Трансформация конфликтов: комплексная задача - Berghof ...

Трансформация
конфликтов:
комплексная задача
Хью Майалл
РОССИЙСКАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ НАУК
Russian Academy of Sciences
ИНСТИТУТ ЭТНОЛОГИИ И
АНТРОПОЛОГИИ
им. Н.Н. МИКЛУХО-МАКЛАЯ
N.N. Miklouho-Maclay
Institute of Ethnology and
Anthropology
БЕРГХОФСКИЙ
ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЙ
ЦЕНТР КОНСТРУКТИВНОГО
УРЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ
КОНФЛИКТОВ
Berghof Research Center for
Constructive Conflict
Management
www.berghof-handbook.net
Civil Society • Conflict Settlement • Conflict Resolution • Crisis Prevention •
Development Cooperation • Human Rights • Humanitarian Assistance • Just Peace •
Multi-Track • Peacebuilding • Peace Constituencies • Peacekeeping • Peacemaking •
ЭТНОПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ КОНФЛИКТ: ПУТИ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ:
Post НАСТОЛЬНАЯ Conflict Rehabilitation КНИГА • Civil БЕРГХОФСКОГО Society • Conflict ЦЕНТРА Settlement • Conflict Resolution
Transforming Ethnopolitical Conflict: The Berghof Handbook
• Crisis Prevention • Development Cooperation • Human Rights • Humanitarian
Assistance • Just Peace • Multi-Track • Peacebuilding • Peace Constituencies •
Peacekeeping • Peacemaking • Post Conflict Rehabilitation • Civil Society • Conflict
Settlement • Conflict Resolution • Crisis Prevention • Development Cooperation •
Human Rights • Humanitarian Assistance • Just Peace • Multi-Track • Peacebuilding
• Peace Constituencies • Peacekeeping • Peacemaking • Post Conflict Rehabilitation
• Civil
© Бергхофский
Society • Conflict
исследовательский
Settlement •
центр
Conflict
конструктивного
Resolution • Crisis
урегулирования
Prevention •
конфликтов, Институт этнологии и антропологии им. Н.Н. Миклухо-Маклая
РАН, 2007
Development
© Зимина Л.,
Cooperation
Кулакова Н.,
• Human
перевод
Rights
на русский
• Humanitarian
язык, 2007
Assistance • Just Peace •
© Редакционно-издательское оформление. Издательство «Наука», 2007
Multi-Track • Peacebuilding • Peace Constituencies • Peacekeeping • Peacemaking •
Post Conflict Rehabilitation • Civil Society • Conflict Settlement • Conflict Resolution
• Crisis Prevention • Development Cooperation • Human Rights • Humanitarian
Assistance • Just Peace • Multi-Track • Peacebuilding • Peace Constituencies •

íapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚: ÍÓÏÔÎÂÍÒ̇fl Á‡‰‡˜‡
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1. ǂ‰ÂÌËÂ
Ç ˜ÂÏ ÒÓÒÚÓflÚ ÒÓ‚appleÂÏÂÌÌ˚ ‰ÓÒÚËÊÂÌËfl ÚÂÓappleËË Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚? ëÎÓÊË-
·Ҹ ÎË ÛÊ Ëı ÚÂÓappleËfl, Ë ÂÒÎË ‰‡, ÚÓ Ì‡ ˜ÂÏ Ó̇ ÁËʉÂÚÒfl? åÓ„ÛÚ ÎË Ôapple‡ÍÚËÍË ËÒÔÓθ-
ÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÂÂ Í‡Í appleÛÍÓ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚Ó Í ‰ÂÈÒڂ˲? åÓ„ÛÚ ÎË Û˜ÂÌ˚ ‚ÓÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ² ‰Îfl ÓÒ-
Ï˚ÒÎÂÌËfl ‰Ë̇ÏËÍË apple‡Á‚ËÚËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ Ë ‰Îfl ÓˆÂÌÍË ˝ÙÙÂÍÚË‚ÌÓÒÚË ‚ϯ‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚?
ñÂθ ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ ÒÚ‡Ú¸Ë – ‚˚fl‚ËÚ¸ ı‡apple‡ÍÚÂappleÌ˚ ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓÒÚË Ë Íβ˜Â‚˚ ‡ÒÔÂÍÚ˚
ÚÂÓappleËË Ë Ôapple‡ÍÚËÍË Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚. íÂÓappleËfl ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰Ëχ ‰Îfl ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ‡
ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ‰Îfl apple‡Áapple‡·ÓÚÍË ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ëı ÙÓappleÏ apple‡„ËappleÓ‚‡ÌËfl ̇ ÍÓÌ-
ÙÎËÍÚ Ë ÓˆÂÌÍË appleÂÁÛθڇÚÓ‚ ˝ÚÓ„Ó apple‡„ËappleÓ‚‡ÌËfl. ëÚ‡Ú¸fl ÔappleË‚Ó‰ËÚ ‰Ó‚Ó‰˚ ‚ ÔÓθÁÛ
ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ Ó̇ ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌÓ ‰ÓÎÊ̇ ÍÓappleappleÂÍÚËappleÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËË Ò ÏÂÌfl˛˘ÂÈÒfl
ÔappleËappleÓ‰ÓÈ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡, Ë ˜ÚÓ ÒÓ‚appleÂÏÂÌÌ˚ ÚÂÓappleËË ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ÔappleËÌËχڸ ‚Ó ‚ÌËχÌËÂ
„ÎÓ·‡ÎËÁ‡ˆË˛ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ Ë ‚ϯ‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚ ‚ ÌËı.
Ç ÔÂapple‚ÓÏ apple‡Á‰ÂΠÔappleÓ‚Ó‰ËÚÒfl ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ apple‡Á΢ËÈ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÚÂÓappleËÂÈ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË
ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ Ë ÚÂÓappleËflÏË Ëı Ûapple„ÛÎËappleÓ‚‡ÌËfl Ë apple‡Áapple¯ÂÌËfl. á‰ÂÒ¸ Ê ·ÓΠÔÓ‰appleÓ·ÌÓ
apple‡ÒÒχÚappleË‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ı ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰Ó‚, ‡ Á‡ÚÂÏ ÔÓ‰ÌËχÂÚÒfl ‚ÓÔappleÓÒ Ó ÚÓÏ, ‚˚-
ÒÚapple‡Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÎË ÒÓ‚ÓÍÛÔÌÓÒÚ¸ ˝ÚËı ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰Ó‚ ‚ ÒÚappleÓÈÌÛ˛ ÚÂÓapple˲. чΠÔapple‰·„‡ÂÚÒfl
ÔÂappleÂıÓ‰ ÓÚ ÚÂÓappleËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ Í ÚÂÓappleËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡-‚-ÍÓÌÚÂÍÒÚÂ, ‡apple„ÛÏÂÌÚËappleÛfl „Ó
ÚÂÏ, ˜ÚÓ ‚ ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëflı „ÎÓ·‡ÎËÁ‡ˆËË ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ Û˜ËÚ˚‚‡Ú¸ ÒӈˇθÌ˚È,
apple„ËÓ̇θÌ˚È Ë ÏÂʉÛ̇appleÓ‰Ì˚È ÍÓÌÚÂÍÒÚ˚. å˚ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ apple‡ÒÒχÚappleË‚‡Ú¸ Í‡Í ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÒÚ-
‚Û˛˘Ë ÔÓÒÚappleÓÂÌ˲ ÏËapple‡ Ù‡ÍÚÓapple˚, Ú‡Í Ë Ù‡ÍÚÓapple˚, ÛÒÛ„Û·Îfl˛˘Ë ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ Ì‡ ‚ÒÂı
ÛappleÓ‚Ìflı, ÓÚ Ì‡ÒËθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó Ì‡˜‡Î‡ ‰Ó ÔÂappleËÓ‰‡ ÔÓÒÎÂ Â„Ó apple‡Áapple¯ÂÌËfl. èÂapple‚˚È apple‡Á‰ÂÎ
ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ ˆÂθ˛ apple‡Á‚ËÚ¸ ÚÂÓappleËË ÙÓappleÏËappleÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚, Ôapple‰ÎÓÊÂÌÌ˚ â. ɇÎÚÛÌ-
„ÓÏ Ë ù. ÄÁ‡appleÓÏ, ‰Ó ÚÂÓappleËË Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ·ÓΠ¯ËappleÓÍÓÏ ÍÓÌ-
ÚÂÍÒÚÂ. Ç ÌÂÏ Ú‡ÍÊ Ôapple‰·„‡ÂÚÒfl ÒıÂχ ÔflÚË ÚËÔÓ‚ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡, ÍÓÚÓapple‡fl
ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl Í‡Í ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ ‰Îfl Ô·ÌËappleÓ‚‡ÌËfl ‚ϯ‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ Ë Â„Ó ÓˆÂÌÍË.
ÇÚÓappleÓÈ apple‡Á‰ÂÎ ÒÚ‡Ú¸Ë ÔÓÒ‚fl˘ÂÌ ÚÂÍÛ˘ËÏ apple‡Áapple‡·ÓÚÍ‡Ï ‚ Ôapple‡ÍÚËÍ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχ-
ˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚, Í·ÒÒËÙˈËappleÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚Ï ÔÓ ˜ÂÚ˚appleÂÏ ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì˚Ï Í‡Ú„ÓappleËflÏ Ôapple‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍËı
‰ÂflÚÂÎÂÈ – Ôapple‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚‡Ï Ë ÏÂÊÔapple‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Ï ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛapple‡Ï, ‡„ÂÌÚÒÚ-
‚‡Ï ÔÓ apple‡Á‚ËÚ˲, ÌÂÔapple‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Ï Óapple„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËflÏ (çèé) Ë ÒÚÓappleÓÌ‡Ï Ë „appleÛÔ-
Ô‡Ï, Û˜‡ÒÚ‚Û˛˘ËÏ ‚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ ̇ ÏÂÒÚÌÓÏ ÛappleÓ‚ÌÂ. á‰ÂÒ¸ Ó·ÒÛʉ‡ÂÚÒfl Ú‡ÍÊ ÔappleÓ·-
ÎÂχ ÍÓÓapple‰Ë̇ˆËË ÏÂÊ‰Û ˝ÚËÏË Í‡Ú„ÓappleËflÏË.
á‡Íβ˜ËÚÂθ̇fl ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ÒÚ‡Ú¸Ë apple‡ÒÒχÚappleË‚‡ÂÚ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆË˛ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ͇Í
ÔÓÚÂ̈ˇθÌ˚È ËÒÚÓ˜ÌËÍ ÔÂappleÂÏÂÌ Í‡Í ÒappleÂ‰Ë Ò‡ÏËı ÏËappleÓÚ‚ÓappleˆÂ‚, Ú‡Í Ë ‚ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Â,
̇ıÓ‰fl˘ÂÏÒfl ‚ ÒÚ‡‰ËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡.
2. íÂÓappleËË Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚
2.1. ëÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÎË
ÚÂÓappleËfl Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚?
èappleË Ò‡ÏÓÈ ÒÍappleÓÏÌÓÈ ÓˆÂÌÍ ÏÓÊÌÓ ÛÚ‚Âappleʉ‡Ú¸, ˜ÚÓ Í Ì‡ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏÛ ‚appleÂÏÂÌË ÓÒÌÓ‚˚
ÚÂÓappleËË Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ÛÊ Á‡ÎÓÊÂÌ˚. íÂÏ Ì ÏÂÌ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÏÌÓ-
ÊÂÒÚ‚Ó ÚÂÓappleÂÚ˘ÂÒÍËı ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰Ó‚, ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÏ˚ı apple‡Á΢Ì˚ÏË Ì‡Û˜Ì˚ÏË ¯ÍÓ·ÏË Ë
Ôapple‡ÍÚË͇ÏË Ì‡ ÏÂÒÚ‡ı. ùÚË ÚÂÓappleËË ÓÚapple‡Ê‡˛Ú Í‡Í apple‡ÁÌ˚ ԇapple‡‰Ë„Ï˚, Ú‡Í Ë ÚËÔ˚
‡„ÂÌÚÓ‚ ‚ϯ‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ („ÓÒÛ‰‡appleÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı Ë Ì„ÓÒÛ‰‡appleÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı, ‚ÌÛÚappleË„ÓÒÛ‰‡appleÒÚ-
‚ÂÌÌ˚ı Ë ‚̯ÌËı). àÒÒΉӂ‡ÚÂÎË Ë Ôapple‡ÍÚËÍË ÔÓ-apple‡ÁÌÓÏÛ ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛Ú ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì˚Â
76

íapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚: ÍÓÏÔÎÂÍÒ̇fl Á‡‰‡˜‡
ÔÓÌflÚËfl Ë ÚÂappleÏËÌ˚. Ç ˜‡ÒÚÌÓÒÚË, ÌÂflÒÌÓ, ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ÎË ÚÂappleÏËÌ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl ÍÓÌ-
ÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡Ú¸ ÒÙÂappleÛ ¯ËappleÓÍÓ, ˜ÚÓ ‰Â·ÂÚ Â„Ó ÒËÌÓÌËÏÓÏ ÚÂappleÏË̇ Ûapple„ÛÎËappleÓ-
‚‡ÌË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ Ë apple‡Áapple¯ÂÌË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚, ËÎË Ê ÚÂappleÏËÌ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl ÍÓÌ-
ÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ӷ·‰‡ÂÚ ÓÒÓ·˚ÏË ÔappleËÁ͇̇ÏË, ÓÚ΢‡˛˘ËÏË Â„Ó ÓÚ ‰‚Ûı ‰appleÛ„Ëı ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰Ó‚.
ü ÛÚ‚Âappleʉ‡˛, ˜ÚÓ ‚ÚÓapple‡fl ÚӘ͇ ÁappleÂÌËfl ·ÓΠÔapple‡‚ÓÏÂapplė, Ú.Í. ÔappleÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ Á‡appleÓ-
ʉÂÌË ÓÒÓ·ÓÈ ÚÂÓappleËË Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚, ÍÓÚÓapple‡fl ÓÔËapple‡ÂÚÒfl ̇ ÏÌÓ„ËÂ
ÛÊ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ë ÍÓ̈ÂÔˆËË Ëı Ûapple„ÛÎËappleÓ‚‡ÌËfl Ë apple‡Áapple¯ÂÌËfl Ë ÛıÓ‰ËÚ ÍÓappleÌflÏË ‚
Ú Ê Úapple‡‰ËˆËË ÚÂÓappleÂÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ÓÒÏ˚ÒÎÂÌËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡. Ö ÒΉÛÂÚ apple‡ÒÒχÚappleË‚‡Ú¸
ÌÂ Í‡Í ‡·ÒÓβÚÌÓ ÌÓ‚˚È ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰, ‡ Í‡Í Ó·ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌË ÍÓ̈ÂÔÚۇθÌÓÈ ÓÒÌÓ‚˚. çÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚ¸
Ú‡ÍÓ„Ó Ó·ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌËfl Ó·ÛÒÎÓ‚ÎÂ̇ Á̇˜ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËflÏË ‚ ÔappleËappleÓ‰Â
ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡. ÇÓ-ÔÂapple‚˚ı, ·Óθ¯ËÌÒÚ‚Ó ÒÓ‚appleÂÏÂÌÌ˚ı ̇ÒËθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚
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apple‡ÁÌ˚È ÒÚ‡ÚÛÒ. ÇÓ-‚ÚÓapple˚ı, ÏÌÓ„Ë ËÁ ÌËı ËÏÂ˛Ú Á‡ÚflÊÌÓÈ ı‡apple‡ÍÚÂapple, ÌÂÓ‰ÌÓÍapple‡ÚÌÓ
ÔappleÂÒÚÛÔ‡fl ÔÓappleÓ„ ̇ÒËÎËfl Ë ‚˚ıÓ‰fl ËÁ Ì„Ó, ˜ÚÓ Ì ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎflÂÚ ÔappleËÏÂÌËÚ¸ Í ÌËÏ ˆËÍ-
΢Ì˚ ËÎË ‰Û„ÓÓ·apple‡ÁÌ˚ ÒıÂÏ˚ ÒÚ‡‰ËÈ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ (ÒÏ. ÒÚ‡Ú¸˛ Ñ. ëÏËÚ‡ ‚ ‰‡ÌÌÓÏ
Ò·ÓappleÌËÍÂ). Ç-ÚappleÂÚ¸Ëı, ÓÌË ‰ÂÙÓappleÏËappleÛ˛Ú Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó, ˝ÍÓÌÓÏËÍÛ Ë apple„ËÓÌ˚, ÒÓÁ‰‡‚‡fl
ÍÓÏÔÎÂÍÒÌ˚ ˜appleÂÁ‚˚˜‡ÈÌ˚ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË, ÍÓÚÓapple˚ ÔÓ‰ÔËÚ˚‚‡˛ÚÒfl, Ò Ó‰ÌÓÈ ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚,
ÔappleÓÚË‚ÓÒÚÓflÌËÂÏ Ì‡ ÏÂÒÚ‡ı, ‡ Ò ‰appleÛ„ÓÈ – Ú‡ÍËÏË „ÎÓ·‡Î¸Ì˚ÏË Ù‡ÍÚÓapple‡ÏË, Í‡Í ÚÓapple-
„Ó‚Îfl ÓappleÛÊËÂÏ ËÎË Ó͇Á‡ÌË ‰appleÛ„ËÏË ÒÚapple‡Ì‡ÏË ÔÓ‰‰ÂappleÊÍË Ôapple‡‚fl˘ËÏ appleÂÊËÏ‡Ï ËÎË
ÔÓ‚Òڇ̈‡Ï. ëÎÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸ Ú‡ÍËı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ ÒÓÁ‰‡ÂÚ ÍÓÌÚapple‡ÒÚ Ò ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÂθÌÓÈ ÔappleÓÒÚÓ-
ÚÓÈ Íβ˜Â‚˚ı ÚÂÓappleËÈ apple‡Áapple¯ÂÌËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚, ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ ÚÂı, ÍÓÚÓapple˚ ÓÚÒڇ˂‡˛Ú
‚Á‡ËÏÓ‚˚„Ó‰ÌÓ apple‡Áapple¯ÂÌË ÒÔÓappleÓ‚ ÏÂÊ‰Û ‰‚ÛÏfl ÒÚÓappleÓ̇ÏË.
àÏÂÂÚ ÒÏ˚ÒÎ apple‡Á΢‡Ú¸ ÚappleË ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚ı ̇Ôapple‡‚ÎÂÌËfl – ÔappleÂÍapple‡˘ÂÌËÂ, apple‡Áapple¯Â-
ÌËÂ Ë Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆË˛ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ (ÒÏ. ÒÚ‡Ú¸˛ ä. ê‡ÈχÌÌ ‚ ‰‡ÌÌÓÏ Ò·ÓappleÌËÍÂ), ÔappleË-
Á̇‚‡fl ÔappleË ˝ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌË ‚Ó ÏÌÓ„ÓÏ ÔÂappleÂÒÂ͇˛ÚÒfl Ë Ôapple‰ÔÓ·„‡˛Ú Ì ÚÓθÍÓ apple‡ÁÌ˚Â
‚ˉ˚ ‚ϯ‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚‡, ÌÓ Ë ÓÚapple‡Ê‡˛Ú apple‡ÁÌÓ ÍÓ̈ÂÔÚۇθÌÓ ‚ˉÂÌË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡.
íÂÓappleÂÚËÍË ¯ÍÓÎ˚ Ûapple„ÛÎËappleÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ apple‡ÒÒχÚappleË‚‡˛Ú Â„Ó Ò ÔappleËÏÂÌÂÌË-
ÂÏ Ì‡ÒËÎËfl Í‡Í ÌÂËÁ·ÂÊÌÓ ÒΉÒÚ‚Ë apple‡Á΢ËÈ ‚ ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚflı Ë ËÌÚÂappleÂÒ‡ı ‚ÌÛÚappleË „appleÛÔÔ
Ë ÏÂÊ‰Û ÌËÏË. ëÍÎÓÌÌÓÒÚ¸ Í Ì‡ÒËÎ˲ ‚ÓÁÌË͇ÂÚ Ì‡ ÔÓ˜‚ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ëı ËÌÒÚËÚÛÚÓ‚
Ë ËÒÚÓapple˘ÂÒÍË ÒÎÓÊË‚¯ËıÒfl ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÈ, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ÔappleË̈ËÔÓ‚ apple‡ÒÔapple‰ÂÎÂÌËfl ‚·ÒÚË.
ë˜ËÚ‡ÂÚÒfl, ˜ÚÓ apple‡Áapple¯ËÚ¸ Ú‡ÍË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ˚ Ì‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ: ‚ ÎÛ˜¯ÂÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â Ëı ÏÓÊÌÓ
apple„ÛÎËappleÓ‚‡Ú¸ ËÎË Ò‰ÂappleÊË‚‡Ú¸, ‡ ËÌÓ„‰‡ – ‰ÓÒÚË„‡Ú¸ ËÒÚÓapple˘ÂÒÍËı ÍÓÏÔappleÓÏËÒÒÓ‚, ÔappleË
ÍÓÚÓapple˚ı ̇ÒËÎË ÓÚıÓ‰ËÚ Ì‡ Á‡‰ÌËÈ ÔÎ‡Ì Ë ‚ÓÒÒڇ̇‚ÎË‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÌÓappleχθ̇fl ÔÓÎËÚ˘Â-
Ò͇fl ÊËÁ̸. ìapple„ÛÎËappleÓ‚‡ÌË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ – ˝ÚÓ ËÒÍÛÒÒÚ‚Ó ‚˚·Ëapple‡Ú¸ Ú‡ÍË ÙÓappleÏ˚
‚ϯ‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚‡, ÍÓÚÓapple˚ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎfl˛Ú ‰ÓÒÚ˘¸ ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó Òӄ·¯ÂÌËfl, ÓÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Îfl-
ÂÏÓ„Ó Ó·Î˜ÂÌÌ˚ÏË ‚·ÒÚ¸˛ ‰ÂflÚÂÎflÏË, Ëϲ˘ËÏË ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ÔÓÎÌÓÏÓ˜ËÈ Ë appleÂÒÛapple-
ÒÓ‚, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Á‡ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÛ˛˘Ë ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚ Á‡Íβ˜ËÚ¸ Òӄ·¯ÂÌËÂ. ùÚÓ Ú‡ÍÊÂ
ËÒÍÛÒÒÚ‚Ó ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌËfl ˝ÙÙÂÍÚË‚Ì˚ı ËÌÒÚËÚÛÚÓ‚, ÍÓÚÓapple˚ ̇Ôapple‡‚ÎflÎË ·˚ ÌÂËÁ·ÂÊÌ˚Â
ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ˚ ‚ ÌÛÊÌÓ appleÛÒÎÓ. Ç˚apple‡Ê‡flÒ¸ ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË ÅÎÛÏÙË艇 Ë êÂÈÎË:
“ìapple„ÛÎËappleÓ‚‡ÌË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ – ˝ÚÓ ÔÓÁËÚË‚ÌÓÂ Ë ÍÓÌÒÚappleÛÍÚË‚ÌÓ Û·ÊË‚‡-
ÌË apple‡ÁÌӄ·ÒËÈ Ë apple‡ÒıÓʉÂÌËÈ. ÇÏÂÒÚÓ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÓÚÒڇ˂‡Ú¸ ÔÓÔ˚ÚÍË
ÛÒÚapple‡ÌËÚ¸ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ, [ÓÌÓ] Ôapple‰ÔÓ˜ËÚ‡ÂÚ ·ÓΠapple‡ÎËÒÚ˘Ì˚È ‚‡appleˇÌÚ Ëı
apple„ÛÎËappleÓ‚‡ÌËfl: Í‡Í Ó·apple‡˘‡Ú¸Òfl Ò ÌËÏË ÍÓÌÒÚappleÛÍÚË‚ÌÓ, Í‡Í Ò‰Â·ڸ Ú‡Í,
˜ÚÓ·˚ ÔappleÓÚË‚Ó·ÓappleÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ë ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚ ̇˜‡ÎË ÒÓÚappleÛ‰Ì˘‡Ú¸, Ë Í‡Í ÒÓÁ‰‡Ú¸
Ôapple‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍÛ˛, ‰ÓÒÚËÊËÏÛ˛, ÍÓÓÔÂapple‡ÚË‚ÌÛ˛ ÒËÒÚÂÏÛ ÍÓÌÒÚappleÛÍÚË‚ÌÓ„Ó ÛappleÂ-
„ÛÎËappleÓ‚‡ÌËfl apple‡ÁÌӄ·ÒËÈ” (Bloomfield, Reilly, 1998. ê. 18).
Ç ÔappleÓÚË‚ÓÔÓÎÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ˝ÚÓÏÛ, ÚÂÓappleÂÚËÍË ¯ÍÓÎ˚ apple‡Áapple¯ÂÌËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ÓÚ‚Âapple„‡-
˛Ú Â„Ó apple‡ÒÒÏÓÚappleÂÌËÂ Ò ÚÓ˜ÍË ÁappleÂÌËfl ÒËÎÓ‚ÓÈ ÔÓÎËÚËÍË, ÛÚ‚Âappleʉ‡fl, ˜ÚÓ ‚ ÏÂÊ„appleÛÔÔÓ-
‚˚ı ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ı Ë ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ı, Á‡Úapple‡„Ë‚‡˛˘Ëı ˉÂÌÚ˘ÌÓÒÚ¸, β‰Ë Ì ÏÓ„ÛÚ ÊÂappleÚ‚Ó-
‚‡Ú¸ Ò‚ÓËÏË ·‡ÁÓ‚˚ÏË ÔÓÚapple·ÌÓÒÚflÏË. é‰Ì‡ÍÓ ÓÌË Ò˜ËÚ‡˛Ú, ˜ÚÓ ÂÒÎË ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ÒÚÓappleÓ-
Ì‡Ï ËÁÛ˜ËÚ¸, ÔappleӇ̇ÎËÁËappleÓ‚‡Ú¸, ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ÔÓ‰ ÒÓÏÌÂÌËÂ Ë ÔÂappleÂÙÓappleÏÛÎËappleÓ‚‡Ú¸ Ò‚ÓË
77

