annual electircity usage of the buildings

(Created with Esri ArcGIS)

Figure 2.2.3.2: Annual gas usage of the buildings


18

2.3.3 Energy Potentials

There are various sources of renewable heat present

in Amersfoort that will play a role in potential

power supply. These are soil energy, geothermal,

surface water, riothermal heat, residual heat from

industrial sources, innovation and other sources.

The soil structure of Hoogland is such that smallscale

mini heat networks fed by soil energy can

meet the heat demand locally. The advantage of

these mini heat networks is that homes can also be

cooled in the summer. A study commissioned by

the Water Board, showed that collective surface

water energy and heat and cold storage are technically,

financially and legally feasible. Tapping a

geothermal source requires major investments and

careful procedures and implementation. If geothermal

heat is responsible and can be used on a large

scale in Amersfoort, a substantial part of the heat

demand of Amersfoort can be met with this in the

long term (The Municipality of Amersfoort, 2019).

Similar to the facts in Chapter xx, the potentials energy

generation values in Table xx were taken from

the Heat Atlas per hectare and the final values are

reached by multiplying these values by 70 hectares,

which is the total ground surface area of

Bieshaar Zuid, Bieshaar Nord and De Biezen

(Netherlands Enterprise Agency, 2015).

Table 2.3.3: Energy generation potentials of Bieshaar

Zuid, Bieshaar Nord and De Biezen

Source

PV Electricity 10,7

Amount

(TJ/year)

Closed-loop system heat storage 113,9

Closed-loop system cold storage 31,7

Open-loop system heat storage 172,5

Open-loop system cold storage 172,5

Riothermal 2,8

19

2.3.4 Existing Energy Networks

The high-voltage electricity lines together with the

heat grids (gas-based) are shown in Figure 2.3.4.

The buildings in the area are mainly heated with

gas. According to the Heat Atlas, the closest heat

grids are Nieuwland (North) and Schothorst (South-

East). These heat grids are fed with gas-based heat

as well. On the map produced with ArcGIS® software

(Figure 2.3.4), it is seen that the gas pipes under

the streets are partially to be replaced soon.

This is the most suitable time to introduce a smart

grid system as will be elaborated in Chapter xx.

Currently, it is very common

to invest in solar

panels for the houses in

Hoogland. This is because

not only becoming

CO 2-free by 2030 and

transition to sustainable

energy is important for

Hoogland, but also to add

a value to the houses. A

house of which yields

from the available solar

panels to provide the

house with sufficient energy

is likely be very attractive

for potential buyers

(Subsidieszonnepanelen.nl,

2019).

Figure 2.3.4: High-voltage network and heat grids (left) and gas pipeline condition (right)


20

2.4 Potentials and Challenges

Potentials

Strong social bond: One of the best assets that

Hoogland residents hold is their strong social cohesion.

Their approach to each other on the

streets, associations from all ages, and their festival

is a proof of this.

Architecture as local identity: Hoogland’s old farm

houses have the potential of defining the local architectural

forms as they are already examples of

their historical identity. An exemplary elevation

drawing of o traditional Hoogland farmhouse,

which inspired the project in the Elaboration phase

is given in Figure 2.4.

enthusiastically involved in the energy- and carbon-neutrality

transition, such as rooftop PV-rental

and e-car sharing programs.

Challenges

Car domination: Due to the rapid post-war development

of the area, the ground surfaces are mostly

covered with concrete and asphalt. This poses a

problem in terms of urban heat island effect and

the livelihood of the streets. In the traditional setting

of Hoogland, the streets should give more opportunities

to the residents to socialise and complement

the bicycle infrastructure within.

Decorative green: Despite the car domination,

there are dispersed large green areas. However,

these are mostly decorative green that have to

maintained periodically. In an ideal planning, this

maintenance should be kept to minimum.

Soft transportation infrastructure: Amersfoort and

Hoogland itself has an advanced bicycle infrastructure.

Travelling is relatively safe and wayfinding is

easy.

Surrounding landscape: Bieshaar Zuid, Bieshaar

Nord and De Biezen is not far from the protected

landscape. Vast green areas surrounding these

neighbourhoods are an opportunity in terms of air

quality and visual comfort.

Local initiatives: There are already many experts in

Hoogland trying to find the most affordable best

practice applications for Hoogland to achieve

Netherlands 2030 energy plans. At the same time,

they develop business models to get the residents

Figure 2.4: A traditional Hoogland farmhouse elevation

(Source: www.historischekringhoogland.nl)

21

3 Intervention

22

3.1 Design Strategies

3.1.1 Social Strategy

Hoogland used to be an agricultural society. Agricultural

societies construct the social order around

a reliance upon farming. However, not everyone in

an agricultural society is a farmer. Some people

make a living trading or making and selling goods

such as tools used for farming. Agricultural settlements

tend to develop in areas of convenience

near bodies of water, which is used for both crops

and transportation, or along trade routes. People in

agricultural societies generally lead a more settled

lifestyle. Their social life is shaped around where

they live. Many residents of Hoogland and their ancestors

grew up in such an environment.

