Tamil / தமிழ் - Berghof Handbook for Conflict Transformation

ty;YhWfSk; Gwhf;fSk;: 

rkhjhdj;ijg; Ngzp 

eilKiwg;gLj;jYk; 

NkhJifj; jPh;Tk; 

rdcH m%;sixialrK uÕska .egqï jHdj¾;kh 

tpg;Nf `d;rd;> xypth; uk;];nghjhk;> nlhk; T+l;`T]; 

1. mwpKfk; 364 

2. rkhjhdk; Ngzypd; Njhw;wKk;> tsh;r;rpAk; 365 

rkhjhdk; NgZjypd; tsh;r;rp : 1956-1988 365 

gdpg;Nghh; fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dh; rkhjhdg; NgZif -1990 366 

3. rkhjhdg; NgZiff;fhd Gjpa rhty;fs; 370 

4. rkhjhdj;ij nfhz;L elj;Jifapy; Gjpa tsh;r;rpfs; 371 

5. NkhJif Ma;Tk;> NkhJif fl;bnaOg;GifAk; 374 

NkhJifg; gFg;gha;Tk; kdpjNea jiyaPLfSk; 375 

td;ikiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jYk; NkhJifj; jPh;Tk; 377 

rkhjhdj;ijf; nfhz;Lelj;JifAk; NkhJifj; jPh;Tj; jpwd;fSk; mtw;Wf;fhd 

gapw;WifAk; 378 

6. fw;Wf;nfhz;l gbg;gpidfSk; gpuNahfq;fSk; 381 

; 

7. vjph;fhy Kd;Dhpikfs; 385 

NkhJif neUf;fbfSf;fhd Jhpjgjpw;Fwp jifikfis Nkk;gLj;Jif 

rkhjhdj;ijf; nfhz;Lelj;Jiff;fhd gilepiy> fhg;Gepiy> Fbepiy 

385 

tfpghfq;fis XUq;fpizj;jy;> rkr;rPuhf itj;jpUj;jy; kw;Wk; NtWgLj;jy; 387 

8. vjph;fhy tpUg;Gj; njhpTfs; 392 

9. crhj;Jiz kw;Wk; Nkyjpf thrpg;G 394 

363

364 


ty;YhWfSk; Gwhf;fSk;:rkhjhdj;ijg; 

Ngzp eilKiwg;gLj;jYk; 

NkhJifj; jPh;Tk; 


1. mwpKfk; 

gdpg;Nghh; KbTw;wjpypUe;J I.eh. rkhjhdk; Ngzypd; vz;zf;fU kw;Wk; 

eilKiwg;gLj;jy; Mfpa ,uz;LNk Kf;fpakhd kw;wq;fSf;Fs;shfpapUf;fpd;wd. 

gdpg;Nghhpd;NghJ I.eh. tpd; nraw;ghLfs; ghugl;rkw;w> gyhj;fhukw;w> NkhJifj; jug;gpdhpd; 

,zf;fj;Jldhd ,ilaPL kw;Wk; cld;ghLfhzg;gl;l xU rkhjhdj;Jf;fhd Kd; epge;jid 

Mfpa Nfhl;ghLfspd; fPNoNa nghJthf mike;jpUf;f> mjd; kpfr;rkPgj;jpa 

rkhjhdg; gzpfs; > $Ljyhf cs; ehl;L Aj; jq; fspd; #oiktpNyNa 

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;LtUfpd;wd. ,jd; tpisthf ,f;Nfhl;ghLfs;> mjpfhpj;Jr;nry;Yk; 

mOj;jq;fSf;Fs;shfpapUg;gJld;> I.eh tpd; mz;ikf;fhyg; gzpfspd; nray; 

epiwNtw;wj;ijAk; fLikahd tpkh;rdj;jpw;Fs;shfpapUf;fpd;wd. ngh];dpahtpy; kpff; 

FiwthfTk;> Nrhkhypahtpy; kpf mjpfkhfTk; nraw;gl;lik Nghd;w gy;NtW 

Fw;wr;rhl;LfSf;F mJ MshfpapUf;fpd;wJ. ,t;tpkh;rdq;fSf;Fg; gjpyspf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; 

Njrpa kw;Wk; rh;tNjr (I.eh.) kl;lq;fspYk; rkhjhdk; NgZjy;gw;wpa Gjpa rpe;jidfs; 

ghpzhkk; ngw;Ws;sd. Kf;fpakhf> Nrhkhypah mDgtj;jpd;gpd;dh; vOe;j rkhjhdk; 

NgZjy;gw;wpa vr;rhpf;ifahdJ> mjpf tPhpakhd mDFKiwia rkhjhdj;ijf; 

fl;bnaOg;gty;y mjpfhpj;j jpwikAld; ,izf;ftpioAk; Gjpa rpe;jidfSf;F 

Mjutspf;Fk; tifapy; kPsha;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. 

rkhjhdk; NgZNthh; NkhJifia Kfhiknra;Ak; jkJ nghWg;Gfisg; 

G+h;j;jpnra;a tpiotjhy;> NkhJifj;jPh;T Muha;r;rpapdhy; tpUj;jpnra;ag;gl;l mwpthdJ 

cynfq;Fk; rkhjhdk; NgZNthUf;Fg; nghUj;jKilajhftpUf;Fk; vd;gijf; fhl;LtNj 

,t;tj;jpahaj;jpd; gpujhd njhdpg;nghUshFk;. rkPgj;jpa tpkh;rdq;fSf;Fg; 

gjpyspf;Fk;tpjj;jpYk;> rkhjhdk; NgZjy; kw;Wk; NkhJifj; jPh;T vd;gtw;Wf;;fpilNa 

xU neUq;fpa njhlh;G ,Uf;fNtz;bajd; mtrpaj;jpd;kPjhd Muk;gg;ghlq;fs; gw;wpAk;; 

fUj;Jiug;gjw;Fkhf> rkhjhdk; NgZjw;; Nfhl;ghL vt;thW tpUj;jpnra;ag;gLfpwJ vd;gij 

,t;tj;jpahak; NkYk; tpthpf;Fk;. rkhjhdg; NgZif nraw;ghLfspy; gyk; 

gad;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lkh> mg;gbahdhy; ve;j msTf;F vd;gJgw;wp Neubahf tpthjpg;gij 

tpl;Ltpl;L> rkhjhdg; NgZifapd; vz;zf;fUf;fspd; ghpzhk tsh;r;rpf;F NkhJifj;jPh;Tf; 

Nfhl;ghL nra;af;$ba gq;fspg;G kw;Wk; mt;ntz;zf;fUf;fspd; eilKiwg; gpuNahfk; 

vd;gtw;wpd;kPNj ,t;tj;jpahak; ftdk;nrYj;Jk;. 

rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZjyhdJ NkhJif Kfhikapd; xU fUtpahfNt ePz;lfhyk; 

fUjg;gl;Lte;jJ> Mdhy; JujUp\;ltrkhf gpd;dh; mjpy; xU jtWepiy Vw;gl;lJ. 

Vnddpy;> toikahf NkhJifapd; mbg;gilf; fhuzpfisf; Fwpitj;Jr; nraw;gl mJ 

jtWfpd;wJ. MapDk;> xUGwj;jpy; td;nraiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;> kWGwj;jpy; rkhjhdj;ijf;

ty;YhWfSk; Gwhf;fSk;: rkhjhdj;ijg; Ngzp eilKiwg;gLj;jYk; NkhJifj; jPh;Tk; 

fl;bnaOg;Gk; Kaw;rpfis NkYk; tphpTgLj;jy; Mfpa ,ul;ilf; Fwpf;NfhSf;Fj; jdpg;gl;l 

mtjhdk; nrYj;Jk; mNjNtis> NkhJifj;jPh;Tf;fhd fUtp vd;w tifapy; mjd;kPJ 

vk; ftdj;ijr;nrYj;JNthk;. rkhjhdj;ij NgZjyhdJ gy Mz;Lfshf gy;NtW 

mikg;Gfshy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;Lte;Js;sikia epr;rakhf ehk; mq;fPfhpf;Fk; mNjNtis> 

,q;F Muhag;gLk; mk;rq;fspy; mNefkhdit Vida mikg;Gfspd; rkhjhdk; 

NgZifiaNa ikakhff; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. 

Kjy; gphpthdJ rkfhyj;Jr; rkhjhdk; NgZjypd; kl;nly;iyfspd; Kf;fpa 

tplaq;fis tpghpf;Fk;. ,uz;lhk; gphpthdJ NkhJif Muha;r;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; 

rkhjhdk; Ngzypd; nrayhw;Wiff;fhd Nfhl;ghl;ilf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; vd;gitgw;wp 

tphpthf tpsf;Ftjhf mikAk;. ,J NkYk; %d;W #oikT gpd;Gyq;fspy; itj;J 

Nehf;fg;gLk;. 

² NkhJifg; gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; jiyapLiff; fl;Lf;Nfhg;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd 

mjd; ,iaG 

² NtWgLfpd;w fhy mstPLfs; kw;Wk; Fwpg;ghf MNuhf;fpakhd rkhjhdk; Ngzy; 

gw;wpa Gj;jk;Gjpa Ma;Tfs; njhlh;ghf> td;nray; NkhJifia Kfhik nra;Ak; 

nghOJ Kd;dh; $wpatw;iw NtWgLj;jp mwpjy;. 

² NkhJifj; jPh;tpd; gq;fspg;gpd;kPJ ftdj;ijr;nrYj;jpathW jdpNtwhd Mw;wy;fs; 

kw;Wk; rkfhyr; rkhjhdk; Ngzw;gzpfSf;Fj; Njitahd gapw;rpfs; Mfpadtw;iw 

Muha;jy;. 

rkhjhdg; NgZifapy; NkhJifj; jPh;Tf; nfhs;ifiag; gpuNahfpj;jy; gw;wpaJk; 

mit gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;l re;jh;g;gq;fs; gw;wpaJkhd fz;Nzhl;lq;fspd; Ma;Tiu xd;Wld; 

,g;gphpT KbtilAk;. ,Wjpg;gphpthdJ> I.eh. tpd; rkhjhdk; NgZjy; jpwikia 

tYg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd kpfg; gpe;jpa Kaw;rpfisf; ftdj;jpnyLj;jjd; gpd;dh; rkhjhdg;; 

NgZifapd; vjph;fhyk; gw;wpa fUj;Jf; Fwpg;Gld; epiwTWk;. 

2. rkhjhdk; Ngzypd; Njhw;wKk;> tsh;r;rpAk; 

2.1 rkhjhdk; NgZjypd; tsh;r;rp : 1956 -1988 

'rkhjhdg; NgZif" vdj; jpl;ltl;lkhf miof;fg;gl;;l Kjw;gzpf;FO 

'I.eh.mtrufhyg;gil" (UNEFI) ahFk;. 1956 #na]; neUf;fbf;Fg; gjpw;nraw;ghlhf Aj;j 

epWj;jj;ijAk;> vfpg;jpa Ml;Gyj;jpypUe;J gphpj;jhdpa> gpnuQ;R kw;Wk; ,];Nuypag;gilfis 

kPsg;ngWjiyAk; mtjhdpg;gjw;fhf rpdha; jPgfw;gj;Jf;F mJ mDg;gg;gl;lJ. I.eh. 

tpd; Kjy; MAje;jhpj;j rkhjhdk; NgZk; nraw;ghnld;wtifapy; UNEFI I.eh. tpd; 

Vida mikjpg; gzpfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd xU Kd;Ndhbahf tpsq;fpaJ. 

NkYk; NkhJifiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjpy; MAje;jhpj;j kw;Wk; eLepiyahd 

gilfs; nfhz;bUf;ff;$ba tpOkpaq;fSf;F mJ xU ghPl;irf;fskhf tpsq;fpaJ. 

jdf;fplg;gl;l Mizia epiwNtw;Wtjpy; mg;gzpj;jpl;lk; ntw;wpfukhf epiwNtwpaJld;> 

mg;NghjpypUe;J vjph;fhyg; gzpj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd ngWkjpkpf;f topfhl;ly;fshf 

tpsq;fptUfpw xU njhFjp tpjpKiwfSk; mjd;gpufhuk; Vw;gLj;jg;glyhapd. mg;Nghija 

fl;likg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;> epWtd fl;bnaOg;Gif kw;Wk; td;Kiwiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; 

365

366 


nrayhsh; ehafkhd lhf; `hk\Py;l; kw;Wk; nghJr;rigj; jiytuhapUe;j ny];lh; 

gpah;rd; MfpNahuhy; mt;tpjpKiwfs; gpd;tUkhW milahsq; fhzg;gl;ld: 

² gzpj;jpl;lnkhd;iw Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fg;> gpzf;Fg;gl;Lepw;Fk; jug;gpdhpd; rk;kjk; 

² jw;ghJfhg;Gf;fhftd;wpg; gyj;ijg; gad;gLj;jhjpUj;jy; 

² gilapy; gq;Nfw;gjw;F rpwpa eLepiyahd ehLfspypUe;J RatpUg;gpyhd 

gilg;gphpTfisg; gad;gLj;jy; 

² ghugl;rkpd;ik 

² rkhjhdk;Ngzypd; nraw;ghLfs; nrayhsh; ehafj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fPo; ,Uj;jy; 

,t;tpjpKiwfspy; rk;kjk;> ghugl;rkpd;ik kw;Wk; gyj;ijg; gad;gLj;jhjpUj;jy; 

vd;gd rkhjhdk; Ngzypd; %d;W Kf;fpa tpjpKiwfs; vd mbf;fb Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. 

,t;tpjpKiwfspy; gytw;Wf;nfjpuhf> Fwpg;ghfg; gdpg;NghUf;Fg; gpe;jpa NkhJifapy; 

rkhjhdk; NgZjiyg; gpuNahfpj;jy; njhlh;ghd tpthjj;jpy;>vjph;g;GfSk; miw$ty;fSk; 

vOe;jhYk;> ,d;iwa rkhjhdk; NgZjypd; rhukhf tiuaWf;fg;gLtJk; ,itNa MFk;. 

gdpg;Nghhpd;NghJ nkhj;jkhf 13 rkhjhdg; NgZif nraw;ghLfs; 

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; gzpj;jpl;lq;fspy; ngUk;ghYk; xUrpy tpjptpyf;Ffs; 

,Uf;fj;jhd; nra;jd. mit muRfSf;fpilNaahd NkhJiffSf;Nf gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. 

vy;iyfisf; fz;fhzpg;gJk;> Aj;j epWj;j Vw;ghLfSf;Fg;gpd;dh;> Nkhjy; jtph;g;Gg; 

gpuNjrq;fis Vw;gLj;jYNk mtw;Wf;fpUe;j xNu flikahFk;. tifAjhuzhPjpapy; 

gzpj;jpl;lq;fs;> rpwpa kw;Wk; eLepiy tfpf;Fk; I.eh. mq;fj;Jt ehLfspypUe;J 

ngwg;gl;l rpwpauf MAje;jhpj;j gilg;gphpTfisf; nfhz;Nl Mf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. 

2.2 gdpg;Nghh; fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dh; rkhjhdg; NgZif - 1990 

1980fspd; gpw;gFjp njhlf;fk; 1994 tiuahd fhyg;gFjpf;Fs; cynfq;fpYk; 

nghWg;Ngw;fg;gl;l rkhjhdg; NgZif nraw;ghLfs; Mr;rhpag;gLk; tpjj;jpy; mjpfhpj;Js;sd. 

1988,d; njhlf;fj;jpy;> gdpg;Nghh; KbtilAk; jWthapy; ,Ue;jjhy;> kj;jpafpof;fpy; 

%d;W> fh\;kPhpy; mtjhdpg;Gg; gzpf;FOthf xd;W kw;Wk; irg;gpu]py; I.eh. rkhjhdk; 

Ngzw;gil (UNFICYP) xd;W vd Ie;J nraw;ghLfNs fsj;jpy; nraw;gl;Lf;nfhz;bUe;jd. 

1948f;Fk; 1987f;FkpilNa nghWg;Ngw;fg;gl;l 13 nraw;ghLfSld; xg;gpLifapy;> 1988f;Fk; 

1996f;FkpilNa 29 nraw;ghLfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. 1979f;Fk; 1988f;Fkpilg;gl;l jrhg;j 

fhyj;jpd;NghJ vJtpj nraw;ghLk; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy.

