Sinhala / සිංහල - Berghof Handbook for Conflict Transformation

©2006 Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management 

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290 

f*%âßÉ .a,eia,a iy rEä fnda,aßÉ 

.egqï ksjdrKh yd ksrdlrKh i|yd 

Wmdhla f,i lKavdhï iy ixúOdkd;aul ixj¾Okh 

f*%âßÉ .a,eia,a iy rEä fnda,aßÉ (Friedrich Glasl and Rudi Ballreich) 

1' ye¢kaùu 

.egqï ksrdlrKh" iduh f.dvkexùu iy .egqï iu:h wd§ lafIa;%hkays lghq;= 

lrk fndfyda jD;a;Sh f;jk md¾Yajhka ls%hdlrkafka tla;rd wdldrhl ixúOdkd;aul 

ikao¾Nhl iy uyd mßudK ixúOdkhl lKavdhï idudðlhska f,i h' fï fya;=fjka" 

lafIa;%fha Tjqkaf.a ls%hdldrlïj,g ndOd we;s l< yels" wd;;Skag iy .egqïj,g Tjqyq ksr;=reju 

,la fj;s' 

1984 § .a,ei,a (Glasl 1984) fko¾,ka;fha isÿ l< ksfhdað; iólaIKhl§ rg mqrd 

isák iudc fiajlhkaf.ka Tjqkaf.a ixúOdkuh mßirh ;=< we;s .egqï ms

1' ;ks ;ks lKavdhï idudðlhka 

5' lKavdhï ndysr in|;d 

rEm igyk 1 lKavdhï ld¾hfha uÜgï my 

2' wka;¾.;h 

} .eg¨ uÜgu 

3' wka;¾ls%hdldÍ;aj uÜgu 

} ufkda iudchSh uÜgu 

4' ls%hdud¾.h 

} l%ufõo uÜgu 

2' lKavdhï .egqï úNjhla f,i 

wka;¾-mqoa., jHdj¾;kh i|yd myiqlï ie,iSfï ksmqK;d 

ld¾h idOkh 

lKavdhï" iduqysl iyfhda.S;djh wfmalaId lrk" ld¾hhla imqrd,Sfï j.lSu 

iys;" ld¾hh bgq lrk iuQy f,i w¾: ksrEmKh l< yelshs' fuh yqfola iudc iy 

wfkl=;a iïnkaO;d we;s lrk fyda lKavdhï ;=< wfmalaId lrk W.ekaùfï m%;sM, w;a lr 

.ekSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk wfkl=;a lKavdhïj,g jvd meyeÈ,sj fjkia fõ' 

fuu wfmalaIs; ld¾hh idCId;a lr.kq i|yd ish¨u uÜgï mfya § lKavdhu ;=< 

fyd| ;;a;ajhka ;sìh hq;=h' ke;skï ks¾udKh l< hq;=h' 

lKavdhï ld¾hfha uÜgï my my; ±lafjk wdldrhg w¾: ksrEmKh l< yelsh' 

1' ;ks lKavdhï idudðlhka ( fuh ;ks mqoa.,hkaf.a lD;Hh fuka u Tjqkaf.a oDIaáfldaK" 

ixl,am iy woyia" ixfõ§;d" wNsm%dhhka yd yeisÍï fõ' 

2' wka;¾.;h" .eg¨ wjia:dj ( fuys§ b,lal.; jkqfha .eg¨ ud;Dldj iy bgq l< hq;= 

ld¾hh hs' 

3' wka;¾ ls%hdldÍ;ajh" ufkda idudðl uÜgu ( lKavdhï idudðlhskaf.a wfkHdkH wdl,am 

fuka u Tjqka w;r iïnkaO;djfha ;;a;ajh iy ksÍlaIs; jgmsgdj" N+ñld iy p¾hd rgd o 

jeo.;a fõ' 