Though there are modern societies based upon agriculture,

most societies today are either industrial

societies, or societies that depend on mass production

of goods using technological means,

or post-industrial societies, which are societies dependent

on services rather than goods. Unfortunately,

the village centre seems to turn into such a

place. Life is much faster and there is no place for

the residents to socialise. It can be observed that

some of the elder residents still go to fishing in

quiet corners and even have a barbeque with their

small group.

The most sensible intervention to be made in Hoogland

is to bring their daily routines back by undoing

the negative effects of the aforementioned societal

transition. A more nature-oriented recreational

concept on the streets and in the parks

would help keep neighbours connected and make

neighbourhoods strong. An envisioning of the

street setting can be seen in Figure 3.1.1. Participation

in cultural and artistic programs promotes

social cohesion and volunteerism. Recreational activities

can help build welcoming communities for

people and families from diverse cultures.

Figure 3.1.1: The envisioned street setting.

23

3.1.2 Environmental Strategy

The survival of genetically healthy plant and animal

species depends on sufficient availability of habitats

suitable for all phases of that species' life. In

the Netherlands, many nature reserves are too

small to support all life phases and to ensure sufficient

population mingling. The nature reserves,

therefore, need to be connected to smaller green

landscape features to form a continuous green infrastructure

incorporating a variety of habitats. The

existence of a green infrastructure also enables

plants and animals to move as the habitats they

need to shift geographically under the influence of

climate change.

On the other hand, it is essential to close the natural

cycles of carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen. The

considered environmental cycles can be seen in

Figure 3.1.2. Plants are necessary for sequestration

of carbon and nitrogen. Food waste should be

composted to keep the nutrients within. Luckily,

there is a net energy-positive waste water treatment

plant with phosphorus recovery in Amersfoort,

as high-grade phosphate is increasingly

scarce, although phosphorus demand is expected

to increase over the long term due to population

growth and dietary changes (Kox & Geraats, 2016).

Hoogland is suitable to realise

a respective symbiosis between

human and nature. By

creating natural habitats

where each species can sustain

its natural duty, such as

pollinators with flowers and

crops, predators against

pests, maintenance free

green areas can be given to

the public. Animals like

chicken and sheep will also

result in a more colourful environment

while they maintain

the grass tand their excrement

can be used as fertiliser.

Water-friendly gardens cut

down water usage but are still

beautiful.

Figure 3.1.2: Environmental cycles to protect

24

3.1.3 Urban Farming

Urban farming can be described as plant growth

and animal husbandry in and around cities. The

most significant aspect of urban farming, which

separates it from rural farming, is that it is incorporated

into the modern economic and environmental

system: urban farming is integrated in the local

landscape. When the city grows, urban farming

grows. It is a part of the urban structure (The RUAF

Foundation, n.d.).

Urban agriculture can be undertaken in more developed

cities for the physical and/or psychological

relaxation it provides, not for the production of food

per se. In turn, urban or peri-urban farms may play

an important role in offering leisure options for residents

like recreational

roads, farm food purchases

and meals, visiting

facilities, and educational

roles such as bringing

young people into interaction

with plants, and ecology

teaching (The RUAF

Foundation, n.d.). In Hoogland,

the farming

knowledge of the seniors

and the open mind of the

school children would be

synergistically combined

in such a setting.

the farm or on land away from the home, on private

land or on public land such as parks, conservation

areas, along roads, rivers and railways, or on semipublic

land like school yards, school grounds and

hospitals (The RUAF Foundation, n.d.). Any small

patch of land can be used for urban farming and

increase the production capacity and the spatial

quality.

Urban agriculture includes food products, from different

types of crops like grains, root crops, vegetables,

mushrooms, fruits, and animals like poultry,

rabbits, goats, sheep, cattle, pigs, guinea pigs, fish

as well as non-food products like aromatic and medicinal

herbs, ornamental plants, tree products, or

combinations of these. Urban farming conceptual

scheme interpreted for Hoogland is given in Figure

3.1.3.

Urban agriculture may occur

in intra-urban or periurban

locations. The practices

may take place on

Figure 3.1.3: Urban Framing interpreted for Hoogland.

25

3.1.4 Farm Union Hoogland and Collaboration

with the Local Associations

Associations have institutionalized social networking

opportunities and improve prosocial behaviours

and social skills. Creating a strong, effective

global network, however, requires strong local bases.

Farm Union Hoogland, which is a fictive organisation

of the Group H1 seeks to promote meaningful

societal change by getting all Hoogland

residents closer together outside the buildings as

shown in Figure 3.1.4.

Social capital is a result of association involvement,

such as trust, norms, and networks (Deth,

Edwards, B˘adescu, Moldavanova, & Woolcock,

2016). The bridging of social capital based on involvement

in heterogeneous networks that reinforce

tolerance, openness, and outer-directedness

is particularly expected to have positive effects.

Bonding social capital in homogeneous networks

reinforces feelings of exclusivity and inner-direction.

Figure 3.1.4: Interorganisational relations of Hoogland

26

3.2 Design Proposal

A nature-oriented village is envisioned as nature

and farming is the most of Hoogland’s historical

identity. This transition should be planned not only

in public squares in buildings but also on the

streets, in the parks, in each place. As explained in

Chapter 3.1, each side road and every idle corner

can be used for urban farming. As shown in Figure

3.2, a masterplan is prepared to guide the

individual designs of the group members. This

masterplan shows different intensities of urban

farming and the development of the used technology.