Kidg;ghd gzpj; 

jpl;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 

gilazpfis mDg;gp 

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j ehLfs; 

,uhZt Mszpapdh; 

rptpy; nghyp]; 

Mszpapdh; 

rh;tNjr rptpy; Mszpapdh; 

I.eh. rkhjhdk; 

NgzYf;fhd tUlhe;j 

tuT nryT 


ngl;b 1 : I.eh. rkhjhdk; NgZjypd; tsh;r;rp> 1988 - 2000 

1988 1992 1994 2000 

5 

26 

9570 

35 

1516 

$ 

230.4 

kpy;ypad; 

11 

56 

11,495 

155 

2206 

$ 

1689.6 

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17 

76 

73393 

2130 

2260 

$ 

3610 

kpy;ypad; 

14 

89 

30350 

7038 

3243 

$ 

2>220 

kpy;ypad; 

rkhjhdg; NgZifr; nraw;ghLfspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; fhzg;gl;l Fwpg;gplj;jf;f 

,e;j mjpfhpg;Gld;> mtw;wpd; ,ay;G> ,d;Dk; Fwpg;ghf mtw;wpd; flik kw;Wk; Mf;fmikT 

Mfpatw;wpyhd mbg;gilkhw;wq;fSk; Nrh;e;Nj fhzg;gl;ld. ghuk;ghpa nraw;ghLfNshL 

,ize;jjhff; fhzg;gl;l jdpah njhopw;ghlhdJ gy;tifg; gzpfshf tsh;r;rpaile;jd. 

mNjNtis gdpg;NghUf;Fg; gpe;jpa rkhjhdg; NgZifr; nraw;ghLfs; mjpf gy;tifikj; 

;nfhz;ljhfTk; rpf;fyhdjhfTk; khwpd. rkhjhdg; NgZifahsh;fs; (,uhZtk;> rptpy; 

nghyp]; kw;Wk; ,uh[je;jphpfs; Nghd;w) gue;j gy;NtWtifahd njhopw;JiwfspypUe;J 

vLf;fg;gl;ldh;. Mf> rkfhy rkhjhdk; NgZifahdJ gy;jug;Gila> NtWghLfs; gy 

nfhz;l> gy;Njrpa kw;Wk; gy; fyhrhu gz;Gfisf; nfhz;lnjd ,g;NghJ $wyhk;. 

gy;jug;G epiyg;gl;lnjd fUjg;gLtJ ahnjdpy;> nraw;ghnlhd;wpy; gy 

kl;lq;fspyhd nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs; rkhjhdg; NgZifahsh;fshfTk; ,itkhj;jpuky;yhky; 

I.eh. kw;Wk; Vida rh;tNjr nraw;ghl;lhsh;fshfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. 

gy;Njrpak; kw;Wk; gy; fyhrhuk; vd;git rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZk; gilapd; 

,uhZtk; kw;Wk; rptpy; Mf;ff; $Wfs; ,uz;LNk gy;jug;gl;l Njrq;fspypUe;J my;yJ 

Kfth; epWtdq;fspy; ,Ue;J ngwg;;gLfpd;wd vd;gijf; fUJfpd;wd. mjpYs;s xt;nthU 

$Wk; jdJ nrhe;j jdpj;Jtkhd murpay; kw;Wk; fyhrhu gpd;dzpiaAk;> Kuz;ghl;L 

epiyikgw;wpa gytifg;gl;l mZFKiwfs; kw;Wk; cj;jpfisAk; nray;epiyf;Ff; 

nfhz;LtUk;. gdpg;Nghhpd; Kbtpy; (1989> ngg;Uthp) mt;thW epWtg;gl;l Kjy; gy;ghpkhzr; 

nraw;ghL ekPgpahtp;y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l khWepiyf;fhd If;fpa ehLfspd; cjtpf;FO 

(UNTAG) MFk;. ,jidaLj;J 1992y;> fk;Nghbah> Nrhkhypah kw;Wk; Kd;dhs; 

A+Nfh];yhtpah Mfpa ,lq;fspy; nghpa mstpyhd nraw;ghLfs; njhlq;fg;gl;ld. ahTk; 

jkf;NfAhpj;jhd njspthd flikfis epiwNtw;Wfpd;wjhd ,uhZtk;> rptpy; nghyp]; 

kw;Wk; rptpy; epiyg;gl;l VidaitAk; Mf;ff;$Wfisf;nfhz;L $l;bize;j gy;ghpkhzr; 

nraw;ghLfshf ,Ue;jd (fhz;f: ngl;b 2.). I.eh. mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; gq;fspg;ig 

nfhz;l ,uhZtf;$whdJ> mjhtJ jiug;gil> flw;gil kw;Wk; tpkhdg;gil vd;gd 


367

368 


MAje;jhpj;j kw;Wk; MAje;jhpf;fhj tPuh;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. MAjk; jhpj;Njhh; ngUk;ghYk; 

,uhZt mtjhdpfshff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wdh;. Kf;fpakhf rptpy; gphpT jd;gzpiar; 

nrt;tNd Mw;wf;$batifapy; cfe;j #o;epiyia cj;juthjg;gLj;jp> mijg; NgZfpd;w 

xU Jizg;ghj;jpuj;jpy; NritGhptijNa ,uhZtg;gphpT jd; flikahff;nfhz;Ls;sJ. 

,uhZtk; kw;Wk; rptpy; gphpTfspilNaahd xU tfpghfj;ij tfpf;fpd;w 

Kiwapy;> rkhjhdg; NgZif nraw;ghLfspy; rptpy; nghyp]; gphpTfSk; $Ljyhd 

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;Jldhd nraw;ghl;lhsu;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. I.eh. ghJfhg;Gr;rigapd; 

mjpfhuj;jpd;fPo; nraw;gLk; rh;tNjr nghyp]; fz;fhzpg;ghsh;fs; ghJfhg;ghd #o;epiyia 

cUthf;Fjy;> kw;Wk; nghJ xOq;if NgZjy; Mfpatw;wpw;F; cjtpGhpfpd;wdh;. ,Wjpahf> 

rpyrkaq;fspy; vz;zpf;ifapy; ,uhZtj;ijAk; tpQ;rf;$ba mstpdjhd rptpy; gphpT 

tUfpwJ. ,e;j rptpy; gphptpy; ,U gpujhd FOf;fs; cs;sd. Kjyhtjhf> 

murhq;fq;fSf;fpilNa njhopw;gLk; mikg;Gf;fs; (IGO) my;yJ ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W 

muRfSf;fpilNa nra;ag;gl;l cld;ghLfs;%yk; Mizngw;w mikg;Gf;fs; cs;sd. 

I.eh. Kfth; epWtdq;fs; Mgphpf;f xd;wpak; (AU) my;yJ INuhg;ghtpy; ghJfhg;Gf;Fk; 

xj;Jiog;Gf;Fkhd mikg;G (OSCE.) md;Nwy; rh;tNjr nrQ;rpYit / nrk;gpiwr;rq;fk; 

(ICRC) Mfpa midj;J I.eh. Kfth; epWtdq;fisAk; ,it cs;slf;Ffpd;wd. 

,uz;lhtjhf> murrhh;gw;w mikg;Gf;fs; MFk;. ,it murhq;fspypUe;J NtWgl;ljhf 

Njrpa> rh;tNjrpa kl;lj;jpy; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;litahFk;. NghhpLk; ehLfs;kPJ 

gpuNahfpf;fpd;w td;ikahd mjpfhuk; rhh;e;j nry;thf;fpypUe;J jdJ gyj;ij 

ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; ,uhZtg;gphpTf;F Kw;wpYk; khWgl;l tpjj;jpy;> rptpy; gphptpd; mjpfhu 

mbg; gilahdJ ,uh[je; jpu hP jpahdjhfNth> nghUshjhu hP jpahdjhfNth> 

,yl;rpatifapyhdjhfNth> njhopy;El;g kw;Wk; tpQ;QhdhPjpahdjhfNth> kdpjNea 

KilajhfNth> rl;lhPjpahdjhfNth my;yJ mit ,it ahtw;iwAk; nfhz;bize;jjhfNth 

,Uf;fyhk;. rptpy; gphpthdJ> mJ epiwNtw;Wk; ntt;NtW flikfs; kw;Wk; 

gzpfisg;nghWj;J gpd;tUk; $Wfshf my;yJ jdpkq;fshf cs;slf;Fk; tifapy; 

NkYk; gphpf;fg;glyhk;. mit murpay;> Njh;jy;> kdpj chpikfs; kw;Wk; kdpj Neaf;$Wfs; 

MFk;. 

1988 ,w;F gpd;duhd ,uhZt Nfhl;ghLfis tpgupf;f Kw;gLk; 

,uhZt rpj;jhe;jq;fspd; Gjpa ,uhZt Nfhl;ghl;L tbtq;fspd; fPo; kPs;tiuaiw 

nra;ag;gl;ld. ,e;j 1988f;Fg; gpd;duhd gzpj;jpl;lq;fs; ,g;NghJ ~~gy;ghpkhzr; nraw;hLfs;||> 

~~,uz;lhe;jiyKiwr; rkhjhdg; NgZifr; nraw;ghLfs;||> ~~tphpthd rkhjhdg; NgZif|| 

my;yJ ~~,uz;lhe;jiyKiwg; gy;Njrpag;gilfs;|| vd;W gy;NtW ngaHfspy; 

Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.

,uhZtmk;rq;fs; 

rptpy;-nghyp]; 

mk;rq;fs; 

rptpy; 

mk;rq;fs 

ngl;b 2 : gy;ghpkhzr; rkhjhdg; NgZifr; 

nraw;ghLfspd; fUkg;ghLfs; 

Mf;f mk;rq;fs; njhopw;ghLfs; 


² NghH epWj;jq;fisf; fz;fhzpj;jy;;> nrt;itghh;j;jy; 

² gilapdUf;fhd ciwtplk; mikj;jy; 

² NghHGhpAe;jug;gpdhpd; MAjf; fisjy;> gilfisfiyj;jy; 

² me;epag; gilfs; kPsg;ngwg;gLtij Nkw;ghHit nra;jy; 

² epyf;fz;zpntb - tpopg;GzHTf;fy;tpAk;> fz;zpntb mfw;wy; 

² rkhjhdr; Kiwtopf;F Mjuthf I. eh. kw;Wk; Vida rHtNjr 

eltbf;iffSf;fhd ghJfhg;G Vw;ghL 

² rdf;$l;lj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; 

² ePjp epHthf Kiwiknahd;iw Vw;gLj;jp> mijg; guhkhpj;jy; 

² rl;lj;ijr; nraw;gLj;jy; 

² mikg;G hPjpahd> epUthfhPjpahd kw;Wk; kdpj chpikfs; 

njhlHghd gpur;rpidfs;Fwpj;Jf; fz;fhzpj;jy;> gapw;rpaspj;jy; 

kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L rl;lr; nraw;gLj;jy;. 

murpaw; $Wfs; 

mjpfhhpfSf;F MNyhrid $Wjy; 

² xl;Lnkhj;jr; rkhjhdr; nray;Kiwapd; murpay; hPjpahd topfhl;ly; 

² ,Uf;fpd;w murpay; epWtdq;fspd; GdHtho;Tf;F cjTjy; 

² Njrpa ,zf;fg;ghl;il Kd;Ndw;Wjy; 

NjHjy; $Wfs; 

² NjHjy; nray;Kiwapd; midj;J mk;rq;fisAk;> fl;lq;fisAk; 

fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk;> epr;rag;gLj;jy; 

-njhopy;El;g cjtpia xUq;fpizj;jy; 

² NjHjy; nray;Kiwfs;gw;wpg; nghJkf;fSf;F fy;tpawpT+l;ly; 

kw;Wk; mbkl;l epiyapy; cs;s [dehaf epWtdq;fspd; 

mgptpUj;jpf;F cjtp toq;fy; 

kdpj chpik $Wfs; 

² kdpj chpikfisf; fz;fhzpj;jy; 

² kdpj chpik kPwy;fnsdr; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;l Fwpg;gpl;l rk;gtq;fis Muha;jy; 

² kdpj chpikfis Kd;Ndw;wy; 

kdpjNea $Wfs; 

² kdpjNea cjtpfspd; toq;fy; (czT kw;Wk; Via mtrufhy 

epthuzg; nghUl;fis toq;fy;) 

² mfjpfisj; jk; nrhe;j ehl;Lf;F jpUg;gpaDg;Gk; epfo;r;rpj; 

jpl;lq;fisr; nraw;gLj;jy; 

² ,lk; ngaHe;j egHfis kPsf;FbakHj;jy; 

² Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfis r%fj;Jld; kPspizj;jy; 


369

370 


3. rkhjhdg; NgZiff;fhd Gjpa rhty;fs; 

rkhjhdg; NgZifr; nraw;ghLfisj; Muk;gj;jpy; njhlf;fpitj;jtHfs; vDk; 

ngUikia ,Uth; ngWth;. ,th;fs; rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd Nehgy; ghprspj;Jf; 

nfsutpf;fg;gl;ldh;. ny];lH gpaHrd; 1957 ,Yk; lhf; `hku;\Py;l; Njfhe;jkhf 1961,Yk; 

rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd Nehgy; ghpir ngw;Wf;nfhz;ldh;. I.eh. rkhjhg;NgZifg; gilfSf;F 

,g;ghpR 1988,y; $l;lhf toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,Ue;jNghJk;> 1990fspy; I.eh. tpd; Gfo;> Fwpg;ghf 

mjd; rkhjhdk; Ngzw;gphptpd; Gfo; rw;W xspFd;wpNa fhzg;gl;J. 

Gjpa gzpfSf;Fk;> rthy;fSf;FNkw;gj; jk;ik khw;wpaikj;Jf;nfhs;s 

Kad;wik fhuzkhf rkhjhdg; NgZif flikfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftifapy; 

gy;tifikaile;Js;s mNjNtis> ,g;gzpj;jpl;lq;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg; glNtz;ba 

#oikTfSk; Rw;whly;fSk; nghpJk; rpf;fyhAk; khwpAs;sd. nfhq;Nfhtpy; ONUC kw;Wk; 

nygdhdpy; UNIFIL vd tpjptpyf;Ffs; ,Uf;fpd;wNghjpYk;> 1990fSf;F Kd;G Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l 

mNefkhd rkhjhdg; NgZifr; nraw;ghLfs;> nraw;gLk; ehLfspd; tpUg;gj;ijAk;> 

MjuitAk; nfhz;bUe;jikahy;> nghJthf mDkjpahd #oypNyNa nraw;gl;ld. 

1990fspd;NghJ> cs;ehl;L Aj;j #oiktpy; my;yJ rptpy; kw;Wk; rHtNjr Aj;j 

#o;epiynad tpghpf;fg;gl;l rpf;fyhd murpay; neUf;fbapd; epoypYk; mjpfhpj;j mstpy; 

gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,r;#o;epiyfspy;> vq;F cs;Sh; gilfSk;> Jizg;gilfSk; 

jk;kp\;lk;Nghy; nraw;gl;ldNth mq;F xOq;FkPwpa> td;Kiw epiwe;j epiyikfspDs;NsNa 

gzpahw;w I.eh. epHge;jpf;fg;gl;lJ. mj;Jld; kpf mjpfkhd re;jHg;gq;fspy; I. eh. 

KftH epWtdq;fs; vjpHnfhs;sg;gl;Lk;> vjpu;f;fg;gl;Lk; te;Js;sd. 

nghJthf> muRf;Fs;Ns eilngWfpd;w Aj;jj;jhYk;> fLk; td;KiwNahL $ba 

rptpy; NkhJiffspd; jhf;fj;jpdhYk; vOe;Js;s ,r; rthy;fs;> rkhjhdg;; NgZifapd; 

Kiwtopfs;gw;wp ,Ue;Jte;j mNefkhd vLNfhs;fisg; gy;NtWtopfspy; Nfs;tpf;Fwpahf;fpAs;sd. 

gdpg;Nghhpd; gpd;duhd fhyg;gFjpapy; vOe;j NkhJiffs; I.eh. tpd; jpwikfis cr;repiytiu 

Nrhjpj;Js;sJld;> Nrhkhypah> Uthz;lh kw;Wk; ngh];dpah Mfpa ,lq;fspy; Vw;gl;l Njhy;tpfs; 

fw;wwpT Gyik VLfspy; gutyhd fz;ld kjpg;gPLfs; ntsptu toptFj;jd. 

mj;jrhg;jj;jpd; Kbtpy;> I.eh epWtdkhdJ NkhJiffisj;jPHf;Fk; Kaw;rpfNshL 

nraw;gl;lNghJ jdf;Nfw;gl;l Mff; fPo;epiyapyhd mDgtj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLfpw ,uz;L 

epfo;r;rpfs; Fwpj;j tprhuizfspd; mwpf;iffis> jhNd ntspapl;lJ (I.ehLfs; 1999m 

If;fpaehLfs; / 1999 b) 1994 Vg;uy; kw;Wk; [_iy khjq;fspy; Vwj;jho 800>000 NgH 

nfhy;yg;gl;l Uthz;lhtpd; ,dg;gLnfhiyahdJ ',Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; kpfTk; 

mUtUf;fj;jf;f epfo;Tfspy; xd;whf" tu;zpf;fg;gl;lJ. xU tUlk; fopj;J> ghJfhg;Gr;rigapd; 

819 Mk; jPHkhdj;jpd; gb (1993 Vg;uy; 16) rptpypad;fs; ghJfhg;ghf thof;$ba cyfpd; 

KjyhtJ gpuNjrk; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ngh];dpa K];ypk; efukhd rpnug;nwdpf;fh> 

,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;dH INuhg;ghtpy; ,iof;fg;gl;l kpfNkhrkhd Aj;jf;Fw;wq;fSs; 

xd;W vdf; $wg;gLk;tifapyike;j rltbf;ifahy; NrHgpa cs;Sh;g; gilfshy; 

Kw;Wifaplg;gl;lJ. ,k;Kw;Wifapd;NghJ mq;F flikapyPLgl;bUe;j I. eh. rkhjhdk; 

NgZk; gilg;gphptpdH fz;Kd;dpiyapy;> 8000 K];ypk;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldH. 