4' ls%hd ud¾.h" l%ufõo uÜgu ( lKavdhula ;=< .eg¨ úi£fï ;dCIK l%u" tkï" úYaf,aIK 

l%u" ;SrK l%u" ks¾udKYS,S ;dCIK l%u" lKavdhï i|yd ks, Í;s iy iydhl Wml%u 

Ndú;h' 

n,.ekajqï ls%hdj,s myiq lsÍu iy m%cdj f.dvkexùu 

291

292 


5' ndysr lKavdhï in|;d ( ksfhdað;;aj ms


mqoa.,fhl=f.a wjfndaO yelshdj wd;;sh" wúksYaÑ;Ndjh fyda mSvkh uÕska ±ä fia 

wysñ ù hd yelsh' tys m%;sM,h úh yelafla mgq fyda úlD;s jQ wjfndaOh" zw¥ro¾YS m%cdkkhZ 

fyda l,ska ujd.;a Ñ;%hg wkql+, fkdjQ fnd| ù .sh wjfndaOh iys; njhs' mQ¾j wjfndaOhkag 

m%;súreoaO úh yels ish¨ idlaIs hgm;a lroaÈ fyda fkdi,ld yßoa§" w.;sh we;s ùu yd 

wia:djrùu isÿjkafka t f,isks' 

úlD;s jQ oDIaá fldaK u; mokï ù ñksiqka f.dvkÕk ixl,am iy woyia" tal 

md¾Yaùh iy l¨ $iqÿ Ñ;% njg m;a ùug we;s bvlv jeä w;r" jeäÿr idlaIH iy wjfndaOh u.ska 

;jÿrg;a f,fyisfhka ksjerÈ l< fkdyelsh' w.;sodhl nj ;yjqre flfrk f;dr;=re muKla 

ms

294 


jHdc ixcdkk hdka;%K fidhd.ekaug iy ±ä ixl,am uDÿ lsÍug bv foñka jHdc ixcdkk 

^íf,ala iy fudafgdaka 1964¦ n¾gka" 1969¦ fjda,agka 1969& bj;a lsÍug ls%hdldÍyq lghq;= 

i,i;s' óg wu;rj" Tjqka ODúlD; (polarised) tlsfklg m%;sfrdaë yeÕSï iukh lsÍfï,d 

hï ;rulg id¾:l ù we;s w;r" bka iydkqN+;sl nj mK .ekaùï l< yelsh' ;¾ck u; 

;yjqreùu" úl,am ls%hdud¾. úNd. lsÍu u.ska fukau mqoa.,hl=f.a iajhx-fÉ;kd úYaf,aIKh 

lsÍu u.ska úi¢h yelsh' Tjqka fuys§ woyia lrk we;eï yeisÍï" wNsm%dhdkql+, iy md,kh 

l< tajd úh yelsh' 

3'2 wka;¾.;h fyda .egqï uÜgu .egqï úNjhla f,i 

ks, jYfhka" .súiqïj, uQ,sl yrh jkafka .eg¨h' nqoaêu;a mqoa.,hka fndfyda 

úg i,lkafka ish¨ fokd úIhuQ,lj isák ;dla .egqï we;súh fkdyels njhs' flfia 

fj;;a w¾nqohla W;aikak ùfï §" lreKq ms

N+ñld 

w,sÅ; N+ñld 

.súiqï 

.egqï we;sùfï m%jK;dj we;af;a lKavdhï idudðlfhl= yg" 


tu mqoa.,hkauh' fn,aìka (Belbin - 1992), lKavdhïj, fuu N+ñld j¾. lsysmhla mßlaIKhg 

,la lr" tajd wdo¾Yhlg ixúOdkh lf

296 


fï ikao¾Nfhys fuu m%Yak b;d jeo.;a fõ( 

• lKavdhul ks, kdhlhd fuu wkqms

• wúksYaÑ;;d m%udKh ^,nd.; yels f;dr;=re fyda ±kqu m%udKj;a fkdùu&¦ iy 

• úIu wjYH;d m%udKh ^wkql+,;dj fyda wkkql+,;dj& 


ish¨ lreKq yd o;a;hka okSkï" lKavdhu jeä m%udKhl wdrlaIs; Ndjhla 

N=la;s ú£' túg wiaÒr wjia:djkag jvd fjkia jQ wdldrhlg" WodyrK jYfhka wkd.; 

wd¾Ól fyda foaYmd,k ixj¾Okh ms

298 


rEmigyk 4( {dkkSh ud¾.fha iy ;SrK ud¾.fha uQ,sldx. 