The main square called the “Main Hub” is the

showcase of all the activities in the village. The

route from the dwellings to the Main Hub almost

always intersects with the Bieshaarlaan. This street

is also the main artery of Bieshaar Zuid and

Bieshaar Nord. Thus, the other Hubs are placed

along this street on the suitable junction points.

These hubs are named as the “Family Hub”, “Education

Hub”, “Poultry Hub”, “Fishing Hub”. The

hubs are elaborated followingly except for the Fishing

Hub.

27

Figure 3.2: Masterplan defining the rules for urban agriculture

3.2.1 Main Hub

This hub is placed in the heart of the village. The

area is currently used by every village resident. The

goal to be achieved in this spot is mirroring every

technological development and every activity in the

village to itself and to the visitors. Here is the showcase

of the urban farming in a vertical farm, green

façades and green roofs in the surrounding buildings,

rainwater collection in the canopies, and a

demonstration of the heat pump and water combination.

A scene from the hub (Figure 3.2.1.1) and a conceptual

section (Figure 3.2.1.2) are shown.

Figure 3.2.1.1: Section of the Main Hub

Figure 3.2.1.2: Scene from the Main Hub

28

3.2.2 Poultry Hub

This hub hosts a small chicken farm with a medium-density

urban farm. Rainwater is collected for

irrigation. A community kitchenette powered by PV

panels is also placed in the hub, used for meetings

of different communities and inter-organisational

events. The waste from this kitchenette and the

farm together with the organic waste from the

closer dwellings are used for compost making to

increase the fertility of the soil.



Figure 3.2.2.1: Section of the Poultry Hub

Figure 3.2.2.2: Scene from the Poultry Hub

29

3.2.3 Education Hub

The hub is placed in the middle of the way from the

schools to the dwellings in the inner parts. This

junction point is also the closest point to where

most of the seniors live. The aim of this hub to provide

encountering for students with the seniors and

create an environment the seniors share their

knowledge and experience about farming.



Figure 3.2.3.1: Section of the Education Hub

Figure 3.2.3.2: Scene from the Education Hub

30

3.2.4 Family Hub

This hub is placed at the beginning of the street

and closer to the semi-detached houses where

families with children live. This is where the sheep

are taken care of. The sheep graze the grass of the

playground periodically and flowers are grown

which the sheep will not be attracted to. Rainwater

is collected both for irrigation and the cleansing of

the area after grazing.



Figure 3.2.4.1: Section of the Family Hub

Figure 3.2.4.2: Scene from the Family Hub

31

3.3 Energy Strategy

3.3.1 Energy Reduction and Reuse Possibilities

Building Level

Most people are not willing to change their comfortable

lifestyle to reduce their energy usage only

to save the planet. However, informing the residents

still plays an important role in reducing the

energy demand. Inhabitants can switch to efficient

lights and hardware. Their building envelope can

be improved with proper insulation to reduce the

heating demand and construction materials with

high albedo and low emissivity values reduce the

cooling demand. Benefiting from the daylight in an

optimal way also reduces the electricity demand.

In terms of reusing the waste flows, ventilation heat

recovery in airtight houses reduce the heating and

cooling demand significantly. Shower heat recovery

is also beneficial.

Neighbourhood Level

Bieshaar Zuid, Bieshaar Nord and De Biezen lacks

green areas compared to their surroundings. This

increases urban heat island effect and cause

houses to use more energy for cooling. Adding

more green areas and changing the paving with

high-albedo and low-emissivity materials help reducing

this effect. High-efficiency street lights also

reduce the electricity demand.

Reusing the internal energy of organic household

waste by fermentation and biogas production reduces

the external energy dependency as well.

32

3.3.2 Sustainable Energy Networks and

Smart Grids

It is possible to have passive houses in newly built

developments, but a substantial rise of funds is required

to achieve that level of efficiency within the

renovation field. Some energy generation technologies,

such as cogeneration (CHP), biomass, manufacturing

process residual heat, or waste water,

are more feasible if usable in large volumes. Such

systems are ideal for an application to the neighbourhood.

Using the incentives in a particular

neighbourhood in combination with maximising the

overall community process could lead to output

levels close to low-energy buildings (Atelier

GroenBlauw (b), n.d.).

A smart grid is a network in which all available options

are implemented to meet as much demand

and supply as necessary and to promote as well as

possible the use of green and regional energy

sources. In this context, information technology

has a lot to offer. Based on the current scenario, for

example, it is possible to adapt energy production

in power plants to the expected amount of wind

and solar energy. It is possible to introduce variable

pricing to direct the demand side. Electrical appliances

can be modified so that they only turn on

when electricity prices drop below a certain

amount. In practice, each user can also be a producer

with a smart grid, and it is possible to connect

regional renewable energy sources such as

wind turbines and solar panels to this network. A

schematic explanation of smart grids is given in

Figure 3.3.2.