KOr;rdj;ijAk; nfhiy nra;tjw;F> tpul;babg;gjw;F my;yJ mr;RWj;Jtjw;fhd 

Kaw;rpfs; mjpfhpj;JtUk; epiyf;F Kfq;nfhLf;ifapy;> If;fpa ehLfspd; eLepiyahd>


ghugl;rkw;w kw;Wk; ,zf;Ftpg;Gr;nra;Ak; ghj;jpukhdJ ghpjhgj;Jf;;Fhpatifapy; gw;whf; 

FiwahapUg;gJ ep&gzkhfpf;nfhz;L te;jJ. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf> gpd;tUk; 

Njitg;ghLfSf;Fk; miog;nghd;W tpLf;fg;gl;lJ. KjyhtJ> gy;NtW tbtq;fspyhd 

NkhJiff;Fk; gjpw;nraw;ghL Ghptjw;F If;fpa ehLfs; jkJ jpwikfis NkYk; 

njspTgLj;jp Kd;Ndw;wpf; nfhs;Sk;nghUl;Lr; rpe;jpf;Fk; nray;Kiwnahd;W. ,uz;lhtJ 

~~,e;E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; rkhjhdk; NgZifapy; Vw;gl;l jtWfSf;F chpa ftdk; 

nrYj;JtJk;> mLj;j Ew;whz;bd; rthy;fisr; re;jpg;gJk;|| (If;fpaehLfs; 19996> 81). 

RUf;fkhff; $wpd;> 1988,y; ,Ue;J rkhjhdj;ijg; Ngz mit mjpfg;gbahf 

miof;fg;gl;l> miuFiwahf mDkjpf;fg;gl;l my;yJ tpUg;gNk ,y;yhj #oiyf; 

nfhz;l ,lq;fspy;> Gjpa rkhjhdg; NgZif Kaw;rpfis Kiwahfr; nraw;gLj;jNtz;ba 

jpl;ltl;lkhd topKiwfisj; njspTgLj;Jfpd;w XH vz;zf;fUit tpUj;jp nra;tjpy;jhd; 

rkhjhdg;; NgZiff;fhd ghhpa rthy; jq;fpAs;sJ vd thjpLtJ epahakhdnjdj; 

Njhd;WfpwJ. ,J> vz;zf;fUf;fSf;F eilKiw tbtq;nfhLg;gij nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd 

jpl;ltl;lkhd MNyhridfisAk; cs;slf;f Ntz;Lk;. 

4. rkhjhdj;ij nfhz;L elj;Jifapy; Gjpa 

tsh;r;rpfs; 

I.eh. rkhjhdk; NgZif mDgtj;jpypUe;J Vw;gl;l Vkhw;wkhdJ mikjp 

Ngzw;gilfspd; gpuNahf vz;zpf;if mjd; 1994 ,d; cr;r epiyapypUe;J fzprkhd 

msT Fiwtjw;F toptFj;jJ. (fhz;f ngl;b 1) gy mtjhdpfs; mjw;Fk; Nky; nrd;W> 

rkhjhdg; Ngziy - gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; ty;yuR NkhJif Kfhikf;F Mjuthf> 

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l> nrk;ikahd> 1988f;F Ke;jpa tbtpdjhf ,Ue;jhyd;wp xU eilKiwahff; 

filg;gpbg;gijf; iftpLkhW miog;GtpLj;Js;sdh;. nghUs;kpFe;j jpwdha;Tf;F 

fl;LiufSk; rkhjhdg; NgZif gw;wpr; rkh;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. cjhuzkhf> wpr;rhh;l; 

ngl;]; (1994)> Nltpl; wPt; (1994) kw;Wk; vl;th;l; Yl;tf; 1999 MfpNahuhy; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;l 

rkhjhdg; NgZifia vLj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. 

kWGwj;Nj> NkhJifapd; mtyj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk; tifapy; my;yJ 

,y;yhnjhopf;Fk; tifapy; murpay;> ,uhZt kw;Wk; kdpjNea mk;rq;fis ,izj;Jf; 

flikGhpAk; jpwikgilj;j Xh; mq;fkhf ,d;dKk; vQ;rpapUg;gJ I.eh. kl;LNk vd 

thjpLNthUk; ,d;Dk; ,Uf;fj;jhd; nra;fpd;wdh;. ,e;j epGzh;fs; ,ilaPl;L Kiwapyhd 

rkhjhdk; NgZifapd; nrayhw;Wif kw;Wk; vz;zf;fUhPjpahd FiwghLfisj; 

jpUj; JKfkhf mjid tpUj; jpnra; J kWrP uikg; gjw; fhd Kaw; rpfSf; F 

miog;GtpLf;fpd;wdh;. nghJthff; $Wkplj;J> nra;a Ntz;Lnkd ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpy; 

ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l eltbf;ifAk; ,Jjhd;. mj;Jld;> rPuikg;gjw;fhd njhpTnra;ag;gl;l 

Gjpa mgptpUj;jpfSk; GjpJ GidAk; mZFKiwfSk; kw;Wk; MNyhridfSk; mLj;J 

tUk; gphpTfspy; Muhag;gLk;. 

ngl;b 1 ,y; fhzg;gLtJNghy;> kpfr; rkPgj;jpa gzpj;jpl;lq;fspy; rptpy; 

kw;Wk; rptpy; nghyp]; Mf;f mk;rq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpy; tsh;e;Js;sJld;> 

gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; ,uhZtj;JUg;Gfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifapd; %d;wpnyhU gq;fpid 

,g;NghJ nfhz;Ls;sd. mz;ikf;fhy rkhjhdg; NgZifg; gzpj;jpl;lq;fspy; ,uhZtg; 

gq;fspg;G ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapy; tPo;r;rpaile;J> epWtd fl;bnaOg;Gif kw;Wk; td;Kiwiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; 

371

372 


nghyp]; MfpNahhpd; vz;zpf;ifiatplTk; xg;gPl;lstpy; Fiwtile;J fhzg;gLk; 

mNjNtis> rkhjhdk; NgZif Nfhl;ghlhdJ> vjpHfhyj;jpy; ,uhZtr; mjpf 

MNuhf;fpaKs;s tfpghfkhf ,Ug;gij mDkjpf;Fk;tifapy; tpUj;jpnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. 

,jd; Fwpf;Nfhs; ahnjdpy;> rptpypad;fisg; ghJfhg;gjpy; ve;jnthUNjhy;tpAk; 

(ngh];dpahtpYk; Uthz;lhtpYk; ele;jJNghy;) Vw;glhky; jtpHg;gJld; rkhjhdg; 

NgZiff;fhd gilapdUk; I.eh. gzpahsh;fSk; jq;fis fhj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhd jw;fhg;G 

eilKiwfs; NghJkhditahf ,Uj;jiy cWjpg;gLj;jYk; mtrpakhFk;. (njhFjpapd; 

kf;fl;Fk;gyhYk;> Fbg;gilfshYk; flj;jg;gl;Lf; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l rpauh ypNahd; 

kw;Wk; fpof;Fj; jpNkhH ehl;L epiyikfspy; ,Ue;J fw;Wf;nfhz;l ghlj;ijf; fUj;jpnyLj;J) 

rkhjhdk; NgZiff; Nfhl;ghl;by; Vw;gl;l efh;thdJ> 1990fspy; ghhpa mstpyhd 

rkhjhdg; NgZif nraw;ghLfspy; gq;Nfw;w ehLfspd; Njrpa ghJfhg;G fy;Yhp gpujhdkhfj; 

Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. mj;Jld;> mJ> ve;j NkhJiffSf;nfdj; jk;ikg; Nghjpa 

msT jahHepiyg;gLj;jhkYk;> Mjutspf;fg;glhkYk; cs;sdNth me;j NkhJiffSf;Fs; 

jkJ ,uhZtg;gilfis me;ehLfs; mDg;Gtij ,dpNkYk; mDkjpf;fg;Nghtjpy;iy. 

,g;GJtifr; rpe;jidahdJ gphpj;jhdpa rkhjhdg;; NgZiff; Nfhl;ghl;by; ed;F 

njhpatUfpwJ. 

,g;Gjpa tbtpyhd rkhjhdg;NgZifiag; gphpj;jhdpa ,uhZtkhdJ ~rkhjhd 

MjuTr; nraw;ghLfs;| (PSO) vdf;Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,r; nrhw;gpNuhafkhdJ NkhJifj; 

jLg;gpypUe;J rkhjhdcUthf;fk;tiuapyhd nraYf;F tuf;$ba xU tPr;rhd 

nraw;ghLfspd; gug;ngy;iyia cs;slf;Ftjw;Fk; kw;Wk; gdpg;NghUf;Fg; gpd;duhd 

GtprhH cj;jpf;fhd #o;epiyf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; Nfhl;ghnlhd;iw toq;Ftjw;Fk; nghJthfg; 

gaz;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. mjd; Nfhl;ghl;lhsUs; xUtuhd tpy;fpd;rd; (2000) vd;ghH 

$WtJNghy;> rptpy; Aj;jq;fs;> tPo;r;rpaile;j muRfs;> rhptile;j rh;tNjr kw;Wk; 

kdpjNea rl;lq;fspid kjpj;jy; Mfpa gz;Gfs; epiwe;J fhzg;gLk;; XUyfpy;> rkhjhdk; 

Ngzy; gw;wpa ghuk;ghpa vz;;zg;Nghf;Ffs; kiyNawptpl;ldthifahy;> 1990fspy; 

tpUj; jpnra; ag; gl; l rkhjhdg; Ngzy; gw; wpa gue; j vz; zf; fUf; fs; 

,w;iwg;gLj;jg;glNtz;ba mtrpak; cUthfpAs;sJ vd;w vLNfhSlNdNa Gjpa Nfhl;ghL 

Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ. 

cUthfptUk; rkhjhdg;; NgZif Nfhl;ghLfspy; rkhjhdj;ij type;J 

eilKiwg;gLj;JtjhdJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftifapy; kPs tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld;> 

jiyapLif Kiw gw;wpa njhpTfspd; tphpthd fl;Lf;Nfhg;gpDs; mjw;F xU ghhpa 

,lKk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdpDk;> tpUg;gKk; rkhjhd cUthf;fKNk (,uhZt ntw;wpay;y) 

,Wjp Nehf;fq;fshfj; njhlHe;Jk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. rkhjhd cUthf;fKk;> rkhjhdj;ij 

type;J epiyehl;LjYk; eLepiyf;Nfhl;bd; 'rupahd" gf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;Jnfhz;L 

nrayhw;Wifapy; > rkhjhdj;ij type;J epiyehl;Ltjw;Fk;> Aj;jj;jpw;FkpilNajhd; 

Kbitj; jPHkhdpf;fpd;w NtWghL cs;sJ. ,jd;gb> rkhjhd cUthf;fj;jpd; ePz;lfhyf; 

Nfhhpf;ifapd; nghUl;L> tpUg;gj;ijj; jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;sy; my;yJ Kd;gpUe;jthW 

NgZjy; vd;gjd; Nehf;fj;ijr; rkhjhdg; NgZifahsHfs; xU NghJk; kwf;fkhl;lhHfs;. 

rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd Mjutpd; rhuk; tiuaiw nra;ag;gLtJ eLepiyiag;NgZk; 

NjitapdhNyNanahopa> tpUg;gj;ijNa NgZk; Njitapdhy; my;y. PSO Nfhl;ghl;by;> 

rkhjhdg;NgZifr; nraw;ghnlhd;iwg; gpuNahfpg;gjw;fhf Aj;jj; jug;gpdHfsplkpUe;J


ngwg;gLk; tpUg;gk; epge;jidaw;w xU Njitg;ghly;y (ghJfhg;G mikr;R. 1999). Gjpa 

Nfhl;ghl;bd; Fwpf;Nfhs; ahnjdpy;> Nghjpa msT nefpo;;r;rpj;jd;ik> ey; MNuhf;fpak; 

kw;Wk; Aj;jj; jahHepiy vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;l rkhjhdg; NgZifr; nraw;ghLfis 

cUthf;FtNj. ,r;nraw;ghLfs;> rkhjhd KiwtopfSf;Ff; ~~NfLtpistpg;Nghuhy;||cs;SH 

kf;fisAk;> gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;w rHtNjr r%fj;jpdUf;Fg; gzpGhpAk; rHtNjr 

gzpahs; njhFjpapdiuAk; td;nray; %yk;> kpul;Ljy;%yk;> mjr;RWj;jy;%yk; ghjfk; 

tpistpf;f vLf;Fk; Kaw;rp cs;spl;l gutyhd vjpHfhy epfo;Tfisf; ifahsf;$baitahf 

,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk; (tpy;fpd;rd; 2000). ,t;ntz;zf;fUthdJ> tl mj;jpyhe;jpf; cld;gbf;if 

mikg;G (NATO) cs;spl;l rHtNjr ,uhZt r%fj;jpdhpd; ngUk;ghyhd gFjpapduhy; 

tpUk;gp Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJld; ,J> etPd rkhjhdk; NgZifg; nraw;ghLfisj; 

njhlq;Ftjw;fhd Nfhl;ghl;LhPjpahd mbg;gilahfTk; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. 

nfhNrhNthtpy; ‘KFOR’ ,d; 1999,y; fpof;Fj; jpNkhhpy; rkhjhdr;nraw;ghl;il Kd;bdLj;Jr; 

nry;tjw;fhf mT];jpNuypag; gilfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;likAk;> 2000 Nfhilf;fhyj;jpy; rpauh 

ypNahdpypUe;j I.eh. gilfisg; gyg;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L gphpj;jhdpa gilfs; nrd;wikAk; 

,jw;fhd NkYk; rpy cjhuzq;fshFk;. ,uhZtj;jpd; tfpghfk; ey; MNuhf;fpakha; ,Uf;Fk; 

mNjNtis> mJ kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhfTk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd;gij PSO Nfhl;ghL Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ. 

rkhjhdj;ij kPs Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf kdpjNea kw;Wk; rptpy; mikg;Gf;fs; cs;spUe;J 

gzpahw;wf;$ba ghJfhg;ghd tha;g;ig cUthf;fpg; guhkhpj;jNy mjd; Nehf;fkhFk;. 

,e;j tsh;r;rpfs; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; kl;Lky;y> Mdhy; If;fpa ehLfSf;Fs;NsNa 

fhzf;$bathWs;sd. fLikahd fz;ldq;fSf;F kj;jpapYk;> nfh/gp mdhd; mtHfs;> 

jd;dhy; ~~rhjfkhd J}z;Ljy;fs;|| vdf;Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;w Gjpa jpwikfis rkhjhdk; 

NgZk; gilfs; tpUj;jpnra;aNtz;ba mtrpak; Fwpj;J kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; typAWj;jpdhH. 

NkhJif tyaq;fspy; thOk; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; rkhjhdg; NgZif MizfSf;fhf 

mjpfhpj;j Mjuitg; ngWk;nghUl;Nl mtH ,ij typAWj;jpdH. rkhjhdg; 

NgZifg;gilfSf;F ,g;NghJ mjpfhpj;j mstpyhd gyte;jg;gLj;Jfpd;w Mw;wy; 

mtrpankdthjpLk; mNjNtis> mf;fl;lhag;gLj;jy;kPJ jq;fpapUj;jy; kl;Lk; NghJkhdjy;y 

vd;gij mtH Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhH. gyte;jg;gLj;jypd; gad;tY fhyg;Nghf;fpy; rpijtile;J 

NghtJ kl;Lky;yhky;> NkhJifr; #oepiyfspYs;s kf;fspd; tho;f;ifr; nry;newpapy; 

nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;Jk;nghUl;L> td;Nghf;if tpLj;J nkd;Nghf;iff; filg;gpbf;f 

Kaw;rpg;gJ Nfhl;ghl;LhPjpapy; vg;NghJk; rpwe;jJ vd mtH fhuzq;$WfpwhH. 

gyte;jg;gLj;Jtnjd;gJ jw;fhypfkhfNtDk; td;Kiwia kl;Lg;gLj;jf;$bajha; 

,Uf;Fk; mNjNtis mjdhy; epue;ju rkhjhdj;ijf; nfhz;Ltu ,ayhJ vd mdhd; 

thjpLfpwhH. ePbj;j xU rkhjhdKk;> epiyahd xU jPHTk; td;nray; epWj;jj;ij kl;Lky;y> 

'mLj;j mbia vLj;J itj;jiy" Ak; mtrpag;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. m;dhidg; nghWj;jtiuapy; 

rkhjhd Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis my;yJ J}z;Ljy;fis toq;Fjy; vd;Nw ,J nghUs;nfhs;sg;gLk;. 