f;areï 

.ekSu 

is;Su 

yeÕSu 

fÉ;kdj 

l%shd;aul 

ùu 

w& {dkkSh ud¾.h 

wd& ;SrK ud¾.h 

f¾Çh-wkql%ñl wdldrhlg we;eï ls%hdoduhka fuu ud¾.h wkq.ukh lrk nj 

fndia lshhs (Glasl 1999, 127ff n,kak&' fuys,d" {dkkSh ud¾.fha § lKavdhï Tjqka ,nd.; 

yels ish¨ lreKq tlafldg tajd iudf,dapkh fldg .eUqßka is;d n,d bkamiqj w¾:l:kh 

iy j¾.SlrKh lrhs' wfkla w;g" ;SrK ud¾.fha § m

wjia:d j¾Okh fjhs' rEm igyka wxl 5ka {dkkSh iy ;SrK hk ud¾. foflys u .=Kd;aul 

wjia:d y;rla u;=msáka olajhs' {dkkSh iy ;SrK ud¾.hkays úfYaIdx. jeo.;a jqj o" wm 

uq¿ukskau b,lal.; jkqfha wdo¾Yfha uQ,sl wx. u;h' 

rEm igyk 5' 

{dkkSh iy ;SrK ls%hdud¾.j, .=Kd;aul wjia:d 

1' iQodkï ùu ^ie,iqï lsÍu iy lKavdhï iE§u& 

ld¾h m:h m%Yak iy wruqKq" meyeÈ,s lsÍu" .eg¨j úi£u i|yd wjYH úfYaI;d iy 

wdlD;suh fldkafoais w¾: ksrEmKh" ls%hdud¾. iy ;SrK .ekSfï l%u f;dard.ekSu" 

N+ñld mejreu" m%drïNl jev weröu" 

ls%hdj,shg W;af;ackhla iemhSu¦ 

2' m%;srEm f.dvke.Su 

ixcdkk" u;jdo" fmr ±kqï" úl,am iy ks¾udKd;aul 

woyia tl;= lsÍu" úúOdldr wdl,am mßudKh úia;S¾Kh 

lsÍu" úys§ug bvlv §u¦ ;ju idlÉPd fkdue;" yqfola 

ufkdauh fYa%Ks.; lsÍï muKs¦ 

3' úksYaph f.dvkexùu 

y÷kd.;a úl,am ikaikaokh iy iudf,dapkh" miqìï iy iïnkaO;d idlÉPd 

lsÍu' wkqms

300 


.%ekafvdaß iy fndiaf.a .egqï úNjh ms

ks.uk wjia:dfõ § .%ekafvdaß mjikqfha" lKavdhu jvd;a u iqÿiq hehs yefÕk 

f;dard.ekSï u; tlÕ;ajhg meñKSu woyia lrk fyhska fidaÈis l%ufõo m%n, jk njhs' 

fndia mjik mßÈ is;Su iy yeÕSu fï jk úg úYd,;u ld¾hNdrh bgq lrhs' flfia fyda 

ls%hdj,sfha ks.ukhkays j,x.=Ndjh ms

302 


fï ksid iyNd.S;aj m%udKh ie,ls,a,g .ekSfï§ gefkka njqï (Tennenbaum) iy Iañâ (Schmidt 

[1988]) f.a úYaf,aIKh fhdod.ekSu w.fkah' 

wëlaIljrfhl= lKavdhfï idudðlhskag ;SrK iïnkaOfhka w,am jYfhka muKla 

;SrK .ekSug bv foa kï Tyq fyda weh yeisfrkqfha wêldÍ f,i fyda md,lfhl= f,ih' 

lKavdhfï woyia jvd nrm;< f,i iudf,dapkh lrhs kï l

Em igyk 6 ( 

gefkka fndaï iy iañâ Tannenbaum / Schimidt (1958) g wkqj 

;SrK .ekSfï ls%hdj,sfha§ iyNd.S;aj m%udK 

m%Odkshdf.a ;SrKh 

md,l $ 

uÕfmkaùu 

WmfoaYkh 

we;=¿ wh ^1964& úiska fhdackd lr we;s .egqï úi|d,Sfï l%fudamdhhka .ek fidhdne,Sug 