Creating sustainable network systems rely on a future

in which smart grids can play an increasing

role and optimally integrate decentralised and centralised

energy production. The public momentum

towards greater responsibility for people's energy

supply can be combined with the targets for the

development of distributed renewable energy systems

(Dupuy & Xuan, 2018).

Figure 3.3.2: Schematic explanation of smart grids

(Source: https://www.coned.com/-/media/images/coned/04_our-energy-future/41_techandinnovation/413_smartgrid/41-smart-grid-2.svg)

33

3.3.3 Preliminary Design Proposal for

Hoogland’s Sustainable Energy

Network

The energy network envisaged by the Team H1

adopts an open-loop geothermal system for heat

and cold storage due to its lower cost and higher

efficiency compared to closed-loop systems.

There are existing and potential full-electric houses

in the area as well as houses planned to be connected

to a heat grid. These houses will already use

a PV or PVT system for their own hot water. The

low-temperature heating and cooling will be connected

to the heat network. As seen in Figure 3.3.3,

this energy network necessitates the collective use

of many components in the neighbourhood. In

summer, the cooling systems and the fridges of the

supermarket, public space grounds, road surfaces,

houses and even open surface water will be cooled

down with the refrigerant and this cooling medium

will transfer its heat to an underground heat storage.

In winter, this heat storage will assist the instantaneous

solar energy.

Figure 3.3.3: Proposal for Hoogland’s sustainable

energy network

34

4 Elaboration

35

4.1 Problem Statement

Although Hoogland used to be an agricultural society

where social life is set around their living environment,

nowadays it is a car-dominated village,

with hardly any place to socialise. With car domination,

productive green areas became less and

the weather became warmer. This contradicts with

Hoogland’s aim to be a carbon-free society by

2030. The urban farming concept has been introduced

to revive the older lifestyle, traditions and

other positive aspects that constitute Hoogland’s

physical and social identity. Several points have

been chosen for hubs to host different aspects of

urban farming in the village along the Bieshaarlaan.

The transport infrastructure of Hoogland carries

significance both in a functional aspect and in

terms of surface area. This street area provides the

opportunity of energy generation. In this Chapter,

the capability of an integrated canopy system to

connect the aforementioned hubs, provide social

opportunites, contribute to the local food and energy

generation and have the flexibility to adapt the

future uses is researched.

36

4.2 Design Overview

4.2.1 Programming

As the main purpose of this project is to create the

opportunity to encounter, make conversations and

exchange information and experiences for the local

people, several places are included to the project,

which can be seen in Figure 4.2.1 with their relations.

The Comfort Canopy as the artery is an enhanced

path for pedestrians and cyclists on which cars are

also allowed, however, freed from the car-dominated

traffic. This path acts as a slowed-down

track, allowing people to make quick conversations

and share information, not bothered by the restrictions

of the narrow pavements.

By the artery, urban farm units irrigated with the

rainwater collected by the canopy is placed. The

urban farm and the changing crops catch people’s

attention and create a visual connection to what is

happening on the deck.

The deck is the main gathering point of this unit

connected to the artery, creating a passage between

two sides of the small lake as well. It encloses

a recreational pond, allowing fishing from

time to time.

The bio-market and the bio-café are placed on the

North of the deck, powered with the electricity generated

by the canopy. The bio-market sells the local

products such as fruit, vegetables, grains, flowers,

poultry products etc. Next to the market, a fairtrade

coffee bar is placed in the corner, giving its

customers a quieter place and a nice view of green

and blue. These are also spanning the small lake

with the deck.

The flexibility of the artery length provides a plug

and play scenario for future use. As will be elaborated

in Chapter xx, 16 canopies produce almost 3

times the electricity that the market and the café

need. Additional buildings hung on this artery can

benefit from the electricity that is currently being

generated, and by the lengthening of the artery, the

electricity generation scale can grow.

37

Figure 4.2.1: Scheme of the architectural programming

38

4.2.2 Components of the Comfort Canopy

The components of one canopy unit are explained

in this section and will be elaborated in Chapter xx.

As seen in Figure 4.2.2, the canopy is carried by

two timber columns. The columns have steel connections

both to the ground and the roof structure.

The roof structure is made of paper tubes, prestressed

with steel rods and have steel connections

to steel nodes. The roof is assembled in the

facilities off-site and brought to the site to be

placed on the columns. Timber glazing frames with

proper grids are fixed to and supported by the steel

nodes. Aluminium glazing bars are screwed on

these timber frames to fasten the glazing. Triangular

semi-transparent PV panels are placed on the

East, South and West face of the roof and larger

transparent tempered glass panes are placed on

the North. On top of these components, ridge and

soffit profiles are places to ensure waterproofness.

There are several climate control strategies in the

canopy. The northern glazing is unprotected from

the sun unlike the rest of the faces. This creates

discomfort in summer by causing overheating. To

prevent this, roller sunscreens are hung horizontally

under the roof structure on the northern half.

Wind flaps are fixed on the sides to handle the air

movement under the roof differently in summer and

winter. As an additional measure against the temperature

rise in summer, nebulisers are placed under

the roof structure that provides a milder environment

beneath using water cooling. The nebulisers

use the rainwater collected from the roof and

stored in an underground storage tank. These nebulisers

and the adjacent urban farm planters are

provided with water with the help of a DC water

pump powered by the BIPV panels. In the planters

crops and flowers are grown.