,d;ndhUtifapy; $Wtjhdhy;> nra;gzp elf;Fk; gpuNjrj;jpy; tho;fpd;w 

kf;fSf;F ntFkjpfisf; vjph; ghh;f;fj; jf;f Kiwapy; rkhjhdk; NgZk; gilfs; 

gzpahw;w Ntz;Lk;. rkjhdg; NgZifr; nraw;ghl;bd; vjpHfhy gaDWjpf;F mtrpakhdjhff; 

fhzg;gLk; rkhjhdg; NgZif gw;wpa ,t;ntz;zf;fUthdJ> rkhjhdg; NgZifia 

NkhJifj;jPHtf;Fs; jpl;ltl;lkhff; nfhz;LtUfpwJ. (mdhd; 1997- 27-28) 


373

374 


5. NkhJif Ma;Tk;> NkhJif fl;bnaOg;GifAk; 

Nfhl;ghl;LhPjpahd Muha;r;rpf;fsq;fs; vd;w tifapy; If;fpa ehLfspd; rkhjhdg;; 

NgZif kw;Wk; NkhJifj;jPHT vd;gd vz;zf;fU hPjpahf mNeftplaq;fspy; nghJikiaf; 

nfhz;Ls;sJld;> ,uz;LNk xNu fhyfl;lj;jpy; jp;l;ltl;lkhd tplaq;fshf ntspg;gl;ld. 

mz;ikf; fhyq;fspy; ,t;tpuz;L fsq;fSf;FkpilNa Nfhl;ghl;lhsHfs; kw;Wk; 

nraw;ghl;lhsHfs; Mfpa ,Ujpwj;jhuhYk; mjpfhpj;j mstpy; njhlH ghly; cj;jpfisAk; 

toikahd ,uhZt gyj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jp tUtjhy;> NkhJifj;jPHTf; Nfhl;ghl;lhsHfs; 

rkhjhdk; NgZifia rhjfkhd NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;jpw;fhd Kf;fpakhd xU 

fUtpahfg; ghHg;gJ rHtrhjhuzkhfptpl;lJ. mNj Nghd;W> NkhJifj;jPHT Fwpj;J gy;NtW 

tplaq;fspd; nghUj;jg;ghL gw;wpr; rkhjhdg; Ngzw; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l 

crhty;fspd; epfo;TtPjk; (frequency) mjpfhpj;Jf; fhzg;gl;likahdJ mz;ikf;fhyg; 

gFg;gha;TfspypUe;J fhzf;fpilf;fpd;w kpf Kf;fpa mk;rq;fSs; xd;whf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. 

rkhjhdg; NgZifahdJ gifikj; jd; ik nfhz; l 

tfpghfj;jpypUe;J rkhjhdj;ij Mjhpf;Fk; tfpghfj;jpw;Fr; nry;fpd;w> Nghiu 

vjpHnfhs;Sk; epiyapypUe;J %d;whe;jug;gpd; ,ilakHj;Jjiy ehLfpd;w 

cstpay; khw;wj;Jld; jug;gpdhpilNa njhlHghly;fis Kd;Ndw;Wjy;> 

kw;Wk; ,zf;fg;ghl;Lr; nrad;Kiwia Kd;ndLj;Jr;nry;Yjy; vd;gdNt 

mjd; Nehf;fq;fs;. ,J> NkhJiff;fhd murpay;hPjpahd> ,uhZthPjpahd> 

kw;Wk; nghUshjhu hPjpahd mj;Jld; r%f kw;Wk; fyhrhur; #oy; njhlHghd 

fhuzq;fspd; KOikahd xU Ghpe;JzHitj; Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ> 

ngUk;ghYk; fbdkhd kw;Wk; Mj;jpu%l;lf;$ba epiyikfspd;fPo;> gpujhd 

ghj;jpuk; tfpg;gtHfspilNa mtek;gpf;ifAk;> re;NjfKk; epyTfpd;w xU 

#o;epiyapDs; nraw;gLifapy; ePjp kdg;ghd;ikAk;> eLepiyikAk; nfhz;l 

mZFKiwnahd;iw mJ Nfhhpepw;fpwJ. 

Nkw;nrhd;dthwhf ,Ug;gjdhy; kl;LNk> rkhjhdk; NgZjYf;fhd gapw;rpahdJ 

toikahd Nghu;g;gapw;rpapd; ,ay;gpypUe;J fzprkhd msT NtWgl;ljhf ,Uj;jy; 

Ntz;Lk; vd;W fNdbaj; jsgjp fpNsl;ld; gPl;b (1983> 209) thjpLfpd;whH. 

rkhjhdg; NgZifapd; Nehf;fq;fs; (td;Kiwiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; epWj;Jjy;> 

Rw;whliyg; ghJfhj;jy; Nghd;W) ,uhZthPjpahfTk;> (rl;lG+Htkhd murhq;fj;ij 

kPs;gjtpapykHj;jy; Nghd;W) murpay;hPjpahfTk; (mgptpUj;jp Kaw;rpfSf;F cjtpaspj;jy; 

Nghd;W) nghUshjhu hPjpahfTk; ,Ue;jhYk;> ,e;j thjj;jpid ehk; Mjhpg;Nghk;. ,Wjpapy;> 

rhjhud kf;fspilapyhd rkhjhg;; NgZifr; nraw;ghLfs; vd;gd mbg;gilapy; XH 

cstpaw;nray;KiwNa. cs;SH GyDzHT kw;Wk; fyhrhuk; vd;gitkPjhd czHjpwd; 

kw;Wk; tpopg;GzHT Mfpatw;iw mJ Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. Vnddpy; rkhjhdk; NgZifapd; 

Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;wpd; %ykhd NlhJifj; jPHTld; rhjhuzkhf 

,ize;J fhzg;gLk; njhlHghly; kw;Wk; gpur;rpidf;Fj; jPHTfhZk; cj;jpfs; vd;gtw;wpd; 

neUq;fpa xUq;fpiztpdhy; kl;LNk rkhjhdk; NgZjypd; %yf;Nfhl;ghLfs; 

mDrhpf;fg;glKbAk; (fhz;f gphpT 2).


gpupj;jhdpag; gilapdh; Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s rkhjhdg; NgZiff; Nfhl;ghlhdJ 

ve;jsTf;F rkhjhdg; NgZifapd; gue;Jgl;l mk;rq;fSld; ,iae;Js;sJ vd;gJ 

Nehf;fg;gl Ntz;baJ. (gpupj;jhdpa ,uhZtk; 1994). ,Nj mZFKiw PSO tpDs; 

,lk;ngWk; mnkhpf;ff; Nfhl;ghl;bYk; Nehf;fg;gLk;. ,q;F ,zf;fk;; Kfhik nra;ag;gLk; 

KiwikahdJ eLepiy> rl;lG+Htepiy> gu];gu kjpg;G> Fiwe;jg;gl;r gyg;gpuNahfk;> 

ek;gfj;jd;ik kw;Wk; fzf;Ff; fhl;Lk; nghWg;G Mfpa Nfhl;ghLfis mbg;gilahff; 

nfhz;Ls;sJld;> gy;NtWtifahd NkhJifj; jPHT cj;jpfSld; njhlHGilajhfTk; 

fhzg;gLfpwJ. cjhuzkhf> ~,jaq;fisAk; cs;sq;fisAk;| ntd;nwLg;gjw;fhd 

%ytsq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s Jbg;ghd xU rptpy; tptfhu epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpDlhf> 

rpwe;j Nguk;Ngry; kw;Wk; ,zf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; r%f cwTfSf;fhd rhjfkhd 

mZFKiwfs; vd;gtw;iw Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhd cj;jpfis ,it cs;slf;Ffpd;wd. 

,zf;fj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wk; ,t;Tj;jpfs; td;ikahd my;yJ njhopy;El;ghPjpahd kw;Wk; 

,uhZthPjpahd jpwd;;fSf;F vjpuhf> nkd;ikahd jpwd;fis kw;Wk; rkhjhdg; 

NgZifapd; nray;Kiwfisj; jk; Mf;ff;$Wfshff; nfhz;Ls;sd. 

rkhjhdg; NgZifahsHfs;> tje;jpfs;> epr;rakw;wepiyfs; kw;Wk; 

Kw;rha;Tnfhz;l vz;zg; Nghf;Ffs; Mfpatw;iw vjpHnfhs;Sk;tifapYk;> ek;gpf;if 

kw;Wk; jplepiyapd; #oiy tsHj;J> rkhjhdg; NgZifahsHfspd; tfpghfk; kw;Wk; 

rkhjhdr;nray;Kiwapd; jd;ik vd;git njhlh;gpy; NkYk; rhjfkhd Gyg;gjpit Vw;gLj;Jk; 

tifapYk; nrk;ikahdnjhU jfty; jsj;jpid toq;Fk; nghUl;L ,e;eltbf;iffis 

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. 

rkhjhdg; NgZifiaf; filg;gpbg;gNjhL Fwpg;gpl;l nghUj;jg;ghl;ilf;nfhz;Ls;s 

NkhJifj; jPHtpd; gj;J tplag; gug;Gf;fs; ,t;tjpfhuj;jpd; gpwpNjhhplj;jpy; 

,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. (uk;];nghjhk;> Tl; `T]; 1996) ,tw;Ws;> rkhjhdk; NgZif 

kw;Wk; kdpjNea jiyaPL vd;gtw;wpd; eilKiwapy; ,Uf;ff;$ba kpfg;gpe;jpa tsHr;rpfNshL 

kpfTk; neUq;fpa cwTila %d;W tplaq;fisg;gw;wp ehk; tphpthfg; ghHg;Nghk;. 

5.1 NkhJifg; gFg;gha;Tk; kdpjNea jiyaPLfSk; 

,df;FOk kw;Wk; ,dq;fSf;fpilapyhd Visa NkhJiffspd; %yfhuzq;fs; 

kw;Wk; ,af;ftpay; Mfpatw;wpd; kpf Ke;jpaJk;> kpfTk; nghUj;jg;ghLilaJkhd 

gFg;gha;tpid NkhJifj; jPh;Tf; Nfhl;ghL toq;fpAs;sJ. ,g;gFg;gha;ThPjpahd 

gq;fspg;ghdJ> ePz;lfhyk; epytptUk; ePbj;j r%f NkhJif (PSC) kw;Wk; rHtNjr r%f 

NkhJif (ISC) Mfpatw;wpd; Nfhl;ghl;LhPjpahd khjphpfshy; ed;F cjhuzg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. 

gdpg;Nghh; KbTw;w fhyj;jpw;F gpd;dh; vl;Ntl; mrhh; (1990) kw;Wk; VidNahhpd; gzpfis 

mbnahw;wp rkhjhdg; NgZifahsh;fs; nghJthf rh;tNjr 

cwTfspNy gpd;gw;wg;glhj mZFKiwnahd;iw vLfj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. (gfpug;gl;l 

,d> kj> nkhop my;yJ fyhrhug;gz;Gfshy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l) ,dthjf;FOf;fspd; 

njspthd milahsk; my;yJ mth;fsJ $l;Lnkhj;j mgptpUj;jpj; Njitfspd; epiwNtw;wk; 

vd;gd kWf;fg;gLk;NghJjhd; ePbj;j r%f NkhJif Njhw;wk; nfhs;fpd;wJ vd;gij ehk; 

mtjhdpf;fpd;Nwhk;. 


375

376 


mrhh; jUk; khjphpakhdJ ePbj;j r%f NkhJiffSf;fhd ehd;F njspthd Rl;bfis 

Kd;itf;fpwJ: 

² rKjha cs;slf;fk;: NtWgLk; rKjhaq;fs; gytw;iw jd;Ds;Ns nfhz;Ls;s 

r%fq;fspNy PSC fSf;fhd njhlf;fg;Gs;spia toq;Ffpd;wd. 

² kdpjj; Njitfs;: ,jdhy; fUjg;gLtJ ahnjdpy;> (rKjhaj;jpd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f 

epWtdq;fspy; gq;Nfw;wy; Nghd;w) toptha;g;Gj; Njitfs; kWf;fg;gLjy;> (gfpug;gl;l 

fyhrhu tpOkpaq;fs; kw;Wk; ghuk;ghpak; vd;gtw;why; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l milahsj;jpd; 

(mq;fPfhuk; Nghd;w) Vw;fg;gLtjw;fhd Njitfs; kWf;fg;gly; kw;Wk; (ngsjPf eyd;rhh;) 

ghJfhg;Gj; Njitfs; kWf;fg;gly; Nghd;witfs; Fwpg;gpl;l xU rKjhaj;jpd; ntbg;Gf; 

NfhLfisj; jpwe;JtpLfpd;wd. 

Ml;rpKiw: $l;Lnkhj;j ed;ikfis toq;Fjy; my;yJ kWj;jy; vd;gJ 

gpujhdkhf murpd; tfpghfk; kw;Wk; mjd; gz;G vd;gtw;wpd;kPNj jq;fpAs;sJ. nghJthf> 

ePbj;j r%fNkhJifia mDgtpf;fpd;w my;yJ mjw;F cs;shff;$ba muRfs; 

KOr;r%fj;jpdJk; mbg;gilj;Njitfisj; jpUg;jpg;gLj;jj; jtWfpd;w muRfs; jpwikaw;w> 

FWfpa Nehf;fq;nfhz;l> cile;JNghff;$ba Ml;rpahjpf;ff; nfhs;ifAila 

murhq;fq;fisNa nfhz;bUf;Fk;.(mrhu; 1990-19). 

rh;tNjr njhlh;gpizg;G: gy;r%f rKjhankhd;wpy; NkhJifnahhd;W ntbj;jJk;> 

gytPdkhd> tpl;Lf;nfhLf;fhj kw;Wk; fl;rp rhh;e;j muRfs;> cs;Sh; NkhJifr; 

nraw;ghl;lhsh;fSf;F ntspapypUe;J fpilf;Fk; cjtpfisj; Jz;bg;gjd;%yKk;> jkf;F 

ntspapypUe;J cjtpfis Njbf;nfhs;tjd;%yKk; mr;rKjhaj;ijj; jkJ mjpfhuj;jpDs; 

nfhz;Ltu tpioth;. ,jd;tpisthf> NkhJifapd; nraw;gug;Gk;> jPtpuKk; NkYk; nghpjhfpr; 

rh;tNjr kag;gLj;jg;gLk;. mrhhpd; nrhw;gpuNahfj;ij mbnahw;wpajhf> ,k;NkhJif kl;lj;ij 

ehk; rh;tNjr r%f NkhJifnadf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;Nshk;. xU rh;tNjr r%f NkhJifnad;gJ> 

mJ (ngh];dpah Nghd;W) murpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l xU NkhJif tbtj;ij vLj;jhnyd;d> 

my;yJ (Uthz;lh Nghd;W) ehsltpy; murpid tPo;j;Jfpd;w xU tbtj;ij vLj;jhnyd;d> 

(my;yJ nfhN]hNth Nghd;W) Njrpa milahsj;jhy; gphpe;J nry;fpd;w NkhJif tbtj;ij 

vLj;jhnyd;d> mJ murpw;F xU neUf;fb epiyahFk;. 

,f;Fwpg;gpl;l tifahd NkhJiffspd; %yNth;fs; kw;Wk; ,af;ftpay; 

vd;gdtw;iw ed;F Ghpe;J nfhs;tjw;F mrhhpd; jpl;lk; kw;Wk; Vida njhlh;Gila 

mZFKiwfs; kw;Wk; khjphpfs; vd;gd kpfTk; cjtpahf ,Ug;gjhy;> mit 

Kf;fpakhditahf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. Vd; ,kNkhJiffs; gyTk; mbf;fb %d;whe;jug;G 

,ilaPnlhd;iw tutiof;fpd;wd vd;gij mwpAk;nghUl;Lk;> NtWtopapd;wp I.eh. rkhjhdg; 

NgZifahsh;fSf;F mit Kd;itf;Fk; rthy;fs; gw;wp czUk; nghUl;Lk; ISC ,d; 

gz;gpid mwpe;J nfhs;tJ mtrpak; vd;gJ vkJ Kf;fpa thjq;fSs; xd;whFk;. 

NkYk;> NkhJifj; jPh;Tf; nfhs;if Gyg;gjptpy;> NkhJifg; gFg;gha;T nra;tJ 

rh;tNjr r%fj;jpw;fhd gaDs;s xU fl;likg;ig toq;FfpwJ. rh;tNjr jiyaPl;Lf;nfd 

nghUj;jkhd nfhs;iffis tFj;J> mtw;iw tpUj;jp nra;tjpYk;> rptpy; Aj;jq;fshy; 

ghjpg;gile;j r%fq;fSf;F kdpjhgpkhd cjtpfis toq;FtjpYk; ,r; fl;likg;ghdJ 

mwpTiu juf;$bajhf ,Uf;f KbAk;. 1999,y; nfhNrhNthtpy; Nrh;gpahTf;nfjpuhf Nel;Nlh


Nkw;nfhz;l jiyaPl;bypUe;J fw;Wf;nfhz;l gbg;gpidfis kPsha;Tnra;j N[d; \hh;g; 

(2000) gpd;tUk; tplaj;jpid mtjhdpj;jpUf;fpwhh;. gphpj;jhdpag; gpujkh; nuhdp gpNsah; 

mth;fs;>Nel;Nlhtpdhy; kdpjhgpkhd Nehf;fpy; nfhNrhNthtpy; Nkw;nfhz;l jiyaPl;by; 

nfhNrhNth my;Ngdpah;fs; rhh;ghf Kd;itg;gijNa tpUk;gpdhh;. MapDk;> fpof;Fj; 

jpNkhh; kf;fspd; ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;nfd mNjNghd;w nraw;ghl;ilg; 

ghprPypf;ifapy;> gphpj;jhdpah> ghJfhg;Gr; rigapd; Xh; cWg;gpdh; vd;w tifapy; 

jiyaPnlhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F mOj;jk; nfhLf;ftpy;iy. 

kdpjNea jiyaPl;id gPuNahfpf;fNtz;Lnkd;gjpy; cyf r%fkhdJ rpuj;ijahf 

,Ug;gpd;> ,t;tplak; njhlh;ghf rh;tNjr rl;lj;ijj; njspTgLj;JtJ khj;jpuk; my;yhky; 

,e;j rl;lj;ij rh;tNjr ehLfsplk; gug;GjYk; mtrpakhFk; (mNj E}y;> 78). ,d;iwa 

epiyapy; rh;tNjr r%fj;jpw;F Kf;fpakhdJ ahitnadpy;> kdpjNea jiyaPl;by; jkJ 

tfpghfk; vd;d> jkJ ty;yik vd;d vd;gtw;iw Kjypy; ftdkhf kPsha;T nra;a 

Ntz;ba Njit> ,r;nraw;ghl;il topelj;jpr; nry;Yk; Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk; epakq;fs; 

gw;wpa njspthd mwpT> kw;Wk; ,ilaPLnra;Ak; jd; ty;yikia ajhh;j;jG+h;tkhf 

kjpg;gpLjy; MfpaitNt rh;tNjr r%fj;jpw;Fj; jw;NghJs;s Njit MFk;. ,Wjpahfr; 

nrhy;yg;gl;l tplaj;ijg; nghWj;jtiuapy;> rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZk; ghj;jpukhdJ kpf 

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpwJ. mj;Jld;> rkhjhdg;; NgZif kw;Wk; NkhJifj; jPh;T Mfpa 

,uz;Lf;FkpilNaahd njhlh;Ggw;wpa mtjhdpg;GfSk; mjpKf;fpa ,lj;ijg; gpbf;fpd;wd. 