ï¸˛ å‡È‡ÎÎ
ÔÓÁˈËË Ë ËÌÚÂappleÂÒ˚, ÔÓfl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ¯‡ÌÒ ‚˚ÈÚË Á‡ Ôapple‰ÂÎ˚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ‚ apple‡Áapple¯ÂÌËË
ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ̇ ÔÂapple‚˚È ÔÎ‡Ì ‚˚ıÓ‰ËÚ ‚ϯ‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó ÍÓÏÔÂÚÂÌÚÌ˚ı, ÌÓ ÌÂ
ӷΘÂÌÌ˚ı ‚·ÒÚ¸˛ ÚappleÂÚ¸Ëı ÒÚÓappleÓÌ, ÍÓÚÓapple˚ ÌÂÓÙˈˇθÌÓ apple‡·ÓÚ‡˛Ú ÒÓ ÒÚÓappleÓ̇ÏË
ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ËÏ ÔÓ-ÌÓ‚ÓÏÛ ‚Á„ÎflÌÛÚ¸ ̇ ÌÂ„Ó Ë Ì‡˜‡Ú¸ ÒÚappleÓËÚ¸ ÌÓ‚˚ ‚Á‡-
ËÏÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl. éÌË ÒÚ‡apple‡˛ÚÒfl ‚˚flÒÌËÚ¸, ‚ ˜ÂÏ ËÏÂÌÌÓ ÒÓÒÚÓflÚ apple‡θÌ˚ Ôapple˘ËÌ˚
ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ Ë Ì‡ÈÚË Ú‡ÍË ڂÓapple˜ÂÒÍË apple¯ÂÌËfl, ÍÓÚÓapple˚ı ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚, ÔappleˉÂappleÊË‚‡˛˘ËÂÒfl
ÊÂÒÚÍËı ÔÓÁˈËÈ, ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ, Ì Á‡ÏÂÚËÎË. ê‡Áapple¯ÂÌË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ÔÓÏÓ„‡ÂÚ ÒÚÓappleÓ̇Ï
ÔÂappleÂÈÚË ÓÚ “ÌÛ΂ӄӔ appleÂÁÛθڇڇ, Ú.Â. ‰ÂÒÚappleÛÍÚË‚ÌÓÈ Â„Ó ÏÓ‰ÂÎË, Í ÍÓÌÒÚappleÛÍÚË‚ÌÓÏÛ
apple¯ÂÌ˲. ñÂθ ÚÂÓappleËË apple‡Áapple¯ÂÌËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ – ˝ÚÓ apple‡Áapple‡·ÓÚ͇ “˝ÙÙÂÍÚË‚Ì˚ı, ÔappleË-
ÂÏÎÂÏ˚ı ‰Îfl ‚ÒÂı Û˜‡ÒÚÌËÍÓ‚ ÏÂÚÓ‰Ó‚ Â„Ó apple¯ÂÌËfl” (Azar, Burton, 1986. ê. 1).
íÂÓappleÂÚËÍË ¯ÍÓÎ˚ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ Ò˜ËÚ‡˛Ú, ˜ÚÓ ‚ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘Â ‚appleÂ-
Ïfl ̉ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ÔÂappleÂÙÓappleÏÛÎËappleÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÔÓÁˈËË Ë Ì‡ÈÚË ‚Á‡ËÏÓ‚˚„Ó‰Ì˚ apple¯ÂÌËfl.
ëÚappleÛÍÚÛapple‡ ÒÚÓappleÓÌ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ Ë Ëı ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl ÓÚapple‡Ê‡˛Ú ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÌÓÒÚ¸ ‚Á‡ËÏÓÓÚ-
ÌÓ¯ÂÌËÈ, ÍÓÚÓapple˚ ‚˚ıÓ‰flÚ Á‡ apple‡ÏÍË Î˛·ÓÈ ÎÓ͇θÌÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ Ëı Úapple‡ÌÒ-
ÙÓappleχˆËfl – ˝ÚÓ ÔappleÓˆÂÒÒ ÔappleÂÓ·apple‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ‚Á‡ËÏÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÈ, ËÌÚÂappleÂÒÓ‚, ‰ËÒÍÛappleÒÓ‚ Ë
‚ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚË – ‚ÒÂ„Ó Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡, ÂÒÎË Â„Ó ÛÒÚappleÓÈÒÚ‚Ó ÔÓ‰‰ÂappleÊË‚‡ÂÚ ÔappleÓ-
‰ÓÎÊÂÌË ̇ÒËθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡. äÓÌÒÚappleÛÍÚË‚Ì˚È ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ Á‰ÂÒ¸ apple‡ÒÒχÚappleË‚‡ÂÚÒfl
Í‡Í ÊËÁÌÂÌÌÓ ‚‡ÊÌ˚È Ù‡ÍÚÓapple ËÎË Í‡Ú‡ÎËÁ‡ÚÓapple ÔÂappleÂÏÂÌ. Ç ‰Ó΄ÓÒappleÓ˜ÌÓÏ
ÔappleÓˆÂÒÒ ÔÓÒÚappleÓÂÌËfl ÏËapple‡ ‚Ò β‰Ë ÏÓ„ÛÚ ‚ÌÂÒÚË Ò‚Ó˛ ÎÂÔÚÛ, ‚ ÚÓÏ ˜ËÒΠÔapple‰ÒÚ‡-
‚ËÚÂÎË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÛ˛˘Ëı ÒÚÓappleÓÌ, β‰Ë, ÊË‚Û˘Ë ‚ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Â ËÎË apple„ËÓÌÂ, Á‡ÚappleÓÌÛ-
ÚÓÏ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓÏ, ËÎË ‚̯ÌË ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚ (‡ÛÚ҇ȉÂapple˚. – ê‰.), ӷ·‰‡˛˘Ë ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚ-
ÒÚ‚Û˛˘ËÏË ˜ÂÎӂ˜ÂÒÍËÏË Ë Ï‡ÚÂappleˇθÌ˚ÏË appleÂÒÛappleÒ‡ÏË.
íapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl Úapple·ÛÂÚ ‚ÒÂÒÚÓappleÓÌÌÂ„Ó Ë ¯ËappleÓÍÓχүڇ·ÌÓ„Ó ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰‡, ÔappleË ÍÓ-
ÚÓappleÓÏ ÔappleËÓappleËÚÂÚÓÏ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl Ì ÔÓÒapple‰Ì˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó ‚̯ÌËı ÒÚÓappleÓÌ, ‡ Ó͇Á‡ÌË ÔÓ‰-
‰ÂappleÊÍË „appleÛÔÔ‡Ï ‚ÌÛÚappleË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡. é̇ Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ ÒÓ·ÓÈ ÔÓÒÚÛÔ‡ÚÂθÌ˚È ÔappleÓ-
ˆÂÒÒ, ÚappleÂ·Û˛˘ËÈ apple‡ÎËÁ‡ˆËË applefl‰‡ χÎÂ̸ÍËı ËÎË ·Óθ¯Ëı ¯‡„Ó‚, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ÍÓÌÍappleÂÚ-
Ì˚ı ÏÂapple, ‚ ÓÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÎÂÌËË ÍÓÚÓapple˚ı ‚‡ÊÌÛ˛ appleÓθ ÏÓ„ÛÚ Ë„apple‡Ú¸ ÒÓ‚Âapple¯ÂÌÌÓ apple‡ÁÌ˚Â
‡ÍÚÓapple˚. ä‡Í ÒÙÓappleÏÛÎËappleÓ‚‡Î ÑÊ.è. ã‰Âapple‡ı:
“íapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ‰ÓÎÊ̇ ÛÏÂÚ¸ ‚Íβ˜‡Ú¸ ‚ ÔappleÓˆÂÒÒ, Û‚‡Ê‡Ú¸ Ë
ÔÓ‰‰ÂappleÊË‚‡Ú¸ ˜ÂÎӂ˜ÂÒÍËÂ Ë ÍÛθÚÛappleÌ˚ appleÂÒÛappleÒ˚, ÔappleËÒÛÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ë ‚ ‰‡Ì-
ÌÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË. ùÚÓ Úapple·ÛÂÚ ÌÓ‚Ó„Ó ‡ÒÔÂÍÚ‡, ÔappleË ÍÓÚÓappleÓÏ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËfl Ë Â ۘ‡-
ÒÚÌËÍË Ì ҘËÚ‡˛ÚÒfl ‚ ÔÂapple‚Û˛ Ó˜Âapple‰¸ ÔappleÓ·ÎÂÏÓÈ, ‡ ‚̯Ìflfl ÒÚÓappleÓ̇ – apple¯Â-
ÌËÂÏ. Ç Ì‡¯ÂÏ Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËË, ‰Ó΄ÓÒappleӘ̇fl ˆÂθ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍ-
ÚÓ‚ Á‡Íβ˜‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÛÚ‚Âappleʉ‡Ú¸ ̇ ÒÎÓ‚‡ı Ë ‚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëflı ÔappleËÓappleË-
ÚÂÚ Î˛‰ÂÈ Ë appleÂÒÛappleÒÓ‚ ̇ ÏÂÒÚ‡ı” (Lederach, 1995).
2.2. ÇÍ·‰ apple‡ÁÌ˚ı ‡‚ÚÓappleÓ‚ ‚ apple‡Á‚ËÚË ÚÂÓappleËË
Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚
ì˜ÂÌ˚Â, Á‡ÌËχ˛˘ËÂÒfl Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËÂÈ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚, ‚ Ò‚ÓËı ÚÂÓappleËflı ÓÔËapple‡˛ÚÒfl
̇ apple‡ÁÌ˚ ÍÓ̈ÂÔÚۇθÌ˚ ÒÚappleÓËÚÂθÌ˚ ·ÎÓÍË ÓÒÌÓ‚˚. çÂÍÓÚÓapple˚ ËÁ ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚
ÔÓfl‚ËÎËÒ¸ ̉‡‚ÌÓ, ËÌ˚ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ‰‡‚ÌÓ, ‡ ÚappleÂÚ¸Ë Á‡ËÏÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ì˚ Û ‰appleÛ„Ëı ̇ۘ-
Ì˚ı ¯ÍÓÎ. à‰Âfl ÙÓappleÏËappleÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ ÔappleËÒÛÚÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Î‡ ÛÊ ‚ apple‡·ÓÚ‡ı ‚appleÓÔÂÈ-
ÒÍËı ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛapple‡ÎËÒÚÓ‚, ‡Ì‡ÎËÁËappleÓ‚‡‚¯Ëı Ëı apple‡Á‚ËÚË (Senghaas, 1973; Krippendorf,
1973). ç‡ ‰‡ÌÌ˚È ÏÓÏÂÌÚ Ó‰ÌÓÈ ËÁ Ò‡Ï˚ı ‚‡ÊÌ˚ı fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÍÓ̈ÂÔˆËfl â. ɇÎÚÛÌ„‡
̇˷ÓΠÔÓÎÌÓ Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌ̇fl ‚ Â„Ó ÍÌË„Â “ä ÏËappleÛ – ÏËappleÌ˚ÏË ÔÛÚflÏË” (1996.
ê. 70–126), ÍÓÚÓapple‡fl ‚‚Ó‰ËÚ ˆÂÎ˚È applefl‰ ‚‡ÊÌ˚ı ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËÈ.
ɇÎÚÛÌ„ Ò˜ËÚ‡ÂÚ, ˜ÚÓ ‚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ ÔappleËÒÛÚÒÚ‚Û˛Ú Í‡Í ÊËÁÌÂÛÚ‚Âappleʉ‡˛˘ËÂ,
Ú‡Í Ë apple‡ÁappleÛ¯ËÚÂθÌ˚ ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ˚. äÓÌÙÎËÍÚ˚ ‚ÓÁÌË͇˛Ú ‚ appleÂÁÛθڇÚ ÔappleÓÚË‚Óapple˜ËÈ
‚ ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛapple ӷ˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ Ë Ì‡ıÓ‰flÚ ‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌË ‚Ó ‚Á„Îfl‰‡ı Ë ‚ Ôӂ‰ÂÌËË Î˛-
78

íapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚: ÍÓÏÔÎÂÍÒ̇fl Á‡‰‡˜‡
‰ÂÈ. é‰Ì‡Ê‰˚ ‚ÓÁÌËÍÌÛ‚, ÓÌË ÔÓ‰‚Âapple„‡˛ÚÒfl ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚Û ÔappleÂÓ·apple‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËÈ: Ëı ÔappleÓfl‚ÎÂÌËÂ
Ë apple‡Á˙‰ËÌÂÌËÂ, ÓÒÓÁ̇ÌË ËÎË ÔÓÚÂapplefl ÓÒÚappleÓÚ˚ ‚ÓÒÔappleËflÚËfl, ÛÒÎÓÊÌÂÌËÂ
ËÎË ÛÔappleÓ˘ÂÌËÂ, ÔÓÎflappleËÁ‡ˆËfl ËÎË ‰ËÙÙÛÁËfl, ˝Ò͇·ˆËfl ËÎË ÒÔ‡‰ (Ibid. P. 90). çÂ-
ÒÓ‚ÏÂÒÚËÏÓÒÚ¸, ÍÓÚÓapple‡fl ‚ÓÁÌË͇ÂÚ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÒÚÓappleÓ̇ÏË, ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ ÛÒÚapple‡ÌÂ̇ ÔÓ-
Òapple‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ ÔappleÂÓ‰ÓÎÂÌËfl ÔappleÓÚË‚Óapple˜ËÈ, ÍÓÏÔappleÓÏËÒÒ‡, Û„ÎÛ·ÎÂÌËfl ËÎË apple‡Ò¯ËappleÂÌËfl
ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛapple˚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡, ÔÛÚÂÏ Ó·˙‰ËÌÂÌËfl ËÎË apple‡ÒıÓʉÂÌËfl ‡ÍÚÓappleÓ‚ (Ibid. P. 116).
ɇÎÚÛÌ„, äappleËÔÔẨÓappleÙ Ë ‰apple. ÔÓ‰˜ÂappleÍË‚‡ÎË Ú‡ÍÊ ҂flÁ¸ ÏÂÒÚÌ˚ı ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ Ò
ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ÏË Ì‡ ·ÓΠ‚˚ÒÓÍÓÏ ÛappleÓ‚ÌÂ, ÔappleËÒÛ˘ËÏË ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛapple ÏËappleÓ‚Ó„Ó Ó·˘ÂÒÚ-
‚‡ Ë ÏËappleÓ‚ÓÈ ˝ÍÓÌÓÏËÍË.
Ä. äÂappleÎ ‚ Ò‚ÓÂÈ apple‡·ÓÚ (Curle, 1971) ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ â. ɇÎÚÛÌ„‡. éÌ apple‡ÒÒχ-
ÚappleË‚‡ÂÚ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ‚ÓÒÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÚ¸ ·‡Î‡ÌÒ ‚ ‡ÒËÏÏÂÚapple˘Ì˚ı ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËflı ˜ÂappleÂÁ ÔappleÓ-
ˆÂÒÒ ÓÒÓÁ̇ÌËfl, ÒÓÔÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËfl, ÔÂapple„ӂÓappleÓ‚ Ë apple‡Á‚ËÚËfl. ùÚË Ë‰ÂË ·˚ÎË ÔÓ‰ı‚‡˜ÂÌ˚
ÑÊ.è. ã‰Âapple‡ıÓÏ, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ Ñ. îapple˝ÌÒËÒ (Ó̇ apple‡Á‚Ë‚‡ÂÚ Ëı ‚ Ò‚ÓÂÈ Òڇڸ ‚ ‰‡ÌÌÓÏ
Ò·ÓappleÌËÍÂ). ç ÏÂÌ Á̇˜ËÏ˚Ï Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ‚Í·‰ ÚÂÓappleÂÚËÍÓ‚ ÌÂ̇ÒËÎËfl (Sharp,
1973; Wehr, Burgess, Burgess, 1994; Clark, 2000). ä‡ÏÔ‡ÌËË Á‡ ÌÂ̇ÒËÎË ÏÓ„ÛÚ Úapple‡ÌÒ-
ÙÓappleÏËappleÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ, apple‡Á˙‰ËÌflfl Â„Ó ÓÔÓapple˚ (ÍÓÚÓapple˚ÏË ÏÓ„ÛÚ ·˚Ú¸, ̇ÔappleËÏÂapple,
„appleÛÔÔ˚, ÔappleÓÚË‚ÓÒÚÓfl˘Ë ÁÂÏÂθÌÓÈ appleÂÙÓappleÏÂ) Ë ËÒÔÓθÁÛfl Ëı ÔÓÚÂ̈ˇΠ‰Îfl ÔÓ‰-
‰ÂappleÊÍË ÒӈˇθÌ˚ı ‡Î¸ÚÂapplėÚË‚ (International Alert, 1996. P. 22, 31–33).
ÅÓÍÒ 1: íapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl ÒӈˇθÌ˚ı ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚
êËÒ. 1 ÓÒÌÓ‚‡Ì ̇ ÏÓ‰ÂÎË Á‡ÚflÊÌÓ„Ó ÒӈˇθÌÓ„Ó ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡, Ôapple‰ÎÓÊÂÌÌÓÈ
Ö. ÄÁ‡appleÓÏ. á‰ÂÒ¸ Ó̇ apple‡Ò¯ËappleÂ̇ Ë ÏÓ‰ËÙˈËappleÓ‚‡Ì‡ Ò ˆÂθ˛ ÔappleÓ‰ÂÏÓÌÒÚappleËappleÓ-
‚‡Ú¸, ˜ÚÓ Ó̇ ÏÓÊÂÚ Óı‚‡Ú˚‚‡Ú¸ Í‡Í ÙÓappleÏËappleÓ‚‡ÌËÂ, Ú‡Í Ë Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆË˛ (ËÎË
Ê ‰ÂÙÓappleχˆË˛) ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ˝ÚÓ„Ó ÚËÔ‡.
ÖÒÎË apple‡ÒÒχÚappleË‚‡Ú¸ appleËÒÛÌÓÍ Ò΂‡ ̇Ôapple‡‚Ó, Í‡Í ‚ ÍÌË„Â ÄÁ‡apple‡, ÚÓ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ
ÔappleÓÒΉËÚ¸ ÔappleÓˆÂÒÒ ÙÓappleÏËappleÓ‚‡ÌËfl Á‡ÚflÊÌÓ„Ó ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡. éÌ ‚ÓÁÌË͇ÂÚ ‚ ËÒÚÓapple˘ÂÒÍÓÏ
ÍÓÌÚÂÍÒÚ ËÁ-Á‡ ÌÂÛ‰Ó‚ÎÂÚ‚ÓappleÂÌËfl ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ı ˜ÂÎӂ˜ÂÒÍËı ÔÓÚapple·ÌÓ-
ÒÚÂÈ ‚ ‰ÓÒÚÛÔÂ Í appleÂÒÛappleÒ‡Ï, ˉÂÌÚ˘ÌÓÒÚË Ë ·ÂÁÓÔ‡ÒÌÓÒÚË, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ‚ appleÂÁÛθڇÚÂ
ÚÓ„Ó ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ‚ÎËflÌËfl, ÍÓÚÓappleÓ Ó͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚ „ÓÒÛ‰‡appleÒÚ‚Ó, ÏÂʉÛ̇appleÓ‰Ì˚Â
ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍËÂ Ë ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍË ҂flÁË Ë ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚Â. Ç ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â, ÍÓ„‰‡ „ÓÒÛ‰‡appleÒÚ-
‚Ó Ë Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ „appleÛÔÔ˚ ‚˚·Ëapple‡˛Ú ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â Ò‚ÓËı ÒÚapple‡Ú„ËÈ ÔÓ‰‡‚ÎÂÌË Ë
̇ÒËθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ÒÓÔappleÓÚË‚ÎÂÌËÂ, ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ ÔappleËÓ·appleÂÚ‡ÂÚ ‰ÂÒÚappleÛÍÚË‚Ì˚È ı‡apple‡Í-
ÚÂapple. ÖÒÎË apple‡ÒÒχÚappleË‚‡Ú¸ appleËÒÛÌÓÍ ‚ Ó·apple‡ÚÌÓÏ Ì‡Ôapple‡‚ÎÂÌËË, Ú.Â. ÒÔapple‡‚‡ ̇΂Ó,
‚ˉÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ ‰ÂÒÚappleÛÍÚË‚Ì˚È ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ apple‡Á‚Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÔÓ ÔÛÚË ˝ÍÒÔÎÛ‡Ú‡ˆËË Ë Á‡‚ËÒË-
ÏÓÒÚË, ‰ÂÙÓappleÏËappleÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÏÓ‰ÂÎË ÛÔapple‡‚ÎÂÌËfl Ë ÏËÎËÚ‡appleËÁËappleÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÙÓappleÏ˚ ÔÓÎË-
ÚËÍË. ùÚÓ ÔappleË‚Ó‰ËÚ Í ‰‡Î¸ÌÂȯÂÏÛ ÔappleÂÌ·appleÂÊÂÌ˲ ·‡ÁÓ‚˚ÏË ÔÓÚapple·ÌÓÒÚflÏË,
˜ÚÓ ÒÓÁ‰‡ÂÚ ÔÓ‚ÚÓapplefl˛˘ËÈÒfl ˆËÍÎ ‰ÂÙÓappleχˆËË Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ËÌÒÚËÚÛÚÓ‚ Ë ‰ÂÒÚappleÛÍÚË‚ÌÓ„Ó
apple‡Á‚ËÚËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡.
ÖÒÎË Ê ÒËÒÚÂχ ÛÔapple‡‚ÎÂÌËfl Ë Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó Ó·Î‡‰‡˛Ú ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏ˚Ï ÔÓÚÂ̈ˇ-
ÎÓÏ, ÔÓÎËÚË͇ Ì ÒÎ˯ÍÓÏ ÏËÎËÚ‡appleËÁËappleÓ‚‡Ì‡ Ë ËϲÚÒfl ·Î‡„ÓÔappleËflÚÌ˚ ÏÂʉÛ-
̇appleÓ‰Ì˚ ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëfl, „ÓÒÛ‰‡appleÒÚ‚‡ ÏÓ„ÛÚ ‚˚·apple‡Ú¸ ÒÚapple‡Ú„˲ ÍÓÏÔappleÓÏËÒÒ‡, ‡ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ-
‚ÂÌÌ˚ „appleÛÔÔ˚ – ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍË ÙÓappleÏ˚ ÔappleÓÚË‚ÓÒÚÓflÌËfl. á‰ÂÒ¸ ÂÒÚ¸ ¯‡ÌÒ, ˜ÚÓ ÍÓÌ-
ÙÎËÍÚ ÒÚ‡ÌÂÚ ÍÓÌÒÚappleÛÍÚË‚Ì˚Ï, ˜ÚÓ ‚ Ò‚Ó˛ Ó˜Âapple‰¸ ÛÍappleÂÔÎflÂÚ ÔÓÚÂ̈ˇΠ΄ËÚËÏ-
ÌÓ ÔappleËÌflÚ˚ı apple¯ÂÌËÈ, ‡‚ÚÓÌÓÏÌÓ apple‡Á‚ËÚËÂ Ë ÔÓ‰‰ÂappleÊË‚‡ÂÚ „apple‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÛ˛, ‡ ÌÂ
‚ÓÂÌÌÛ˛ ÔÓÎËÚËÍÛ. ÇÒ ˝ÚÓ ‚‰ÂÚ Í Û‰Ó‚ÎÂÚ‚ÓappleÂÌ˲ ·‡ÁÓ‚˚ı ÔÓÚapple·ÌÓÒÚÂÈ.
чÌ̇fl ÏÓ‰Âθ Ì ӄapple‡Ì˘˂‡ÂÚÒfl apple‡ÒÒÏÓÚappleÂÌËÂÏ ÔappleÓÒÚ˚ı ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛappleÌ˚ı ËÎË
Ôӂ‰Â̘ÂÒÍËı Ù‡ÍÚÓappleÓ‚, ‡ ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚ, Í‡Í ÚËÔ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ Á‡‚ËÒËÚ ÓÚ Ú‡ÍËı
Ù‡ÍÚÓappleÓ‚, Í‡Í Û‰Ó‚ÎÂÚ‚ÓappleÂÌË ˜ÂÎӂ˜ÂÒÍËı ÔÓÚapple·ÌÓÒÚÂÈ, ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Ë ÔÓÎË-
Ú˘ÂÒÍËı Ë ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍËı ËÌÒÚËÚÛÚÓ‚ Ë ‚˚·Óapple, ҉·ÌÌ˚È ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍËÏË ‡ÍÚÓapple‡ÏË.
é̇ ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚ Ú‡ÍÊÂ, ͇ÍË ‡Î¸ÚÂapplėÚË‚˚ ÔappleË‚Ó‰flÚ ‚ ‰‡Î¸ÌÂȯÂÏ Í
·Î‡„ÓÔappleËflÚÌÓÈ ËÎË Ì··„ÓÔappleËflÚÌÓÈ ÒÔËapple‡ÎË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡.
79

ï¸˛ å‡È‡ÎÎ
äÌË„‡ Ö. ÄÁ‡apple‡ “ìapple„ÛÎËappleÓ‚‡ÌË Á‡ÚflÊÌ˚ı ÒӈˇθÌ˚ı ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚” (1990)
Ó͇Á‡Î‡ Ú‡ÍÊ Á̇˜ËÚÂθÌÓ ‚ÎËflÌË ̇ ÚÂÓapple˲ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚
Ôapple‰ÔappleËÌflÚÓÈ Á‰ÂÒ¸ ÔÓÔ˚ÚÍÓÈ Ó·˙flÒÌËÚ¸, ÔÓ˜ÂÏÛ ÒÓ‚appleÂÏÂÌÌ˚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ˚ ËÏÂ-
˛Ú Á‡ÚflÊÌÓÈ ı‡apple‡ÍÚÂapple. ëappleÂ‰Ë Ôapple˘ËÌÌ˚ı Ù‡ÍÚÓappleÓ‚ ÄÁ‡apple apple‡ÒÒχÚappleË‚‡ÂÚ ÌÂÛ‰Ó‚-
ÎÂÚ‚ÓappleÂÌË ·‡ÁÓ‚˚ı ÔÓÚapple·ÌÓÒÚÂÈ, ÔappleÂÌ·appleÂÊÂÌË ‚ÓÔappleÓÒ‡ÏË ÛÔapple‡‚ÎÂÌËfl, ·ÂÁÓ-
Ô‡ÒÌÓÒÚË Ë ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó apple‡Á‚ËÚËfl Ë Ôapple‰·„‡ÂÚ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰, ÍÓÚÓapple˚È ‚ ÔappleÓÚË‚ÓÔÓ-
ÎÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ·ÓΠӷ˘ËÏ ÚÂÓappleËflÏ ÎÛ˜¯Â ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÚ ÒÓ‚appleÂÏÂÌÌ˚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ˚ ‚
Ò··˚ı „ÓÒÛ‰‡appleÒÚ‚‡ı. éÒÓ·Ó ‚ÌËχÌË ‚ Â„Ó apple‡·ÓÚ ÔÓÒ‚fl˘ÂÌÓ Ëı ‚ÓÁÌËÍÌÓ‚Â-
Ì˲ Ë ÔÓ‰‰ÂappleʇÌ˲.
ê. Çfl˛apple˛ÌÂÌ Ò˜ËÚ‡ÂÚ, ˜ÚÓ ÚÂÓappleËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ ‰ÓÎÊ̇ ÓÔËapple‡Ú¸Òfl ̇ ˉÂË
Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË, ‡ Ì Ûapple„ÛÎËappleÓ‚‡ÌËfl, Ë ÔÓ‰˜ÂappleÍË‚‡ÂÚ, ̇ÒÍÓθÍÓ ‚‡ÊÌÓ Ôapple‡-
‚ËθÌÓ Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÚ¸, ͇ÍË ‰‚ËÊÛ˘Ë ÒËÎ˚ ÔappleËÒÛÚÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ‚ ÔappleÓˆÂÒÒ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓapple-
χˆËË:
“åÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚Ó ÚÂÓappleËÈ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ apple‡ÒÒχÚappleË‚‡˛Ú ÔappleÓ·ÎÂÏ˚, ‚ÓÍappleÛ„ ÍÓÚÓapple˚ı
‚ÓÁÌËÍ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ, ‡ÍÚÓappleÓ‚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ Ë Ëı ËÌÚÂappleÂÒ˚ Í‡Í ‰‡ÌÌÓÒÚ¸ Ë,
ËÒıÓ‰fl ËÁ ˝ÚÓ„Ó, Ô˚Ú‡˛ÚÒfl ̇ÈÚË apple¯ÂÌËÂ, ÍÓÚÓappleÓ ÛÒÚapple‡ÌflÎÓ ·˚ ËÎË ÓÒ-
··ÎflÎÓ ÔappleÓÚË‚Óapple˜Ëfl ÏÂÊ‰Û ÌËÏË. é‰Ì‡ÍÓ ÓÌË Ì ۘËÚ˚‚‡˛Ú, ˜ÚÓ ÔappleÓ·-
ÎÂÏ˚, ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚ Ë ËÌÚÂappleÂÒ˚ ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌÓ ÏÂÌfl˛ÚÒfl ‚ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË ÓÚ ÒÓˆË-
‡Î¸Ì˚ı, ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍËı Ë ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍËı ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËÈ ‚ Ó·˘ÂÒڂ” (Vayrynen,
1991. ê. 4).
èÓ‰ıÓ‰ Çfl˛apple˛ÌÂ̇, ÒıÂχÚ˘ÌÓ Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌÌ˚È ‚ ·ÓÍÒ 2, fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÔappleÂʉÂ
‚ÒÂ„Ó ‡Ì‡ÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍËÏ Ë ÚÂÓappleÂÚ˘ÂÒÍËÏ, ÌÓ ÓÌ Ôapple‰·„‡ÂÚ Ú‡ÍÊ ‚ÌËχÌ˲ ÏËappleÓ-
Ú‚ÓappleˆÂ‚ apple‡Á΢Ì˚ ÚËÔ˚ ‚ϯ‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚‡.
80

íapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚: ÍÓÏÔÎÂÍÒ̇fl Á‡‰‡˜‡
ÅÓÍÒ 2: ä·ÒÒËÙË͇ˆËfl ÚËÔÓ‚ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ÔÓ Çfl˛apple˛ÌÂÌÛ
• Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl ‡ÍÚÓappleÓ‚ – ‚ÌÛÚappleÂÌÌË ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl ÒÚÓappleÓÌ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ ËÎË ÔÓfl‚-
ÎÂÌËÂ ÌÓ‚˚ı ÒÚÓappleÓÌ;
• Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl ÔappleÓ·ÎÂÏ – ‚ˉÓËÁÏÂÌÂÌË ÔappleÓ·ÎÂÏ, ‚ Ò‚flÁË Ò ÍÓÚÓapple˚ÏË ‚ÓÁÌËÍ
ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ;
• Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl Ôapple‡‚ËÎ – ËÁÏÂÌÂÌË ÌÓappleÏ ËÎË Ôapple‡‚ËÎ, ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌÌ˚ı ‚ ÍÓÌÙÎË-
ÍÚÂ;
• Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛapple˚ – Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleÏËappleÛÂÚÒfl ‚Òfl ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛapple‡ ‚Á‡ËÏÓÓÚÌÓ¯Â-
ÌËÈ Ë apple‡ÒÔapple‰ÂÎÂÌË ‚·ÒÚË ‚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÂ.
ä. êÛÔÂÒËÌ„ı (1995, 1998) ‚˚ÒÚÛÔ‡ÂÚ Á‡ ‚ÒÂÒÚÓappleÓÌÌËÈ, ÍÓÏÔÎÂÍÒÌ˚È ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ Í
Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚, ÍÓÚÓapple˚È Ó·˙‰ËÌflÎ ·˚ ‚ϯ‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ ̇ ÏÌÓ„Ëı
ÛappleÓ‚Ìflı. éÌ Ôapple‰·„‡ÂÚ ÛÍappleÂÔÎflÚ¸ ÏËappleÌ˚È ÔÓÚÂÌˆË‡Î Í‡Í Ì‡ ÌËÁÓ‚ÓÏ ÛappleÓ‚ÌÂ, Ú‡Í
Ë ÒappleÂ‰Ë apple‡ÁÌ˚ı „appleÛÔÔ „apple‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓ„Ó Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ (Ú‡Ï, „‰Â ÓÌÓ ÔappleËÒÛÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ), ‡ Ú‡Í-
Ê ÒÓÁ‰‡‚‡Ú¸ ÏËappleÓÚ‚Óapple˜ÂÒÍË ÒÓ˛Á˚ Ò Î˛·˚ÏË „appleÛÔÔ‡ÏË, ÒÔÓÒÓ·Ì˚ÏË ‰Ó·ËÚ¸Òfl
ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËÈ, ·Û‰¸ ÚÓ ·ËÁÌÂÒ-ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛapple˚, ëåà ËÎË ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚Â. èÓ êÛÔÂÒËÌ„ıÂ, Úapple‡ÌÒ-
ÙÓappleχˆËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ Á‡Íβ˜‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ ¯ËappleÓÍÓÏ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰Â, Ó·˙‰ËÌfl˛˘ÂÏ apple‡ÁÌ˚Â
‚ˉ˚ ‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚË – ÓÚ Ó·Û˜ÂÌËfl ̇‚˚Í‡Ï apple‡Áapple¯ÂÌËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ‰Ó ‚ϯ‡-
ÚÂθÒÚ‚ ÔÂapple‚Ó„Ó ÛappleÓ‚Ìfl, ‚Íβ˜‡fl ‰ËÔÎÓχÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÂ Ë ÏÂappleÓÔappleËflÚËfl ÔÓ ÔÓ‰‰Âappleʇ-
Ì˲ ÏËapple‡.
ÑÊ.è. ã‰Âapple‡ı (1997) Ôapple‰ÎÓÊËÎ Ó‰ÌÓ ËÁ ̇˷ÓΠ‚ÒÂÓ·˙ÂÏβ˘Ëı ̇ ‰‡Ì-
Ì˚È ÏÓÏÂÌÚ ËÁÎÓÊÂÌËÈ Ë‰ÂÈ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚, Ôapple‰̇Á̇˜ÂÌÌÓ ÔappleÂ-
ʉ ‚ÒÂ„Ó ‰Îfl Ôapple‡ÍÚËÍÓ‚. ÑÎfl ÌÂ„Ó ÏËappleÓÚ‚Óapple˜ÂÒÚ‚Ó Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ ÒÓ·ÓÈ ‰Ó΄Ó-
ÒappleÓ˜ÌÛ˛ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆË˛ ÒËÒÚÂÏ˚ ‚ÓÈÌ˚ ‚ ÒËÒÚÂÏÛ ÏËapple‡, ÍÓÚÓapple‡fl ÓÔËapple‡ÂÚÒfl ̇
ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚË ÏËapple‡, ÒÔapple‡‚‰ÎË‚ÓÒÚË, ËÒÚËÌ˚ Ë ÏËÎÓÒÂapple‰Ëfl. é̇ ÔÓ‰apple‡ÁÛÏ‚‡ÂÚ ËÁÏÂ-
ÌÂÌË apple‡ÁÌ˚ı ‡ÒÔÂÍÚÓ‚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ (΢ÌÓÒÚÌ˚ı, ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛappleÌ˚ı, ÏÂÊ΢ÌÓÒÚÌ˚ı Ë
ÍÛθÚÛappleÌ˚ı), ÔappleÓËÒıÓ‰fl˘Â ‚ apple‡ÁÌ˚ı ‚appleÂÏÂÌÌ˚ı apple‡Ï͇ı (Íapple‡ÚÍÓ-, Òapple‰ÌÂ- Ë ‰ÓÎ-
„ÓÒappleÓ˜ÌÓÂ) Ë Á‡Úapple‡„Ë‚‡˛˘Â apple‡ÁÌ˚ ÒËÒÚÂÏÌ˚ ÛappleÓ‚ÌË (ÓÚ ÍÓÌÍappleÂÚÌ˚ı ‚ÓÔappleÓÒÓ‚
˜ÂappleÂÁ ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ ҂flÁË Ë ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl ‰Ó ÔÓ‰ÒËÒÚÂÏ Ë ÒËÒÚÂÏ, ‚ ÍÓÌÚÂÍÒÚ ÍÓÚÓapple˚ı
ÔappleÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ).
í‡ÍËÏ Ó·apple‡ÁÓÏ, ÏËappleÓÚ‚Óapple˜ÂÒÚ‚Ó apple‡ÒÒχÚappleË‚‡ÂÚÒfl Í‡Í ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛappleÌ˚È ÔappleÓˆÂÒÒ.
ëÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘‡fl ÒÚapple‡Ú„Ëfl apple‡·ÓÚ˚ (̇ÔappleËÏÂapple, ̇·ÊË‚‡ÌË ҂flÁË ÏÂÊ‰Û ÎˉÂapple‡ÏË
Òapple‰ÌÂ„Ó Á‚Â̇, Ëϲ˘ËÏË ‰ÓÒÚÛÔ Í apple‡ÁÌ˚Ï ÒÚÓappleÓÌ‡Ï ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ ̇ apple‡ÁÌ˚ı
ÛappleÓ‚Ìflı) ‰ÓÎÊ̇ Û˜ËÚ˚‚‡Ú¸, ͇ÍÓ‚˚ ÔappleËÓappleËÚÂÚ˚ ‚ apple‡ÁÌ˚ ÔÂappleËÓ‰˚ ‚appleÂÏÂÌË (̇-
ÔappleËÏÂapple, Òapple‰ÌÂÒappleÓ˜Ì˚ ÏÂapple˚ ÔÓ ÛÍappleÂÔÎÂÌ˲ ÏËappleÌÓ„Ó ÔÓÚÂ̈ˇ· Ì ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ÌË
ÛÔÛÒ͇ڸ ËÁ ‚Ë‰Û Ó·apple‡Á Ê·ÂÏÓ„Ó ·Û‰Û˘Â„Ó, ÌË Á‡·˚‚‡Ú¸ Ó ÔappleÓ‰ÓÎʇ˛˘ÂÏÒfl
ÍappleËÁËÒÂ). ê‡ÁÏ˚¯Îflfl Ó ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛapple ӷ˘ÂÒÚ‚‡, ã‰Âapple‡ı Ôapple‰·„‡ÂÚ ÍÓ̈ÂÔˆË˛ ÒÓ-
ˆË‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ÔËapple‡Ïˉ˚, ̇ ‚Âappleıۯ͠ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ Ì‡ıÓ‰flÚÒfl ˝ÎËÚ‡ Ë ‚˚ÒÓÍÓÔÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌ-
Ì˚ ˜ËÌÓ‚ÌËÍË, ‚ Òapple‰ÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË – ÎˉÂapple˚ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı, appleÂÎË„ËÓÁÌ˚ı Óapple„‡ÌËÁ‡-
ˆËÈ Ë ‚ÎËflÚÂθÌ˚ ÊÛapplėÎËÒÚ˚, ‡ ‚ ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËË – ÏÂÒÚÌ˚ ÎˉÂapple˚. ã‰Âapple‡ı Ò˜ËÚ‡-
ÂÚ, ˜ÚÓ ÏËappleÌ˚È ÔappleÓˆÂÒÒ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ Û˜ËÚ˚‚‡Ú¸ ‚Á‡ËÏÓ‰ÓÔÓÎÌfl˛˘Ë ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl ̇
‚ÒÂı ˝ÚËı ÛappleÓ‚Ìflı.
é‰ÌÓÈ ËÁ ÒËθÌ˚ı ÒÚÓappleÓÌ ˝ÚÓÈ ÏÓ‰ÂÎË fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ Ó̇ Ì ÚÓθÍÓ ‡Ì‡ÎËÁËappleÛÂÚ
ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ Ë ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ Â„Ó Û˜‡ÒÚÌËÍÓ‚, ÌÓ Ë Ôapple‰·„‡ÂÚ Á‡‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸ ÏËappleÓÚ‚Óapple˜Â-
ÒÍË appleÂÒÛappleÒ˚ ‚ÒÂ„Ó Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡. çÓ Â Ì‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓÍ Á‡Íβ˜‡ÂÚÒfl ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ Ó̇ ÛÔÛÒ͇ÂÚ
ËÁ ‚ÌËχÌËfl Ú ‡‚ÚÓÌÓÏÌ˚ ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÒËÒÚÂÏ˚, ÍÓÚÓapple˚ ÔappleÓËÒıÓ‰flÚ
‚ Á‡ÚappleÓÌÛÚÓÏ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓÏ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Â.
ÑÊ.è. ã‰Âapple‡ı Á‡ÚappleÓÌÛÎ ‚‡ÊÌÛ˛ ÔappleÓ·ÎÂÏÛ, ÍÓÚÓappleÛ˛ Ò ÚÂı ÔÓapple ÏÌÓ„Ë Ô˚Ú‡˛Ú-
Òfl apple¯ËÚ¸ ‚ ÒÙÂapple apple‡Áapple¯ÂÌËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚: ÔappleÓ·ÎÂÏÛ ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌËfl ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθ-
ÌÓÒÚË ÔappleË ‚ϯ‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ı ‚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ. ä‡ÍË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ËÎË ÚËÔ˚ ‚ϯ‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚‡
81

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‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ·˚Ú¸ ‚˚·apple‡Ì˚, ÍÚÓ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ Ëı ÓÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÎflÚ¸ Ë ÍÓ„‰‡? î. É·ÒÎ (Glasl, 1982)
apple‡Á΢‡ÂÚ ‰Â‚flÚ¸ ÒÚ‡‰ËÈ ˝Ò͇·ˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡, ÍÓÚÓapple˚Ï ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸
apple‡ÁÌ˚ ÚËÔ˚ ‚ϯ‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚‡. чÌ̇fl ˉÂfl ΄· ‚ ÓÒÌÓ‚Û ÒËÒÚÂÏÌÓ„Ó ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰‡ ê. îË-
¯Âapple‡ Ë ã. ä˯ÎË (Fisher, Keashly, 1991). ùÚ‡ ÚÂÓappleËfl Á‡Íβ˜‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ı‡apple‡Í-
ÚÂapple ‚ϯ‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸ ÒÚ‡‰ËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡. ç‡ apple‡ÌÌËı ÒÚ‡‰Ëflı
·ÓΠÛÏÂÒÚÌÓÈ ·Û‰ÂÚ Ù‡ÒËÎËÚ‡ˆËfl. é‰Ì‡ÍÓ ÍÓ„‰‡ apple‡ÒıÓʉÂÌËfl ÏÂÊ‰Û ÒÚÓappleÓ̇ÏË
‰ÓÒÚË„‡˛Ú Ò‚ÓÂ„Ó ÔË͇, ÚÓ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ ÒËÎÓ‚Ó ÔÓÒapple‰Ì˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó (ËÎË ‰‡Ê ÔappleËÌÛÊ-
‰ÂÌËÂ). ã‰Âapple‡ı (Lederach, 1997) Ôapple‰·„‡ÂÚ ‰appleÛ„ÓÈ, ÌÂÔappleËÌÛ‰ËÚÂθÌ˚È ‚‡appleˇÌÚ ÒË-
ÚÛ‡ˆËÓÌÌÓÈ ÏÓ‰ÂÎË, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌÌÓÈ Ì‡ Ôapple‰ÎÓÊÂÌÌÓÈ Ä. äÂappleÎÓÏ (Curle, 1971) ˉ ÔappleÓ-
„appleÂÒÒËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡.
ì˜ÂÌ˚Â, apple‡·ÓÚ‡˛˘Ë ‚ Úapple‡‰ËˆËË Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË, ‚Ó ÏÌÓ„ÓÏ ÓÔËapple‡˛ÚÒfl Ú‡ÍÊÂ
̇ Ó·˘Û˛ ‰Îfl ‚ÒÂı ÚappleÂı ¯ÍÓÎ ÍÓ̈ÂÔˆË˛ ‰Ë̇ÏËÍË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡. äÓÌÙÎËÍÚ˚ ÏÓ„ÛÚ
Á‡ˆËÍÎË‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‚ ÔÓappleÓ˜ÌÓÏ ÍappleÛ„Û ËÎË Ê ‚˚ıÓ‰ËÚ¸ ̇ ·Î‡„ÓÔappleËflÚÌÛ˛ ÒÔËapple‡Î¸ apple‡Á‚Ë-
ÚËfl. éÌË ÏÓ„ÛÚ apple‡Ò¯ËappleflÚ¸Òfl (‚Íβ˜‡Ú¸ ÌÓ‚˚ ‚ÓÔappleÓÒ˚), apple‡ÒÔappleÓÒÚapple‡ÌflÚ¸Òfl (Á‡Úapple‡„Ë-
‚‡Ú¸ ÌÓ‚˚ı ‡ÍÚÓappleÓ‚) Ë Ó·ÓÒÚappleflÚ¸Òfl (Û‚Â΢˂‡Ú¸ ˜ËÒÎÓ ÊÂappleÚ‚). çÓ ÓÌË ÏÓ„ÛÚ Ë Úapple‡ÌÒ-
ÙÓappleÏËappleÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl, ÂÒÎË Ëı ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚ ÏÂÌfl˛Ú Ò‚ÓË ÔÓÁˈËË Ë ÒÚ‡‚flÚ ÔÂapple‰ ÒÓ·ÓÈ ÌÓ‚˚Â
ˆÂÎË, ÂÒÎË ÔÓfl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ÌÓ‚˚ ‡ÍÚÓapple˚ Ë ÌÓ‚˚ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË, ÍÓÚÓapple˚ ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÒÚ‚Û˛Ú Ì‡-
·ÊË‚‡Ì˲ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÈ Ë ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛappleÌ˚Ï ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËflÏ.
ùÚÓÚ Íapple‡ÚÍËÈ Ó·ÁÓapple ÚÂÓappleËÈ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚ, ˜ÚÓ ÌÂÍÓÚÓapple˚Â
ÚÂÓappleËË (‚ ˜‡ÒÚÌÓÒÚË, ÄÁ‡apple‡ Ë Çfl˛apple˛ÌÂ̇) ÔÓ ÒÛÚË – ‡Ì‡ÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍËÂ Ë ÚÓÎÍÓ‚‡ÚÂθ-
Ì˚Â, ÒÚ‡‚fl˘Ë ˆÂθ˛ Ó·˙flÒÌËÚ¸ ÙÓappleÏËappleÓ‚‡ÌËÂ Ë Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆË˛ ÒÓ‚appleÂÏÂÌÌ˚ı ÍÓÌ-
ÙÎËÍÚÓ‚; ‰appleÛ„Ë ÚÂÓappleËË (̇ÔappleËÏÂapple, äÂapple· Ë ã‰Âapple‡ı‡) – appleÂÍÓÏẨ‡ÚÂθÌ˚Â, ÔÓÏÓ„‡˛-
˘Ë ÏËappleÓÚ‚Óappleˆ‡Ï ̇ÏÂÚËÚ¸ ÔÛÚ¸ ÓÚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ Í ‰ÓÒÚËÊÂÌ˲ Ê·ÂÏÓ„Ó ËÒıÓ‰‡. à‰ÂË
ɇÎÚÛÌ„‡, ÔÓʇÎÛÈ, ·ÓÎÂÂ, ˜ÂÏ ÓÒڇθÌ˚Â, Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛Ú ÒËÌÚÂÁ ÚÂı Ë ‰appleÛ„Ëı ÚÂÓappleËÈ.
2.3. éÚ ÚÂÓappleËÈ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡
Í ÚÂÓappleËflÏ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡-‚-ÍÓÌÚÂÍÒÚÂ
íÂÓappleËË Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ Û˜ËÚ˚‚‡Ú¸, ˜ÚÓ ÏËappleÓÚ‚Óapple˜ÂÒÚ‚Ó ‚ ̇-
ÒÚÓfl˘Â ‚appleÂÏfl ‚Íβ˜‡ÂÚ Ì ÚÓθÍÓ Ôapple‰ÓÚ‚apple‡˘ÂÌË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚, ÌÓ Ë ÔÓÒÚÍÓÌ-
ÙÎËÍÚÌÓ ÔÓÒÚappleÓÂÌË ÏËapple‡, Ë ˜ÚÓ ÏÂʉÓÛÒÓ·Ì˚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ˚ ÔÓ‰‚Âapple„‡˛ÚÒfl ‚ÒÂ
·Óθ¯ÂÏÛ ‚ÎËflÌ˲ ÔappleÓˆÂÒÒÓ‚ „ÎÓ·‡ÎËÁ‡ˆËË. ë Ó‰ÌÓÈ ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚, ÓÌË ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ÔappleËÌË-
χڸ ‚Ó ‚ÌËχÌË هÍÚÓapple˚, Û„ÎÛ·Îfl˛˘Ë ËÎË ÒÏfl„˜‡˛˘Ë ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ Ì‡ apple‡ÁÌ˚ı
ÒÚ‡‰Ëflı Â„Ó apple‡Á‚ËÚËfl (Ú‡·Î. 1).
퇷Îˈ‡ 1: î‡ÍÚÓapple˚, Û„ÎÛ·Îfl˛˘Ë ËÎË ÒÏfl„˜‡˛˘Ë ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ Ì‡ apple‡ÁÌ˚ı ÒÚ‡‰Ëflı
퇷Îˈ‡ 1: î‡ÍÚÓapple˚, Û„ÎÛ·Îfl˛˘Ë ËÎË ÒÏfl„˜‡˛˘Ë ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ Ì‡ apple‡ÁÌ˚ı
Â„Ó apple‡Á‚ËÚËfl
ÒÚ‡‰Ëflı Â„Ó apple‡Á‚ËÚËfl
Ù‡ÍÚÓapple˚
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Ôapple‰ÓÚ‚apple‡-
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äappleËÁËÒ ùÒ͇·ˆËfl èappleÓÚapple‡ÍˆËfl
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î‡ÍÚÓapple˚
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î‡ÍÚÓapple˚
‰Â˝Ò͇·-
ˆËË
î‡ÍÚÓapple˚
‰ÂÙÓappleχ-
ˆËË
î‡ÍÚÓapple˚
Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓapple-
χˆËË
èÓÒΠapple‡Áapple¯ÂÌËfl
ç‡appleÛ¯ËÚÂ-
ÎË ÏËapple‡
ëÚappleÓËÚÂÎË
ÏËapple‡

íapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚: ÍÓÏÔÎÂÍÒ̇fl Á‡‰‡˜‡
퇷Îˈ‡ 2: 2: èapple˘ËÌ˚ Ë “Ôapple‰ÓÚ‚‡appleËÚÂÎË” Ë "Ôapple‰ÓÚ‚apple‡ÚËÚÂÎË" ̇ÒËθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ̇ÒËθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ̇ apple‡ÁÌ˚ı
̇ ÛappleÓ‚Ìflı apple‡ÁÌ˚ı (̇ ÛappleÓ‚Ìflı χÚÂappleˇ·ı (̇ ÄÙappleËÍË)
χÚÂappleˇ·ı ÄÙappleËÍË)
ìappleÓ‚Â̸ èappleËÏÂapple˚ Ôapple˘ËÌ
èappleËÏÂapple˚ "Ôapple‰ÓÚ‚apple‡ÚËÚÂ-
ÎÂÈ"
ÉÎÓ·‡Î¸Ì˚È äÓÎÓÌˇθÌÓ ̇ÒΉˠèapple‡‚‡ ÏÂ̸¯ËÌÒÚ‚, Á‡ÍappleÂÔ-
ÎÂÌÌ˚ ‚ ÏÂʉÛ̇appleÓ‰ÌÓÏ
Ôapple‡‚Â
ê„ËÓ̇θÌ˚È ê‡ÒÔappleÓÒÚapple‡ÌÂÌË ÍÓÌ-
ÙÎËÍÚ‡ ̇ ÒÓÒ‰ÌË ÒÚapple‡-
Ì˚ ‚ apple‡ÈÓÌ ÇÂÎËÍËı
ÓÁÂapple ‚ ÄÙappleËÍÂ
ÉÓÒÛ‰‡appleÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚È /
Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚È
"èappleËÒ‚ÓÂÌËÂ" „ÓÒÛ‰‡appleÒÚ-
‚‡ Ó‰ÌÓÈ ˝ÚÌ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ
„appleÛÔÔÓÈ
ëÚÓappleÓÌ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ Çapple‡Ê‰Â·Ì˚ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl
ÏÂÊ‰Û ÔÎÂÏÂ̇ÏË ıÛÚÛ Ë
ÚÛÚÒË ‚ êۇ̉Â
ùÎËÚ˚ / ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚ı Îˈ ãˉÂapple˚ ÔÎÂÏÂÌË ıÛÚÛ
̇˜Ë̇˛Ú „ÂÌӈˉ
ÔappleÓÚË‚ ÚÛÚÒË
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Ôapple‰ÓÚ‚apple‡˘ÂÌ˲ ÍÓÌ-
ÙÎËÍÚÓ‚
àÁ·Ëapple‡ÚÂθ̇fl ÒËÒÚÂχ,
‰‡˛˘‡fl ·Óθ¯Â ¯‡ÌÒÓ‚
‚˚Ë„apple‡Ú¸ Ô‡appleÚËflÏ ÒÓ
Òϯ‡ÌÌ˚Ï ˝ÚÌ˘ÂÒÍËÏ
ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÓÏ
èapple‡„χÚ˘ÂÒÍËÈ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰
ÏÂ̸¯ËÌÒÚ‚‡
èappleÂÁˉÂÌÚ ÔappleËÌËχÂÚ
appleÂÍÓÏẨ‡ˆËË éÅëÖ
çÓ, Ò ‰appleÛ„ÓÈ ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚, ÚÂÓappleËË Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ Ôapple‡‚ËθÌÓ ÓˆÂÌË‚‡Ú¸
‚Á‡ËÏÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë Ôapple˘ËÌ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ Ë Â„Ó Ôapple‰ÓÚ‚apple‡ÚËÚÂÎÂÈ Ì‡ ‚ÒÂı ÛappleÓ‚Ìflı ÏÂʉÛ-
̇appleÓ‰ÌÓ„Ó ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ – „ÎÓ·‡Î¸ÌÓÏ, apple„ËÓ̇θÌÓÏ, ̇ ÛappleÓ‚Ì „ÓÒÛ‰‡appleÒÚ‚ Ë Ó·-
˘ÂÒÚ‚, ÒÚÓappleÓÌ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡, ˝ÎËÚ Ë ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚ı Îˈ (Miall, Ramsbotham, Wodhouse,
1999). Ç Ú‡·Îˈ 2 Ôapple‰·„‡˛ÚÒfl ÔappleËÏÂapple˚ Ôapple˘ËÌ Ë Ù‡ÍÚÓappleÓ‚ Ôapple‰ÓÚ‚apple‡˘ÂÌËfl ÍÓÌ-
ÙÎËÍÚÓ‚, Ëϲ˘Ëı ̇ÒËθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚È ı‡apple‡ÍÚÂapple ̇ ‚ÒÂı ˝ÚËı ÛappleÓ‚Ìflı.
èappleË ÛÁÍÓÏ apple‡ÒÒÏÓÚappleÂÌËË ÚÂÓappleËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÓÁ‰‡Ú¸Òfl ‚Ô˜‡ÚÎÂÌËÂ, ˜ÚÓ
ÓÌË Û‰ÂÎfl˛Ú ÒÎ˯ÍÓÏ ÏÌÓ„Ó ‚ÌËχÌËfl Â„Ó ÒÚÓappleÓÌ‡Ï Ë ÛÔÛÒ͇˛Ú ËÁ ‚Ë‰Û ÍÓÌÚÂÍÒÚ, ‚
ÍÓÚÓappleÓÏ ÓÌ ÔappleÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ هÍÚÓapple˚, ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÒÚ‚Û˛˘ËÂ Â„Ó ÔappleÓ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ˲, ·Û‰¸
ÚÓ ˝ÍÒÔÎÛ‡ÚËappleÛ˛˘ËÈ ı‡apple‡ÍÚÂapple ˝ÍÓÌÓÏËÍË ËÎË ÍÛθÚÛapple‡ ̇ÒËÎËfl. é‰Ì‡ÍÓ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ
Ë ·ÓΠÔÓÎÌÓ ÓÚapple‡ÁËÚ¸ Òapple‰Û, ‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ ÔappleÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ, ̇ÔappleËÏÂapple, Ò ÔÓÏÓ-
˘¸˛ ÔappleÓÒÚÓÈ ÚappleÂıÒÚÓappleÓÌÌÂÈ ÒıÂÏ˚, Ôapple‰ÎÓÊÂÌÌÓÈ É‡ÎÚÛÌ„ÓÏ. Ç ÔappleÓÚË‚Óapple˜Ëfl ‚ÔË-
Ò˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÍÓÌÚÂÍÒÚ, Í ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚Í‡Ï ‰Ó·‡‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ‚Á‡ËÏÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl, Í Ôӂ‰ÂÌ˲ – Ô‡-
ÏflÚ¸ (appleËÒ. 2). èÓ‰Ó·ÌÓ apple‡Ò¯ËappleÂÌÌÓ Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌË ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚ, ˜ÚÓ ÒÏ˚ÒÎ ÍÓÌ-
ÙÎËÍÚ‡ ‚Ó ÏÌÓ„ÓÏ Á‡‚ËÒËÚ ÓÚ ÍÓÌÚÂÍÒÚ‡, ‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÏ ÓÌ ‚ÓÁÌËÍ. éÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl ÒÚÓappleÓÌ
Á‡‚ËÒflÚ ÓÚ Ôapple‰˚‰Û˘Ëı Ëı ‚Á‡ËÏÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÈ. àı Ôӂ‰ÂÌË – ˝ÚÓ Ì ÔappleÓÒÚÓ apple‡͈Ëfl
̇ Ôӂ‰ÂÌË ÔappleÓÚË‚ÓÔÓÎÓÊÌÓÈ ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚, ÓÌÓ ÓÚapple‡Ê‡ÂÚ Ëı ÔappleÓ¯Î˚È ÓÔ˚Ú Ë Ëı ÛÒ-
Ú‡ÌÓ‚ÍË Ì‡ ·Û‰Û˘ÂÂ.
äÓÌÚÂÍÒÚ – ˝ÚÓ Í‡Í Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó, ‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÏ ÔappleÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ ‰‡ÌÌ˚È ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ, Ú‡Í
Ë ·ÓΠӷ˘Ë ÏÂʉÛ̇appleÓ‰Ì˚Â Ë apple„ËÓ̇θÌ˚ ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëfl. LJÊÌ˚Â Â„Ó ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ˚ ̇
ÛappleÓ‚Ì ӷ˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛Ú ÍÛθÚÛapple‡, ÒËÒÚÂÏ˚ ÛÔapple‡‚ÎÂÌËfl, ËÌÒÚËÚÛÚ˚, Òӈˇθ-
Ì˚ appleÓÎË, ÌÓappleÏ˚, ÔappleË̈ËÔ˚ Ë ÍÓ‰ÂÍÒ˚, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ÔÛÚ¸ Â„Ó (Ú.Â. Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡) apple‡Á‚ËÚËfl.
83

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ç‡ÔappleËÏÂapple, ‚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ı, Ò‚flÁ‡ÌÌ˚ı Ò ˝ÚÌ˘ÌÓÒÚ¸˛, ‚‡ÊÌ˚ÏË ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ‡ÏË ÍÓÌ-
ÚÂÍÒÚ‡ ·Û‰ÛÚ ÏÂ̸¯ËÌÒÚ‚‡ Ë Ëı ÏÂÒÚÓ ‚ „ÓÒÛ‰‡appleÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÈ ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛappleÂ, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ҇χ
˝Ú‡ ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛapple‡. Ç ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëflı „ÎÓ·‡ÎËÁ‡ˆËË ÏÂÒÚÌ˚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ˚ ÌÂËÁ·ÂÊÌÓ ÔÓÔ‡‰‡-
˛Ú ÔÓ‰ ‚ÎËflÌË ·ÓΠӷ˘Ëı ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍËı Ë ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍËı ÒËÎ. Ç Ó‰ÌËı ÒÚapple‡Ì‡ı
ÏËapple‡ ˝ÚË ÒËÎ˚ ÔÓ‚˚¯‡˛Ú Ó·˙ÂÏ ÚÓapple„Ó‚˚ı ËÌ‚ÂÒÚˈËÈ Ë ÒÓ‚Âapple¯ÂÌÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ÚÂıÌÓ-
ÎÓ„ËË, Ӊ̇ÍÓ ÓÌË ÔappleË ˝ÚÓÏ ÓÚÚÂÒÌfl˛Ú ‰appleÛ„Ë ÒÚapple‡Ì˚ (̇ÔappleËÏÂapple, ÄÙappleËÍÛ Ë ·˚‚-
¯ËÈ ëÓ‚ÂÚÒÍËÈ ëÓ˛Á) ̇ ‚ÚÓappleÓÈ Ô·Ì. Ç ÌËı „ÓÒÛ‰‡appleÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ÛÔapple‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ Ë ˝ÍÓÌÓ-
ÏË͇ Ò··Â˛Ú, ˜ÚÓ ÌÂapple‰ÍÓ ÔappleË‚Ó‰ËÚ Í „ÓÒÛ‰‡appleÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏÛ ÍappleËÁËÒÛ. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ‚Ò ˜‡-
˘Â ‚ÓÁÌËÍÌÓ‚ÂÌË ‚ÌÛÚappleË„ÓÒÛ‰‡appleÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ Ò‚flÁ‡ÌÓ ÒÓ Ò··ÓÒÚ¸˛ „Ó-
ÒÛ‰‡appleÒÚ‚‡ Ë Â„Ó ÔÎÓıÓÈ ‡‰‡ÔÚ‡ˆËÂÈ Í „ÎÓ·‡ÎËÁ‡ˆËË.
ÇÁ‡ËÏÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl Óı‚‡Ú˚‚‡˛Ú ‚ÂÒ¸ ÍÓÏÔÎÂÍÒ ÒӈˇθÌ˚ı ‚Á‡ËÏÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ,
Í‡Í ‚ÌÛÚappleË Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡, Á‡ÚappleÓÌÛÚÓ„Ó ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓÏ, Ú‡Í Ë Ò ‰appleÛ„ËÏË Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ÏË. èÓ
ÏÌÂÌ˲ ã‰Âapple‡ı‡, ˝ÚÓ – Íβ˜Â‚ÓÈ ‡ÒÔÂÍÚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡. èÎÓıË ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl ÏÂʉÛ
„appleÛÔÔ‡ÏË ˜‡ÒÚÓ Á‡ÔÛÒ͇˛Ú ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ, ‡ ‚ÔÓÒΉÒÚ‚ËË, ÔÓÒΠÔappleÂÍapple‡˘ÂÌËfl ̇ÒËÎËfl,
ÔappleÂÔflÚÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ÔÓÔ˚ÚÍ‡Ï ÔÓÒÚappleÓÂÌËfl ÏËapple‡.
è‡ÏflÚ¸ – ˝ÚÓ ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ ÒӈˇθÌÓÈ ËÌÚÂappleÔappleÂÚ‡ˆËË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË, ÓÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÎflÂÏÓÈ
͇ʉÓÈ ËÁ ÒÚÓappleÓÌ; Ó̇ ÓÔapple‰ÂÎflÂÚÒfl ÍÛθÚÛappleÓÈ, ÔappleÓˆÂÒÒ‡ÏË ÔÓÁ̇ÌËfl, ‰ËÒÍÛappleÒ‡ÏË Ë
84

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Û·ÂʉÂÌËflÏË. îÓappleÏ˚ ÚÓ„Ó, Í‡Í „appleÛÔÔ˚ ıapple‡ÌflÚ Ë ‚ÓÒÔappleÓËÁ‚Ó‰flÚ Ô‡ÏflÚ¸ Ó Ò‚ÓÂÏ ÔappleÓ-
¯ÎÓÏ, ËÏÂ˛Ú apple¯‡˛˘Â Á̇˜ÂÌË ‰Îfl ÏÓ·ËÎËÁ‡ˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡, ‡ Á̇˜ËÚ Ë ‰Îfl ÔappleË-
ÏËappleÂÌËfl Ë apple‡·ÓÚ˚ Ò ÍÛθÚÛappleÌ˚ÏË Úapple‡‰ËˆËflÏË. ç‡ ÙÓÌ ·ÓΠ¯ËappleÓÍËı ÔappleÓÒÚapple‡ÌÒÚ-
‚ÂÌÌ˚ı Ë ‚appleÂÏÂÌÌ˚ı ı‡apple‡ÍÚÂappleËÒÚËÍ ÍÓÌÚÂÍÒÚ, ‚Á‡ËÏÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl Ë ‚ÓÒÔÓÏË̇ÌËfl
ÙÓappleÏËappleÛ˛Ú Ú̸͇, ÒÓ‰ËÌfl˛˘Û˛ ÔappleÓÚË‚Óapple˜Ëfl, ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÍË Ë Ôӂ‰ÂÌË ‚ ÔappleÓˆÂÒÒÂ
ÙÓappleÏËappleÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡.
ùÚ‡ ÏÓ‰Âθ ÔÓÏÓ„‡ÂÚ ÔÓÌflÚ¸ apple‡ÁÌ˚ ÚËÔ˚ ÔappleÓËÒıÓ‰fl˘ÂÈ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË. éÔËapple‡flÒ¸
̇ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ Çfl˛apple˛ÌÂ̇, ‚ Ú‡·Îˈ 3 Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌ˚ ÔflÚ¸ ÚËÔÓ‚ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË
ËÎË Ù‡ÍÚÓappleÓ‚ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË.
î‡ÍÚÓapple˚ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÚÂÍÒÚ‡ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛Ú ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl ‚ ÍÓÌÚÂÍÒÚ ÍÓÌ-
ÙÎËÍÚ‡, ÍÓÚÓapple˚ ÒÔÓÒÓ·Ì˚ Ó͇Á‡Ú¸ ÒÂapple¸ÂÁÌÓ ‚ÎËflÌË ̇ ‚ÓÒÔappleËflÚË ÒÚÓappleÓ̇ÏË ÒË-
ÚÛ‡ˆËË ‚ ˆÂÎÓÏ, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ̇ Ëı ÏÓÚË‚‡ˆË˛. Ç Í‡˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÔappleËÏÂapple‡ ÏÓÊÌÓ ÔappleË‚ÂÒÚË ÔÓ-
ÒΉÒÚ‚Ëfl ÔappleÂÍapple‡˘ÂÌËfl ıÓÎÓ‰ÌÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚ ‰Îfl apple„ËÓ̇θÌ˚ı ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚. èappleËÏÂapple Ò
ÏÂÌ ӷ¯ËappleÌ˚ÏË ÔÓÒΉÒÚ‚ËflÏË – ˉÂfl ËÁÏÂÌËÚ¸ Ôapple‡‚Ë· ÚÓapple„Ó‚ÎË ‡ÎχÁ‡ÏË, ˜ÚÓ
ÔÂapple‚ÂÎÓ ·˚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÌ˚ ‡ÎχÁ˚ ‚ apple‡Áapplefl‰ ÌÂÁ‡ÍÓÌÌ˚ı, ‡ ˝ÚÓ ÏÓ„ÎÓ ·˚ ÒÂapple¸ÂÁÌÓ
ÔÓ‚ÎËflÚ¸ ̇ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ˚ ‚ ë¸Âappleapple‡-ãÂÓÌÂ Ë ÄÌ„ÓÎÂ. ì˜appleÂʉÂÌË ‚ 2000 „. (ÒÏ. ‚·-
Ò‡ÈÚ www.worlddiamondcouncil.com) ÇÒÂÏËappleÌÓ„Ó ‡ÎχÁÌÓ„Ó ÒÓ‚ÂÚ‡ ÒÚ‡ÎÓ ÏÌÓ„ÓÓ·Â-
˘‡˛˘ËÏ Ì‡˜‡ÎÓÏ, ÌÓ ÒÂȘ‡Ò ¢ apple‡ÌÓ „Ó‚ÓappleËÚ¸ Ó Â„Ó ÒÂapple¸ÂÁÌÓÏ ‚ÎËflÌËË.
î‡ÍÚÓapple˚ ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛappleÌÓÈ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛Ú ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl ‚ ·‡ÁÓ‚ÓÈ
ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛapple ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ – ‚ ÒÓ‚ÓÍÛÔÌÓÒÚË ‡ÍÚÓappleÓ‚, ÔappleÓ·ÎÂÏ Ë ÌÂÒÓ‚ÏÂÒÚËÏ˚ı ˆÂÎÂÈ,
ÔappleÓÚË‚ÓÒÚÓflÌË ۷ÂʉÂÌËÈ ËÎË ËÁÏÂÌÂÌË ‚Ó ‚Á‡ËÏÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËflı ‚ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Â, ˝ÍÓ-
ÌÓÏËÍÂ Ë „ÓÒÛ‰‡appleÒÚ‚Â, ‚ ÍÓÚÓapple˚ı ÔappleÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ. ç‡ÔappleËÏÂapple, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Úapple‡ÌÒ-
ÙÓappleÏËappleÓ‚‡Ú¸ ‡ÒËÏÏÂÚapple˘Ì˚È ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ, ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ ËÁÏÂÌËÚ¸ ÌÂapple‡‚ÌÓÔapple‡‚Ì˚ Ë
ÍÓÌÍÛappleÂÌÚÌ˚ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl, ÍÓÚÓapple˚ ÎÂÊ‡Ú ‚ Â„Ó ÓÒÌÓ‚Â. èÓÒÍÓθÍÛ ˝ÚË ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl
ÔappleÓËÒıÓ‰flÚ ÔÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌÓ, ‚ÒÂ ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ – ËÁÌÛÚappleË Ë ËÁ‚ÌÂ – ÒÔÓÒÓ·Ì˚ ‚ÌÂ-
ÒÚË Ò‚ÓÈ ‚Í·‰ Ë ÔÓ‰‰Âappleʇڸ Ëı. ç‡ÔappleËÏÂapple, ‰‚ËÊÂÌË ë. ÅËÍÓ “óÂappleÌÓ ҇ÏÓÒÓÁ̇-
ÌË” ÔÓÏÓ„ÎÓ „ÓappleÓ‰ÒÍÓÈ ·Â‰ÌÓÚ ‚ ûÄê ÓÒÓÁ̇ڸ, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌË ÚÓÊ ӷ·‰‡˛Ú ‚·ÒÚ¸˛,
‡ ‰‚ËÊÂÌË ÔappleÓÚË‚ ‡Ô‡appleÚÂˉ‡ ÔÓÏÓ„ÎÓ ‰Ó·ËÚ¸Òfl ÒÓÍapple‡˘ÂÌËfl ËÌÓÒÚapple‡ÌÌ˚ı ËÌ‚ÂÒÚË-
ˆËÈ ‚ ÒÚapple‡ÌÛ Á‡‰ÓÎ„Ó ‰Ó ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËfl Â„Ó appleÂÊËχ. åÌӄˠ̉‡‚ÌË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ˚ ‚ á‡-
Ô‡‰ÌÓÈ ÄÙappleËÍ ÔappleÓ‰ÂÏÓÌÒÚappleËappleÓ‚‡ÎË, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓÔ˚ÚÍË Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleÏËappleÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ
Ó͇Á˚‚‡˛ÚÒfl Ú˘ÂÚÌ˚ÏË, ÂÒÎË ËÒÍβ˜‡˛Ú ËÁ ÒÙÂapple˚ ‚ÌËχÌËfl Ú ÍappleÛ„Ë, ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘Â-
ÒÍË ËÌÚÂappleÂÒ˚ ÍÓÚÓapple˚ı ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÒÚ‚Û˛Ú apple‡ÁÊË„‡Ì˲ ‚ÓÈÌ˚.
î‡ÍÚÓapple˚ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ‡ÍÚÓappleÓ‚ ‚Íβ˜‡˛Ú apple¯ÂÌË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ëı Îˈ ËÁ-
ÏÂÌËÚ¸ Ò‚ÓË ˆÂÎË ËÎË Ó·˘Â ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Í ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÛ. ùÚÓ Í‡Ò‡ÂÚÒfl ÒÚappleÂÏÎÂÌËfl Í
ÏËappleÛ ËÎË ËÌˈËËappleÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÏËappleÌÓ„Ó ÔappleÓˆÂÒÒ‡, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ÒÏÂÌ˚ ÎˉÂappleÓ‚, ˜ÚÓ ˜‡ÒÚÓ Ë„apple‡ÂÚ
apple¯‡˛˘Û˛ appleÓθ ‰Îfl Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡. 벉‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ‚ıÓ‰flÚ ËÁÏÂÌÂ-
ÌËfl, ͇҇˛˘ËÂÒfl „appleÛÔÔ ÔÓ‰‰ÂappleÊÍË Ë ËÁ·Ëapple‡ÚÂθÌÓÈ ·‡Á˚ ÚÂı ËÎË ËÌ˚ı ÔÓÎËÚ˘Â-
ÒÍËı ÎˉÂappleÓ‚. èÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl ÏÓ„ÛÚ ÓÚÍapple˚Ú¸ ÌÓ‚˚ ÔÛÚË ‰Îfl ¯ËappleÓÍÓχÒ-
¯Ú‡·ÌÓÈ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡, ÔÓÒÍÓθÍÛ Ú ‰ÂflÚÂÎË, ÍÓÚÓapple˚ ÒÚappleÂÏflÚÒfl
ËÁÏÂÌËÚ¸ ÔÓÁˈËË Ò‚ÓÂÈ ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚, ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚flÚÒfl Íβ˜Â‚˚ÏË ÙË„Ûapple‡ÏË ‚ ÏËapple-
ÌÓÏ ÔappleÓˆÂÒÒÂ, ÒÔÓÒÓ·Ì˚ÏË Ó͇Á˚‚‡Ú¸ ·Óθ¯Â ‚ÎËflÌËÂ, ˜ÂÏ ‰ÂflÚÂÎË ÔÂapple‚Ó„Ó ËÎË
‚ÚÓappleÓ„Ó ÛappleÓ‚Ìfl ËÁ‚ÌÂ.
î‡ÍÚÓapple˚ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÔappleÓ·ÎÂÏ Ò‚flÁ‡Ì˚ Ò ÔÓÁˈËflÏË, ÍÓÚÓapple˚ ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚ Á‡-
ÌËχ˛Ú ÔÓ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌ˲ Í Íβ˜Â‚˚Ï ‚ÓÔappleÓÒ‡Ï ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊÂ Ò ÚÂÏ, Í‡Í ÓÌË ËÁ-
ÏÂÌfl˛Ú ÓˆÂÌÍÛ ËÎË ÙÓappleÏÛÎËappleÓ‚ÍÛ ˝ÚËı ÔÓÁˈËÈ, ÂÒÎË ıÓÚflÚ ‰ÓÒÚ˘¸ ÍÓÏÔappleÓÏËÒÒ‡
ËÎË apple‡Áapple¯ÂÌËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡. Ç Í‡˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÔappleËÏÂapple‡ ÏÓÊÌÓ ÔappleË‚ÂÒÚË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆË˛ ‚ ëÂ-
‚ÂappleÌÓÈ àapple·̉ËË ‚ 2001 „., ÍÓ„‰‡ è‡appleÚËfl ÛÌËÓÌËÒÚÓ‚ Á‡fl‚Ë·, ˜ÚÓ „ÓÚÓ‚‡ apple‡ÒÒχÚappleË‚‡Ú¸
‚ÓÔappleÓÒ Ó ÒÓÁ˚‚ ë‚ÂappleÌÓ-àapple·̉ÒÍÓÈ ÄÒ҇ϷÎÂË apple‡Á‰ÂθÌÓ Ò ‚ÓÔappleÓÒÓÏ Ó
Ò‰‡˜Â ÓappleÛÊËfl. ÑappleÛ„ÓÈ Ì‰‡‚ÌËÈ ÔappleËÏÂapple – ˝ÚÓ apple¯ÂÌË àÁapple‡ËÎfl ̇˜‡Ú¸ Ó·ÒÛʉÂÌËÂ
ÛappleÓ‚Ìfl Ô‡ÎÂÒÚËÌÒÍÓÈ ‡‚ÚÓÌÓÏËË ‚ apple‡ÁÌ˚ı apple‡ÈÓ̇ı àÂappleÛÒ‡ÎËχ. èappleÓ„appleÂÒÒ ‚ apple¯ÂÌËË
ˆÂÌÚapple‡Î¸Ì˚ı ‚ÓÔappleÓÒÓ‚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ Ó·˚˜ÌÓ Ë‰ÂÚ Ï‰ÎÂÌÌÓ Ë ËÁ‚ËÎËÒÚÓ, ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌÓ
85

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퇷Îˈ‡ 3: 3: íapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚
ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚
appleËÒÍÛfl ·˚Ú¸ ÓÚ·appleÓ¯ÂÌÌ˚Ï Ì‡ ÔÂapple‚Ó̇˜‡Î¸Ì˚ ÔÓÁˈËË; ÍappleÓÏ ÚÓ„Ó, ‚ÓÔappleÓÒ Ó ÚÓÏ,
˜ÚÓ Ò˜ËÚ‡Ú¸ ÔappleÓ„appleÂÒÒÓÏ, Ò‡Ï ÔÓ Ò· ‰Ó‚ÓθÌÓ ÒÔÓappleÌ˚È.
èÂappleÂÎÓÏ ‚ Û·ÂʉÂÌËflı Ë ‚ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËflı ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚ı ÎˉÂappleÓ‚ ËÎË ‚ χÎ˚ı „appleÛÔ-
Ô‡ı, ÍÓÚÓapple˚ ӷ·‰‡˛Ú ‚·ÒÚ¸˛ ÔappleËÌËχڸ apple¯ÂÌËfl, ‚ ÍappleËÚ˘ÂÒÍË ÏÓÏÂÌÚ˚ ÏÓ-
ÊÂÚ ËÏÂÚ¸ apple¯‡˛˘Â Á̇˜ÂÌËÂ. ó‡ÒÚÓ ÚappleÂÚ¸Ë ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚ Ô˚Ú‡˛ÚÒfl ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÚ¸ ΢-
Ì˚È ÍÓÌÚ‡ÍÚ Ò ÎˉÂapple‡ÏË Ë Ì‡ÔappleflÏÛ˛ ‚˚Á‚‡Ú¸ Ú‡ÍÓÈ ÔÂappleÂÎÓÏ (Curle, 1987; Mitchell,
2000). Ç ˝ÚÓÏ ÍÓÌÚÂÍÒÚ ‚‡ÊÌÛ˛ appleÓθ ÏÓ„ÛÚ Ò˚„apple‡Ú¸ ÊÂÒÚ˚ ÔappleËÏËappleÂÌËfl ÒÓ ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚
ÎˉÂappleÓ‚, ‰ÂÏÓÌÒÚappleËappleÛ˛˘Ë ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ ÔÂappleÒÓ̇θÌ˚ ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl.
ùÚË ÔflÚ¸ ÙÓappleÏ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÒÓÓÚÌÓÒflÚÒfl Ò apple‡ÁÌ˚ÏË ÛappleÓ‚ÌflÏË Ôapple˘ËÌ Ë ÔappleÂ-
‰ÓÚ‚apple‡˘ÂÌËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚, ÓÔËÒ‡ÌÌ˚ÏË ‚˚¯Â. íapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl ÍÓÌÚÂÍÒÚ‡ Ó·˚˜ÌÓ
ÔappleÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ Ì‡ „ÎÓ·‡Î¸ÌÓÏ ËÎË apple„ËÓ̇θÌÓÏ ÛappleÓ‚Ìflı. íapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛapple˚
ˉÂÚ Ì‡ ÛappleÓ‚Ì „ÓÒÛ‰‡appleÒÚ‚‡ Ë Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡. íapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl ‡ÍÚÓappleÓ‚ Ë ÔappleÓ·ÎÂÏ ı‡apple‡Í-
ÚÂapplė ‰Îfl ÛappleÓ‚Ìfl ÒÚÓappleÓÌ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ Ë ˝ÎËÚ, ‡ ÔÂappleÒÓ̇θ̇fl Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl Úapple·ÛÂÚ
Á̇ÌËÈ Ì‡ ΢ÌÓÒÚÌÓÏ ÛappleÓ‚ÌÂ.
ê‡ÁÌ˚ Â ÚËÔ˚ Á‡Úapple‡„Ë‚‡˛Ú Ú‡ÍÊ apple‡Á΢Ì˚ ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ˚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡, ·Û‰¸ ÚÓ ‚
ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛapple ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ ÔÓ ÄÁ‡appleÛ ËÎË ÔÓ É‡ÎÚÛÌ„Û. í‡Í, Ù‡ÍÚÓapple˚ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌ-
ÚÂÍÒÚ‡, ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛapple˚ Ë ÔappleÓ·ÎÂÏ ‚ÓÁ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Û˛Ú Ì‡ ÍÓÌÚÂÍÒÚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ Ë ÔappleÓÚË‚Óapple˜Ëfl,
ÎÂʇ˘Ë ‚ Â„Ó ÓÒÌÓ‚Â. î‡ÍÚÓapple˚ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ‡ÍÚÓappleÓ‚ Ë ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚ı ÎˉÂappleÓ‚ ̇-
Ôapple‡‚ÎÂÌ˚ ÔappleÂʉ ‚ÒÂ„Ó Ì‡ ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÍË Ë Ô‡ÏflÚ¸, ̇ Ôӂ‰ÂÌËÂ Ë ‚Á‡ËÏÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl,
ÍÓÚÓapple˚Â, apple‡ÁÛÏÂÂÚÒfl, ‚Á‡ËÏÓÒ‚flÁ‡Ì˚.
ç‡ÍÓ̈, ˝ÚË ÙÓappleÏ˚ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË Á‡‚ËÒflÚ ÓÚ ÚÓ„Ó, ̇ ͇ÍÓÈ ÒÚ‡‰ËË Ì‡ıÓ‰ËÚ-
Òfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ Ë Í‡ÍÓÈ ÏÓÏÂÌÚ ‚˚·apple‡Ì ‰Îfl ‚ϯ‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚‡. àÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl ‚ ÍÓÌÚÂÍÒÚ Ë
ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛapple ӷ˚˜ÌÓ ÔappleÓËÒıÓ‰flÚ Ï‰ÎÂÌÌÓ Ë ÏÂÌfl˛Ú ÙÓÌ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡; ‰appleÛ„Ë ÚËÔ˚
86
íËÔ Ù‡ÍÚÓappleÓ‚ èappleËÏÂapple˚
1. íapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË
ÍÓÌÚÂÍÒÚ‡
2. ëÚappleÛÍÚÛappleÌ˚Â
Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË
– ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl ÏÂʉÛ̇appleÓ‰ÌÓ„Ó ËÎË apple„ËÓ̇θÌÓ„Ó
ÍÓÌÚÂÍÒÚ‡
– ÔÂappleÂıÓ‰ ÓÚ ‡ÒËÏÏÂÚapple˘ÌÓ„Ó ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ Í
ÒËÏÏÂÚapple˘ÌÓÏÛ
– ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl ‚ ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛapple ‚·ÒÚË
– ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl ̇ apple˚Ì͇ı ̇ÒËÎËfl
3. íapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ‡ÍÚÓappleÓ‚ – ÒÏÂ̇ ÎˉÂappleÓ‚
– ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl ˆÂÎÂÈ
– ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl ‚ÌÛÚappleË Í‡Ê‰ÓÈ ËÁ ÒÚÓappleÓÌ
– ËÁÏÂÌÂÌË „appleÛÔÔ ÔÓ‰‰ÂappleÊÍË
– ÒÏÂ̇ ‡ÍÚÓappleÓ‚
4. íapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÔappleÓ·ÎÂÏ – ÔÓÚÂapplefl ‡ÍÚۇθÌÓÒÚË ÔappleÓ·ÎÂÏ, ‚˚Á‚‡‚¯Ëı
ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ
– ÍÓÌÒÚappleÛÍÚË‚Ì˚È ÍÓÏÔappleÓÏËÒÒ
– ÒÏÂ̇ ÔappleÓ·ÎÂÏ, ‚˚Á˚‚‡˛˘Ëı ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ
– apple‡Á„appleÛÔÔËappleÓ‚‡ÌË ËÎË „appleÛÔÔËappleÓ‚‡ÌË ÔappleÓ·ÎÂÏ
5. íapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË Ì‡
ÛappleÓ‚Ì Î˘ÌÓÒÚÂÈ Ë ˝ÎËÚ
– ËÁÏÂÌÂÌË ÚÓ˜ÂÍ ÁappleÂÌËfl
– ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËÂ ÓÒÌÓ‚˚
– ËÁÏÂÌÂÌË ̇ÏÂappleÂÌËÈ
– ÊÂÒÚ˚ ÔappleËÏËappleÂÌËfl

íapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚: ÍÓÏÔÎÂÍÒ̇fl Á‡‰‡˜‡
Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÔappleÓËÒıÓ‰flÚ ·˚ÒÚappleÂÂ, Ó‰ËÌ Á‡ ‰appleÛ„ËÏ, ‚ÔÎÂÚ‡flÒ¸ ‚ Ó·˘Û˛ ‰Ë̇ÏËÍÛ
ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡. èÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ ÔÂappleÂÏÂÌ ‚‡apple¸ËappleÛÂÚÒfl ‚ apple‡ÁÌ˚ı ÏËappleÌ˚ı ÔappleÓˆÂÒÒ‡ı
‚ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË ÓÚ Ó·˘ÂÈ ÎÓ„ËÍË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË (ÒÏ. ·ÓÍÒ 3 Ò ÔappleËÏÂappleÓÏ ËÁ ë‚ÂappleÌÓÈ àapple-
·̉ËË). íapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl ÚÓθÍÓ Ó˜Â̸ ÔappleÓÒÚÓ„Ó ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ ÏÓÊÂÚ ÔappleÓËÁÓÈÚË ·˚ÒÚappleÓ
Ë Ò ÔÂapple‚ÓÈ ÔÓÔ˚ÚÍË. ó‡˘Â ‚ÒÂ„Ó Ó̇ Ó͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ωÎÂÌÌ˚Ï Ë ËÁ‚ËÎËÒÚ˚Ï ÔappleÓ-
ˆÂÒÒÓÏ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÏ Á‡ ͇ʉ˚Ï ÔÂappleÂÎÓÏÌ˚Ï ÏÓÏÂÌÚÓÏ ÔappleÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ Ó·Ì‡appleÛÊÂÌË ÌÓ-
‚˚ı ÔappleÂÔflÚÒÚ‚ËÈ. Ç ÒËÎÛ ˝ÚÓ„Ó Ôapple‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË Ì‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚Ï Ó·apple‡ÁÓÏ ÓˆÂÌËÚ¸
appleÓθ ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚ı ¯‡„Ó‚ ‚ Ó·˘ÂÏ ÔappleÓˆÂÒÒÂ.
ÑË̇ÏË͇ apple‡Á‚ËÚËfl Ë Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ Á‡‚ËÒËÚ Ú‡ÍÊ ÓÚ ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÌÓÒÚË
Û·ÊË‚‡Ú¸ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ˚ Í‡Í ‚ ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚ı Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ı, Ú‡Í Ë Ì‡ ÛappleÓ‚Ì ÏÂʉÛ̇appleÓ‰ÌÓ„Ó
ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡. Ç ˆÂÎÓÏ ˝Ú‡ ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÌÓÒÚ¸ ·ÓΠapple‡Á‚ËÚ‡ ‚ ÚÂı Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ı, „‰Â ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û-
˛Ú Úapple‡‰ËˆËË ÏËappleÌÓ„Ó Ûapple„ÛÎËappleÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚, „‰Â ËÌÒÚËÚÛÚ˚ ‚·ÒÚË Î„ËÚËÏ-
Ì˚, ‡ ÔappleË̈ËÔ˚ Ë ÌÓappleÏ˚ ÔappleËÁ̇Ì˚. ç‡ ÍÛθÏË̇ˆËÓÌÌ˚ı ÒÚ‡‰Ëflı ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ Ë ‚ÓÈ-
Ì˚ Ó̇, Ӊ̇ÍÓ, ÔÓ‰‚Âapple„‡ÂÚÒfl ÓÔ‡ÒÌÓÒÚË Ë ˜‡ÒÚ˘ÌÓ ÛÚapple‡˜Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl. åÓ‰ËÙˈËappleÓ‚‡Ì-
̇fl ÚÂÓappleËfl ÄÁ‡apple‡, Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌ̇fl ̇ appleËÒ. 1, ÓÚapple‡Ê‡ÂÚ Ò‚flÁ¸ ÏÂÊ‰Û ‰Ë̇ÏËÍÓÈ ÍÓÌ-
ÙÎËÍÚ‡ Ë ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÌÓÒÚ¸˛ apple‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚ı Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ Â„Ó Û·ÊË‚‡Ú¸.
ÅÓÍÒ 3: î‡ÍÚÓapple˚ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ ‚ ë‚ÂappleÌÓÈ àapple·̉ËË
äÓÌÙÎËÍÚ ‚ ë‚ÂappleÌÓÈ àapple·̉ËË Í‡Í Ó‰ËÌ ËÁ Ò‡Ï˚ı ÚappleÛ‰ÌÓapple‡Áapple¯ËÏ˚ı
ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ XX ‚., ËÒÔ˚Ú‡‚¯ËÈ Ì‡Ë·ÓΠËÌÚÂÌÒË‚Ì˚ ÔÓÔ˚ÚÍË Ûapple„ÛÎËappleÓ‚‡-
ÌËfl, ÏÓÊÂÚ Ôapple‰ÎÓÊËÚ¸ ÏÌÓ„Ë ÛappleÓÍË ‰Îfl Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡, ҂ˉÂ-
ÚÂθÒÚ‚Û˛˘ËÂ Ó Ì‡Î˘ËË Ì‡ apple‡ÁÌ˚ı ÒÚ‡‰Ëflı ‚ÒÂı ÔflÚË ÚËÔÓ‚ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË.
äÓÌÚÂÍÒÚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ ËÁÏÂÌËÎÒfl ‚ÒΉÒÚ‚Ë ‰Ó΄ÓÒappleÓ˜Ì˚ı ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËÈ ‚ ·appleË-
Ú‡ÌÒÍÓÏ Ë Ëapple·̉ÒÍÓÏ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ı, apple‡Á‚ËÚËfl Ö‚appleÓÔÂÈÒÍÓ„Ó ëÓ˛Á‡ Ë ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËfl
ıÓÎÓ‰ÌÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚. ëÚappleÛÍÚÛapple‡ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ ÏÂÌfl·Ҹ ÔÓ ÏÂapple ÚÓ„Ó, Í‡Í ÍÓ‡ÎˈËfl
̇ˆËÓ̇ÎËÒÚ˘ÂÒÍËı Ô‡appleÚËÈ Ì‡ıӉ˷ ÌÓ‚˚ı ÒÓ˛ÁÌËÍÓ‚ Ë Ó·appleÂڇ· Û‚ÂappleÂÌ-
ÌÓÒÚ¸ ‚ Ò‚ÓËı ÒË·ı, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎflÎÓ ÂÈ ‰Ó·Ë‚‡Ú¸Òfl ·‡Î‡ÌÒ‡ ‚ apple‡Ì ‡ÒËÏÏÂÚapple˘-
Ì˚ı ‚Á‡ËÏÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËflı. íapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl ‡ÍÚÓappleÓ‚ ‚Íβ˜‡Î‡ ÔÓfl‚ÎÂÌË ÌÓ‚˚ı
Îˈ ‚ Ôapple‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Â ÇÂÎËÍÓ·appleËÚ‡ÌËË, ÙÛ̉‡ÏÂÌڇθÌ˚ ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl ‚ ÒËÒÚÂÏÂ
Ï˚¯ÎÂÌËfl appleÛÍÓ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚‡ Ô‡appleÚËË òËÌ îÂÈÌ, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ apple‡ÒÍÓÎ Ë ÔÂappleÂÏÂÌ˚ ‚ applefl‰‡ı
ÛÌËÓÌËÒÚÓ‚.
íapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÔappleÓ·ÎÂÏ ‚Íβ˜‡ÎË Ôapple‰ÛÒÏÓÚappleÂÌÌ˚ ‰Ó„Ó‚ÓappleÓÏ ëÚapple‡ÒÚÌÓÈ
èflÚÌˈ˚ (1998 „.) Òӄ·¯ÂÌËfl, ÔappleËÁ̇˛˘Ë Î„ËÚËÏÌÓÒÚ¸ ‰‚Ûı ÍÛθÚÛappleÌ˚ı Úapple‡-
‰ËˆËÈ Ë Û˜appleÂʉ‡˛˘Ë ËÌÒÚËÚÛÚ˚, ÍÓÚÓapple˚ ӉË̇ÍÓ‚Ó Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛Ú Í‡Í Ëapple-
·̉ÒÍËÂ, Ú‡Í Ë ·appleËÚ‡ÌÒÍË ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛapple˚ ÛÔapple‡‚ÎÂÌËfl (̇ÔappleËÏÂapple, ÊËÚÂÎË ë‚ÂappleÌÓÈ
àapple·̉ËË ÚÂÔÂapple¸ ÏÓ„ÛÚ ËÏÂÚ¸ ÔÓ Ò‚ÓÂÏÛ ‚˚·ÓappleÛ ·appleËÚ‡ÌÒÍËÈ ËÎË Ëapple·̉ÒÍËÈ
Ô‡ÒÔÓappleÚ). ÇÒ ˝ÚÓ ÒÚ‡ÎÓ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌ˚Ï ÚÓθÍÓ ·Î‡„Ó‰‡applefl ÔÂappleÂÎÓÏÛ ‚ ‚ÓÁÁappleÂÌËflı
Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎÂÈ ˝ÎËÚ Ë Ë̉˂ˉۇθÌ˚ı ‡ÍÚÓappleÓ‚. çÓ ‰‡Ê ÔÓÒΠ˝ÚËı Úapple‡ÌÒ-
ÙÓappleχˆËÈ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ Ì ËÒ˜ÂÁ‡ÂÚ, ‡ ÔappleÓfl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÒÌÓ‚‡ Ë ÒÌÓ‚‡ ‚ ͇ʉ˚È ÒÂÁÓÌ
χapple¯ÂÈ, ‚ÓÁappleÓʉ‡fl ‡ÚÏÓÒÙÂappleÛ apple‡Á‰Óapple‡ Ë ÒÚapple‡ı‡.
ë‚Âapplėfl àapple·̉Ëfl Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ ÒÓ·ÓÈ ÔappleËÏÂapple ‚Á‡ËÏÓ‰ÓÔÓÎÌflÂÏÓÒÚË ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰Ó‚
̇ apple‡Á΢Ì˚ı ÛappleÓ‚Ìflı Ë ‚Á‡ËÏÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl “ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛappleÌ˚ı” Ë “ÍÛθÚÛappleÌ˚ı”
ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰Ó‚ (Bloomfield, 1997). ç‡ÔappleËÏÂapple, ëÓ‚ÂÚ ÔÓ ÏÂÊÓ·˘ËÌÌ˚Ï ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËflÏ,
·Î‡„Ó‰‡applefl Ò‚ÓÂÈ ÚÂappleÔÂÎË‚ÓÈ apple‡·ÓÚ ̇ ÏÂÒÚ‡ı, ÔappleËÓ·appleÂÎ ‡‚ÚÓappleËÚÂÚ, ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎË‚-
¯ËÈ ÂÏÛ Ì‡Î‡‰ËÚ¸ ÌÂÓÙˈˇθÌ˚È ‰Ë‡ÎÓ„ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÏÓÎÓ‰˚ÏË ÔÓÎËÚË͇ÏË
(Fitzduff, 1999).
å˚ ‰Ó ÒËı ÔÓapple ÔÎÓıÓ Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÏ Ò·Â, ͇ÍÛ˛ appleÓθ Ò˚„apple‡ÎÓ “„apple‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓÂ
Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó” ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÏËappleÌÓÏ ÔappleÓˆÂÒÒÂ, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ‚ ·ÓΠ‰Ó΄ÓÒappleÓ˜ÌÓÏ ÔappleÓˆÂÒÒ ̇-
‚‰ÂÌËfl ÏÓÒÚÓ‚ ÏÂÊ‰Û ‚apple‡Ê‰Ó‚‡‚¯ËÏË Ó·˘Ë̇ÏË. èÓÔ˚ÚÍÛ ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ Ì‡Ôapple‡‚ÎÂÌËË
‰Â·ÂÚ î. äÓÍappleÂÈÌ (apple‡·ÓÚ‡ Ô·ÌËappleÛÂÚÒfl Í ÔÛ·ÎË͇ˆËË).
87

ï¸˛ å‡È‡ÎÎ
äÓÌÒÚappleÛÍÚË‚ÌÓ Ûapple„ÛÎËappleÓ‚‡ÌË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ÛÍappleÂÔÎflÂÚ ‚ÂappleÛ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ ‚ Ò‚ÓË
„apple‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍË ËÌÒÚËÚÛÚ˚, ÍÛθÚÛappleÛ Ë ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÌÓÒÚ¸ ÒÔapple‡‚ÎflÚ¸Òfl Ò ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ÏË ·ÂÁ
ÔappleËÏÂÌÂÌËfl ̇ÒËÎËfl. éÌÓ Ì ÚÓθÍÓ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleÏËappleÛÂÚ ‚Á‡ËÏÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl, ÌÓ Ë ÛÍappleÂÔÎflÂÚ
ÒËÒÚÂÏÛ ÛÔapple‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ‚ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Â Ë ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÌÓÒÚ¸ ‰Ó·Ë‚‡Ú¸Òfl ÔÂappleÂÏÂÌ ÏËapple-
Ì˚Ï ÔÛÚÂÏ.
ÑÂÒÚappleÛÍÚË‚Ì˚È ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ Ì‡ÌÓÒËÚ Í‡Í ÒÚÓappleÓÌ‡Ï ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡, Ú‡Í Ë ‚ÒÂÏ ÓÍappleÛ-
ʇ˛˘ËÏ ‚Ò ·Óθ¯ËÈ ÛappleÓÌ. ùÚÓ Ô‡„Û·ÌÓ ÓÚapple‡Ê‡ÂÚÒfl ̇ ÔÂappleÒÔÂÍÚË‚‡ı ÒÓÚappleÛ‰Ì˘ÂÒÚ‚‡,
‚ ÚÓÏ ˜ËÒΠ‚ ÒËÒÚÂÏ ÛÔapple‡‚ÎÂÌËfl, ‚ ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍÓÏ apple‡Á‚ËÚËË Ë ‚ Òӈˇθ-
Ì˚ı ‚Á‡ËÏÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËflı, ‡ ‚ ÌÂÍÓÚÓapple˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı – Ë Ì‡ ÙÛÌ͈ËÓÌËappleÓ‚‡ÌËË ‚Ò„Ó
„ÓÒÛ‰‡appleÒÚ‚‡. á‡ÚflÊÌ˚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ˚ ÒÂapple¸ÂÁÌÓ ‰ÂÙÓappleÏËappleÛ˛Ú ‚Ò ӷ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Â
ËÌÒÚËÚÛÚ˚.
ùÚË Ó·˘Ë ÚÂÓappleÂÚ˘ÂÒÍË ÒÓÓ·apple‡ÊÂÌËfl ÏÓ„ÛÚ ÒÚ‡Ú¸ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÓÈ ‰Îfl ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ‡ Ë
ÓˆÂÌÍË Ôapple‡ÍÚËÍË Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚; ÓÌË ÔÓÏÓ„‡˛Ú Ú‡ÍÊ ‚˚fl‚ËÚ¸
ÔappleÓ·ÂÎ˚ Ë Ò··ÓÒÚË ‚ ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÌÓÒÚË ÏÂʉÛ̇appleÓ‰ÌÓ„Ó ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ Û·ÊË‚‡Ú¸ ÍÓÌ-
ÙÎËÍÚ˚.
3. èapple‡ÍÚË͇ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚
3.1. ÄÍÚÓapple˚ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚
íapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ‚Íβ˜‡ÂÚ ¯ËappleÓÍËÈ ÍappleÛ„ ‡ÍÚÓappleÓ‚, ÍÓÚÓapple˚Â
ÔappleË apple‡ÁÌ˚ı Ó·ÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ı ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛Ú ¯ËappleÓÍËÈ Ì‡·Óapple apple‡Á΢Ì˚ı Ôapple‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍËı
ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰Ó‚. ÄÍÚÓappleÓ‚ ÏÓÊÌÓ ÔappleË ˝ÚÓÏ ÔÓ‰apple‡Á‰ÂÎËÚ¸ ̇ ˜ÂÚ˚apple ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ ͇Ú„ÓappleËË,
ÓÚapple‡Ê‡˛˘Ë apple‡Á‚ËÚË ÒÓ‚appleÂÏÂÌÌ˚ı Ôapple‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍËı ÏÂÚÓ‰Ó‚:
• „ÓÒÛ‰‡appleÒÚ‚‡ Ë ÏÂÊÔapple‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ Óapple„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËË;
• Óapple„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËË ÔÓ apple‡Á‚ËÚ˲ Ë „ÛχÌËÚ‡appleÌ˚ Óapple„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËË;
• ÏÂʉÛ̇appleÓ‰Ì˚ çèé, ÒÔˆˇÎËÁËappleÛ˛˘ËÂÒfl ̇ Ôapple‰ÓÚ‚apple‡˘ÂÌËË Ë Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓapple-
χˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚;
• ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ Ë ‰appleÛ„Ë „appleÛÔÔ˚ ‚ÌÛÚappleË Á‡ÚappleÓÌÛÚÓ„Ó ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓÏ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡.
èappleÂʉ ˜ÂÏ ÔÂappleÂÈÚË Í apple‡ÒÒÏÓÚappleÂÌ˲ ÔappleÓ·ÎÂÏ, ‚ÓÁÌË͇˛˘Ëı ÔappleË ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËË
ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰Ó‚, fl Íapple‡ÚÍÓ ÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚Î˛Ò¸ ̇ Ôapple‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍËı ÏÂÚÓ‰‡ı, ı‡apple‡ÍÚÂappleÌ˚ı ‰Îfl ÚÓÈ ËÎË
ËÌÓÈ „appleÛÔÔ˚.
èapple‡ÍÚËÍË ÔÂapple‚Ó„Ó ÛappleÓ‚Ìfl – „ÓÒÛ‰‡appleÒÚ‚‡ Ë ÏÂʉÛ̇appleÓ‰Ì˚ Óapple„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËË – Ôapple‰-
ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛Ú ̇˷ÓΠ‚‡ÊÌ˚ı Ë ‚ÎËflÚÂθÌ˚ı ‡ÍÚÓappleÓ‚. àı ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl Ó͇Á˚‚‡˛Ú ÔappleflÏÓÂ
Ë ÒËθÌÓ ‚ÓÁ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ̇ ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡, Ôapple˘ÂÏ ÔÓÁËÚË‚Ì˚Â Ë Ì„‡ÚË‚Ì˚ appleÂ-
ÁÛθڇÚ˚ Ëı ‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚË ÓÚÍapple˚Ú˚ ‰Îfl ‚ÒÂÈ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÒÚË. èÂappleËÓ‰ÓÏ Ì‡‰Âʉ
·˚ÎÓ Ì‡˜‡ÎÓ 1990-ı „Ó‰Ó‚, ÍÓ„‰‡ ééç Òڇ· ÓÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÎflÚ¸ apple‡Á‚ÂappleÌÛÚÛ˛ ÍÓ̈ÂÔˆË˛
ÏËappleÓÚ‚Óapple˜ÂÒÚ‚‡, ËÁÎÓÊÂÌÌÛ˛ ‚ “èÓ‚ÂÒÚÍ ‰Ìfl ‰Îfl ÏËapple‡”, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ Ôappleӂ· applefl‰ ÛÒ-
Ô¯Ì˚ı ÏËappleÓÚ‚Óapple˜ÂÒÍËı ÓÔÂapple‡ˆËÈ, Ôapple˂‰¯Ëı Í Á‡Íβ˜ÂÌ˲ ÏËappleÌ˚ı Òӄ·¯ÂÌËÈ
‚ ä‡Ï·Ó‰ÊÂ, ç‡ÏË·ËË, ÄÌ„ÓÎÂ, åÓÁ‡Ï·ËÍÂ Ë ùθ-ë‡Î¸‚‡‰ÓappleÂ.
ùÚË ËÌˈˇÚË‚˚ ÔappleË‚ÂÎË Í ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì˲ ÏÓ‰ÂÎË ÏËappleÓÚ‚Óapple˜ÂÒÚ‚‡ ééç, ÍÓÚÓapple‡fl
ÔÓ‰apple‡ÁÛÏ‚‡ÂÚ apple‡ÁÌ˚ ‚ˉ˚ ‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚË: ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ‰Îfl Ó·ÂÒÔ˜ÂÌËfl ‰ÂÏÓ-
·ËÎËÁ‡ˆËË, apple‡ÁÓappleÛÊÂÌËfl Ë ËÌÚ„apple‡ˆËË ‚ÓÓappleÛÊÂÌÌ˚ı ÒËÎ ÓÔÔÓÁˈËË; ÍÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËÓÌ-
Ì˚ ÏÂapple˚ ‰Îfl Ôappleӂ‰ÂÌËfl ‚˚·ÓappleÓ‚ Ë ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌËfl ÔÂappleÂıÓ‰ÌÓ„Ó Ôapple‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚‡; ‡‰-
ÏËÌËÒÚapple‡ÚË‚ÌÛ˛ ÔÓ‰‰ÂappleÊÍÛ, Ó͇Á˚‚‡ÂÏÛ˛ „apple‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓÏÛ Ôapple‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Û Ë ËÌÙapple‡-
ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛapple‡Ï, ‚Íβ˜‡fl Ó·Û˜ÂÌË ÏÂÒÚÌÓÈ ÔÓÎˈËË Ë, ÔappleË ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚË, ̇‰ÁÓapple Á‡ ÂÂ
‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸˛; Ó·ÂÒÔ˜ÂÌË Ôapple‡‚ ˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇; ‚ÓÁ‚apple‡˘ÂÌË ·ÂÊÂ̈‚; ‚ÓÒÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂ-
ÌË ÔÓÒÚapple‡‰‡‚¯ÂÈ ÓÚ ‚ÓÈÌ˚ ËÌÙapple‡ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛapple˚. ùÚ‡ ÏÓ‰Âθ ̇ ÔÂapple‚˚ı ÔÓapple‡ı ÔappleÓ‰Â-
ÏÓÌÒÚappleËappleÓ‚‡Î‡ ÔÓapple‡ÁËÚÂθÌ˚ ÛÒÔÂıË, Ë ‚ ÒÎÛ˜‡flı Ò ç‡ÏË·ËÂÈ Ë åÓÁ‡Ï·ËÍÓÏ Ó̇
88