39

Figure 4.2.2: Components of one canopy unit in axonometric view

40

4.3 Design Criteria

4.3.1 Financial Model

The design for Hoogland should be fundable as it

is a residential area and it should attract private

businesses to realise the project in their village.

Fundability is the ability of a project to raise money

for a good cause for entrepreneurs and investors,

encouraging investors to syndicate deals and companies

to find funding. There is a strong connection

between sustainability and fundability.

YOUR

AD

HERE

BIO-MARKET

BIO-CAFé

In the Hoogland’s Comfort Canopy Concept, a private

initiative undertakes the construction costs of

the canopy within a build-operate model without

the land price. As seen in an example business

scheme in Figure 4.3.1.2, the company gains the

right to build rentable areas such as buildings and

advertisement boards. These buildings can be

rented by businesses of cafés, small-scaled supermarkets,

bike repair shops, hardware dealers and

other companies. A bio-market, a bio-café and advertisement

areas are planned within this study

(Figure 4.3.1.1). The company can generate energy

to be sold to the grid as well. In return, the company

supplies a canopy over streets, recreational

areas, public facilities such as bus stops, bike

racks, street lighting and

optionally a share of the

generated energy. This

will reduce the burden of

the municipality to fulfil

its responsibility for the

residents, resulting in a

tax reduction or additional

services improving

the quality of life in the

village. The building

company can outsource

the work of maintenance

and cleaning the local

establishments, creating

employment for the village.

41

Figure 4.3.1.1: Rentable areas in the project

Figure 4.3.1.2: An introductory business model

42

4.3.2 Material Selection

During the material selection, natural materials

have had the priority, considering the identity of

Hoogland, used to be a far less developed rural

area, yet is still a thinly populated village. Wood as

a renewable natural material for the columns and

glazing frames and paper as truss members is used

in larger volumes. Other recyclable materials stainless

steel is used in the members and the connections

and aluminium glazing bars are used over the

wooden glazing frames. Tempered single layer

glass is used in the North face of the canopy. BIPV

panels, consisting mainly of glass and silicon is

used despite the fact that they are not completely

recyclable yet it is still possible to regain most of its

content. A comparison of the embodied energy of

materials in their virgin and recycled phases are

given in Figure 4.3.2. Metals and paper have considerably

higher embodied energy in their primary

production. By choosing already recycled materials

during the construction, the embodied energy

of the whole project can be significantly reduced.

Metals and glass can be recycled into the same

quality materials as discussed in Chapter xx

(Knaack, 2018) and paper can be fully recycled with

the current technology as well even if it is waterproofed

(Narayan, 2012). However, BIPV panels

are composite components and can not be fully recycled.

The silicon-based PV panel recycling process

begins with the disassembly of the actual

product to separate parts of aluminium and glass.

It is possible to reuse 95 per cent of the glass, while

all external metal parts are used to re-mould cell

frames. The plastic is recycled for further thermal

processing as a heat source. Particles of silicon,

known as wafers, are etched with acid. Broken wafers

are melted to be used to produce new silicon

modules again, resulting in a recycling rate of 85

per cent of the silicon content (GreenMatch, 2019).

43

Figure 4.3.2: Embodied energy of the selected materials in their virgin and recycled state

4.3.3 Modularity

For energy efficiency and sustainable construction,

modular construction is preferred in this project.

Traditional construction methods require additional

materials, causing waste. As prefabricated sub-assemblies

are being built in a factory, in-house recycling

of extra materials is possible. Modular construction

can be conveniently disassembled and

transported to various sites. This ensures the flexible

plug-and-play aspect of the project.

Because prefabricated construction occurs in a

manufacturing environment that is regulated and

meets defined specifications, the structure's subassemblies

will be constructed to a consistent

quality. Since many building materials are assembled

in the plant, the final construction site has significantly

lower site traffic, machinery and product

suppliers.

It reduces the disturbance of traditional construction

sites that are suffering from noise, emissions,

waste and other common irritants. Because subassemblies

are made using dry materials in a factory-controlled

environment, there is less chance

of moisture-related problems and environmental

hazards. When working with paper, this becomes

important.

It takes less time to build portable construction

than on-site construction as multiple pieces can be

simultaneously constructed. Financial savings by

reducing construction time are among the most

crucial benefits of prefabricated construction in this

project.

The modular pattern of Hoogland’s Comfort Canopy

project can be seen in Figure 4.3.3.

Figure 4.3.3:

The modular pattern of the project

44

4.4 Developed Solutions

4.4.1 Structure

Due to logistical reasons, the roof structure has

been decided to be prefabricated as a single

space-truss beam. The beam spans 12,8 metres

from the centre to centre and has 1,6 metres projection

at the ends. The depth of one module is 3

metres and the columns are placed in the middle.

The height of the structure was determined by the

optimum tilt of PV panels in the Netherlands, which

is 37 degrees facing the South (Schepel, 2018). The

structure consists of pre-stressed paper tubes

steel nodes. Cost-effectiveness was preferred over

aesthetics when choosing

the connection system.