5.2 td;ikiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jYk; NkhJifj; jPh;Tk; 

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ntt;NtW fhyr;rl;lfq;fSf;fpilNaAs;s NtWghl;bid mwptjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpw;F 

ek; ftdj;ij ,r;nraw;ghlhdJ xUGwj;jpy; FWfpafhy NkhJifj;jPh;T> kWGwj;jpy; ePz;lfhy 

NkhJifj;jPh;T vd ,ul;ilf; Fwpf;Nfhisf; nfhz;lJ vd;gij ,jd; nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs; 

vg;NghJk; rpe;jidapy; nfhz;bUg;gjhFk;. ,g;gFg;gha;tpy; ,uz;L mbg;gilg;gpur;rpidfs; 

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nraw;ghLfis Kd;Ndw;wg;ghLgLk; mNjNtis> td;Kiwf;Fj; jf;f gjpw;nraw;ghL GhpAk; 

Mw;wy; tha;e;j MNuhf;fpaj;jd;ik nfhz;l rkhjhdk; NgZifnahd;iw Ntz;bepw;fpd;wJ. 

,g;Gjpa rkhjhdk; NgZiff; Nfhl;ghl;by; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l vz;zf;fUtpypUe;J 

GydhtJ ahnjdpy;> rkhjhdk; NgZifahdJ ,U ghpkhzq;fisf; nfhz;l nraw;ghl;ilj; 

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nfhz;Lte;J Nrh;f;Fk;. (mjhtJ> rkhjhdg; NgZifahsh;fs; Aj;jk; Ghpa vg;NghJk; 

jahuhapUg;gJld; xUtplaj;ij type;J Vw;fr; nra;Ak; jpwidAk; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;). 

,Ug;gpDk;> mNjNeuj;jpy;> fPo;g;gbjiy type;J jpzpf;Fk; Njitg;ghl;bid kl;Lg;gLj;Jk; 

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,e;j eltbf;if kpfTk; mtjhdj;jld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. gifik> kf;fs; 

,lk;ngau;T kw;Wk; Vida nkj;jdg;Nghf;Ffs; fhuzkhf kuGuPjpahd r%fg; ghq;FfSk; 

ghj;jpuq;fSk; njsptw;witahfpapUf;ff;$Lk; my;yJ Gjpa ,uhZt mjpfhug; 

gbepiyfspd;fPo; mkpo;e;jpUf;ff;$Lk;. 

rkhjhdj;ijf; fhf;Fk; gzpfs; NkYk; gd;Kfj;jd;ik nfhz;litahFk;NghJ 

rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; vd;gJ mtw;wpd; eltbf;iffspd; xU gpupf;fKbahj 

gFjpahf khWfpd;wJ. Aj;jk; GupAk; jug;gpdUf;fpilNa kPspzf;fj;ij tYg;glj;JgitAk;> 

r%f nghUshjhu mfepiy mikTfisg; Gdu;epu;khzk; nra;tJkhd nray;Kiwfs; 

kw;Wk; epWtdq;fSf;F MjuT toq;FtJ typAWj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. mjdhy;> gzpf;FO 

ntspNawpaJk; xU ntw;wplk; Vw;glhky; Njrk; njhlu;e;Jk; fl;bnaOg;gf;$ba rkhjhdk; 

kw;Wk; mgptUj;jp mj;jpthuk; xd;W ,lg;gl;bUf;Fk;. 

If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;G rkhjhdg; gilfspd;mikg;GUthf;fj;jpd mit 

epiwNtw;w vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Gjpa kw;Wk; khwptUk; ghj;jpuj;jpd; jd;ikf;Nfw;wjhf 

mikj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. rkhjhdj;ijAk;> ghJfhg;igAk; NgZtjhf Nehf;fk; 

mikAk;NghJ ,J gpujhdkhf rz;ilapLk; JUg;Gfisf; nfhz;ljhfTk; mikayhk;. 

gzpf; FOtpd; ftdk; rkhjhdj; Jf; F Mjutspg; gjhfTk; > rkhjhdj; ijf; 

fl;bnaOg;GtjhfTk; khwpagpd;du;> ,e;j khw;wq;fs; gbg;gbahf Vw;glyhk;. ,jdhy; 

$Ljyhf Gduepu;khzj;jpy; cjtf;$ba nghwpapayhsh; myFfs; kw;Wk/my;yJ Vida 

myFfs; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;glyhk;. rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd RajPh;khdj;jpw; 

nrytspf;ff; $ba epjpfs; nrayhsu; ehafj;jpd; tpNrl gpujpepjpf;F fpilf;ff;$bajhf 

,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; cs;Su; mjpfhupfSlDk;> kdpjNea rKjhaj;JlDk; mtuJ 

nry;thf;if mjpfupf;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. gzpf;FO Jupj jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; 

fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;Fk;> mfepiyaikTj; jpUj;jq;fSf;Fk; Vida tplaq;fSf;Fk; ,e;j 

epjpiag; gad;gLj;jyhk;. 

If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gpd; rkhjhdj;ijf; fhf;Fk; gzpapd; xU gpupf;fKbahj 

gFjpahf kiwKfkhf rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjiy Cf;Ftpf;Fk; gzp mikjy; 

Ntz;Lk;. murrhu;gw;w Fbapay;> njhopy;rhu;> tpahghuj; njhopy; kw;Wk; Vida rq;fq;fspd; 

tiyaikg;G xd;Wf;F Gj;Jap&l;Ljy; mtrpakhFk;. 

xU eltbf;ifia Kw;whf epWj;Jk;Ntisapy; NkhjYf;Fg;gpe;jpa rkhjhdj;ijf; 

fl;bnaOg;Gk; gzpapy; cjtf;$batifapy; ehl;by; tpl;Lr;nry;yf;$ba %ytsq;fs; 

rk;ge;jkhff; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. 

,e;j tpje;Jiug;Gfspy; jPu;Tfs; epiyNgwhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lkhapd;> mit cs;Su; 

ajhu;j;jq;fs; kw;Wk; fyhrhuq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUg;gJ mtrpak; vd;gJ 

mq;fPfupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,it gaDs;s topfhl;lyhf ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> ,it nraw;ghl;L 

kl;lj;jpy; vt;tsT rpwe;jKiwapy; eltbf;iffshf khw;wg;glKbAk; vd;gjpNyNa tplaq;fs; 

ngUksTf;Fj; jq;fpapUf;Fk;. 

nraw;ghl;bd; cs;Su; my;yJ je;jpNugha kl;lq;fspd; NkhJifj;jPu;T 

mZFKiwfspd; gpuNahfj;jpy; NkYk; mjpfupj;j vz;zpf;ifapyhd rpwe;j kw;Wk; Nkhrkhd 

eilKiw rk;ge;jkhd cjhuzq;fs; ,g;nghOJ fhzg;gLfpd;wd. cs;Su; 

Nky;cj;jpNahfj;jh;fsplk; Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfs; kw;Wk; cwtpizg;G vd;gtw;iw


Mf;fG+u;tkhdKiwapy; gad;gLj;jtJFwpj;J nyg;. Nfzy; nghg; ];Lthh;l; gpd;tUk; 

tpguj;ij toq;Ffpd;whh;. ,tu; 1992 Xf];l; kw;Wk; 1993 Nk vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd 

fhyg;gFjpapy; ngh];dpahtpy; If;fpa ehLfs; ghJfhg;Gg; gilAld; gzpahw;wpa gpupj;jhdpag; 

gilg;gpupTf;F (UNPROFOR) fl;lisj; jsgjpahf tpsq;fpdhu;. mtu; (];Lthh;l; 1993> 

317) gpd;tUkhW $Wfpd;whh;: 

vjw;Fk; vJtpj kjpg;Gkpd;wp gyte;jkhf xU topia Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;L 

Nghtjw;fhd gzpg;ghiz vkf;F ,Uf;ftpy;iy. vkJ Nehf;fq;fis vg;nghOJk; ehk; 

xU Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNrj;jpy; 

cwTfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; ftdk; nrYj;JkhW mwpTWj;jpNdd;. 

kpfTk; gaDWjpAs;s tifapy; Ngr;Rthu;j;ijahsu;fisf;nfhz;L 

cUthf;fg;gLk; ,e;j tiyaikg;G cs;Su; kf;fs; kw;Wk; epiyikfs; Fwpj;j 

cau;kl;lj;jpyhd mwpit cUthf;Fnkd;W ];Lthu;l; njuptpf;fpd;whh;. ,t;thwhf> mg; 

gpuNjrk; KOtjpw;Fk; kdpjNea cjtpfis tpepNahfk; nra;Ak; mjpcr;r Mw;Wjpwd; 

gpupj;jhdpag; gilazpf;F ,Ue;jJ. 

,Jnraw; ghl; L kl; lj; jpy; NkhJifj; j P u ; T vt; thW ntw; wpfukhf 

eilKiwg;gLj;jyhk; vd;gjw;fhd xU rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;. vt;thwhapDk;> Nltpl; 

yh];l; (1997> 129 - 130) Rl;bf;fhl;bathW> giltPuh;fSf;Fk;> fl;lisj;jsgjpfSf;Fk; 

kw;Wk; ntspf;fsj;jpy; cs;s cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSf;Fk; Aj;j El;gq;fs;> njhlu;Gj; jpwd;fs; 

kw;Wk; nraw;ghl;L kl;lj;jpy; ,j;je;jpuq;fis xUq;fpidj;jy; Fwpj;j tplaq;fs; rk;ge;jkhf 

$Ljyhd jfty;fs; Njitg;gLk;. ,j;jifa topfhl;liy toq;Ftjw;F ngUkstpyhd 

eilKiw Ma;Tfs; elj;jg;gl;L NkYk; gue;j mstpyhd xU njhluhd Fwpj;j tpla 

Ma;Tfs; rk;ge;jkhd tplaq;fis xg;gpLtJk; mtrpakhFk;. cjhuzkhf> xU gifik 

czu;Tkpf;f rKjhaj;jpduhy; Kw;Wifaplg;gLk;NghJ rkhjhdj;ijf; fhg;Nghu; vt;thW 

ele;Jnfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;? eilKiwg;gpur;rpid jPu;f;Fk; Ngr;R thu;j;ij kw;Wk; 

,zf;fl;Lg;ghl;Lj;jpwd;fis vt;thW gaDWjpAs;stifapy; gad;gLj;jyhk;? 

(ntspf;fsj;jpy; vj;jifa #o;epiyfspy;> vd;d Nehf;fj;Jf;F)? 

NkYk; cau;thd cgha kl;lq;fspy;> gpujhdkhf> nfhNrhNth neUf;fbf;F gpujptpisthf 

gupzkpj;j xd;whd 1990 fSf;Fg; gpd;ghd ru;tNjr NkhJif Kfhikj;Jt Kiwik 

xd;wpd; fl;Lf;Nfhg;G xd;iw ehk; ghu;f;fj;njhlq;fyhk;. 1999 I_dpy; NATO Tf;Fk; 

A+Nfh];yhtpa ,uhZtj;Jf;Fkpilapy; INuhg;gpa xd;wpak; kw;Wk; u\;a tpNrl J}Jtuhy; 

,ilj;juFKiwapy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l cld;gbf;iffisj; njhlu;e;J NATO mikg;G jdJ 

thd; jhf;Fjiy epWj;jpaJ. rkfhyj;jpy; ghJfhg;Gr;rig nfhNrhNthtpy; xU ru;tNjr 

rptpy; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;Gg; gilia I. eh mDruizapd; fPo; epWj;jpitf;Fk; jPu;khdj;ij 

mwptpj;jJ. NkhJiff;fhd ,e;jj; jPu;T gpd;tUk; %yf;Nfhs;fspd; mbg;gilapy; 

,lk;ngwtpUe;jJ. ,k; %yf;Nfhs;fs; Nk 6k; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w G8 ehLfspy; ntspehl;L 

mikr;ru;fspd; $l;lj;jpy; mq;fpfupf;fg;gl;litahFk;. 


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384 


² td;nray; kw;Wk; mlf;F Kiwf;F cldbahd kw;Wk; nrt;itghu;f;ff;$ba KbT 

² A+nfh];yhtpa rk\;bf; Fbaurpd; rfy ,uhZt nghyp]; kw;Wk; Jiz 

,uhZtg;gilfis thg];ngWjy; 

² fzprkhd msT NATO gq;Nfw;G kw;Wk; Xu; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l fl;lisj; jiyikf;Ff; 

fPo; xU gaDWjpkpf;f ru;tNjr kw;Wk; ghJfhg;Gg; gilapdiu gad;gLj;Jjy;;; 

² rfy mfjpfSk; ghJfhg;ghfj; jpUk;gptUjy;;; 

² Rahl;rp kw;Wk; nfhNrhNth tpLjiy ,uhZtj;jpd; MAjf;fisT vd;gtw;Wf;fhd 

Vw;ghLfis nra;Ak;tifapy; Xu; murpay; nray;Kiwia Muk;gpj;jy;; 

² neUf;fbg; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpia Nehf;fpa Xu; midj;;Jklq;Fk; 

Kaw;rp. 

[.eh rhrdj;jpd; 7tJ mj;jpahaj;jpd; fPo; mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;lJk; NATO 

mikg;gpd; tl mj;jpyhe;jpf; kd;wj;jpd; fl;lisj; jiyikapd;fPo; cs;sJkhd KFOR 

ghJfhg;Gg;gil [Pd; 12k; jpfjp nfhNrhNthtpDs; gpuNtrpj;jJ. ,g;gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; xu; 

,ilf;fhy rptpypad; eph;thfj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xu; mjpfhuj;ij ghJfhg;Grig 

nrayhsu; ehafj;Jf;F toq;fpaJ. 1999 [Piy eLg;gFjpastpy; nrayhsu; ehafk; 

nfhNrhNthtpy; gpd;du; I.eh ,ilf;fhy eph;thf gzpf;FO vd miof;fg;gl;ljw;fhd Xu; 

midj;Jklq;Fk; rl;lj;ij rku;gpj;jhu; (UN Interim Administration Mission-UNMIK). 

nfhNrhNthtpy; rfy rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuk;> epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk;> ePjpJiw mjpfhuk; 

vd;gtw;wpd; kpjhd rfy mjpfhuKk; UNMIK ,lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; gzp 5fl;lq;fspy; 

xd;wpizf;fg;gltpUe;jJ. kPs;tUk; mfjpfSf;fhd MjuT> nghJ Nritfis kPz;Lk; 

Muk;gpj;jy;(Rfhjhuk; fy;tp kw;Wk; r%fNritfs; cs;slq;fhyhf)> rptpypad; nghyp]hiu 

(CIVPOL) flikapy; nghUshjhu kPl;rp jpl;lnkhw;iw mgptpUj;jp nra;tJ> 

[dehaf kw;Wk; Rahl;rp murhq;fj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhd epiyahd epWtdq;fis 

mgptpUj;jp nra;tJ vd;gitNa mitahFk;. 

UNMIK xt;nthd;Wk; rkhjhdj;ij kPl;nlLf;Fk; rptpypad; mk;rq;fisf; 

nfhz;ljhf ehd;F gphpTfshf mikf;fg;gl;lJ.,it ehd;F J}z;fs; vd 

miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. KjyhtJ J}z; [eh topfhl;lypd;fPohd rptpypad; epu;thfkhFk;. 

,uz;lhtJ J}z; UNHCR topfhl;lypd; fPo; kdpjhgpkhd cjtpfisf; ifahSfpd;wJ. 

%d;whtJ> OSCE mikg;gpd; topfhl;lypd;fPo; [dehafkag;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fisf; 

fl;bnaOg;gjiy ifahSfpd;wJ. ehd;fhtJ J}z; [Nuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jpd; topfhl;lypd; 

fPo; nghUshjhu Gdu;khdj;Jf;Fg; nghWg;ghfTs;sJ. 

,f;fl;likg;G mikg;Gfspd; $l;nlhd;W NkhJifj;jPu;T kw;Wk; rkhjhdj;ijf; 

fl;bnaOg;Gjypd; gue;j Fwpapyf;Ffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;. 

nfhNrhNth fUj;jpl;lk; vt;tsT rpwg;ghfr; nraw;gl;Ls;snjd;gij ,d;dKk; $wKbahJ 

vd;wNghjpYk;> ,uhZt jiyaPLfs; khj;jpuk; jk;kstpy; rkhjhdj;ij kPl;L 

vLj;JtplKbahJ vd;gijj; njspthfpAs;sJ. MfNt> ehk; Kjypy; rkhjhdj;ijf; 

fhg;gjw;F> rkhjhdj;ij gq;FilikAld; gzpahw;Wk; Vida gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gfspd; 

mDruizapd;fPo; gaDWjpAs;stifapy; mzpjpul;b gad;gLj;JtJ vt;thW vd;gijg; 

Gupe;Jnfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;lhtjhf> Nghupdhy; rpijtile;j gpuNjrq;fspy; fl;LghL 

kw;Wk; td;Kiwia mlf;Fjy; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; njhlu;Gfisf; $l;bizg;Gr;


nra;jy; Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhd NkYk; gaDWjpAs;s topfisf; fhZjy; Ntz;Lk;(ghJfhg;G 

kw;Wk; nghyp]hupd; fUkg;ghL).,J ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; xj;Jiog;G vd;gtw;iw 

epiyNgwhf;Fjy; my;yJ kPl;nlLj;jy; kw;Wk; rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; eltbf;iffSf;F 

ahjhu;j;jG+u;tkhf Mjutspj;jy; nray;Kiwfspd; mgptpUj;jpf;F rkhe;jukhfr; nry;Yjy; 

Ntz;Lk;. epiwTnra;Ak; gFjpapy; ehk; ,g;gpur;rpidfs; Fwpj;J NkYk; neUf;fkhfg; 

ghu;f;fTs;Nshk;. 