lKavdhï ls%hd l< hq;=h' 

fláfhka i|yka l

304 


rEm igyk 7 ( ;SrK .ekSfï ls%hdj,shl iyNd.s;aj m%udKh iy wjia:d 

^.a,di,a$ ,sÉf.daâ 1993" 142& 

ks.ukh 

úksYaph 

f.dvke.=u 

m%;srEm 

idOkh 

m%Odkshdf.a ;SrKh 

lsÍfï wjldY 

(leeway for deasim 

of the superior) 

taldêldÍ$ 

wkq.%dyS 

iu}ld¾hfha isg 

iu-wjfndaOh 

WmfoaYkSh 

idu Ñka;kh 

iyNd.sl 

iu wkque;sfha 

isg 

iu idlÉPdj 

is;d u;d u mQ¾j wjia:d lrd wd.ukh ùug ;SrKh lr bÈßhg fkdhdug ;SrKh l< yelsh' 

úl,am jYfhka idudðl;ajfhys isÿjk fjkiaùï fya;=fjka fyda tlS jd;djrKfhys 

l,n,ldÍ njla fyda fjk;a fya;= ksid lKavdhula b;d È.= ld,hla tlu ixj¾Ok wjia:djl 

mej;shfyd;a"lKavdhfï bÈß .uk j

iy meyeÈ,s wkqyqre lsÍu i|yd ±ä leue;a;la tys m%uqL úh yelsh' m

306 


flfia fj;;a" we;eï lKavdhï idudðlfhda mj;akd ;;ajhg Rcqj yd .egqïldÍj 

uqyqK§ug ;SrKh lr;s' fuys m%;sm,h ish¨ fokdg wúksYaÑ; úh yels w;r" iudodkuh wjê 

iy ndOdldÍ yd wd;;s ld, iSudjka w;r foda,kùï isÿúh yelsh' 

lKavdhï idudðlhska ish ld¾hhkg yqre ù ;jÿrg;a wuq;a;ka fkdjk ;;a;ajhg 

m;ajQ úg" Tjqyq ish h:d ;;a;ajh jvd;a t

4'2 m%;sudKlrKh - iajhx-Í;s ks¾udKh 


wksjd¾hfhka u 1 - wjia:dfõ isg j¾Okh jk úfrdaO;d iy ye,yemamSïj,ska ñ§u" 

úfYaIfhka ld¾h ls%hdud¾.h meyeÈ,s lr .ekSu" i|yd lKavdhu iq¿ yd nrm;< ;SrK 

.Kkdjla .kq we;' M,odhsl ld¾h idOkh i|yd kï Yla;su;a Í;Ska ia:dms; l< hq;=h' fuu 

wjia:dfõ§" wfkl=;a lKavdhï ikao¾Nhkays id¾:l;ajh w;aú¢ lKavdhï kHdh iy Í;s lrd 

kej; .uka lrkq we;' 

.eg¨ yd iïnkaO ld¾h uÜgfï§ lKavdhug tys ksñ;a;$ ldrKh ksoyfia yeisrúh 

yelsh' th" ksis ls%hdud¾. iy jev mßmdá meyeÈ,sj ±laùug fukau kS;s wjir u.ska tajd 

wdrlaId lsÍu ms

308 


lKavdhu widOdrK;ajhg ;ekla úh yels hdka;%Khla njg m;a l< yelsh' úIh uQ,Sh u; 

jk fuu wjOdrKh lKavdhfï oDV nj yd uDÿ nj hk folg u fya;=jk w;r tys 

we;=


m%Njh fidhd n,d RKd;aul wx. ksIals%h lsÍug p¾hd iïuq;s we;s lr;s' bka lKavdhï 

idudðlhskag Tjqkaf.a fm!reIfha úúO me;slv iy Tjqkaf.a jevlghq;= fn§hdug bv fkd§ 

taldnoaO lsÍug yels fõ' lKavdhula fï wdldrfhka f.dvke.Sfï ,d iy tlS ufkdaiudchSh 

uÜgug wkqrEm j idod.ekSfï,d id¾:l fõ kï Tjqka Tjqkaf.a b,lalhka o 

imqrd.kq we;' 