The stand-alone

units provide flexibility

in terms of repetition, interruption

(by buildings,

trees, road junctions)

and maintenance.

Columns

The columns are made of timber and connected to

the ground and the roof structure with steel

flanges. The floor to ceiling height is 4 metres,

which allows a wide range of vehicles from beneath

and at the same time more convenient for the pedestrians,

creating a distance from the nebuliser

nozzles. Due to the nature of the structure without

cross bracings, the column-to-ground connection

with bolts is a fixed joint. The placement of the columns

in the middle rather than the edges is an architectural

decision to have a single row of columns

along one side of the street. This decision

added a certain complexity to the rainwater gutter

system to transfer the rainwater to the storage tank

adjacent to the columns as will be elaborated in

Chapter xx. The overview of the structure can be

seen in Figure 4.1.1.1.

45

Figure 4.4.1.1: The overview of the paper tube structure on timber columns

Paper tube members

Paper has a lower tensile strength (23-51 MPa)

compared to wood (60-100 MPa) (Ashby, 2016). To

overcome this weakness against tensile forces, a

pre-stressing method inspired by the Shigeru Ban

paper bridge engineered by Octatube was used

(Octatube, 2007). This concept of members of

which section can be seen in Figure 4.1.1.2 consists

of a thick-walled (2-3 cm) paper tube with

steels endcaps. The tube is pre-compressed by a

steel rod traversing the tube and steel nuts. The

members are connected to the nodes via the steel

lugs welded to the end-caps.

Nodes

In order to achieve a more affordable solution, a

series of 2D steel plates which are forming a 3D

joint is used. Custom laser-cut and cold-bent steel

pieces are bolted on top of each other to change

directions in the space. The members are then attached

to these nodes with 2 bolts to prevent excessive

rotation. An example of these nodes can

be seen in Figure 4.4.1.3.

Figure 4.4.1.2: The assembly of the paper tube members

Figure 4.4.1.3: An exemplary nodal connection of the structure

46

4.4.2 Glazing

The roof structure is covered with glazing to protect

the structure and the users from weather conditions

and provide a sky view for the users. Building

Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) panels are used

for electricity generation on the East, South and

West-facing sides of the roof. The northern side of

the canopy is provided with an operable sunscreen

to prevent excessive solar loads in summer.

Glazing frame

To increase the share of renewable sources in the

project, the glazing frame has been chosen to be

timber. Timber rafters also create an appealing visual

effect inside. The exterior is protected with aluminium

glazing bars and these bars fasten the

glass panes and BIPV panels to the frame. The

ridge and the soffit are covered with aluminium

edge profiles for waterproofing. The north face of

the roof is glazed with tempered glass. Operable

windows are added to this face for the evacuation

of hot air in summer. An overview of the frame with

open windows can be seen in Figure 4.4.2.1.

Figure

4.4.2.1: The

overview of

the glazing

frame

47

BIPV panels

Semi-transparent PV panels are used in the East,

South and West sides. The semi-transparent PV

panel is a technology in which PV cells are embedded

between 2 layers of glass or plastic with the

help of encapsulant films (Fig. 4.4.2.2). This technology

gives flexibility in custom-arranged panels.

As will be elaborated in Chapter xx, the cells are

arranged to obtain a g-value of 0,4. The arrangement

of the panels on the East and West side (on

the left) and the panels on the Southside (on the

right) can be seen in Figure 4.4.2.3. Because of

production limitations and for easier maintenance,

BIPV panels are designed smaller than the glass

panes on the Northside, still fitting the triangular

grid. The energy generation of the system will be

explained in Chapter xx.

Figure 4.4.2.2: Semi-transparent PV panel technology

(Source: https://qph.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-

457d1dc3dac0dfc819ffd2c812a7aaa7)

Figure 4.4.2.3: PV cell arrangement of different BIPV panels in

the project

48

Sunscreen

In summer the Solar Zenith Angle becomes higher

and penetrates through the unprotected North

face. Roller sunscreens are used in this part of the

canopy limit solar penetration. For a more affordable

solution, manual systems are preferred. In this

case, the g-value of the Northside can be adjusted

to be 0,2-0,8. In summer, this value should be as

low as possible and in winter providing a pleasant

sky view is the main preference. A scheme of the

system through a cross-section can be seen in Figure

4.4.2.4 and a scene from underneath the canopy

can be seen in Figure 4.4.2.5.

Figure 4.4.2.4:

Scheme of the roller blind system

Figure 4.4.2.5:

View from underneath the canopy

49

4.4.3 Wind Flaps

In fluid dynamics, the velocity of an incompressible

fluid must increase as it passes through a constraint

in accordance with the principle of continuity

of mass, whereas its static pressure must decrease

in accordance with the principle of mechanical

energy conservation. Thus, restricted longitudinal

sections tend to create a wind tunnel effect.

This is called the Venturi effect (Felföldi, 2019).

This effect can be beneficial in summer by increasing

the human skin surface heat transfer coefficient

and increase the thermal comfort levels. However,

in winter this has a negative impact. To be able to

control this effect flaps that either trap the air inside

to increase the velocity or be opened to the wind

direction to reduce the effect. A simulation was

made using the Autodesk Flow Design software.