7. vjph;fhy Kd;Dhpikfs; 

7.1 NkhJif neUf;fbfSf;fhd Jhpjgjpw;Fwp jifikfis 

Nkk;gLj;Jif 

Kd;dhs; A+Nfh];yhtpah kw;Wk; Uthz;lhtpy; I.eh ,lh;fSf;F Kfk;nfhLj;j 

NghjpYk;> mNefkhd muRfs; njhlu;e;Jk; ru;tNjr rkhjhdj;ijAk;> ghJfhg;igAk; 

NgZk; gzpapy; I.eh mikg;G kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; nghWg;Gfis 

epiwNtw;wptUtjhf vz;Zfpd;wdu;. rfy muRfSk; nghJr;rigapy; NeubahfTk;> ghJfhg;Gr; 

rigapy; NtW topfspYk; gpujpepjpj;JtngWtJk; kw;Wk; I eh rkhjhdg; gzpf;FOf;fspd; 

ngWkjpiaf; fz;Lzu;e;jikANk ,jw;fhd fhuzq;fshFk;. MapDk;> gaDWjpAs;s 

mikjpNgziy cz;ikapy; I.eh mikg;G ifahs Ntz;Lnkdpd;> mj;NjhL mJ 

mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l ,uhZt ty;yuRfshd Kd;dzpj; Njrq;fs; iffspy; my;yJ NATO 

Nghd;w ,uhZt $l;Lfspd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nry;yhjpUg;gij cWjpnra;tjw;F> ,t;tikg;G 

];jpukw;w rhj;jpatsKs;s NkhJifr; #o;epiyfspy; jPu;khdkhf nrayhw;Wk; jdJ 

,aYikia tpUj;jpnra;Jnfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. vjpu;fhy mikjpNgzy; gzpf;FOf;fs; 

rpwpadthf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. mNjNtisapy; mit NkYk; njhopy;rhu; xOq;fikg;G NkYk; 

tpidj;jpwDs;s gad;ghL kw;Wk; NkYk; rpwe;j jahh;epiy> gapw;rp kw;Wk; Kd;igtplr; 

rpwe;j cgfhuz MjuT vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 

mjpU\;ltrkhf mJ re;Njfk;> Ratpku;rdk; kw;Wk; RaNjly; vd;git epiwe;;;;j 

xU fhyg;gFjpf;Fg; gpd;du; mjd; mikjp NgZk; ,aYikia mgptpUj;jpnra;JtUfpd;wJ. 

mz;zsthf 27 mq;fj;Jt muRfs; Jupjkhf gad;gLj;jf;$ba gzpj;jiyikafk; 

(RDMHQ) xd;iw mikg;gjw;fhd Mjuit fl;bnaOg;gptUfpd;wd. ,it Jupj gilg; 

gad;ghl;bd; ez;gu;fnsd;W $l;lhf miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. mj;NjhL 1994 ,y; rkhjhdj;ij 

fhf;Fk; eltbf;iffs; jpizf;fsj;Jf;F (Department of Peacekeeping Operation-DPKO) 

fpilf;ff;$ba rkhjhdj;ij fhf;Fk; %ytsq;fspd; juj;ijAk;> tPr;irAk; Nkk;gLj;jf;$ba 

Kaw;rpahf Xu; I. eh jahu; epiy xOq;fikg;G Kiwik (UNSAS) Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 

NkYk; rkPgj;jpy; nld;khu;f; murhq;fk; 15-30 ehl;fs; vjpu;ghu;g;Gg; gjpy;eltbf;iff; 

fhyj;ijAk; 4000 - 5000 JUg;gpdiuAk; nfhz;l gy;Njrpa jahu;epiy cau;nraw;wpwd; 

gilg;gpupntd;iw (SHIRBRIG) epWtpaJ gpuj;jpNafkhf Neubj;Njrq;fshd neju;yhe;J 

kw;Wk; fdlh ,e;j tifahd gy; tifg;gl;l NkYk; rpwe;j jahh; epiy xOq;Ffis 

cUthf;Ftjd;%yk; I. eh gilfspd; Jupjg; gad;ghl;L ,aYikia Nkk;gLj;Jk; 

Kaw;rpfSf;F MjuT toq;fpAs;sd. (yhq;fpy; 2000) 

gilfis mDg;gp cjTk; gy ehLfs; 1990 fspy; jkJ rkhjhdj;ijf; 

fhf;Fk; ,aYikfisf; fzprkhd msT Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; Nkk;gLj;jpAs;sd. juepakq;fis 

cau;j;Jk; tifapy; ru;tNjr gapw;rp epiyaq;fSk;> epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSk; 


385

386 


Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. mit xd;wpizthd xOq;Fnewpf;Nfhitfis Kd;itj;Js;sd. 

1993,y; epA+Nahu;f;fpy; DPKO tpDs; xU#o;epiy kj;jpa epiyak; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J 

I. eh jiyikafj;Jld; rkhjhdj;ij fhg;Nghu; toikahd Ntiyehl;fspYk;> mYtyf 

Neuq;fspYk; khj;jpuk; njhlu;Gnfhs;sf;$bajhftpUe;j Kd;ida epiyikapy; xU Kf;fpakhd 

Nkk;ghl;ilf; Fwpj;jJ. ,e;j epiyak; jw;NghJ 24 cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSld; 24 kzpNeuKk; 

fUkkhw;Wfpd;wJ. ,tu;fs; ghupa eltbf;iffs; Fwpj;J UNSG f;F mwpf;ifapLfpd;wdh;. 

ru;tNjr mikjpfhf;Fk; Kaw;rp vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gy rthy;fis Vw;Wr;nraw;gLk; 

Nghjpa gpuaj;jdq;fSf;fhd jw;Nghija %ytsq;fspy; gw;whf;Fiwepiy cs;snjd;gJk; 

njspthdjhFk;. rpahuh ypNahdpy; KjyhtJ I. eh gzpf;FO JUg;gpdh; (UNAMSIL) te;jpwq;fpa 

xUrpy thhuq;fspDs; fyff;FOf;fs; mtu;fspDs; 500 Ngiu rpiwf;ifjpfshf;fpdu;. VidNahu; 

jiyefu; g;uPlTidtpl;L ntspNawKbahj epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;ldu;. me;j eltbf;iffspd; 

gpuj;jpal;rkhd gytPdk; ngUkstpw;F me;j Neuj;jpy; UNAMSIL 30 rkdw;w Njrpa 

gilg;gpupTfsps; FOthf ,Ue;jikAk;> mtu;fSf;F xUq;fpizthd epakq;fNsh> gapw;rp 

eltbf;if KiwfNsh ,y;yhikAkhFk;. eltbf;ifkl;lj;jpy; UNAMSIL epA+Nahu;f;fpy; DPKO 

tpd; mjuitg;ngw;wpUe;jJ. MapDk;> mjd; Mszp ,aYik tpy;fpd;rdpd; kjpg;gPl;bd; 

gpufhuk; mNefkhd Njrpa ghJfhg;G mikr;Rf;fs; jpUg;jpaw;wnjd;W KbT nra;Ak; tPjj;jpNyNa 

mike;jpUe;jJ (tpy;fpd;rd; 2000). 

vjpu;fhy mikjpNgZk; eltbf;if Fwpj;j gpuh`pkp mwpf;ifapy; (UN2000a) 

,g; gbg;gpid ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl;ljw;fhd rpy rhd;Wfs; cs;sd. ,J my;[Pupahtpd; 

Kd;dhs; ntspehl;likr;ruhd yf;jhu; gpuh`pkp jiyikapy; nfhgp mdhd; epakpj;j xU 

FOtpdhy; jahupf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. ,f;FOtpd; Njly;KbTfs; 2000 Mf];by; ntspaplg;gl;ld. 

mjpy; rkhjhd eltbf;iffSf;fhd I. eh ,aYikia mjpfupg;gjw;fhd xU njhFjp 

gue;j MNuhf;fpakhd tpje;Jiug;Gf;fs; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd. ,jd; Nehf;fk; ahnjdpy;> 

gilfis mDg;gpitg;gjw;F Ke;jpa fl;lj;jpy; mtw;iw NkYQ; rpwe;j Kiwapy; 

jahupg;gjd; %yKk;> gzpg;ghiz Fwpf;Nfhs;fis rhjpf;ff;$ba gzpg;ghizfs; toq;fg;gLk;NghJ khj;jpuNk mit 

gad;gLj;jg; glNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; ,g;gzpg;ghiz Fwpf;Nfhs;fisf; rpf;fyhd mikjpfhf;Fk; 

eltbf;iffs; tplaj;jpy; 90 ehl;fSf;Fs;Sk; G+uzkhd kuGuPjpahd mikjpfhf;Fk; 

eltbf;iffis Muk;gpf;Fk; nraw;ghl;L ,aYik kw;Wk; JhpjgaDWjpkpf;f gilaDg;gy; 

,aYikfis tiutpyf; fzk; nra; aNtz; Lnkd; Wk; ,t; twpf; if NkYk; 

tpje;Jiug;Gr;nra;Js;sJ. ,f;Fwpf;Nfhis ,yFgLj;Jk;tifapy;mq;fj;Jt muRfs; [.eh 

jahh; epiy xOq;F Kiwik (UNSAS) #oiktpDs; gq;Filikfis Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;Sk; 

gy mh;j;jg;nghjpTs;s gpupNfl; mstpyhd gilfisf;Fwpg;gpl;l gjpy;nraw;ghl;L fhyj;jpDs; 

gaDWjpAs;stifapy; mDg;gpitf;f$bajhf jahh;epiyapy; itj;jpUf;FkhW 

Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.


MapDk;> mwpf;if ,uhZt ,aYikfs; Nkk;gLtjpy; khj;jpuk; ftdk; 

nrYj;jtpy;iy. mJ I.eh mikjp eltbf;iffspy; rptpypad; ,aYikfis gyg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd 

NjitiaAk; mq;fPfupj;Js;sJ. ,e;j tpje;Jiug;Gfspy; rpy fPNo Nehf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 

7.2 rkhjhdj;ijf; nfhz;Lelj;Jiff;fhd gilepiy> 

fhg;Gepiy> Fbepiy tfpghfq;fis XUq;fpizj;jy;> rkr;rPuhf 

itj;jpUj;jy;; kw;Wk; NtWgLj;jy; 

mikjpNgzypd; NkYk; tYkpf;f jj;Jtj;ijAk;> eilKiwiaAk; 

Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd njhlh;r;rpahd Kaw;rpfs; NkhJifj;jPu;T kw;Wk; epiyNgwhd rkhjhdj;ijf; 

fl;bnaOg;gypd; ePz;lfhy Fwpapyf;FfNshL neUf;fkhf xd;wpizf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. 

rkhjhdj;ijf; fhf;Fk; gilfspd; jiyaPl;bDlhf NkhJiffs; gaDWjpAs;stifapy; 

jzpf;fg;gl;l gpd;dUk; rKjhaq;fs; kPJ td;nray;fspd; tpisTfs; tof;fkhf ePz;lfhyk; 

ePbg;gitahFk; vd;gij epidtpy; nfhs;tJ mj;jpahtrpakhdjhFk;. kPz;Lk;> kPz;Lk; 

rptpy;Aj;jj;jpd; nfhLukhd mDgtq;fSf;F Mshfpa r%fq;fs; Nghh;f;fhy jsgjpfspd; 

cly;uPjpahd kw;Wk; cstpay;uPjpahd fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fPo; tUfpd;wd. Nltpl; yh];l; mtu;fspd; 

thh;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhapd;> mtu;fs; gUe;Jfs; khj;jpuNk caph;gpiof;Fk; vd;W ek;Gk; 

epiyf;F tUfpd;wdu;. ,j;jifa #o;epiyfspy; yh];l; (2000> 82)gpd;tUkhW njuptpf;fpwhh;: 

Nghupdhy; rpijtile;j r%fq;fSf;F rkhjhdj;ijAk;> 

xj;Jiog;igAk; kPz;Lk; fl;bnaOg;gp cjtpnra;tjw;fhd vkJ ,aYikapy; 

cz;ikapy; ,uz;L ,ilntspfs; cs;sd. KjyhtJ ,ilntsp> 

jug;gpdupilNa td;Kiwfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjpyhd vkJ ,aYikapy; 

cs;s ,ilntspahFk;. ,J gUe;Jfis XU ngl;bapy; milf;FkhW vk;ik 

Ntz;Lfpd;wJ. ,uz;lhtJ> jug;gpdupilNa xj;Jiog;ig mDkjpf;Fk; 

ek;gpf;ifia kPsf;fl;bnaOg;Gk; vkJ ,aYikapy; cs;s ,ilntspahFk;. 

,it Gwhf;fis mtw;wpd; ngl;bapypUe;J ntspNaw mDkjpf;fpd;wd. 

yh];l; NkYk; td;Kiwia mlf;Fjy; kw;Wk; cwTfis kPsf;fl;bnaOg;Gjy; 

Nghd;w gy;ypdtifahd Fwpf;Nfhs;fSf;F ,ilapyhd Xh; ,ilntspia NkYk; 

,dq;fhZfpd;whh;. eilKiw mikjp Ngzy; mDgtk; nfhz;l xU fdba ,uhZt 

cj;jpNahfj;jh; vd;wtifapy; khj;jpukd;wp> mikjp NgZNthupd; nraw;ghl;Lj;Njitfs; Fwpj;j 

Nritf;F NkhJifj;jPu; ;T gFg;gha;tpd; Ez;zwpTfisf; nfhz;LtUtjw;F Kjy;Kaw;rpfis 

Nkw;nfhz;l Kd;dzpf;fy;tp khd; vd;wtifapy; Nltpl; yh];l; mtu;fs; ,J Fwpj;J fUj;J 

toq;Ftjw;F tpNrl jifik nfhz;ltuhthu;. ngh];dpahtpy; Muk;gpj;j gzp mq;F 

gpuj;jpNafkhdiaAk; mf;fiwAk; tha;e;jjhFk;. ,e;jg; gFjp ,q;F mtuJ mDgtq;fs;Fwpj;j 

mtuJ fUj;Jf;fspd; kPs;ghu;it xd;Wld; epiwtilfpd;wJ. (yh];l; 2000> 80 - 96) 

yh];l; ,dq;fz;l rpy ,ilntspfis epug;Gtjhapd; rkfhy kw;Wk; vjpu;fhy 

mikjp Ngzy; nraw;ghLfspy; ,uhZt nghyp]; kw;Wk; rptpypad; NkhJifj;jPu;T 

ghj;jpuq;fspilNa xU gaDWjpAs;s NtWgLj;jYf;Fj; njspthd Vw;ghL 

nra;jy; mtrpakhFk;. ,e;j tplag; gug;Gf;fspilNa xd;iwnahd;W ,l;Lepug;Gk; jd;ikia 

Nkk;gLj;jp njhlq;FtJ mtrpakhFk;. ,t;thW NtWgLj;jypd; KjyhtJ kl;lk;> ,uhZt 

kw;Wk; nghyp]; fUkg;ghLfspilNa rkhjhdj;ijf; fhg;Nghu; gy kl;lq;fspy; ghJfhg;ig 

toq;fNtz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. ,uz;lhtJ kl;lk;>xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l ,uhZtg;gil xd;wpdhy; 


387

388 


Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; td;Kiwiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rpahFk;. mq;F rk;ge;jg;gl;l gy;NtW 

gzpfs; (ngl;b 2 I ghu;f;fTk;),uhZt gilazpfs; kl;lj;jpy; ghJfhg;igf; ifahSfpd;wd. 

,g;gpur;rpidfSf;F G+uzkhfj; jPu;T fhzg;gl;lgpd;du; eilKiwg;gLj;Jdu;fs; NkYk; xU 

ghJfhg;G kl;lj;jpy; mf;fiw fhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;> ,J rKjhaq;fisg; nghyPrhu; 

fl;Lg;gLj;JtjhFk;. ,uhZtuPjpahd vjpu;g;Gf;F gjpy; nraw;ghL fhz;gpg;gjpy; ,uhZtg;gilfs; 

gaDWjpAs;sitahf mikayhk; vd;gij mDgtk; fhl;bAs;sJ. tof;fkhf mtu;fs; 

fyfq;fs;> jdpegu;fSf;nfjpuhd mr;RWj;jy;fs;> gaKWj;jy;fs; kw;Wk; nrhj;Jf;fs;kPJ 

jhf;Fjy; vd;gtw;iw ifahStjpy; mj;jid gaDWjpAs;stu;fshf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. 