;=kajk wjia:dfõ" lKavdhu ish úNj Yla;Ska o j¾Okh lr .kS( th mjrk ,o 

ld¾hhka bgq lsÍug iqÿiq l%ufõo iy ;dCIKsl Wml%u imhd .kS' lv fkdl< hq;= 

idudkH tlÕ;d u; úYajdih ;eîu fjkqjg lKavdhu iajhx úkh" kuHYS,S;ajh iu. tla 

lsÍug bf.k .kq we;' fï wkqj" ms

310 


fj; fhojqK o" tys zwmZ hk yeÕSu jEhñka j.d l< o" lKavdhu ndysr mqoa.,hka yd 

;jÿrg;a újD;j iy f.!rjdkaú;j iïnkaO;d f.dvk.d .kS' 

lKavdhu idïm%odhsl jákdlï mßiaÓ;sh uÜgulg mßK; jkafka fuu wjia:dfõ 

§ h' l,ska jQ mrdh;a; nj iy m%;smrdh;a; nj w;r wr.,h ^fnksia iy fIm¾â ^1956& 

wkqj& wka;¾-mrdh;a; njg m;a ù we;' úúOdldr jQ ndysr md,k úê {dkdkaú;j fhdod.ekSug 

Tjqka bf.k .kakd fyhska" lKavdhï idudðlhska iajhx - md,kh" wêIaGdkh iy ndysr 

md,kh w;r" ksjerÈ iunr;djh

fï wdldrhg m%;sjHQy.; lsÍfï iy kuHYS,Sj fjkiaùfï yelshdj Tmamq lrk 

lKavdhï" fuu ls%hdud¾.h iajdëkj yeisrùug bf.k .kq we;' Tjqkag ;uka w¨;a lr 

.ekSug;a" iEuúg u lKavdhï idudðlhskaf.a lKavdhfï ls%hdj,sh iy wjYH jd;djrKh 

^úfYaIfhka ixúOdk iy .kqfokqlrejkaf.a& ms

312 


• oaú;aj kdhl;aj N+ñld iy tajdfha wkq.dñlhka w;r .egqï¦ fyda 

• idOdrK;ajh we;s ù ke;s wjia:djl § wkHhkaf.a ueÈy;aùï m%pKav;ajh u.ska j

m%;sixialrKfha IV jeks wjia:dj( 

• lKavdhï idudðlhskag w;HjYH lKavdhï fidhd.ekSfï ls%hdj,sh i|yd bjiSfï úúO 

uÜgï m%o¾Ykh l< yels w;r" W!k ixj¾ê; uÜgul§ ld¾hidOkhg ;=vq fok f.dvke.Su" 

le

314 


id¾:l ls%hdldÍka" lKavdhfï ;ks idudðlhskaf.a wNs,dIhka iy b,lal 

iudf,dapkh fukau úYaf,aIKh o l< hq;=h' 

• lKavdhï ixj¾Okh i|yd tla tla idudðlfhl= fldmuK Yla;shla wdfhdackh lsÍug 

iQodkïo@ 

• lKavdhu ;jÿrg;a ixj¾Okh l< hq;af;a flfiao hkak ms

• tla tla mqoa.,hd yeisÍï úê ú.%y lsÍug iy tajd ú.%y lsÍu i|yd m%;sfmdaIK l%ufõo 

Ndú; lsÍu' 

idudkHfhka" ls%hdldÍka yg iïmQ¾K lKavdhï" Wm lKavdhï fyda mqyqKq 

yjq,aldÍ;ajh iu. iïnkaO ù fuu w;ayod ne,Sï fufyhúh yelsh' wjidkfha lKavdhfï 

iuia; ixj¾Okhla we;súh yelafla lKavdhï idudðlhka Tjqka o ixj¾Okh jk ;rug 

muKs' ksielju lKavdhï ixj¾Okh hkq tla tla mqoa.,hkaf.a wjfndaOh iy úksYaph 

lsÍfï yelshdjka" .egqï ksrdlrK YlH;djhka iy iudÔh fhda.H;djhka hk fïjdfha 

iuia; jeä ÈhqKqjla úh hq;=h' ls%hdldÍ ijka§u" wkHhka wjfndaO lr .ekSu iy wkqkaf.a 