The results are shown in Figure xx which show the

behaviour of the air without the flaps (left), flaps

perpendicular to the wind direction in summer

(middle) and flaps parallel to the wind direction in

winter (right). Airspeed of 4 m/s was taken in the

simulation. Regardless of the initial air velocity, it is

seen that the air reaches the same velocity earlier

with the flaps in summer and at a later stage with

the flaps in winter. The simulation was made only

in the prevailing wind direction, from South-West

to North-East. Due to the technical complexity of

the automatic system and also economic reasons,

the flaps are considered to be manually slackened,

adjusted and tightened again twice a year.

Figure 4.4.3: Wind analysis results

50

4.4.4 PV electricity generation

Within the scope of this study, a bio-market and a

bio-café are decided to be placed in the programme.

The PV electricity generated with the canopy

should at least meet the requirements of these

functions. To test the capability of the current setting,

a Grasshopper for Rhino script is made, using

the Ladybug plugin. The East, South and West

faces of 16 canopy units are introduced to the

script as well as the roof of the building addition.

The overlapping East face of one unit is eliminated.

60 per cent of the canopy surfaces and 100 per

cent of the building roof surfaces are covered with

PV cells with an efficiency of 18 per cent (Aggarwal,

2019). Amsterdam 062400 (IWEC) weather data is

used for the radiation values. The modelled roof

surfaces are given in Figure 4.4.4.1 and the overview

of the script can be seen in Figure 4.4.42.

With 95 per cent efficiency of DC-AC inversion, the

annual yield of one canopy unit is 6751,6 kWh. 16

repeating units yield 107.467,2 kWh per year and

the building itself generates 11.314,6 kWh annually.

This makes a total yield of 118.781,6

kWh/year. Considering an annual consumption of

a supermarket to be 407,5 kWh/m 2 (Van Der Sluis,

Lindberg, Lane, & Arias, 2017) and a café 590

kWh/m 2 (Sipma, 2019), a 50 m 2 supermarket and a

40 m 2 café consumes 43.975 kWh per year. These

consumptions do not include the energy transition

to full electric buildings, which will be more efficient

with the use of heat pumps. With this calculation, 5

of the canopy units with the building itself can run

these businesses. The rest of the energy can be

sold, be distributed to the village or be used in the

other plug and play buildings.

Figure 4.4.4.1: Modelled surfaces for PV electricity generation

51

Figure 4.4.4.2: Grasshopper script for PV electricity generation calculation

52

4.4.5 Temperature under the Canopy

Covering the canopy with glazing causes the interior

air temperature to become higher than the outdoor

air temperature by trapping the solar infrared

lights inside. This causes thermal discomfort in

summer. First, the air temperature rise per canopy

is calculated. Then, to overcome this rise and make

the space even more comfortable, the concept of

evaporative cooling is introduced with the help of

nebulisers as a countermeasure and its effect is

calculated.

A steady-state heat transfer model which can be

seen in Figure 4.4.5 was used repeatedly for 16

canopy units. T 1 is the air coming from the previous

section, and in the first section the outside air temperature

Here, it is estimated that the wind velocity

remains the same through the canopy and the air

coming from the sides is cast off through the operable

windows in the roof.

T3

The symbols that are used in the model are listed

below:

T : temperature (°C)

H : Thermal conductance (W/K)

Q : heat load (W)

The equation used for determining the air temperature

at the end of a section is:

T " = Q %&' + H * T * + H + T + + H , T ,

H * + H + + H ,

Weather conditions

To calculate the mean temperature changes in

summer, the average daily maximum of July is

used, which is 23°C. The wind speed through the

canopy is 2 m/s with 1 m/s airspeed at the sides.

The side gap is 2 m 2 , as the panels are nearly

closed in summer.

Qs

Side ventilation Toutside

H2

Solar load

T1

H1

H3

T4 (to the next section)

Qm

When calculating the solar load, the roof considered

to be a standard hipped roof with only South

and North faces and effective areas of the roof surfaces

were taken. These surfaces are projections

of the existing surfaces on a plane perpendicular to

the coming solar rays.

Ground heat transfer

T2

Figure 4.4.5: Scheme of the thermal model

The solar zenith angle of 60 degrees is taken with

a solar load of 300 W/m 2 . The g-value of the roof is

0,4 in the South and 0,2 in the North, resulting in an

8567,58 W solar load per unit.

53

Ground

The thickness of the ground is 5 metres with a thermal

conductivity of 2 W/mK. The air film thermal

resistance is 0,13 K/W. These result in a total

ground thermal resistance of 2,63 K/W.

The final temperature is 23,95°C according to the

calculation. The values of temperature differentiation

can be observed in Table 4.4.5.

As the second step, the effect of the evaporative

cooling is calculated. This effect was applied to the

resulting temperatures of the sections with the following

formula:

T - = ρ /01c /01 V /01 (273 + T) − m ;/<=1 L ?@ABCD

ρ /01 c /01 V /01

− 273

Where:

r : density (kg/m 3 )

c : specific heat (J/K)

V : volume (m 3 )

Lv : vaporisation energy (J)

With this calculation, it is seen that the air temperature

under the canopy can be drawn to 22,71°C

with 0,06 kg of water (0,0035 kg per section) per a

full air cycle under the canopy.