NkhjYf;Fgpe;jpa rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; 

Fw;wtpay; eltbf;if jhf;fq;fis ntw;wpnfhs;tJk;> NkhJifapd;NghJ mjpfhpf;Fk; 

Nghf;iff;nfhz;l td;Kiwia Njhy;tp fhzr;nra;tJk; kpfTk; fbdkhFk;. 

rkPgj;jpy; rkhjhdg;gilfis mDg;gpitg;gjpy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; ,lk; ngWk; 

xU rKjha kw;Wk; jdpegu; ghJfhg;Gg; gpur;rpid> jpUk;gp tUk; mfjpfspd; ghJfhg;igAk;> 

kdpj cupikfisAk; NgZk; gpur;rpidAk;> kf;fs; tpahguj; njhopy;fisAk;> [dehaf> 

murpay; nra;jpl;lq;fisAk; mr;RWj;jy; vJTkpd;wp Rje;jpukhfj; jhgpf;ff;$ba r%f 

ghJfhg;Gr; #oiy nghyp]; %yk; Vw;gLj;jtJkhFk;. ,g;gpur;rpidfSf;F jPu;TfhZk; 

tifapy; Nltpl; yh];l; kw;Wk; VidNahu; td;Kiwiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; kw;Wk; 

rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; xU gue;j epwkhiy mZFKiwia 

mgptpUj;jpnra;tJ mtrpankd;W thjpl;Ls;sdh;. mNefkhd mikjp Ngzy; nraw;ghLfspy; 

xOq;if epiyehl;Ltjw;F ru;tNjr ,uhZtg;gilfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd;gpd;du; 

rptpypad; nghyp]; gilfs; gbg;gbahf gapw;rpaspf;fg;gl;L Nritapy; mku;j;jg;gLfpd;wdu;. 

gaDWjpAs;s cs;Sh; nghyp]; Nritf;fhd ,e;j mj;jpahtrpa ,ilkhw;wk; 

vg;nghOJk; Neu;top nfhz;ljhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. xU gaDWjpAs;s cs;Su; nghyp]; 

giliag; gapw;Wtpj;J mtu;fSf;F rl;lepiyj;jfT toq;f CIVPOL mikg;Gf;Fk; kw;Wk; 

ru;tNjr gapw;Weu;fSf;Fk; ePz;lfhyk; vLf;ff;$Lk;. rKjhaq;fspYs;s kf;fSf;F 

ghJfhg;Gzu;it toq;Fk; nghyprhupd; Kaw;rpfspy; ek;gpf;if nfhs;sNtz;ba mtrpak; 

tof;fkhf cldbahf Njitahd xd;whFk;. yh];l; Muk;gfhy mikjpg;Ngzy; 

gilr;nraw;ghLfspy; Jiz ,uhZt nghyp]; gilapdUk; kw;Wk; nghyp]; MszpapdUk; 

G+udkhf xd;wpizf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;Dk; fUj;ij Kd;itj;Js;shu;. 

² I.eh mtjhdpg;Gg; gzpahsh;fs; vy; ry;tNlhupy; flikahw;wpajid (ONUSAL) 

mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;l Jizepiy ,ilkhw;wf; fhy nghyp];gil (PAT) 

Fwpj;j gpuj;jpNaf cjhuzkhf fhl;lg;glyhk;. ,q;F xU rptpypad; nghyp]; 

fy;tpf;fofj;Jf;F njupTnra;ag;gl;Nlhh; ,e;j myFfis Mf;fpaNjhL> ONUSAL 

mikg;gpypUe;J te;j CIVIPOL cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; ,jw;F fl;lisj; jsgjpfshf 

tpsq;fpdu;. ,t;thwhf ,tu;fs; ,uhZt rkhjhdf; fhg;ghsh;fshy; toq;fg;gl;l ghupa 

mstpyhd ghJfhg;Gf;Fk;> rdr%f kl;lj;jpyhd jdpegu; ghJf;g;Gf;Fkpilapyhd 

,ilntspiag; gaDWjpAs;s tifapy; epug;Gtjw;F cjtpdu;. 

rkfhy mikjp Ngzy; eltbf;iffs; nghUj;jkhd gapw;rpngw;w rptpypad; nghyprhupd; 

ngUkstpyhd gw;whf;Fiw kw;Wk; ru;ttpahgf uPjpapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd; 

Ml;rpapd;ik vd;gtw;why; mtjpAWtJ njspthFk;. I.eh. gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; mgptpUj;jp 

nra;ag;gLtjw;fhd Njitia kpfTk; nkJthf mq;fPfupg;gjw;F khj;jpuNk Muk;gpj;Js;sJ:

² xg;gpl;lstpy; rpwpa xj;Jiog;G kw;Wk; fhty; nghyp]; gilapdu; (nghyp]; eltbf;iffs; 

khj;jpukd;wp ,uhZt je;jpNughaq;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; gapw;rpngw;W myFfspy; my;yJ 

jdpegu;fshf my;yJ rpW FOf;fshf gad;gLj;jf;$batu;fs;). 

² cs;Sh; nghyp]; fUkg;ghLfs;> mj;NjhL njhlu;Gs;s ePjpj;Jiw kw;Wk; jz;lid 

epWtdq;fs;. 

² kdpj cupik epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;> Fw;wq;fisj; jLj;jy;> rpwe;j rKjha cwTfs; vd;git 

cs;slq;fpa tifapy; nghyp]; fy;tpf;fofq;fis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tjpyhd mDgtk;. 

Mf;ff;$W 

Ml;rp 

epthuz 

mgptpUj;jp 

kPs 

cUthf;Fjy; 


ngl;b 4: rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjypd; cj;jp Mf;ff;$Wfs;> 

gzpfs; kw;Wk; jpwd;fs; 

Mf;ff;$W gzpfs; jpwd;fs; 

tpLtpj;Jf;nfhs;sy;> MAj fiyg;G> 

fz;zpntb mfw;wy; rptpy; kf;fspd; 

ghJfhg;G kPs; fl;likg;G 

jdpegu;ghJfhg;G (mjhtJ ,dj;Jt> 

gz;ghl;L> ghy;epiy tpNrl td;Kiw) 

kdpj cupik 

epWtd cs;gupkhd tpUj;jp 

njspTj;jd;ik / nghWg;Gf; 

$wNtz;ba nju;jy; xj;Jiog;G 

cl;fl;likg;G mgptpUj;jp re;ij 

kPs;fl;likg;G nghUshjhu 

epWtdq;fs; rpW njhopy; 

Cf;Ftpg;G mbg;gilj; 

Njitfis ngw;Wf;nfhLf;Fk; 

r%f Nrit 

cs ts r%f eltbf;iffspy; 

Gyk;ngau;e;Njhupd; kPs;nju;r;rp 

rkhjhdf;fy;tp r%f 

Kd;ndLg;Gfs; 

td;Kiwaw;w rptpy; r%f 

ghJfhg;gpw;F tif $wy;> rpfpr;ir> 

#oy; fz;fhzpg;G cjtp kw;Wk; 

tiygpd;dy; eltbf;if 

$l;lq;fSf;fhf trjpfis 

Vw;gLj;jy; FO jiytu;fis 

tpUj;jp nra;jy; FO jPu;khdpf; ;Fk; 

Kiw cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; 

xj;Jiog;G 

nghwpapayhsu;/ njhopy;El;g epGzj;Jtk; 

njhopy; Kaw;rp epGzj;Jtk; njhopy; 

Kaw;rp mgptpUj;jp tpahghu epGzj;J tk; 

jiyikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; fw;gpj;jy; 

vy;iyfSf;$lhf njhlu;ig 

fl;bnaOg;gy; 

egu;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;G 

FOff;fSf;F re;ju;g;gkspj;jy; 

NkhJifj;jPu;T epGzj;Jtk; 

NkhJifapd; cs ts r%f 

,aff;f tpjpfs; Kfhikj;Jtk; 


389

390 


tpj;jpahrg;gLj;jypy; ,uz;lhtJ kl;lk;> xUGwj;jpy; ,uhZt kw;Wk; nghyp]; 

fUkg;ghLfspilNa mtrpakhd tpj;jpahrq;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;ljhFk;. kWGwj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ 

gue;j rptpypad; rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; tfpghfq;fshFk;. yh];l; rkhjhdj;ij 

fl;bnaOg;Gjypd; ehd;F cghaf;ff;$Wfis ,dk;fhZfpd;whu;. ,e;j 4 Mf;ff;$Wfs; 

(ghJfhg;G> MSif> epthuzKk; mgptpUj;jpAk; kw;Wk; kPspzf;fk;)xU gue;j tPr;rpyhd 

gzpfis cs;slf;FtNjhL xt;nthU gbf;Fk; mJ Fwpj;j jpwd;fs; mtrpag;gLfpd;wd 

(ngl;b 4 I ghu;f;fTk;). 

yh];l; rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gtjw;F eilKiwapy; MjuT toq;f Njitahd 

xU tPr;rhd jpwd;fSf;Fk; tif cjhuzkhd ru;tNjr gzpf;FOf;fspd; cs;slf;fkhd 

jpwd;fSf;Fkpilapyhd xU njhluhd ,ilntspia ,dq;fhZfpd;whu;. ,dk;fhzg;gl;l 

4 gpujhd rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; Mf;ff;$Wfs; xt;ntd;Wf;Fk; mtrpakhd jpwd;fis 

toq;Ftjpy; ehk; G+uzkhd ntw;wpiag; ngwtpy;iy (mNj ,lk;> 87). ,t;thwhf> cjhuzkhf> 

xU gzpapd; ,uhZt Mf;ff;$W mtrpakhd ,uhZt ];jpuepiyia toq;Fifapy; mJ 

tof;fkhf xj;Jiog;G cwTfis kPsTk; fl;bnaOg;gtjw;F mtrpakhd jpwd;fisf; 

nfhz;buhj epiyNa fhzg;gLfpwJ. yh];l; Kd;itf;Fk; Xu; mZFKiw ,g;gzpapDs; 

rptpypad; ,aYikfis NkYk; rpwe; jKiwapy; xd; wpizf; Fk; tifapy; 

[dr%fmbg;gilapyhd rptpypad; rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; fUj;jpl;lq;fis NkYk; 

mgptpUj;jpnra;J> rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; jPu;khdkhd rpy jpwd;fspyhtJ gapw;rp 

toq;FtjhFk;. 

,e;j mZFKiw nt];lu; gP. gpau;rd; ru;tNjr mikjpNgzy; gapw;rp epiyaj;jpy; 

eilKiw uPjpahf gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. ,J ngh];dpahtpYs;s ghQ;rhYf;fh gl;bdj;jpy; 

xOq;FgLj;jg;ngw;w "mayth;fSf;fhd mDruiz trjpfs;" vd;w nra;jpl;lj;jpy; 

nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,r; nra;;jpl;lj;jpy; 20 cs;Su; (ngh];dpad; K];yPk;fs;> Nru;gpau; kw;Wk; 

FNuhtl;];) kw;Wk; 5 ru;tNjr mDrizahsh;fs; rKjha xj;Jiog;Gf;fhd czu;T+l;LtJ 

Fwpj;J Cf;fj;ij toq;FtNjhL ru;tNjr jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; %ytsq;fspypUe;J cs;Su; 

kf;fs; gad;ngwTk; cjtpdu;. 

cs;Su; gpur;rpidfs; rkhjhdj;jPu;Tfisj; Njl cjTjy; vDk; 

Nehf;fj;Jf;F mikthf Gyk;ngau; FOknkhd;iwf; nfhz;l rKjha 

epiyak; xd;W jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. yh];l; ,e;j epiyaj;jpd; gzpia 

RUf;fkhff; $Wfpd;whu;. xU rKjha epiyaKk;> mjd; FOkq;fSk; 

Vidarfy NritfSf;Fk; kw;Wk; mjd; gpuNjrj;Jf;F td;Kiw Kuz;ghl;bd; 

Nritfis jpUj;jpaikf;f cjTtjw;F tUk; mikg;Gfs; vd;gtw;Wf;Fk; 

,ilapy; Xu; ,izg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; fhuzpahf tpsq;f KbAk;. FOkq;fs;; 

mbg;gilapy; cs;Su; kw;Wk; ru;tNjr jd;ikfisf; nfhz;bUg;gjhy; mit 

ePz;lfhyg; gzpfspy; jq;fpapUf;Fk; kf;fis mgptUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk;> 

mbkl;lj;jpypUe;J Njrj;ij kPsf;fl;bnaOg;gtjw;Fk; cjtyhk;. 

yh];l; xU jiyaPl;by; ,f; FOkq;fspd; gy;NtW Mf;ff;$WfSf;Fk;> 

nraw;ghl;lhsu;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd xU ngWkjp kpf;f ,izg;ghfg; gzpahw;wyhk; 

vd;Wk;> ,uhZtg;gil> rh;tNjr mikg;Gfs; m.rh.epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; cs;Su; kf;fs; 

vd;NghNu ,g;gy;NtW Mf;ff;$WfSk;> nraw;ghl;lhsUk;; vd;Wk; njuptpf;fpd;whu;. Fwpg;ghf 

vLj;Jf; $wg;gl;l Kiwapy; njupTnra;ag;gl;L gapw;rpaspf;fg;gl;l jdpegu;fs; MfpNahuhy;


Mf;fg;gl;l ,f;Nfh\;bfs; xU gue;j xOq;fpyhd gy;NtW jpwd;fis NkYk; 

cs;slf;FtNjhL> ngl;b 4 ,y; njuptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sthW gy mtrpag;gLk; gzpfSf;F 

jPu;Tfhzf;$baitahf cs;sd. ----------------gpuj;jpNafkhf> ,J xU rkepiyahd cs;Su;/ 

ru; tNjr egu; fisf; nfhz; bUg; gjhy; > ,e; j mZFKiw gpuj; jpNafkhf 

rpwe;jjhff;Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf gue;j tPr;rpyhd rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gy; 

jpwd;fs; Nfh\;bfspd; KOikA+lhf gpujpepjpj;Jtg; gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; tpisthf 

mtu;fSf;F cs;Su;g; gpur;rpidfSf;F cs;Su;j; jPu;Tfisf; fz;lwpaf;$ba jdpr;rpwg;ghd 

,aYik Vw;gLfpd;wJ. I. eh. rpf;fyhd rkhjhd eltbf;iffs; vd;W jw;nghOJ 

miof;Fk; gy;NtW mk;rq;fis xd;wpizg;gjw;fhd mjpfupj;j ,aYikia toq;Ftjw;fhd 

NjitAk; gpuh`pkp mwpf;ifapy; gpuj;jpNafkhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. NkhJifj;jPu;Tf; 

fz;Nzl;lj;jpy; nfhz;Ltug;glNtz;ba gy ,iaGs;s fl;likg;G khw;wq;fs; cs;sd. 

cjhuzkhf> rptpypad; nghyprhUk; kw;Wk; kdpj cupik epGzu;fSk; mikjpNgzy; 

topKiwapYk; NkYk; rpwe;j Kiwapy; xd;wpizf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W mwpf;if 

tpje;Jiuf;fpwJ. mj;NjhL> jkJ ,uhZt ghJfhg;Gf; fUkg;ghl;il gaDs;stifapy; 

rPu;jpUj;Jtjw;Fk; mNjNtisapy; NkhjYf;Fg; gpe;jpa rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; 

cs;s jdpr;rpwg;ghd rthy;fis kiwKfkhf rkhspf;f NkYk; gaDWjpAs;sJk;> 

xd;wpizf;fg;gl;lJkhd rptpypad; ghj;jpuq;fs; mtrpak; vd;Wk; mJ miog;GtpLf;fpd;wJ. 

tpNrl rptpypad; nghyp]hUld; Nru;e;J rfghbfSldhd rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpf;Nfh\;bfis 

cUthf;ff;$ba ePjpj;Jiwj; jz;lid kdpj cupik kw;Wk; Vida tpNrlj;Jiw 

epGzu;fSf;F NkYk; gaDWjpAs;s> mDg;Gtjw;F Kd;duhd jahupg;Gfs; 

tpje;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; Kf;fpakhf> mikjpNgzypd; NkhJifj;jPu;T gupkhzq;fs; 

vd;wtifapy; rkhjhd kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G Fwpj;j epiwNtw;Wf;FO I. eh. tpd; rkhjhdj;ijf; 

fl;bnaOg;Gk; cj;jpfisj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; epue;ju ,aYikia tYg;gLj;jp> ,e;j cj;jpfSf;F 

Mjuthd nghUj;jkhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis elj;JkhW rkhjhdk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G 

epiwNtw;Wf;FO gzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 

,r;nray;Kiwf;F NkYk; cjtptoq;Fk;tifapy; murpay; tptfhuq;fs; 

jpizf;fsj;jpDs; rkhjhdj;ijf;fl;bnaOg;Gk; xU Kd;Ndhb myif cUthf;Ftjw;F 

mwpf; if MjuT toq; fpaJ mj; NjhL> ,e; j myF G+uzkhf 

epjpaspf;fg;glNtz;Lnkd;Wk;> ,J Kd;Ndhb epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspy; kjpg;gPl;bd; 

mbg;gilapy; ,lk;ngwNtz;Lnkd;Wk; tpje;Jiug;Gr;nra;jJ. ,e;jg; gpNuuiz xU 

Gjpa kw;Wk; tuNtw;fj;jFe;j mq;fPfhuj;ijf; Fwpj;Jepw;fpd;wJ xU ePz;lfhy 

rkhjhd Kiwtopapd; epiyjfTf;F kpfTk; jPu;khdfukhd rptpypad; mk;rq;fis 

,J mq;fPfupg;gNjhL> ,it Nghjpa msT %ytsq;fs; toq;fg;gl;L> xd;wpizf;fg;gl;L 

jahu;epiyapy; itj;jpUf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gJ mtrpakhFk;. (I. eh 2000A) 

jw;Nghija I. eh mikjpNgzy; gzpf;FOf;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikahdit jkJ 

tfpghfq;fis kuG uPjpahd topfspNyNa tpahf;fpahdk; nra;fpd;wd. mit 

Nghu;epWj;jq;fisAk;> MAjf;fisT cld;gbf;iffisAk; fz;fzpg;Gr; nra;a tpUk;Gfpd;wd. 