woyiaj, jákdlu ms

316 


muKs" l%shdldÍka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk id¾:l;ajh ,nd.; yelafla' wfkla who lr we;s 

mßÈ" ^ftiaudka 1978& fï iïnkaOfhka b;d id¾:l ;dCIKhla ilia lr we;' w¾nqohg ,la 

ù we;s lreKq úu¾YKhg ,la lsÍu u.ska m%Odk f;aud l=vd wkq ud;Dldjka f,i fn§ug 

fuys§ l%shdldÍkag yels jkq we;' fuys§ uyd mßudK idudkHlrKhlg jvd fyd¢ka iy 

iaÒrj idlÉPd l< yels fldgia yqjd ±lafõ' idlÉPduh wjia:djl§ fuh


hq;= l%shdud¾. ilia lsÍu i|yd lKavdhïj,g ish w.hka iy m%;sudKhka" úfõpkd;aulj 

úYaf,aIKh lrkakg iydh fokak' l%shdldÍ wruqKq

318 


m%;srEmKfhka iy ;uka wfkla md¾Yajhg bÈßm;a l< rEmfhka wE;ajk nj yefÕakï Tjqka ta 

fudfydf;a u ta ms

fujeks úu¾Ykd;aul l%ufõohla l%udkql+,j isÿ lrkafka kï" lKavdhfï 

idudðlfhdaa ish ld¾hNdrhka bgq lroa§ u tajdfha we;s n,mEu úu¾YKhg ,la lsÍfï 

mqreoaola we;s lr .ks;s' ish jHdmD;sfha lghq;=lrk w;r u Tjqka fï ms

320 


ish lKavdhïj, m%.;sh uek ne,Sug;a" wkd.; ixj¾Okh i|yd ks¾foaY iemhSug;a 

myiqjk mßoafoka lKavdhï idudðlhskag fujeks fuj,ï Ndú;d lsÍug bvlv iemhSu b;d 

jeo.;a h' wjdikdjlg fuka fuu lafIa;%fha lghq;= lrk úúO woyia ork fndfyda úfYaI{fhda 

fuu y÷kd .ekSfï l%shdoduh isÿ lrk úg wixúOdkd;aul l%ufõohka Ndú; lrk w;r" 

Tjqkaf.a ks¾foaYhka tlalr .ekSu i|yd muKla iqúfYaIS w;a±lSï iyNd.Sjkakka iïnkaOfhka 

Ndú; lr;s' we;eï fyd| ixl,am ÈhqKq lr .ekSug fuys§ wjia:dj ie,iqK;a w¾nqo yd 

mj;sk .eg¨" lKavdhï uÜgñka tÈfkod uqyqKfok l%shdldÍkag thska we;af;a wju m%fhdackhls' 

lKavdhï ixj¾Okh" úfYaf,aIKh ryis.; ldrKhla jk ksid;a" lKavdhfï l%shdldÍ 

idudðlhskag tu f;dr;=re ,nd.; fkdyels jk ksid;a tys m%;sM,h t;rï i;=gqodhl ke;' 

fï ;;a;ajhg Woõ lsÍu i|yd ^f.dtÜia 1998& jeks ±kg mj;sk fuj,ï l%udkql+,j 

ÈhqKq lr .ekSu i|yd wm lghq;= l< hq;=h' úfYaIfhka u lKavdhï iy Tjqka yd iïnkaO 

ixúOdkhka w;r mj;sk wka;¾ mrdh;a;;dj mÍCIKhg Ndck l< hq;= w;r we;eï wjia:dj, 

m%;sixúOdkh l< hq;= fõ' fï i|yd úYaf,aIlhka lKavdhï yd ixúOdk w;r we;s .;sluh 

ufkda iudÔhNdjhka f;areï .ekSug jvd" ixúOdkhl ta yd iïnkaO ixialD;sluh iy 

;dlaIKsl fuj,ï iys; cd,hka we;=¿j mj;sk iudc wkqLKavhkays wfkHdkH wka;¾ 

mrdh;a;;dj ms


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Sinhala / සිංහල - Berghof Handbook for Conflict Transformation

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