To calculate the annual water requirement, the

hours of which the wet bulb depression are between

6 and 12°C is considered. Amsterdam

062400 (IWEC) weather data is used. These hours

constitute 3 per cent. This makes 864.000 hours

per year and 18.000 full cycles of air through the

canopy. With this calculation, an annual water need

of 998,65 litres is found.

Table 4.4.5: Temperature change and other values during the

air travel through the 16 units of the canopy

54

4.4.6 Water management

To be able to store the required 1000 litres of water

for nebulisation, each unit is considered to store at

least 62,5 litres of water underground. In addition

to this, each unit is connected to a 5 m 2 garden.

The water needs of different crops should be considered.

However, as a rule of thumb 3 mm per day

is taken as the water need (Brouwer & Heibloem,

1986) with 6 months of additional irrigation. This

makes 2737,5 litres per garden. These together

constitute the water need of around 3000 litres per

unit. The amount can be stored in a 50 cm deep

and 1 m wide storage tank along 6 metres of canopy

depth. The excess rainwater is connected to

the village wastewater network to prevent overflow.

As previously mentioned, the current design decision

of placing the columns in the middle of the

canopy added a certain complexity to the downspout

organisation. Currently, the rainwater is collected

at one spot at one canopy unit. This storage

can be gathered in a smaller number of shared

storage tanks as well. These decisions root to the

main criteria, keeping units stand-alone. The components

of the current design can be seen in Figure

4.4.6.

55

Figure 4.4.6: Components of the water management system

5 Conclusion

In SWAT 2019 MSc 3 grade sustainable design studio,

Amersfoort in the Netherlands was visited before

the City-zen Roadshow to design and share

technologically advanced solutions that adapt to

urban and societal challenges, concerning climatic,

façade and structural aspects, to the locals. Group

H1 was assigned a part of the village Hoogland.

Group H1 and the other groups taking this course

started with reading selection papers and researching

different “-ologies” of the place as well

as the energy analysis to gain the insight and determine

the potentials before the Intervention

phase.

In the intervention phase Group H1 developed

strategies regarding social and environmental aspects.

To assort with the historical identity of Hoogland,

the urban farming concept was introduced.

This concept reflects as plant growth and animal

husbandry in and around cities. The concept is believed

to strengthen the identity of Hoogland and

social relations of its residents.

To guide the oncoming designs of the group members,

a masterplan was prepared, defining the

scope of urban farming and technological development

in the village. Several hubs were planned to

be placed in the strategical points, promoting social

connections and conversations.

In the energy strategy, measures were elaborated

in the building and village level to help Hoogland’s

ambition to become a carbon-free society by 2030,

with smart energy grids.

Elaboration phase included individual concept design

and development complementing the prior

phases. In Hoogland’s Comfort Canopy project, an

integrated canopy system to connect the hubs was

designed. The system provides social opportunities

as well, such as contributing to the local food

and energy generation. The aspect of flexibility to

adapt the future uses was given importance to.

Material selection was made to fit Hoogland’s natural

identity and environmental consciousness.

As an exemplary area, an adjacent deck by a small

lake was designed. A biological supermarket and a

fair-trade coffee bar which are powered by the canopy

is placed. Urban farm planters are designed to

be irrigated by the rainwater collected and stored

within the system.

An introductory business model is explained to ensure

that the project is fundable for the village. With

the investment of a private initiative, many stakeholders

can benefit from the project.

Structural solutions were elaborated to connect the

paper tubes together to form a single space-truss

per unit. Semi-transparent PV panels not only generate

electricity but also provide solar protection

for the users underneath. For the North face of the

roof, a roller shading system is proposed. A wind

control system with operable flaps was introduced.

The solar heating under the canopy was calculated

and nebulisers were proposed as a countermeasure.

56

6 Reflection

In this personal part, I would like to express that

this course gave me beneficial experiences in many

ways. In a quarter of the course, we made distant

analyses of the site. As a group, we needed to distil

the information we gathered to be able to share

with the other group members and this necessity

increased my efficiency in data collection and evaluation.

Finding the real problems and developing worthy

solutions in a totally different environment was hard

but with constant feedback from both the professors

and also the locals we stayed on track. We

made frequent presentations that improved our

communication skills. This phase was where I felt

the language barrier for the first time in TU Delft because

I do not speak Dutch currently, and the locals

of Hoogland hardly speak English.

In the elaboration part, I felt the pressure of designing

the cheapest solutions and from time to time I

preferred cheapness over aesthetics. If this was a

longer-term project, I would like to work on the operability

of the wind-flaps and other operable components

and find solutions for them to be automated

in the least maintenance-requiring way. The

integrity of the water management system is another

aspect that can be developed. However,

these systems were introductory concepts that enhance

the canopy system.

I enjoyed this course very much and practised defining

scopes and think and design in different levels

within short periods. Undoubtfully, I improved

my researching, designing and communication

skills.

57

58

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