(kj;jpa fpof;F> ,e;jpa kw;Wk; ghfp];jhd;> N[hu;[pah kw;Wk; vjpNahg;gpah> vupj;jpupah 

Nghd;w ehLfs;). nghyp]; gil kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp vd;gtw;iw tYg;gLj;Jk; 

Fwpf;Nfhs;fNs NkYk; mjpf rthy;kpf;f Fwpf;Nfhs;fshFk;. ,it ngh];dpah> nfhNrhNth> 

fpof;F jPNkhu; Nghd;w jw;Nghija mikjpNgzy; eltbf;iffs; fhl;LtJNghd;W NkYk; 

mjpfstpy; rthy;kpf;f Fwpf;Nfhs;fshFk;. ,e;j ,lq;fspy; nghyp]; fUkg;ghLfs; 


391

392 


kw;Wk; rptpypad; NkhJifj;jPu;Tf; fUkg;ghLfs; vd;git mtrukhf Nkk;gLj;j Ntz;ba 

Njit cs;sJ. nfhq;Nfh Idehaff; Fbaurpy; I. eh mikg;G gzpf;FO (MONUC) 

G+uzkhfg; gaz;gLj;jg;gl;lhy; ,t;twpf;ifapy; ,dk;fhdg;gl;l KOtPr;rpyhd ghlq;fs; 

FOg;gzpapDs; G+uzkhf xd;wpizf;fg;glNtz;ba Njit cs;sJ. 

8. vjph;fhy tpUg;Gj; njhpTfs; 

mikjp NgzYk;> NkhJifj;jPu;Tk; xNu nkhopiag; NgRk; epiyik 

Muk;gpj;jpUf;ifapy; ,t;tpU JiwfspYs;s vz;zf;fUf;fis vt;thW kpfr;rpwe;j Kiwapy; 

gpuNahfpg;gJ vd;gJ rk;ge;jkhf> eltbf;ifuPjpahf fw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glNtz;ba gbg;gpidfs; 

,d;dKk; gy cs;sd. I. eh tpy; khj;jpukd;wp> Njrpa kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa ghJfhg;G mikg;GfspYk; 

rkhjhdj;Jf;fhd MjuT> NkhJifiaj; jLj;jy; kw;Wk; NkhJifj; jPu;T Nghd;w vz;zf;fUf;fs; 

$Ljyhd mstpy; gad;gLk;NghJ ,jd; mtruj; Njit NkYk; mjpfupf;Fk;. 

nfhNrhNth epfo;rpfs; INuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jpy; nfhs;if mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; 

NkhJifj; jLg;G kw;Wk; NkhJifj; jPu;T vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd cwTfs;Fwpj;J 

rpe; jpg; gjw; fhd czu; T+l; Lk; mk; rq; fshf tpsq; fpAs; sd. NkhJifj; j P u ; T 

mZFKiwfSf;F ,Nj Njitfis Vw;gLj;Jk; nghJthd INuhg;gpa ghJfhg;Gf; 

nfhs;ifFwpj;j Cf;fpahf tpsq;Fk; Gjpa rl;lk; xd;W ,g;nghOJ cUthfpAs;sJ. 

INuhg;gpa xd;wpak; ngh;ypdpy; ([_d; 1996) xU nghJthd ntspehl;L kw;Wk; ghJfhg;Gf; 

nfhs;if cUthf;fj;Jf;F mu;g;gzpg;G czu;Tnfhz;l INuhg;gpa ghJfhg;G milahs 

mikg;ig (ESDI) epWtpaJ. 1999 [_d; mstpy; NfhNyhdpy; ,lk;ngw;w INuhg;gpa 

xd;wpa cr;rpkhehl;ilj; njhlu;e;J ,J INuhg;gpa jw;fhg;G kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G nfhs;if 

mikg;ghf (ESDP) gupzkpj;Js;sJ. n`y;rpq;fpapy; ,lk;ngw;w brk;gu; cr;rpkhehl;by; 

50000 - 60000 JUg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;l Xh; INug;gpa xd;wpa Jupj vjph;tpid 

gilzpnahd;iwAk;> neUf;fb epiyikfspy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rptpypad; %ytsj; 

Vw;ghLfs; Fwpj;j Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk; mwptpf;fg;gl;ld. 2000 [_d; rhe;jh khhpahtpy; ,lk;ngw;w 

[Nuhg;gpa kd;wj;jpd; $l;lj;jpy; mq;fj;Jt muRfs; 2003 mstpy; 5000 rptpypad; 

nghyprhiuf; nfhz;l xU gilia toq;Ftjw;fhd jkJ tpUg;gj;ij mwptpj;jd. ,J 

ru;tNjrg; gzpf;FOf;fspd; jLg;G kw;Wk; neUf;fb Kfhikj;Jtf; fUkg;ghLfis 

tYg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fk; nfhz;ljhFk;. Neufhyj;Jldhd gjpy;nraw;ghl;il cWjpnra;Ak; 

Kfkhf 1000 rptpypad; nghyprhh; toq;fg;gLth;.,q;F gjpy;nraw;ghlLf;fhyk; 30 jpdq;fshFk;. 

1999 etk;ghpy; ,lk;ngw;w ,];jhd;Gy; cr;rpkhehl;by; [Nuhg;ghtpy; ghJfhg;Gf;Fk;> 

xj;Jiog;Gf;Fkhd mikg;G (OSCE) Jhpj epGzj;Jt cjtp kw;Wk; xj;Jiog;G mzpfis 

(REACT) epWTk; tplaj;Jf;Fj; jd;id mh;g;gzpj;Jf;nfhz;lJ(gpns];r; kw;Wk; irNkhh; 

2000 2). gy fUj;Jiuahsh;fs; jw;NghJ rkhjhd MjuT kw;Wk; neUf;fb Kfhikj;Jt 

#o;epiyfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rptpypad; ,aYik kl;lj;ij tYg;gLj;Jk; 

gpuaj; jdq; fs; Fwpj; J nkd; NkYk; mjpfkhd fhpridfisf; fhl; b 

tUfpd;wdh;.,uhZtj;JUg;gpdh; gad;ghLfSf;F ,d;dKk; NghJkhd msT %ytsq;fs; 

toq;fg;gLifapy;> rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; rptpypad; Kd;Kaw;rpfSf;F fpilf;ff;$ba 

epjptsq;fs; jPtpukhd Kiwapy; Nghjhj epiyNa njhlUfpd;wJ. gphpj;jhdpa mnkhpf;f 

ghJfhg;G jfty; kd;wk; (BASIC) rkPgj;jpy; INuhg;ghTf;fhd rptpypad; Kuz;ghl;Lj; 

jLg;GNritnahd;iw Vw;gLj;Jtij MNyhridahf Kd;itj;jJ. ,J Nghy;fd;]; ehLfspy; 

gad;gLj;jpa ,j;jhypa fuhgpdpahp Nghd;w Jiz ,uhZtg;gil nghyp]; jUk; myFfs;


Fwpj;j mDgtj;jpypUe;J vOe;jjhFk;.,th;fs; ngh];dpahtpy; SFOR tpdJk; nfhNrhNthtpy; 

KFOR tpdJk; gFjpahfg; gzpahw;wpdh; (mNj ,lk;). ,g;gpNuuiz ed;F ghJfhf;fg;gl;l 

rptpypad; mzpfs; gl;lhypad;fshf my;yJ mijnahj;j ,uhZtk; kUtpa 

gilf;fl;likg;Gfspy; ,uhZtg;ghJfhg;ig NkYk; ,l;Lepug;gf; $batifapy; xU 

KOtPr;rpyhd NkhJifj;jLg;G kw;Wk; rkhjhdj;ij kPl;nlLf;Fk; Nritf;fhd Nehf;fj;Jld; 

mzpjpul;lg;glf;$ba xU khjphpia Kd;itf;fpd;wJ. ghJfhg;gw;w cau;gjw;wr; 

#o;epiyfspy; cah;tpfpjq;fspyhd Jiz ,uhZtg;gil nghyprhiuf; nfhz;bUf;f 

Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;. gjw;wk; Fiwthd #o;epiyfspy; gilapdhpy; cah;tpfpjrhukhd 

rptpypad; epGzh;fs; mlq;fpapUg;gh;. ,th;fs;> kdpj cupikfs; ,zf;fg;ghL> 

MAjf;fl;Lg;ghL> nghyp]; kw;Wk; rl;lg;gapw;rpapy; Jiwj;Njh;r;rpiaf; nfhz;ltu;fshf 

tpsq;Fth;. 

NkYk;> ];jpuepiyaw;w #o;epiyfspy; xu; ,uhZtf; fl;lisj;jsgjpapd; 

Neubf; fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fPo; xU tYT+l;ngw;w gl;lhypaidr; Nritf;F mkh;j;jyhk;. 

ngh];dpahtpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l tpNrl nghyP]; myFfspd; khjphpapyike;j nraw;ghl;L 

MjuTf;fk;gdpnahd;W Fw;wtpay; kw;Wk; Njitf;Nfw;wtifapy; Aj;jf;Fw;w 

tprhuizahsu;fs; kw;Wk; csTj;Jiw epGzh;fs;> nghJkf;fs; ghJfhg;Gg; 

gpshl;^d;fs;(fyfk; mlf;Fk; nghyPrhh;) kw;Wk; ,zf;fg;ghL> kdpj chpik mtjhdpg;G> 

MAjf;fl;LghL> nghyP];gzp kw;Wk; MAjq;fisr; Nrfhpj;J mopj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; 

gapw;rpngw;w epGzh; FOf;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,j;jifa xU gl;lhypad; ngUkstpyhd 

Ml;Gyg; nghyP]; fk;gdpfisAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,th;fsplk; csT jfty;fisr; 

Nrfhpg;gjw;Fk;> NtTghh;g;gjw;Fk; kw;Wk; gpur;rpidfs; vq;Fs;sdntd;W Njbawptjw;F 

cjTk; tifapyhd ,yF ftr Aj;j thfdq;fs; ,Uf;Fk;. 

BASIC jpl;lj;jpdhy; fzPg;gPL nra;ag;gl;lthW ,j;jifa xU gilf;fhd tUlhe;j 

MFnryT Rkhh; 2 gpy;ypad; $ MFk;. jiyikafj;jpd; MjuTlDk;> 3000 Ngh; nfhz;l 

gapw;rpg;gjtpapdUlDk; 12>000 Ngh;nfhz;l gad;gLj;jf;$ba gilapdh; ,jpy; 

gzpahw;Wth;.,J INuhg;gpa xd;wpak; /NATO mq;fj;jt ehLfSf;fhd tUlhe;j kuGhPjpahd 

,uhZt tuT nryTj;jpl;lkhfpa 156 gpy;ypad; nlhyh;fSlDk;> jw;Nghija Ieh mikjp 

Ngzy; eltbf;ifFf; Fwpj;njhJf;fg;gLk; tUlhe;j tuTnryTj;jpl;lj;JlDk; 

xg;gplg;glf;$bajhFk;. 

,f;Fwpg;gpl;l gpNuuiz nghpJk; Xh; ,uhZtk; kUtpa khjphpapd; fl;likg;G 

mbg;giliaf; nfhz;bUe;jNghjpYk;> ,J jw;NghJs;s mikjpNgZk; ,aYikfis 

rptpypad; neUf;fb Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; NkhJifj;jPh;T jLg;G Jiwj;Njh;r;rpapdhy; 

tYg;gLj;j Ntz;ba Njitiar; Rl;bf;fhl;Ltjhf mikfpd;wJ. ,t;thNw I.eh 

KiwikapDs; 1990fs; KOtJk; nts;is n`y;nkl;Lfis cs;slf;Fk; mikjpNgzypd; 

murpay; kdpj cupik kw;Wk; rptpy; r%f kPs;fl;Lkhd gzpfisf; ifahsf;$ba 

rptpypad; epGzh;fisf; nfhz;l gpuj;jpNaf myFfis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd Ntz;LNfhs; 

tpLf;fg;gl;Lte;Js;sJ. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,uhZtg; ghJfhg;Gr; rthy;fs; jPh;f;fkhf ePy 

n`y;nkl;Lfs; fuq;fspy; tplg;gLk;. 1995 brk;ghpy; [.eh nghJr;rig A-50 - 19 jPh;khdj;ij 

epiwNtw;wpaJ. ,J Mh;[d;Bdhtpdhy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;L [.eh mikjpNgzy; 

eltbf;iffSf;F Mjuthf mgptpUj;jpailAk; ehLfspd; xJf;F ,aYikia 

tYg;gLj;Jtjw;F tbtikf;fg;gl;l nts;is n`y;nkl;Lf;F Kd;Kaw;rpahFk;. 


393

394 


,ijneUf;fkhfj; njhlUk;tifapy; mtrufhy kw;Wk; ,aw;ifmdh;j;jr; #o;epiyfspy; 

gad;gLj;jg;glf;$ba rh;tNjr rptpypad; jd;dhh;tg; gzpfspd; gphpNfl;il 

mikf;fNtz;Lnkd;w xy;yhe;Jg; gpNuuiznahd;W ,lk;ngw;wJ. 

Nehh;NtAk; ,uhZtky;yhj mikjpNgzy; tbtq;fis mgptpUj;jpnra;tjpy; 

Kd;Ndhbahfr; nraw;gl;Ls;sJ. 1990 fspd; Muk;gj;jpy; Nehh;Nt[pad; murhq;fk; Nehh;Nt[pad; 

Neufhyj; jahh;epiy Kiwikia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F (NOREPS) Mjutspj;jJ. ,J jdJ 

Kiwf;F NORSTAFF vd;W miof;fg;gl;l xU jahh;epiy xOq;F Kiwikia toq;fpa 

m.rh.epWtdq;fspd; xU tiyaikg;ghFk;.,J 72 kzpj;jpahsq;fspy; gue;j gy;NtW 

Jiwfisr; Nrh;e;j epGzh;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F topmikf;Fk; xU tiyaikg;ghFk;. 

1980fspypUe;J [deafj;Jf;Fk; kdpj chpikfSf;Fkhd Nehh;Nt[pad; %yts tq;fp 

I.eh Kfth;epiyaq;fs; my;yJ NkhJifj; jug;gpdh;fspd; Ntz;LNfhspd;Ngupy; nraw;gl;L> 

NkhJifg; gpuNjrq;fSf;F epthuzg; gzpahsh; mzpfisAk;> kdpj chpikf; 

fz;fhzpg;ghsh;fisAk; kw;Wk; ,zf;fg;ghl;lhsh;fisAk; mDg;gptUfpd;wJ. 

,g;nghOJ ,e;jtifapyhd gy Ke;epfo;T cjhuzq;fs; cs;sd. nghJthf 

mq;fj;Jt Njrq;fspd; rptpypad; NkhJifj;jPh;Tf;F %y tsq;fis xJf;FtJ rk;ge;jkhd 

tpUg;gk; kw;Wk; ,aYik vd;git kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhfTk;> >Vkhw;wkspg;gjhfTk; 

,Ue;jNtisapYk;> ,g;nghOJ ,j;jifa Kd;Djhuzq;fs; cs;sd. 1990 fspy; 

mikjpNgzypy; fw;Wf;nfhz;l gbg;gpidfs; Clhf vjph;fhyj;jpy; NkhJiffis 

mikjptopapy; jPh;j;Jf;nfhs;sNtz;Lkhapd;> nghJthf rh;tNjr r%fKk;> gpuj;jpNafkhf 

I.eh mikg;Gk; nray;jpwd; kpf;f gq;fspg;ig toq;f Ntz;Lk;. 

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Beattie, Clayton 1983 "Canadian Army," in H. Wiseman (ed.), Peacekeeping: Appraisals and Proposals, 

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Betts, R.K. 1994. "The Delusion of Impartial Intervention," Foreign Affairs, 73, 6, 20-33. 

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Barnett 2000. "Looking for A Few Good Cops: Peacekeeping, Peace buildingand CIVPOL," in 

Holm and Eide, op. cit., 43-68. 

Chayles, A.H. and G.T. Raac 1995. Peace Operations: Developing an American Strategy, Washington 

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Dobbie, C. 1994. "A Concept for Post Cold War Peacekeeping," Survival, 36, 121-148. 

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Luttwak, Edward. 1999. "Give War a Chance," Foreign Affairs, 78, 4. 

Miall, H., O. Ramsbotham and Tom Woodhouse 1999. Contemporary Conflict Resolution, Cambridge: 

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Plesch, D. and J. Seymour 2000. A Conflict Prevention Service for the European Union, Washington, 

DC and London: BASIC. 

Ramsbotham, Oliver and Tom Woodhouse 1996. Peacekeeping: Terra Incognita – Here Be Dragons – 

Peacekeeping and Conflict Resolution in Contemporary Conflict: Some Relationships Considered, 

Ulster: University of Ulster, INCORE/United Nations University. 

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A Reconceptualisation, Cambridge: Politica Press. 

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Frank Cass. 

Rieff, D. 1994. "The Illusions of Peacekeeping," World Policy Journal, 11, 3, 1-18. 

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