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‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ Ôapple˂· Í ÏËappleÌÓÈ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË. é‰Ì‡ÍÓ ‚ ‰appleÛ„Ëı ÒÚapple‡Ì‡ı, ̇ÔappleË-
ÏÂapple ‚ ÄÌ„ÓÎÂ Ë ä‡Ï·Ó‰ÊÂ, ̇ÒËθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ˚ ÔÓÁÊ ‚ÓÁÓ·ÌÓ‚ËÎËÒ¸. ééç
Ë „ÓÒÛ‰‡appleÒÚ‚‡, ̇˷ÓΠ‡ÍÚË‚Ì˚ ̇ ÏÂʉÛ̇appleÓ‰ÌÓÈ ‡appleÂÌÂ, ÔappleÓ‰ÓÎʇ˛Ú ËÁ‚ÎÂ͇ڸ
ÛappleÓÍË ËÁ ˝ÚËı ‡ÍˆËÈ Ë ÓÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÎflÚ¸ ‡Ì‡Îӄ˘Ì˚ ÏËappleÓÚ‚Óapple˜ÂÒÍË ÓÔÂapple‡ˆËË, ̇ÔappleË-
ÏÂapple, ‚ ÅÓÒÌËË Ë äÓÒÓ‚Ó. ïÓÚfl Ë ÏÓÊÌÓ ÛÚ‚Âappleʉ‡Ú¸, ˜ÚÓ ‚ ˝ÚËı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ÏÂʉÛ̇appleÓ‰-
ÌÓ ‚ϯ‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó ÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÎÓ ÍappleÛÔÌÓχүڇ·Ì˚È ÏÂÊ˝ÚÌ˘ÂÒÍËÈ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ, ÔÓ͇
apple‡ÌÓ „Ó‚ÓappleËÚ¸ Ó Â„Ó „ÎÛ·ËÌÌÓÈ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË. ùÚÌÓ̇ˆËÓ̇ÎËÒÚ˘ÂÒÍË ÎˉÂapple˚
ÔÓ-ÔappleÂÊÌÂÏÛ ÓÒÚ‡˛ÚÒfl Û ‚·ÒÚË, ‡ Òӄ·¯ÂÌËfl, ÓÚapple‡Ê‡‚¯Ë apple‡ÎËË ˝ÚÌ˘ÂÒÍËı apple‡Ò-
ÍÓÎÓ‚ ‚Ó ‚appleÂÏfl ‚ÓÈÌ˚, ÔÂappleÂÌÓÒflÚ ˝ÚË apple‡ÒÍÓÎ˚ ‚ ÏËappleÌÓ ‚appleÂÏfl Ë ÚÂÏ Ò‡Ï˚Ï Á‡ÍappleÂÔ-
Îfl˛Ú Ëı.
Ç ˝ÚËı, ÒÚ‡‚¯Ëı ıappleÂÒÚÓχÚËÈÌ˚ÏË, ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ÏÌÓ„Ë apple¯ÂÌËfl, apple‡ÁÛÏÂÂÚÒfl, ·˚ÎË
̇‚flÁ‡Ì˚ ÔÓÒΠÍÓη‡ÌËÈ ÏÂʉÛ̇appleÓ‰ÌÓ„Ó ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡, Ú‡Í Ë Ì Ôapple˯‰¯Â„Ó Í Ó·-
˘ÂÏÛ ÏÌÂÌ˲. ÅÓΠ‚Ô˜‡ÚÎfl˛˘ËÏË, Ӊ̇ÍÓ, Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ÔappleËÏÂapple˚, ÍÓ„‰‡ Û‰‡-
ÎÓÒ¸ Ôapple‰ÓÚ‚apple‡ÚËÚ¸ ÔÂappleÂıÓ‰ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ ‚ ÒÚ‡‰Ë˛ Ò ÔappleËÏÂÌÂÌËÂÏ Ì‡ÒËÎËfl Ë ÍÓ„‰‡ ÛÒ-
Ô¯Ì˚ÏË Ó͇Á‡ÎËÒ¸ Ë “„ÎÛ·ÓÍÓ” (“ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛappleÌÓ”), Ë “ÔÓ‚ÂappleıÌÓÒÚÌÓ” (“ÓÔÂapple‡ÚË‚-
ÌÓ”)  Ôapple‰ÓÚ‚apple‡˘ÂÌËÂ.
ÇÓÔÎÓ˘ÂÌËÂÏ ‚Ô˜‡ÚÎfl˛˘ÂÈ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ‚ ˝ÚËı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ÒÚ‡ÎË apple‡θÌ˚Â
ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl ‚ ÍÓÌÚÂÍÒÚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ Ë ‚ ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛapple ӷ˘ÂÒÚ‚‡.
ç‡ÔappleËÏÂapple, ÔÓÚÂ̈ˇθÌ˚È ÏÂÊ˝ÚÌ˘ÂÒÍËÈ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ ‚ ùÒÚÓÌËË ·˚Î Ôapple‰ÓÚ-
‚apple‡˘ÂÌ ·Î‡„Ó‰‡applefl applefl‰Û Ù‡ÍÚÓappleÓ‚. ë‚Ó˛ appleÓθ Ò˚„apple‡ÎÓ ¯ËappleÓÍÓ ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌÓ ‚ϯ‡-
ÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó ÇÂappleıÓ‚ÌÓ„Ó ÍÓÏËÒÒ‡apple‡ ÔÓ ‰ÂÎ‡Ï Ì‡ˆËÓ̇θÌ˚ı ÏÂ̸¯ËÌÒÚ‚ éÅëÖ, ÓÒÛ˘Â-
ÒÚ‚ÎÂÌÌÓ ÔappleË ÔÓ‰‰ÂappleÊÍ ւappleÓÔÂÈÒÍÓ„Ó ëÓ˛Á‡ Ë Ôapple‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚ Ò͇̉Ë̇‚ÒÍËı
ÒÚapple‡Ì. èapple‰ÓÚ‚apple‡˘ÂÌ˲ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÎÓ Ú‡ÍÊ ËÁÏÂÌÂÌË ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘Â-
ÒÍËı ÛÒÎÓ‚ËÈ, ÔÓ‚ÎËfl‚¯Â ̇ ÏÓÚË‚‡ˆË˛ appleÛÒÒÍÓflÁ˚˜ÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÒÂÎÂÌËfl. LJÊÌ˚Ï ‰Ó-
ÔÓÎÌËÚÂθÌ˚Ï Ù‡ÍÚÓappleÓÏ Òڇ· ÌÓ‚‡fl ËÁ·Ëapple‡ÚÂθ̇fl ÒËÒÚÂχ, ÍÓÚÓapple‡fl ÔÓÓ˘applefl· „Ó-
ÎÓÒÓ‚‡ÌË Á‡ Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎÂÈ ‰appleÛ„Ëı ˝ÚÌ˘ÂÒÍËı „appleÛÔÔ Ë ÚÂÏ Ò‡Ï˚Ï ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Î‡
ÔÂappleÂıÓ‰Û ÓÚ “˝ÚÌ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ” ÔÓÎËÚËÍË Í ÔÓÎËÚËÍ ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍËı Ë apple„ËÓ̇θÌ˚ı ËÌ-
ÚÂappleÂÒÓ‚. èÓÎËÚËÍË Ì½ÒÚÓÌÒÍÓ„Ó ÔappleÓËÒıÓʉÂÌËfl ·˚ÎË ‚Íβ˜ÂÌ˚ ‚ ÒÔËÒÍË Í‡Ì‰Ë‰‡-
ÚÓ‚ ÓÚ ˝ÒÚÓÌÒÍËı Ô‡appleÚËÈ, ‡ ùÒÚÓÌÒ͇fl ˆÂÌÚappleËÒÚÒ͇fl Ô‡appleÚËfl, ‚Íβ˜Ë‚ ‚ Ò‚Ó˛ ÔappleÓ-
„apple‡ÏÏÛ Á‡˘ËÚÛ ËÌÚÂappleÂÒÓ‚ appleÛÒÒÍÓflÁ˚˜ÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÒÂÎÂÌËfl, Á‡appleۘ˷Ҹ Â„Ó ÔÓ‰‰ÂappleÊÍÓÈ.
ùÚÓÚ ÔappleËÏÂapple ÛÒÔ¯ÌÓ„Ó “Ûapple„ÛÎËappleÓ‚‡ÌËfl” ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ ÔÓÒapple‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ “˝ÚÌ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ‡Í-
ÍÓÏÓ‰‡ˆËË” ÒڇΠ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌ˚Ï ·Î‡„Ó‰‡applefl Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÚÂÍÒÚ‡ ‚ ùÒÚÓÌËË ‚ ÔÂappleËÓ‰
ÔÓÒÎÂ 1991 „.
ÇÚÓappleÓÈ ÚËÔ Ôapple‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚË ÔappleËÒÛ˘ Óapple„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËflÏ, apple‡·ÓÚ‡˛˘ËÏ ‚
ÒÙÂapple apple‡Á‚ËÚËfl Ë „ÛχÌËÚ‡appleÌÓÈ ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë. Ç 1980–1990-ı „Ó‰‡ı ˝ÚË Óapple„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËË ÒÚ‡-
ÎË ÓÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÎflÚ¸ ‚Ò ·Óθ¯Â ‰ÓappleÓ„ÓÒÚÓfl˘Ëı ÔappleÓ„apple‡ÏÏ ÔÓ ‚ÓÒÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌ˲ ÔÓÒÚapple‡-
‰‡‚¯Ëı ÓÚ ‚ÓÈÌ˚ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ Ë ‚ÓÁÏ¢ÂÌ˲ Û˘Âapple·‡, ̇ÌÂÒÂÌÌÓ„Ó apple‡Á‚ËÚ˲ ˝ÚËı Ó·-
˘ÂÒÚ‚, ‚Íβ˜‡fl ‚ ÔappleÓ„apple‡ÏÏ˚ apple‡Á‚ËÚËfl ÍÓÏÔÓÌÂÌÚ˚ ÔÓÒÚappleÓÂÌËfl ÏËapple‡. Ç ÌÂÍÓÚÓapple˚ı
ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ڇ͇fl ‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ ÒÓÔappleÓ‚Óʉ‡Î‡ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ë ÓÔÂapple‡ˆËË ÏËappleÓÒÚappleÓË-
ÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ ééç, ̇ÔappleËÏÂapple ‚ åÓÁ‡Ï·ËÍÂ, „‰Â ‰ÓÌÓappleÒÍË Óapple„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËË ÔÓÏÓ„ÎË ÔappleÓ‚Â-
ÒÚË ‚˚·Óapple˚ ‚ Ô·ÌËappleÛÂÏ˚ ÒappleÓÍË Ë ÔÓ‰‰ÂappleʇÎË ÔappleÂÓ·apple‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌË RENAMO ‚ ÔÓÎË-
Ú˘ÂÒÍÛ˛ Ô‡appleÚ˲. Ç ‰appleÛ„Ëı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ÔÓÏÓ˘¸ ÔÓ apple‡Á‚ËÚ˲ ·˚· ÌÂÔÓÒapple‰ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ Ì‡-
Ôapple‡‚ÎÂ̇ ̇ Ò‰ÂappleÊË‚‡ÌË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡, Í‡Í ˝ÚÓ ÔappleÓËÒıÓ‰ËÎÓ ‚ ëÓχÎË, ÍÓ„‰‡ ‰ÓÌÓapple˚
‰Îfl ÒÏfl„˜ÂÌËfl apple‡ÁÌӄ·ÒËÈ ‚ apple„ËÓÌ Ôapple‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÎË ÔÓÏÓ˘¸ ·ÂÊÂ̈‡Ï ‚ Á‡·appleÓ¯ÂÌ-
Ì˚ı Û„ÓÎ͇ı ÒÚapple‡Ì˚. èappleÓ„apple‡ÏÏ˚ appleÂËÌÚ„apple‡ˆËË ‰ÂÚÂÈ-ÒÓΉ‡Ú ËÎË apple‡·ËÎËÚ‡ˆËË
ÒÂθÒÍÓıÓÁflÈÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı Û„Ó‰ËÈ Ú‡ÍÊ ÒÎÛÊ‡Ú ÔappleËÏÂappleÓÏ ÔappleÓÂÍÚÓ‚ ÔÓ apple‡Á‚ËÚ˲, ÍÓÚÓapple˚Â
ÏÓ„ÛÚ ‚Íβ˜‡Ú¸ ÍÓÏÔÓÌÂÌÚ ÒÚappleÓËÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ ÏËapple‡. ç ÏÂÌ ‚‡ÊÌÓ Á̇˜ÂÌËÂ
ËÏÂÂÚ apple‡Á‚ËÚË ÏÂÒÚÌÓ„Ó ÔÓÚÂ̈ˇ· Ë ÛÍappleÂÔÎÂÌË ̇‚˚ÍÓ‚ Ûapple„ÛÎËappleÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÍÓÌ-
ÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ÒappleÂ‰Ë ÍÓappleÂÌÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÒÂÎÂÌËfl. Ç Í‡˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÔappleËÏÂapple‡ ÏÓÊÌÓ ÔappleË‚ÂÒÚË ‰ÂflÚÂθ-
ÌÓÒÚ¸ ÏÂʉÛ̇appleÓ‰ÌÓÈ „ÛχÌËÚ‡appleÌÓÈ Óapple„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËË Oxfam ÔÓ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌ-
ÙÎËÍÚ‡ ‚ ë‚ÂappleÌÓÈ äÂÌËË (ÒÏ. ·ÓÍÒ 4).
89

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èÓÏÓ˘¸ ÔÓ apple‡Á‚ËÚ˲, apple‡ÁÛÏÂÂÚÒfl, ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÏÂÚ¸ Í‡Í Á‡Ô·ÌËappleÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚Â, Ú‡Í Ë ÌÂ-
Ôapple‰‚ˉÂÌÌ˚ ÔÓÒΉÒÚ‚Ëfl. ç‡ÔappleËÏÂapple, ·˚‚‡ÎË ÒÎÛ˜‡Ë, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡
ÔÂappleÂı‚‡Ú˚‚‡ÎË „ÛχÌËÚ‡appleÌÛ˛ ÔÓÏÓ˘¸ Ë ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÎË Â ‰Îfl ÔappleÓ‰ÓÎÊÂÌËfl ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚ı
‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ‚ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘Â ‚appleÂÏfl Ôapple‰ÔappleËÌËχ˛ÚÒfl ÔÓÔ˚ÚÍË ‚˚apple‡·ÓÚ‡Ú¸ ÒËÒ-
ÚÂÏÛ Ë̉Ë͇ÚÓappleÓ‚ ‰Îfl ÎÛ˜¯ÂÈ ÓˆÂÌÍË ‚ÓÁ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ̇ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ˚ ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı ÔappleÓÂÍ-
ÚÓ‚. é̇ ‰ÓÎÊ̇ ÓÔËapple‡Ú¸Òfl ̇ ÍÓÏÔÎÂÍÒÌÛ˛ ÒËÒÚÂÏÛ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡,
ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÛ˛ Ôapple‰ÎÓÊÂÌÌÓÈ ‚˚¯Â.
ïÓÚfl Ë appleÓθ, Ë ‚ÎËflÌË Óapple„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËÈ ÔÓ apple‡Á‚ËÚ˲ ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌÓ apple‡ÒÚÂÚ, Ò‚ÓÂÈ „·‚-
ÌÓÈ Á‡‰‡˜ÂÈ ˝ÚË Óapple„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËË Ò˜ËÚ‡˛Ú ÔÓ‰‰ÂappleÊÍÛ Ë ÔÓÓ˘appleÂÌË apple‡·ÓÚ˚ ‰appleÛ„Ëı, ‡ ÌÂ
ÔappleËÌflÚË ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓÈ ÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÒÚË Á‡ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆË˛ ÚÓ„Ó ËÎË ËÌÓ„Ó ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡
̇ Ò·fl (˝Ú‡ ˉÂfl ÔÓ-ÔappleÂÊÌÂÏÛ Ò˜ËÚ‡ÂÚÒfl ÌÓ‚ÓÈ Ë ÚappleÂ·Û˛˘ÂÈ ‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó
Ó·ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËfl). Ç ËÚÓ„Â ÓÒÌӂ̇fl apple‡·ÓÚ‡ ÔÓ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ ÎÓÊËÚÒfl ̇
ÔÎÂ˜Ë çèé.
ëappleÂ‰Ë Ôapple‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍËı ‰ÂflÚÂÎÂÈ ‚ÒÂı „appleÛÔÔ ËÏÂÌÌÓ çèé Ó͇Á‡ÎËÒ¸ ̇˷ÓΠ‚ÓÒ-
ÔappleËËϘ˂˚ÏË Í ÍÓ̈ÂÔˆËË Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚. ÇÒΉ Á‡ ÑÊ.è. ã‰Âapple‡ıÓÏ
‡ÍÚË‚ËÒÚ˚ çèé ‚˚ÒÚÛÔ‡˛Ú Á‡ ‰Ó΄ÓÒappleÓ˜ÌÛ˛ Ë ÌÂÔappleÂapple˚‚ÌÛ˛ apple‡·ÓÚÛ. éÌË ÒÚappleÂÏflÚ-
Òfl Í ÔÓÌËχÌ˲ Ôapple˘ËÌ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡, apple‡·ÓÚ‡fl ÌÂÔÓÒapple‰ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ Í‡Í Ò Û˜‡ÒÚÌË͇ÏË
ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡, Ú‡Í Ë Ò ‚̯ÌËÏË ÒÚÓappleÓ̇ÏË, Ë ÒÚ‡‚flÚ Ò‚ÓÂÈ ˆÂθ˛ apple‡Ò¯ËappleËÚ¸ ÔappleÓ-
ÒÚapple‡ÌÒÚ‚Ó ‰Îfl ‰Ë‡ÎÓ„‡, ÔÓ‰‰Âappleʇڸ ÏÂÒÚÌ˚Â Ë Ì‡ˆËÓ̇θÌ˚ ÍÓÌÙÂappleÂ̈ËË Ë ÒÂÏË-
̇apple˚ ÔÓ ÚÂÏ ‰ÓÒÚËÊÂÌËfl ÏËapple‡, ‚˚fl‚ËÚ¸ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚË ‰Îfl apple‡Á‚ËÚËfl, Û˜‡ÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸ ‚
ËÌˈˇÚË‚‡ı ÔÓ ÔÓÒÚappleÓÂÌ˲ ÏËapple‡, ̇·ÊË‚‡Ì˲ ‚Á‡ËÏÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÈ Ë ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì˲ ÌÂ-
Ó·ıÓ‰ËÏ˚ı ËÌÒÚËÚÛÚÓ‚.
åÂÚÓ‰˚ Ë ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰˚, ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÏ˚ ‡ÍÚÓapple‡ÏË ‚ÚÓappleÓ„Ó ÛappleÓ‚Ìfl, ·ÓΠÔÓ‰appleÓ·ÌÓ
apple‡ÒÒχÚappleË‚‡˛ÚÒfl ‚ ‰appleÛ„Ëı ÒÚ‡Ú¸flı ‰‡ÌÌÓ„Ó Ò·ÓappleÌË͇. ꘸ ˉÂÚ Ó Ú‡ÍËı ËÌˈˇÚË‚‡ı,
Í‡Í Ó͇Á‡ÌË ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë ÏÂÒÚÌ˚Ï „appleÛÔÔ‡Ï Ë Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Ï ‰‚ËÊÂÌËflÏ, ÛÍappleÂÔÎÂÌËÂ
ÏËappleÌÓ„Ó ÔÓÚÂ̈ˇ·, apple‡Á‚ËÚË ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚÂÈ, ÔÓ‚˚¯ÂÌË ҇ÏÓÒÚÓflÚÂθÌÓÒÚË ÓÒÌÓ‚-
Ì˚ı ‡ÍÚÓappleÓ‚, Óapple„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËÓÌÌÓ apple‡Á‚ËÚËÂ, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ̇·ÊË‚‡ÌË ÒÂÚÂ‚Ó„Ó ‚Á‡ËÏÓ‰ÂÈ-
90
ÅÓÍÒ 4: íapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ ‚ ë‚ÂappleÌÓÈ äÂÌËË
Ç ë‚ÂappleÌÓÈ äÂÌËË apple‡Ò¯ËappleÂÌ˲ Ë ÛÒÛ„Û·ÎÂÌ˲ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ÒappleÂ‰Ë ÍӘ‚ÌË-
ÍÓ‚-ÊË‚ÓÚÌÓ‚Ó‰Ó‚, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÌËÏË Ë Ó·˘Ë̇ÏË ÁÂÏΉÂθˆÂ‚ ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÒÚ‚Ó-
‚‡ÎË Ú‡ÍË هÍÚÓapple˚, Í‡Í ˜appleÂÁÏÂapplėfl ˝ÍÒÔÎÛ‡Ú‡ˆËfl Á‡ÒÛ¯ÎË‚ÓÈ ÁÂÏÎË Ë apple‡ÒÔappleÓ-
ÒÚapple‡ÌÂÌË ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ‡‚ÚÓχڇ ä‡Î‡¯ÌËÍÓ‚‡ ÔappleË Úapple‡‰ËˆËÓÌÌ˚ı Û„Ó̇ı ÒÍÓ-
Ú‡. Ç ‚ÓÈÌÛ Ó͇Á‡ÎËÒ¸ ‚ÚflÌÛÚ˚ÏË Ì ÚÓθÍÓ ËÒÚÓapple˘ÂÒÍË ÔappleÓÚË‚ÌËÍË, Ú‡ÍËÂ,
Í‡Í ÔÎÂÏÂ̇ ÚÛapplė͇ Ë ÔÓÍÓÚ ËÎË ÒÓχÎË Ë ·Óapple‡Ì‡, ÌÓ Ë Ó·˘ËÌ˚, ÍÓÚÓapple˚ ÏËapple-
ÌÓ ÒÓÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÎË Â˘Â ‚ 1980- „Ó‰˚. åËÎËÚ‡appleËÁ‡ˆËfl ˝ÚËı Ó·˘ËÌ Ó͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚ ÌÂ-
„‡ÚË‚ÌÓ ‚ÓÁ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ̇ ·ÂÁÓÔ‡ÒÌÓÒÚ¸ ‚ÒÂÈ äÂÌËË Ë ÔÓ„apple‡Ì˘Ì˚ı Ò ÌÂÈ ÚÂappleappleËÚÓappleËÈ,
‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ԇ„Û·ÌÓ ‚ÎËflÂÚ Ì‡ Ó·˘ËÌ˚, ÍÓÚÓapple˚ Ó͇Á‡ÎËÒ¸ ‚ÚflÌÛÚ˚ÏË ‚ ÍÓÌ-
ÙÎËÍÚ. Ç ÓÚ‚ÂÚ Ì‡ ÒÎÓÊË‚¯Û˛Òfl ÒËÚÛ‡ˆË˛ Oxfam ÔappleË ÔÓ‰‰ÂappleÊÍ ÏÂÒÚÌ˚ı ÒÚ‡appleÂȯËÌ
‚ apple‡Ï͇ı “ÜË‚ÓÚÌÓ‚Ó‰˜ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ÔappleÓÂÍÚ‡ ‚ ÓÍappleۄ Ňapple‡„ÓÈ” ‚ 1997 „. Óapple-
„‡ÌËÁÓ‚‡Î ÏËappleÌ˚ ÔÂapple„ӂÓapple˚.
é‰ÌËÏ ËÁ ÔappleËÓappleËÚÂÚÓ‚ Oxfam ·˚ÎÓ ÔÓÒapple‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ ÎÂÍÒ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó Ë ˝ÚÌÓ„apple‡Ù˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó
‡Ì‡ÎËÁ‡ ÔÓÌflÚ¸ Ë ÔÓ ‰ÓÒÚÓËÌÒÚ‚Û ÓˆÂÌËÚ¸ ÍÓ‰ÂÍÒ˚ ˜ÂÒÚË Ë Ôӂ‰ÂÌËfl ÏÂ-
ÒÚÌ˚ı β‰ÂÈ (Kona, 1999). ë ˝ÚËÏ Ì‡ÏÂappleÂÌËÂÏ ÏÂÒÚÌ˚È ÊÂÌÒÍËÈ ÍÓÏËÚÂÚ Û˜appleÂ-
‰ËÎ ÍÓÏËÚÂÚ ÏËapple‡ Ë apple‡Á‚ËÚËfl LJ‰ÊËapple‡, ÍÓÚÓapple˚È Ó·˙‰ËÌËÎ 27 Ôapple‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚ÂÌ-
Ì˚ı Û˜appleÂʉÂÌËÈ Ë çèé ̇ Ò‚ÂappleÓ-‚ÓÒÚÓÍ äÂÌËË. äÓÏËÚÂÚ Á‡ÌËχÂÚÒfl Ôapple‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍËÏ
Ó·Û˜ÂÌËÂÏ Ë apple‡Á‚ËÚËÂÏ ÏÂÒÚÌÓ„Ó ÔÓÚÂ̈ˇ· Ë ‚ 1993 „. ÔÓÏÓ„ ‰ÓÒÚ˘¸
ÔappleÂÍapple‡˘ÂÌËfl Ó„Ìfl; ‚ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘Â ‚appleÂÏfl ÓÌ ÔappleÓ‰ÓÎʇÂÚ apple‡·ÓÚÛ ÔÓ Ôapple‰ÛÔappleÂʉÂ-
Ì˲ Ë apple‡Áapple¯ÂÌ˲ ÏÂÒÚÌ˚ı ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ‚ apple„ËÓÌ (Ö‚appleÓÔÂÈÒ͇fl Ô·ÚÙÓappleχ ÔÓ
Ôapple‰ÛÔappleÂʉÂÌ˲ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚, 1999‡. ë. 152; 1999b. ë. 243–247).

íapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚: ÍÓÏÔÎÂÍÒ̇fl Á‡‰‡˜‡
ÒÚ‚Ëfl Ë Ó·Û˜ÂÌËÂ. èappleËÏÂappleÓÏ Ú‡ÍÓ„Ó appleÓ‰‡ apple‡·ÓÚ˚ ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ ÔappleÓÂÍÚ ·‡ÁËappleÛ˛˘ÂÈÒfl
‚ ãÓ̉ÓÌ çèé “êÂÒÛappleÒ˚ ÔappleËÏËappleÂÌËfl” (êè), ÓÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÎÂÌÌ˚È Ì‡ îˉÊË ‚ ÒÓÚappleÛ‰Ì˘ÂÒÚ‚Â
Ò ÏÂÒÚÌ˚ÏË Óapple„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËflÏË. êè ÔÓ‰‰ÂappleÊË‚‡Î‡ ‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ „apple‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓ„Ó
ÍÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËÓÌÌÓ„Ó ÙÓappleÛχ ̇ îˉÊË, ÍÓÚÓapple˚È Ë„apple‡Î Íβ˜Â‚Û˛ appleÓθ ‚ apple‡Áapple‡·ÓÚÍÂ
ÌÓ‚ÓÈ ÍÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËË ‚ 1996 „., ÍÓ„‰‡ ·˚· ‚‚‰Â̇ ‡Î¸ÚÂapplėÚ˂̇fl ÒËÒÚÂχ „ÓÎÓÒÓ‚‡-
ÌËfl Ë apple‡ÒÔapple‰ÂÎÂÌËfl ‚·ÒÚË (Conciliation Resources, 2000). ä ÒÓʇÎÂÌ˲, ̉‡‚ÌËÈ ÔÂapple‚ÓappleÓÚ
̇ îˉÊË Ë ‚ÓÁ‚apple‡˘ÂÌËÂ Í ˝ÚÌ˘ÂÒÍË Ó‰ÌÓappleÓ‰ÌÓÏÛ Ôapple‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Û Ì‡„Îfl‰ÌÓ
‰ÂÏÓÌÒÚappleËappleÛ˛Ú, ͇ÍË ÌÂÛ‰‡˜Ë ÏÓ„ÛÚ ÔÓÒÚ˘¸ Ú‡ÍÓ„Ó appleÓ‰‡ ‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸.
é‰ÌÓ ËÁ „·‚Ì˚ı Úapple·ӂ‡ÌËÈ ‰Îfl Ú‡ÍÓÈ ‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚË Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ Ú˘‡ÚÂθÌ˚È
‡Ì‡ÎËÁ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ (ÒÏ. ·ÓÍÒ 5), ÍÓÚÓapple˚È ÎÛ˜¯Â ‚ÒÂ„Ó ÔappleÓ‚Ó‰ËÚ¸ ÔappleË Û˜‡ÒÚËË Â„Ó ÒÚÓappleÓÌ.
ëappleÂ‰Ë Á‡‰‡˜, ‰Îfl apple¯ÂÌËfl ÍÓÚÓapple˚ı Ôapple‡ÍÚË͇ ÌÛʉ‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ apple‡Áapple‡·ÓÚ‡ÌÌÓÈ ÚÂÓappleËË,
ÏÓÊÌÓ Ì‡Á‚‡Ú¸ ÓÚÒÎÂÊË‚‡ÌË ‰Ë̇ÏËÍË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ ‚ ‰Ó΄ÓÒappleÓ˜ÌÓÈ ÔÂappleÒÔÂÍÚË‚Â.
ÑappleÛ„‡fl ‚‡Ê̇fl ÒÙÂapple‡ – ˝ÚÓ ÓˆÂÌ͇ Ôapple‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚË Ë Â appleÂÁÛθڇÚÓ‚.
ÑÎfl ÏÌÓ„Ëı Ù‡ÒËÎËÚ‡ÚÓappleÓ‚ Ë ÚappleÂÌÂappleÓ‚ ÓˆÂÌ͇ Òڇ· ÌÂÓÚ˙ÂÏÎÂÏ˚Ï ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓÏ apple‡-
·ÓÚ˚ Ò Û˜‡ÒÚÌË͇ÏË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡, Ӊ̇ÍÓ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏ ·ÓΠÒËÒÚÂχÚ˘ÂÒÍËÈ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰,
ÍÓÚÓapple˚È ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎflÎ ·˚ ÓˆÂÌË‚‡Ú¸ ‚ÓÁ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë apple‡ÁÌ˚ı ÙÓappleÏ ‚ϯ‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚‡. LJÊ-
ÌÓÒÚ¸ ˝ÚÓÈ ÓˆÂÌÍË Òڇ· ÔappleËÁ̇‚‡Ú¸Òfl ÔÓ ÏÂapple appleÓÒÚ‡ ÔÓÌËχÌËfl ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ ‚ϯ˂‡-
˛˘‡flÒfl ÒÚÓappleÓ̇ ÏÓÊÂÚ Ó͇Á˚‚‡Ú¸ Í‡Í ÔÓÁËÚË‚ÌÓÂ, Ú‡Í Ë Ì„‡ÚË‚ÌÓ ‚ÓÁ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ
(ÒÏ. ÒÚ‡Ú¸˛ å. Ä̉ÂappleÒÓÌ ‚ ‰‡ÌÌÓÏ Ò·ÓappleÌËÍÂ).
ÅÓÍÒ 5: Ä̇ÎËÁ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡
èappleË̈ËÔ˚ ͇appleÚÓ„apple‡ÙËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚, Ôapple‰ÎÓÊÂÌÌ˚ è. ÇÂappleÓÏ Â˘Â ‚ 1979 „.
(Wehr, 1979), ‰Ó ÒËı ÔÓapple Ì ÔÓÚÂappleflÎË Ò‚ÓÂÈ ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚË. ÅÓΠÔÓÁ‰ÌË appleÛÍÓ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚‡
ÏÓÊÌÓ Ì‡ÈÚË ‚ apple‡·ÓÚ‡ı ï. å‡È‡Î·, é. ê‡ÏÒ·Óڇχ Ë í. ÇÛ‰ı‡ÛÒ‡ (Miall, 1999;
Ramsbotham, Woodhouse, 1999. ê. 92–93), Ñ. ÅÎÛÏÙË艇, Å. êÂÈÎË (Bloomfield,
Reilly, 1998. ê. 41–43), ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ å. ãÂÓÌı‡apple‰Ú (Leonhardt, 2000). Ç ÓÒÌÓ‚Â ˝ÚÓ„Ó ÏÂ-
ÚÓ‰‡ ÎÂÊËÚ Ë‰Âfl “ÒÌËÏ͇” ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ ‚ ÓÔapple‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚È ÏÓÏÂÌÚ, ÍÓÚÓapple˚È Á‡Ô˜‡Ú-
΂‡ÂÚ ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ı Û˜‡ÒÚÌËÍÓ‚, Á‡ËÌÚÂappleÂÒÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ı ÒÚÓappleÓÌ, ÔappleÓ·ÎÂÏ˚ Ë ‚Á‡ËÏÓÒ‚fl-
ÁË, ‡ Á‡ÚÂÏ – ‚ÒÂı ÓÒڇθÌ˚ı ‡ÍÚÓappleÓ‚, ÚappleÂÚ¸Ëı ÒÚÓappleÓÌ ËÎË ÔÓÚÂ̈ˇθÌ˚ ÏËapple-
Ì˚ ‡Î¸flÌÒ˚, ÒÔÓÒÓ·Ì˚ ËÁÏÂÌËÚ¸ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆË˛. ÅÓΠ‰ÂڇθÌ˚È ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÒ-
ÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ Ú Ê Ë̉Ë͇ÚÓapple˚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡, ÍÓÚÓapple˚ ÔappleËÏÂÌfl˛ÚÒfl ‰Îfl apple‡ÌÌ„Ó
Ôapple‰ÛÔappleÂʉÂÌËfl Ë ÓˆÂÌÍË ‚ÓÁ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl (Schmid, 1997; Joongman, 2000; ‡ Ú‡ÍÊÂ
ÒÚ‡Ú¸fl í. è‡ÙÙÂÌıÓθˆ ‚ ‰‡ÌÌÓÏ Ò·ÓappleÌËÍÂ).
Ç Á‡‚Âapple¯ÂÌË ÓÚÏÂÚËÏ Ò‡ÏÓ „·‚ÌÓÂ: ËÏÂÌÌÓ Ì‡ ÏÂÒÚÌ˚ı ‡ÍÚÓapple‡ı ÎÂÊËÚ ÓÒÌÓ‚-
̇fl ÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸, Ë ËÏÂÌÌÓ ÓÌË ËÏÂ˛Ú ·Óθ¯Â, ˜ÂÏ ÍÚÓ ·˚ ÚÓ ÌË ·˚ÎÓ, ‚ÓÁÏÓÊ-
ÌÓÒÚÂÈ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleÏËappleÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚È ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ. ëÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ÔappleËÏÂapple˚, ÍÓ„‰‡
ÒappleÂ‰Ë ÒÚÓappleÓÌ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ ÔÓfl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl „appleÛÔÔ‡, ÍÓÚÓapple‡fl ̇˜Ë̇ÂÚ Ë„apple‡Ú¸ appleÓθ ‚ÒÚappleÓÂÌ-
ÌÓÈ ÚappleÂÚ¸ÂÈ ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚, ÔÓÏÓ„‡fl ÓÚÍapple˚‚‡Ú¸ ͇̇Î˚ ‰Ë‡ÎÓ„‡ Ë ÒÓÁ‰‡‚‡Ú¸ ÌÓ‚˚ ÔÓÎË-
Ú˘ÂÒÍË ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚË. àÌÓ„‰‡ ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ „appleÛÔÔ˚ ÓÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Îfl˛Ú “Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆË˛
̇ ÛappleÓ‚Ì ‡ÍÚÓappleÓ‚”, ̇ÔappleËÏÂapple ‚ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â, ÍÓ„‰‡ Ô‡appleÚËfl òËÌ îÂÈÌ apple¯Ë· ÓÚ͇Á‡Ú¸Òfl
ÓÚ Ì‡ÒËθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ÙÓappleÏ ·Óapple¸·˚ ‚ ÔÓθÁÛ ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍËı. èapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎË „apple‡Ê‰‡Ì-
ÒÍÓ„Ó Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ Ë ÏÂÒÚÌ˚ı çèé ÏÓ„ÛÚ Ë„apple‡Ú¸ Íβ˜Â‚Û˛ appleÓθ ‚ ̇·ÊË‚‡ÌËË ÓÚÌÓ-
¯ÂÌËÈ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍËÏË Ô‡appleÚËflÏË Ë ÏÂÒÚÌ˚ÏË „appleÛÔÔ‡ÏË, Ú‡ÍÓ‚ÓÈ ·˚·, ̇ÔappleË-
ÏÂapple, ‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ ÏÓ̇ÒÚ˚applefl äÎÓ̇apple‰‡ ‚ ë‚ÂappleÌÓÈ àapple·̉ËË. èÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ ÏÂÒÚÌ˚Â
„appleÛÔÔ˚ ËÏÂ˛Ú ÔÂapple‚ÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌÓ Á̇˜ÂÌË ‰Îfl ÔÓÒÚappleÓÂÌËfl ÏËapple‡. ç‡ÔappleËÏÂapple, ÛÍappleÂÔÎflfl
Û‚‡ÊÂÌËÂ Í ÍÛθÚÛappleÌ˚Ï Úapple‡‰ËˆËflÏ, ÓÌË Á‡Úapple‡„Ë‚‡˛Ú Ú‡ÍÊ ‚ÓÔappleÓÒ˚ ËÒÚÓapple˘ÂÒÍÓÈ
Ô‡ÏflÚË Ë ÔappleËÏËappleÂÌËfl, ÔappleËÏÂappleÓÏ ˜ÂÏÛ ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÎÛÊËÚ¸ ‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ Ó·˘ËÌ˚ äÓappleË-
ÏË· ‚ ë‚ÂappleÌÓÈ àapple·̉ËË. íappleÛ‰ÌÓ ÓˆÂÌËÚ¸ ‚ÎËflÌË ڇÍÓÈ apple‡·ÓÚ˚ ̇ χÍappleÓÛappleÓ-
‚Â̸ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡, ÌÓ ‚ β·ÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ̇ ÏËÍappleÓÛappleÓ‚Ì ÔappleÓËÒıÓ‰flÚ ‚ÌÛ¯‡˛˘Ë ̇‰Â-
Ê‰Û Î˘Ì˚Â Ë „appleÛÔÔÓ‚˚ ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl.
91

ï¸˛ å‡È‡ÎÎ
3.2. äÓÓapple‰Ë̇ˆËfl Ë ÏÌÓ„ÓÛappleÓ‚Ì‚‡fl ‰ËÔÎÓχÚËfl
èappleÓ·ÎÂχ ˝ÙÙÂÍÚË‚ÌÓ„Ó ‚Á‡ËÏÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ËÌˈˇÚË‚ ̇ apple‡ÁÌ˚ı ÛappleÓ‚Ìflı Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚Îfl-
ÂÚ ÓÒÓ·Û˛ ÒÎÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ‰Îfl Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡. Ç ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â, ÍÓ„‰‡ Ú‡ÍÓ ‚Á‡-
ËÏÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ÔappleÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ, ÓÌÓ ÏÓÊÂÚ ÔappleË‚Ó‰ËÚ¸ Í ÔappleÓ‰ÛÍÚË‚Ì˚Ï appleÂÁÛθڇڇÏ, ͇Í
˝ÚÓ ÔappleÓËÁÓ¯ÎÓ ‚ å‡Í‰ÓÌËË (ÒÏ. ·ÓÍÒ 6).
èapple˂‰ÂÌÌ˚È ÔappleËÏÂapple, Ӊ̇ÍÓ, Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ ÒÍÓapple ËÒÍβ˜ÂÌËÂ, ÔÓÒÍÓθÍÛ
ÒÎ˯ÍÓÏ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ‚ÌÛÚappleÂÌÌËÂ Ë ‚̯ÌË ‡ÍÚÓapple˚ ̇ apple‡Á΢Ì˚ı ÛappleÓ‚Ìflı ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Û˛Ú Ì‡-
ÔÂappleÂÍÓapple ‰appleÛ„ ‰appleÛ„Û. ùÚÓ Ì ۉ˂ËÚÂθÌÓ, ÂÒÎË ‚ÒÔÓÏÌËÚ¸, ̇ÒÍÓθÍÓ ÓÚ΢‡˛ÚÒfl Ëı
ÏËappleÓ‚ÓÁÁappleÂÌËfl (ÒÏ. ·ÓÍÒ 7). ÑÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ̇ Ó‰ÌÓÏ ÛappleÓ‚Ì ËÌÓ„‰‡ ÔÓ‰apple˚‚‡˛Ú ÛÒËÎËfl,
Ôapple‰ÔappleËÌËχÂÏ˚ ̇ ‰appleÛ„ÓÏ. ç‡ÔappleËÏÂapple, ÂÒÎË Óapple„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl ÒÚappleÂÏËÚÒfl apple‡Áapple¯ËÚ¸
ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ ÌÂ̇ÒËθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ÏË ÏÂÚÓ‰‡ÏË, ÂÈ ·Û‰ÂÚ ÒÎÓÊÌÓ ÒÓÚappleÛ‰Ì˘‡Ú¸ Ò Ôapple‡‚Ë-
ÚÂθÒÚ‚ÓÏ, ÍÓÚÓappleÓ Ì ÔappleÂÌ·apple„‡ÂÚ ÒËÎÓ‚˚ÏË ÏÂÚÓ‰‡ÏË, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Á‡ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ÏÂÒÚÌ˚Â
„appleÛÔÔ˚ ÔappleËÏËappleËÚ¸Òfl Ò Â„Ó ÛÒÎÓ‚ËflÏË. åËÌËÒÚÂappleÒÚ‚‡ ËÌÓÒÚapple‡ÌÌ˚ı ‰ÂÎ Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ÌÂ
ÔappleË‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ‚ϯ‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó çèé ‚ ‰ËÔÎÓχÚ˘ÂÒÍÛ˛ ÒÙÂappleÛ.
èapple‡ÍÚËÍË, Á‡ÌËχ˛˘ËÂÒfl Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËÂÈ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ̇ ÌÂÔapple‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚ÂÌ-
ÌÓÏ ÛappleÓ‚ÌÂ, ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ Ò ‚ÌËχÌËÂÏ Ë Û‚‡ÊÂÌËÂÏ ÓÚÌÓÒËÚ¸Òfl Í ÍÛθÚÛapple ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÌÓ-
„Ó apple„ËÓ̇, Í ˆÂÎflÏ Ë ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚflÏ ÓÒڇθÌ˚ı ‡ÍÚÓappleÓ‚. éÌË ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ÔÓÏÌËÚ¸, ˜ÚÓ
Ì ‚Ò„‰‡ ÒÔÓÒÓ·Ì˚ ‚ÎËflÚ¸ ̇ ‰appleÛ„Ëı ‡ÍÚÓappleÓ‚, ˜¸Ë ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl Ó͇Á˚‚‡˛Ú ‚ÎËflÌË ̇
Ëı ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÛ˛ apple‡·ÓÚÛ. ÅÓΠÚÓ„Ó, ÍÓ„‰‡ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl ÔÓÚapple·ÛÂÚ ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl
ÒÚapple‡Ú„ËÈ ‡ÍÚÓappleÓ‚ ÔÂapple‚Ó„Ó ÛappleÓ‚Ìfl ‚Ì ÁÓÌ˚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡, ÓÚ ÌËı ÏÓÊÂÚ ÔÓÚapple·ӂ‡Ú¸-
Òfl apple‡Ò¯ËappleÂÌË χүڇ·‡ ‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚË. ç‡ÔappleËÏÂapple, apple‡ÒÚÂÚ ÔappleËÁ̇ÌË ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ Ú‡ÍËÂ
92
ÅÓÍÒ 6: ëÓÚappleÛ‰Ì˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó ‚ ÏÌÓ„ÓÛappleÓ‚Ì‚ÓÈ ‰ËÔÎÓχÚËË ‚ å‡Í‰ÓÌËË
èappleËÏÂapple å‡Í‰ÓÌËË Ò‚Ë‰ÂÚÂθÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ËÌˈˇÚË‚˚, Ôapple‰ÔappleËÌflÚ˚Â
̇ apple‡ÁÌ˚ı ÛappleÓ‚Ìflı, ÏÓ„ÛÚ ÔÓ-̇ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏÛ ‰ÓÔÓÎÌflÚ¸ ‰appleÛ„ ‰appleÛ„‡. ç‡ÔappleËÏÂapple, ÇÂappleıÓ‚Ì˚È
ÍÓÏËÒÒ‡apple éÅëÖ ÔÓ ‰ÂÎ‡Ï ÏÂ̸¯ËÌÒÚ‚ (ÔÂapple‚˚È ÛappleÓ‚Â̸, ‚̯ÌËÈ) ‚ ÒÓ-
ÚappleÛ‰Ì˘ÂÒÚ‚Â Ò àÌÒÚËÚÛÚÓÏ ÓÚÍapple˚ÚÓ„Ó Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ ‚ ÒÚÓÎˈ å‡Í‰ÓÌËË ëÍÓÔ¸Â
(ÚappleÂÚËÈ ÛappleÓ‚Â̸, ‚ÌÛÚappleÂÌÌËÈ) Ôapple‰ÎÓÊËÎË ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ‚‡appleˇÌÚÓ‚ ÍÓÏÔappleÓÏËÒÒÌÓ-
„Ó apple¯ÂÌËfl ÔappleÓ·ÎÂÏ˚ ‚˚Ò¯Â„Ó Ó·apple‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl. é‰ÌÓ‚appleÂÏÂÌÌÓ Ò ˝ÚËÏ Ì‡ ÏÂʉÛ̇appleÓ‰ÌÓÈ
ÍÓÌÙÂappleÂ̈ËË ÔÓ ‚ÓÔappleÓÒ‡Ï ·˚‚¯ÂÈ û„ÓÒ·‚ËË (ÔÂapple‚˚È ÛappleÓ‚Â̸) ·˚Î ‰Ó-
ÒÚË„ÌÛÚ ÍÓÏÔappleÓÏËÒÒ ÏÂÊ‰Û å‡Í‰ÓÌËÂÈ Ë ˝ÚÌ˘ÂÒÍËÏË ÒÂapple·‡ÏË, ‚ ÚÓ ‚appleÂÏfl ͇Í
ê. ïÓηappleÛÍ Ë Ôapple‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó ëòÄ (ÔÂapple‚˚È ÛappleÓ‚Â̸) ‰Ó·ËÎËÒ¸ Òӄ·¯ÂÌËfl ÏÂÊ-
‰Û ÉappleˆËÂÈ Ë å‡Í‰ÓÌËÂÈ, ÍÓÚÓappleÓ ÔappleË‚ÂÎÓ Í ÔappleÂÍapple‡˘ÂÌ˲ ·ÎÓ͇‰˚. ÄÏÂappleË-
͇ÌÒ͇fl çèé “èÓËÒÍ Òӄ·ÒËfl” (ÚappleÂÚËÈ ÛappleÓ‚Â̸, ‚̯ÌËÈ) apple‡Áapple‡·Óڇ· ‰Ó΄Ó-
ÒappleÓ˜Ì˚È ÔappleÓÂÍÚ, ̇Ôapple‡‚ÎÂÌÌ˚È Ì‡ Û‰Ó‚ÎÂÚ‚ÓappleÂÌË ÔÓÚapple·ÌÓÒÚÂÈ Ó·˘ËÌ Ó·ÂËı
ÒÚÓappleÓÌ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡. éÌ ‚Íβ˜‡Î Ú‡ÍË ̇Ôapple‡‚ÎÂÌËfl, Í‡Í apple‡Á‚ËÚË ÏÌÓ„ÓÒÚÓappleÓÌ-
ÌÂÈ ÊÛapplėÎËÒÚËÍË Ë Û‚‡ÊÂÌËfl Í Ó·˘ÂÏÛ ÍÛθÚÛappleÌÓÏÛ Ì‡ÒΉ˲ Ë Ô‡ÏflÚÌË͇Ï,
˜ÚËÏ˚Ï Í‡Ê‰ÓÈ ËÁ Ó·˘ËÌ, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ÒÓ‚ÏÂÒÚÌ˚ ËÌˈˇÚË‚˚ ÔÓ Óıapple‡Ì ÓÍappleÛʇ-
˛˘ÂÈ Òapple‰˚ (Ackermann, 2000).
ç‡ÔappleflÊÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸ ÏÂÊ‰Û ‰‚ÛÏfl Ó·˘Ë̇ÏË ÒÓıapple‡ÌflÂÚÒfl Ë, ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ, ‰‡Ê ÛÒÛ-
„Û·Ë·Ҹ ÔÓ‰ ‚ÎËflÌËÂÏ ‚ÓÈÌ˚ ‚ äÓÒÓ‚Ó. ç‡ÔappleËÏÂapple, ÒÚÓÎÍÌÓ‚ÂÌËfl ‚ χÂ-˲ÌÂ
2000 „. ‚ÔÓÎÌ ÏÓ„ÎË ÔÂappleÂapple‡ÒÚË ‚ „apple‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÛ˛ ‚ÓÈÌÛ. çÂapple¯ÂÌÌ˚ÏË ÓÒÚ‡ÎËÒ¸
ÒÂapple¸ÂÁÌ˚ apple‡ÁÌӄ·ÒËfl ÔÓ ÔÓ‚Ó‰Û Ë‰ÂÌÚ˘ÌÓÒÚË Ë ÒÚ‡ÚÛÒ‡ „appleÛÔÔ. çÂÒÏÓÚapplefl ̇
˝ÚÓ, ‚ ÔÂappleËÓ‰ ̇ÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ ÒÚ‡Ú¸Ë ‚ Ô‡apple·ÏÂÌÚ å‡Í‰ÓÌËË ÔÓ-ÔappleÂÊÌÂÏÛ
ÙÛÌ͈ËÓÌËappleÓ‚‡Î‡ ÏÂÊ˝ÚÌ˘ÂÒ͇fl ÍÓ‡ÎˈËfl, ÍÓÚÓapple‡fl, ÔÓʇÎÛÈ, Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ ÒÓ-
·ÓÈ Ò‡Ï˚È ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚È Ù‡ÍÚÓapple Ò‰ÂappleÊË‚‡ÌËfl ̇ÒËθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡. ïÓ-
Úfl Ë ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛˘Â ̇ÔappleflÊÂÌË ‚Ò ¢ ÏÓÊÂÚ apple‡ÒÔappleÓÒÚapple‡ÌËÚ¸Òfl ̇ ‚Ò˛ ÒÚapple‡ÌÛ,
‚ÌÛÚappleÂÌÌËÏ Ë ‚̯ÌËÏ ‡ÍÚÓapple‡Ï ‰Ó ÒËı ÔÓapple Û‰‡ÂÚÒfl ˝ÙÙÂÍÚË‚ÌÓ ÔÓ‰‰ÂappleÊË‚‡Ú¸,
ÔÓ Íapple‡ÈÌÂÈ ÏÂapple ̇ ‚˚Ò¯ÂÏ ÛappleÓ‚ÌÂ, ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÌÓÒÚ¸ Û·ÊË‚‡Ú¸ apple‡ÁÌӄ·ÒËfl.

ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛapple˚, Í‡Í ÇÒÂÏËappleÌ˚È ·‡ÌÍ, ÏÓ„ÛÚ Ó͇Á˚‚‡Ú¸ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ‚ÎËflÌË ̇ ÍÓÌ-
ÙÎËÍÚ˚. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ Í‡ÏÔ‡ÌËË ÔÓ ËÁÏÂÌÂÌ˲ ÔÓÎËÚËÍË ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı Óapple„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËÈ ‚Ò ˜‡-
˘Â ÒÚ‡ÎË ‚Íβ˜‡Ú¸Òfl ‚ ˜ËÒÎÓ Á‡‰‡˜ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡.
3.3. éˆÂÌ͇ ‚ÓÁ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl
Ôapple‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚË
íapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚: ÍÓÏÔÎÂÍÒ̇fl Á‡‰‡˜‡
ÅÓÍÒ 7: åÌÓ„ÓÛappleÓ‚Ì‚‡fl ‰ËÔÎÓχÚËfl
Ç ˜ËÒΠ̇˷ÓΠÒÎÓÊÌ˚ı ‚ÓÔappleÓÒÓ‚ ‚ ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ ÒÙÂapple ÓÒÚ‡˛ÚÒfl, ‚Ó-ÔÂapple‚˚ı,
ı‡apple‡ÍÚÂapple ‚Á‡ËÏÓÒ‚flÁÂÈ ÏÂÊ‰Û apple‡ÁÌ˚ÏË ÛappleÓ‚ÌflÏË ÏËappleÓÚ‚Óapple˜ÂÒÚ‚‡ Ë ÔÓÒÚappleÓÂÌËfl
ÏËapple‡ ‚ ͇ʉÓÈ ÍÓÌÍappleÂÚÌÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË Ë, ‚Ó-‚ÚÓapple˚ı, ‰Ë̇ÏË͇ ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËÈ Ë ‚Á‡ËÏ-
ÌÓ„Ó ‚ÎËflÌËfl. ã„ÍÓ Û·Â‰ËÚ¸Òfl, ˜ÚÓ ÏËappleÌ˚ Òӄ·¯ÂÌËfl Ë ‰appleÛ„Ë ÙÓappleÏ˚ ÔÓÎË-
Ú˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó Ûapple„ÛÎËappleÓ‚‡ÌËfl (͇ÍËÏ ·˚ÎÓ ÔappleËÌflÚË ÌÓ‚ÓÈ ÍÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËË Ì‡ îˉÊË)
ÚappleÂ·Û˛Ú Ôappleӂ‰ÂÌËfl ÔÂapple„ӂÓappleÓ‚ Ò Ôapple˂ΘÂÌËÂÏ ‚ÒÂı Á‡ËÌÚÂappleÂÒÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ı ÍappleÛ-
„Ó‚; ÔappleË ˝ÚÓÏ ‚‡ÊÌÓ Û‰ÂÎflÚ¸ ‚ÌËχÌË apple‡ÎËflÏ Ì‡ ÏÂÒÚ‡ı. å˚ ÔÓÌflÎË, ˜ÚÓ ÂÒÎË
ÏËappleÌ˚ Òӄ·¯ÂÌËfl ̇‚flÁ˚‚‡˛ÚÒfl ËÁ‚ÌÂ, ÓÌË ÎË·Ó ÒÔÓÚ˚͇˛ÚÒfl Ó ÔÂapple‚Ó ÊÂ
ÔappleÂÔflÚÒÚ‚ËÂ, ÎË·Ó Ì ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ‰ÓÒÚËÊÂÌ˲ ÒÔapple‡‚‰ÎË‚˚ı Ë ÏËappleÌ˚ı ÓÚÌÓ-
¯ÂÌËÈ, Í ÍÓÚÓapple˚Ï ÒÚappleÂÏËÎËÒ¸ ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡. ëËθÌÓÈ ÒÚÓappleÓÌÓÈ „apple‡Ê‰‡Ì-
ÒÍËı ËÌˈˇÚË‚ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌË ÏÓ„ÛÚ Û·Â‰ËÚ¸ ÔÓÎËÚËÍÓ‚ Ë ‰appleÛ„Ëı ÎˉÂappleÓ‚
apple¯‡Ú¸ apple‡ÁÌӄ·ÒËfl ̇ ÛappleÓ‚Ì ‚ÌÛÚappleÂÌÌÂÈ ÔÓÎËÚËÍË, Ì Ôapple˷„‡fl Í Ì‡ÒËθÒÚ‚ÂÌ-
ÌÓÈ ÍÓÌÙappleÓÌÚ‡ˆËË.
á‡Í·‰˚‚‡ÌË ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ„Ó ‰Îfl ÔappleÓ˜ÌÓ„Ó ÏËapple‡ ÒӈˇθÌÓ„Ó ÙÛ̉‡ÏÂÌÚ‡,
ÍÓÚÓappleÓ ÓÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ̇ ÛappleÓ‚Ì „appleÛÔÔ „apple‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓ„Ó Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ Ë ÏÂÒÚÌ˚ı Ó·-
˘ËÌ, ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÚÂappleÔËÚ Íapple‡ı ËÎË ÔÓÔ‡‰‡ÂÚ ‚ ÒÙÂappleÛ ‚ÎËflÌËfl ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍËı ËÎË ‚ÓÂÌ-
Ì˚ı ÍappleÛ„Ó‚. èappleË ˝ÚÓÏ Ôapple‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË Ì‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ ‚˚flÒÌËÚ¸, Ó͇Á‡Î‡ ÎË Í‡ÍÓÂ-ÎË-
·Ó ‚ÎËflÌË ̇ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆË˛ ÍappleÓÔÓÚÎË‚‡fl Ë ‰ÎËÚÂθ̇fl apple‡·ÓÚ‡ ̇ ÏÂÒÚ‡ı. ä‡Í ·˚ Ï˚
ÌË Ô˚Ú‡ÎËÒ¸ ÛÒÚapple‡ÌËÚ¸ ˝ÚË ÚappleÛ‰ÌÓÒÚË, ÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÚÒfl flÒÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl ÍÓÌ-
ÙÎËÍÚ‡ Ë ÔÓÒÚappleÓÂÌË ÏËapple‡ ·Û‰ÛÚ ÛÒÚÓȘ˂˚ÏË, ÚÓθÍÓ ÂÒÎË apple‡·ÓÚ‡ ·Û‰ÂÚ ÔappleÓ‚Ó-
‰ËÚ¸Òfl ̇ ‚ÒÂı ÛappleÓ‚Ìflı (Conciliation Resources, 2000).
Ç ˜ÂÏ ‚˚apple‡Ê‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ÎËflÌË ‚ÒÂÈ ÒÓ‚ÓÍÛÔÌÓÒÚË Ôapple‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚË Ì‡ ÍÓÌ-
ÙÎËÍÚ˚? é‰ÌÓÁ̇˜Ì˚ı ÓÚ‚ÂÚÓ‚ ÔÓ͇ Ì ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ. ÖÒÚ¸ ҂ˉÂÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ Ó Á̇˜Ë-
ÚÂθÌ˚ı ‰ÓÒÚËÊÂÌËflı ‚ ÒÙÂapple ÛÍappleÂÔÎÂÌËfl ÏËappleÌÓ„Ó ÔÓÚÂ̈ˇ·, ̇ÔappleËÏÂapple, ‚ apple‡·ÓÚÂ
ÑÊ.è. ã‰Âapple‡ı‡ (1997). Ç ÔÓÒΉÌ ‚appleÂÏfl ·˚ÎÓ ‚˚ÔÛ˘ÂÌÓ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÔÛ·ÎË͇ˆËÈ,
ÒÓ‰Âappleʇ˘Ëı ‚Ô˜‡ÚÎfl˛˘Ë ËÒÚÓappleËË Ëı ÛÒÔÂı‡ (European Platform for Conflict
Prevention, 1999‡,b). ëËÒÚÂχÚ˘ÂÒÍËÈ Òapple‡‚ÌËÚÂθÌ˚È ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎËÎ, Ӊ̇ÍÓ,
ÚÓθÍÓ Ì‰‡‚ÌÓ ÓÔapple‰ÂÎËÚ¸ Íβ˜Â‚˚ ԇapple‡ÏÂÚapple˚ ‚ ÓˆÂÌÍ ‚ÓÁ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl. í‡ÍÓÈ ‡Ì‡-
ÎËÁ, ‚ ˜‡ÒÚÌÓÒÚË, ÔappleÓ‚Ó‰ËÎÒfl ‚ apple‡Ï͇ı ÔappleÓÂÍÚÓ‚ “Ä̇ÎËÁ ÏËappleÓÚ‚Óapple˜ÂÒÍÓÈ Ôapple‡ÍÚË-
ÍË” Ë “àÁ‚ΘÂÌË ÛappleÓÍÓ‚ ËÁ ‚ϯ‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚ ‚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ˚”, ÓÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÎÂÌÌ˚ı Ö‚appleÓ-
ÔÂÈÒÍÓÈ Ô·ÚÙÓappleÏÓÈ ÔÓ Ôapple‰ÛÔappleÂʉÂÌ˲ Ë Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚. Ç apple‡·ÓÚÂ
ÑÊ. ÅÂappleÍӂ˘‡ (Bercovitsch, 1996) ‚˚‰‚ËÌÛÚÓ Ôapple‰ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËÂ, ˜ÚÓ ‚ ‰ÓÒÚËÊÂÌËË ÒÓ-
„·¯ÂÌËfl ̇˷ÓΠ˝ÙÙÂÍÚË‚Ì˚ÏË ·Û‰ÛÚ Ú ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰˚ ÔÓ Ûapple„ÛÎËappleÓ‚‡Ì˲ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍ-
ÚÓ‚, ‚ ÍÓÚÓapple˚ı Á‡‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ì˚ apple˚˜‡„Ë ‚·ÒÚË. ìapple„ÛÎËappleÓ‚‡ÌË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡, Ӊ̇ÍÓ,
˜‡ÒÚÓ ÚÂappleÔËÚ ÌÂÛ‰‡˜Û ÔappleË Â„Ó Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ ·ÓΠ‚‡Ê̇
‰Ó΄ÓÒappleӘ̇fl ‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸, ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎfl˛˘‡fl ̇·‰ËÚ¸ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl Ë apple‡Á‚ËÚ¸ ÔÓÚÂ̈Ë-
‡Î, ˜ÂÏ ıappleÛÔÍËÂ Ë ÒÍÓappleÓÔ‡ÎËÚÂθÌ˚ ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍË Òӄ·¯ÂÌËfl.
àÁ‚ÂÒÚÌ˚Â Ì‡Ï ‰‡ÌÌ˚ ӷ ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËË ˝ÚÌ˘ÂÒÍËı ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ Ì ‰‡˛Ú ÓÒÓ·˚ı
ÔÓ‚Ó‰Ó‚ ‰Îfl ÓÔÚËÏËÁχ. Ç Ò‚ÓÂÏ ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÌËË Ó ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ı, apple‡Áapple¯ÂÌÌ˚ı ÏËappleÌ˚Ï
ÔÛÚÂÏ ÔÓÒΠ1945 „. ‚ Ö‚appleÓÔÂ, ̇ ÅÎËÊÌÂÏ ÇÓÒÚÓÍÂ Ë ‚ ÄÙappleËÍÂ, ‡‚ÚÓapple ӷ̇appleÛÊËÎ
ÚÓθÍÓ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ Â‰ËÌ˘Ì˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡Â‚, ÍÓ„‰‡ ˝ÚÌ˘ÂÒÍË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ˚ ·˚ÎË apple‡Áapple¯Â-
93

ï¸˛ å‡È‡ÎÎ
Ì˚ Ú‡ÍËÏ Ó·apple‡ÁÓÏ (˝ÚÓ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ˚ ̇ ÔappleË̇‰ÎÂʇ˘Ëı îËÌÎfl̉ËË Ä·̉ÒÍËı ÓÒÚappleÓ‚‡ı,
‚ ë‚ÂappleÌÓÏ ùÔËapple ‚ ÉappleˆËË, ‚ ÁÂÏΠ뇇apple ‚ ÉÂappleχÌËË Ë ‚ ûÊÌÓÏ íËappleÓΠ‚
àÚ‡ÎËË). Ç Ì‰‡‚ÌÂÈ apple‡·ÓÚ î. èÙÂÚ˜‡ Ë ä. êÓÎÓÙÙ‡ (Pfetsch, Roloff, 2000) ÛÒڇ̇-
‚ÎË‚‡ÂÚÒfl, ˜ÚÓ ËÁ 121-„Ó ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡, Ò‚flÁ‡ÌÌÓ„Ó Ò ˝ÚÌ˘ÌÓÒÚ¸˛, appleÂÎË„ËÂÈ ËÎË apple„Ë-
Ó̇θÌÓÈ ‡‚ÚÓÌÓÏËÂÈ, ÚÓθÍÓ 13 ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ·˚ÎÓ apple‡Áapple¯ÂÌÓ ÔÛÚÂÏ ÏËappleÌ˚ı ÔÂappleÂ-
„Ó‚ÓappleÓ‚, ‚ 51-Ï ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ ÓÒÚ‡ÎÒfl ÌÂapple‡Áapple¯ÂÌÌ˚Ï, ‚ 8-ÏË ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ‰Îfl apple‡ÁappleÂ-
¯ÂÌËfl ÔappleËÏÂÌfl·Ҹ Û„appleÓÁ‡ ÒËÎÓ‚˚ı ÏÂÚÓ‰Ó‚, ‡ ‚ 49-ÚË ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ËÏÂÎÓ ÏÂÒÚÓ Ì‡ÒËÎËÂ.
Ç ·Óθ¯ËÌÒÚ‚Â Ò‚ÓÂÏ ÏËappleÌÓ apple‡Áapple¯ÂÌË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ÔappleËıÓ‰ËÚÒfl ̇ appleÂÒÔÛ·ÎËÍË
·˚‚¯Â„Ó ëÓ‚ÂÚÒÍÓ„Ó ëÓ˛Á‡ ‚ 1991 „. ÑÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ, ÂÒÎË Ì ҘËÚ‡Ú¸ ̇ÒËθÒÚ‚ÂÌ-
Ì˚ı ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ‚ ó˜ÌÂ, 퇉ÊËÍËÒÚ‡ÌÂ, 燄ÓappleÌÓÏ ä‡apple‡·‡ıÂ Ë ÌÂÍÓÚÓapple˚ı ‰appleÛ„Ëı
apple„ËÓ̇ı, ÔÓapple‡ÁËÚÂθÌÓ, ÒÍÓθÍÓ ÔÓÚÂ̈ˇθÌ˚ı ˝ÚÌ˘ÂÒÍËı ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ‚ ·˚‚¯ÂÏ
ëÓ‚ÂÚÒÍÓÏ ëÓ˛Á ·˚ÎÓ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleÏËappleÓ‚‡ÌÓ ÌÂ̇ÒËθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Ï ÔÛÚÂÏ.
é‰ÌËÏ ËÁ ÔÓÎÂÁÌ˚ı ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÒÍËı ̇Ôapple‡‚ÎÂÌËÈ ÏÓ„ ·˚ ÒÚ‡Ú¸ ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ ÒÎÛ˜‡-
‚ ÏËappleÌÓ„Ó apple‡Áapple¯ÂÌËfl, ‚˚fl‚Îfl˛˘ËÈ Ù‡ÍÚÓapple˚, ÍÓÚÓapple˚ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎËÎË ËÁ·Âʇڸ ̇ÒË-
ÎËfl, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ÏÂÚÓ‰˚, ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ ÔappleË Ûapple„ÛÎËappleÓ‚‡ÌËË (ËÎË ÔÓÔ˚Ú͇ı Ûapple„ÛÎËappleÓ‚‡ÌËfl)
˝ÚÌ˘ÂÒÍËı Ë ‰appleÛ„Ëı ‚ÌÛÚappleË„ÓÒÛ‰‡appleÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚. èappleÂÍapple‡˘ÂÌËÂ
̇ÒËÎËfl, Ӊ̇ÍÓ, fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÒÎ˯ÍÓÏ „appleÛ·˚Ï Ë Ó‰ÌÓÁ̇˜Ì˚Ï Ë̉Ë͇ÚÓappleÓÏ ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËfl
ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡, Ë ˝ÚÓ Ó·ÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó Ì ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎflÂÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ Â„Ó ‚ Ô·ÌËappleÓ‚‡ÌËË Ë
ÓˆÂÌÍ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË. ÑÎfl ˝ÚÓ„Ó Úapple·ÛÂÚÒfl ·ÓΠÚÓÌÍËÈ ‰ËÙÙÂappleÂ̈ËappleÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚È
ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ (ÒÏ. ÒÚ‡Ú¸˛ å. ïÓÙÙχ̇ ‚ ‰‡ÌÌÓÏ Ò·ÓappleÌËÍÂ). é‰ÌËÏ ËÁ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌ˚ı ‚‡appleË-
‡ÌÚÓ‚ ÏÓ„ÎË ·˚ ÒÚ‡Ú¸ Ë̉Ë͇ÚÓapple˚, apple‡Áapple‡·ÓÚ‡ÌÌ˚ ‚ apple‡Ï͇ı ÔappleÓÂÍÚ‡ “éˆÂÌ͇ ‚ÓÁ-
‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ̇ ÏËapple Ë ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ” (éÇåä). ÖÒÎË apple‡ÁÎÓÊËÚ¸ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆË˛ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍ-
ÚÓ‚ ̇ ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl ‚ Ëı ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛappleÂ, ˆÂÎflı ÒÚÓappleÓÌ Ë ÔappleÓ·ÎÂχÚËÍÂ,
Í‡Í ˝ÚÓ Ôapple‰ÎÓÊÂÌÓ ‚ ÚÂÓappleÂÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ ÒÚ‡Ú¸Ë, ˝ÚÓ ÔÓÏÓ„ÎÓ ·˚ ÒÓÓÚÌÂ-
ÒÚË ÙÓappleÏ˚ ‚ϯ‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ Ò ÍÓÌÍappleÂÚÌ˚ÏË ÔappleÂÓ·apple‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËflÏË ‚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÂ.
ÇÓÁ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ËÌˈˇÚË‚ ÔÓ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË Ì ‰ÓÎÊÌÓ Ó„apple‡Ì˘˂‡Ú¸Òfl ÒÚÓappleÓ-
̇ÏË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡. éÌÓ Ì‡ÔappleflÏÛ˛ Á‡Úapple‡„Ë‚‡ÂÚ ‚ÒÂı ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ëı Îˈ. èappleÓ·ÎÂÏ˚,
ÚappleÛ‰ÌÓÒÚË, ÔappleÂÔflÚÒÚ‚Ëfl, ÌÂÛ‰‡˜Ë Ë ÓÚÒappleÓ˜ÍË, ÔappleËÒÛ˘Ë β·ÓÏÛ ÔappleÓˆÂÒÒÛ ‚ ÌÂÈ,
ÓÁ̇˜‡˛Ú, ˜ÚÓ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ Ú‡ÍÊ “Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleÏËappleÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÚÂı, ÍÚÓ ÓÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚-
ÎflÂÚ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆË˛”. é· ˝ÚÓÈ „appleÛÔÔ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ ÔÓÏÌËÚ¸ (ÒÏ. ·ÓÍÒ 8) ÔappleË
Ô·ÌËappleÓ‚‡ÌËË ‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚË ÔÓ Ó·Û˜ÂÌ˲ ÍÛθÚÛapple ÏËapple‡, ÔÓ‚˚¯ÂÌ˲ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚‡
ÚappleÂÌËÌ„Ó‚ Ë ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì˲ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚÂÈ ‰Îfl ‚ÌÛÚappleÂÌÌÂ„Ó Ò‡ÏӇ̇ÎËÁ‡ Ë ‰ÛıÓ‚ÌÓ„Ó
appleÓÒÚ‡.
94
ÅÓÍÒ 8: íapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl ‡„ÂÌÚÓ‚ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË – ÛÎ˚·Í‡ Í‡Í ÏÂÚÓ‰
é‰ËÌ ËÁ ̇˷ÓΠËÌÚÂappleÂÒÌ˚ı ‰ÂflÚÂÎÂÈ ‚ ӷ·ÒÚË Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍ-
ÚÓ‚ ‚ ÏËapple ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚ ÏÂÚÓ‰, ÍÓÚÓapple˚È apple‰ÍÓ ÛÔÓÏË̇ÂÚÒfl ‚ apple‡·ÓÚ‡ı Ó ÍÓÌÙÎËÍ-
Ú‡ı Ë ‡·ÒÓβÚÌÓ ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ‚ ÚÂÓappleËflı ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡. çÓ ˝ÚÓ Ó˜Â̸ ˝ÙÙÂÍÚË‚Ì˚È
ÏÂÚÓ‰. ùÚÓ – ÛÎ˚·Í‡. “Ñ·fl ‚‰Óı, fl ÛÒÔÓ͇˂‡˛ apple‡ÁÛÏ Ë ÚÂÎÓ. Ñ·fl ‚˚‰Óı, fl
ÛÎ˚·‡˛Ò¸. ü ÊË‚Û ‚ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ. à ‰Îfl ÏÂÌfl ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÚÓθÍÓ ˝ÚÓÚ ÏË„”.
í˘ ç‡Ú ï‡Ì – ·Û‰‰ËÈÒÍËÈ ÏÓ̇ı, ÔÓ˝Ú Ë ÏËappleÓÚ‚Óappleˆ ËÁ ǸÂÚ̇χ. éÌ Ì ‰ËÌ-
ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚È ÒÚÓappleÓÌÌËÍ “ÛÎ˚·˜Ë‚Ó„Ó” ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰‡ Í Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚. ч·È-
·χ, ĉ‡Ï äÂappleÎ Ë çÂθÒÓÌ å‡Ì‰Â· – ‚Ò ËÌÒÚËÌÍÚË‚ÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÎË ÛÎ˚·ÍÛ.
í˘ ç‡Ú ï‡Ì Ì ÚÓθÍÓ ÛÏÂÂÚ Á‡Ï˜‡ÚÂθÌÓ ÛÎ˚·‡Ú¸Òfl, ÌÓ Ë Ôapple‰·„‡ÂÚ ‚ÒÂÒÚÓappleÓÌ-
Ì appleÛÍÓ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚Ó ÔÓ ÚÂÓappleËË Ë Ôapple‡ÍÚËÍ ÛÎ˚·ÍË, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌÌÓ ̇ Úapple‡‰ËˆËÓÌÌÓÈ ÏÛ‰appleÓÒÚË
Ë Ôapple‡ÍÚËÍ (Nhat Hanh, 1987). “ÖÒÎË Ï˚ ÏËappleÓβ·Ë‚˚, ÂÒÎË Ï˚ Ò˜‡ÒÚÎË‚˚, ÚÓ
Ï˚ ÛÎ˚·‡ÂÏÒfl Ë apple‡Òˆ‚ÂÚ‡ÂÏ, Í‡Í Ï‡ÈÒÍËÈ ˆ‚ÂÚÓÍ, Ë Í‡Ê‰˚È ‚ ̇¯ÂÈ ÒÂÏ¸Â Ë ‚Ó
‚ÒÂÏ Ì‡¯ÂÏ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Â ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÂÚ ÓÚ ˝ÚÓ„Ó ·Î‡„Ó”.
à‰Âfl ÛÎ˚·ÍË Í‡Í ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰‡ Í Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ÓÒÌÓ‚‡Ì‡ ̇ ÍÓÌ-
ˆÂÔˆËË ‚Á‡ËÏÓÁ‡‚ËÒËÏÓ„Ó ÒÓÔappleÓËÒıÓʉÂÌËfl. èapple‡ÍÚË͇ ÛÎ˚·ÓÍ – ˝ÚÓ ˜‡ÒÚ¸ Ôapple‡Í-
ÚËÍË “Á‡ËÌÚÂappleÂÒÓ‚‡ÌÌÓÈ ÒÓÒapple‰ÓÚÓ˜ÂÌÌÓÒÚË” Ë Ì‡ÔÓÏË̇ÂÚ Ì‡Ï, ˜ÚÓ ÚÂ, ÍÚÓ

íapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚: ÍÓÏÔÎÂÍÒ̇fl Á‡‰‡˜‡
Á‡ÌËχÂÚÒfl Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËÂÈ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚, ÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ Á‡ Ò‚Ó˛ ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÛ˛
Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆË˛.
ëӄ·ÒÌÓ ÚÂÓappleËË ‚Á‡ËÏÓÁ‡‚ËÒËÏÓ„Ó ÒÓÔappleÓËÒıÓʉÂÌËfl, ‚Ò ‡ÒÔÂÍÚ˚ ÊËÁÌË
Ó͇Á˚‚‡˛Ú ‚ÎËflÌË ‰appleÛ„ ̇ ‰appleÛ„‡ Ë Ì‡ıÓ‰flÚÒfl ‚ÌÛÚappleË ‰appleÛ„ Û ‰appleÛ„‡. ñ‚ÂÚÓÍ ÚÓθ-
ÍÓ ˜‡ÒÚ˘ÌÓ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ˆ‚ÂÚÍÓÏ, ‚ÌÛÚappleË ÌÂ„Ó Ú‡ÍÊ Á‡Íβ˜ÂÌ˚ ÒÓÎ̈Â, ‰Óʉ¸ Ë
ÁÂÏÎfl. ñ‚ÂÚÓÍ ÒÓÚ‚ÓappleÂÌ ËÁ ̈‚ÂÚÓ˜Ì˚ı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚. Ä̇Îӄ˘Ì˚Ï Ó·apple‡ÁÓÏ, ̇-
¯Â “fl” ‚Íβ˜‡ÂÚ ‚ Ò·fl “Ì ̇¯Ë” ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ˚. å˚ ÏÓÊÂÏ Ì‡ıÓ‰ËÚ¸ ˜‡ÒÚ˘ÍÛ ÒÂ-
·fl ‚ ‰appleÛ„Ëı Ë ˜‡ÒÚ˘ÍË ‰appleÛ„Ëı – ‚ Ò·Â.
ÅÛ‰‰ËÈÒ͇fl ÔÒËıÓÎÓ„Ëfl Ò˜ËÚ‡ÂÚ, ˜ÚÓ Û ˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇ ÂÒÚ¸ ÒÓÁ̇ÌËÂ-ÛÏ Ë ÒÓÁ̇ÌËÂıapple‡ÌËÎˢÂ.
ëÂÏÂ̇ apple‡Á‚Ë‚‡˛ÚÒfl ‚ ÒÓÁ̇ÌËË-ıapple‡ÌËÎˢÂ, Ë ÍÓ„‰‡ ÓÌË ÔappleÓÌË͇˛Ú
‚ ÒÓÁ̇ÌËÂ-ÛÏ, Ï˚ ̇˜Ë̇ÂÏ Ëı ÔÓÎË‚‡Ú¸, Ë ÓÌË ÔappleÓapple‡ÒÚ‡˛Ú. Ç ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ Ï˚ ÔÓ-
ÎË‚‡ÂÏ ÒÂÏÂ̇ „Ì‚‡, ÓÌË apple‡ÒÚÛÚ Ë Á‡ÌËχ˛Ú ‚Ò ̇¯Â ÒÓÁ̇ÌËÂ-ıapple‡ÌËÎˢÂ. ÉÌ‚
̇˜Ë̇ÂÚ ‚·‰ÂÚ¸ ̇¯ËÏË Ï˚ÒÎflÏË Ë Ôӂ‰ÂÌËÂÏ. çÓ ˝ÚÓ„Ó ÏÓÊÌÓ ËÁ·Âʇڸ.
èapple‡ÍÚË͇ Á‡ËÌÚÂappleÂÒÓ‚‡ÌÌÓÈ ÒÓÒapple‰ÓÚÓ˜ÂÌÌÓÒÚË ÏÓÊÂÚ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleÏËappleÓ‚‡Ú¸ „Ì‚,
·Óθ Ë ÌÂ̇‚ËÒÚ¸ ‚ ÒÓ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚ËÂ, apple‡‰ÓÒÚ¸ Ë Î˛·Ó‚¸.
Ç Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚, Í‡Í Ë ‚ ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËË ÒÓÒapple‰ÓÚÓ˜ÂÌÌÓÒÚË, Ï˚
Ûı‡ÊË‚‡ÂÏ Á‡ ÒÂÏÂ̇ÏË Ë ÔÓÎË‚‡ÂÏ Ëı, Ì Á̇fl Á‡apple‡ÌÂÂ, ˜ÚÓ ËÁ ÌËı ‚˚apple‡ÒÚÂÚ. è‡-
ÏflÚ¸, ‚Á‡ËÏÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl Ë ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ˚ – ˝ÚÓ ÒÂÏÂ̇ ‚ ÍÓÎÎÂÍÚË‚ÌÓÏ ÒÓÁ̇ÌËËıapple‡ÌËÎˢÂ.
íapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl ÍÓÎÎÂÍÚË‚Ì˚ı ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ Úapple·ÛÂÚ „ÎÛ·ÓÍÓ„Ó ÔÓ-
ÌËχÌËfl Ò·fl Ë Ò‚ÓÂ„Ó ÒÓÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÌËfl Ò ‰appleÛ„ËÏË.
4. á‡Íβ˜ÂÌËÂ
燯‡ ÒÚ‡Ú¸fl ÔappleÂÒΉӂ‡Î‡ ˆÂθ ÔÓ͇Á‡Ú¸, ˜ÚÓ Á‡ ÔÓÒΉÌ ‰ÂÒflÚËÎÂÚË ÒÙÓappleÏËappleÓ-
‚‡Î‡Ò¸ Ò‡ÏÓÒÚÓflÚÂθ̇fl ¯ÍÓ· ÚÂÓappleËË Ë Ôapple‡ÍÚËÍË Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚.
é̇ ÓÚ΢‡ÂÚÒfl ÓÚ Ëı Ûapple„ÛÎËappleÓ‚‡ÌËfl Ë apple‡Áapple¯ÂÌËfl, ıÓÚfl ‚Ò ÚappleË ¯ÍÓÎ˚ ÓÔËapple‡˛Ú-
Òfl ̇ Ó·˘Ë Úapple‡‰ËˆËË ËÁÛ˜ÂÌËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ Ë ‚ϯ‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚.
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