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Предисловие - Berghof Handbook for Conflict Transformation

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<strong>Предисловие</strong><br />

РОССИЙСКАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ НАУК<br />

Russian Academy of Sciences<br />

ИНСТИТУТ ЭТНОЛОГИИ И<br />

АНТРОПОЛОГИИ<br />

им. Н.Н. МИКЛУХО-МАКЛАЯ<br />

N.N. Miklouho-Maclay<br />

Institute of Ethnology and<br />

Anthropology<br />

БЕРГХОФСКИЙ<br />

ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЙ<br />

ЦЕНТР КОНСТРУКТИВНОГО<br />

УРЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ<br />

КОНФЛИКТОВ<br />

<strong>Berghof</strong> Research Center <strong>for</strong><br />

Constructive <strong>Conflict</strong><br />

Management<br />

www.berghof-handbook.net<br />

Civil Society • <strong>Conflict</strong> Settlement • <strong>Conflict</strong> Resolution • Crisis Prevention •<br />

Development Cooperation • Human Rights • Humanitarian Assistance • Just Peace •<br />

Multi-Track • Peacebuilding • Peace Constituencies • Peacekeeping • Peacemaking •<br />

ЭТНОПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ КОНФЛИКТ: ПУТИ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ:<br />

Post НАСТОЛЬНАЯ <strong>Conflict</strong> Rehabilitation КНИГА • Civil БЕРГХОФСКОГО Society • <strong>Conflict</strong> ЦЕНТРА Settlement • <strong>Conflict</strong> Resolution<br />

Trans<strong>for</strong>ming Ethnopolitical <strong>Conflict</strong>: The <strong>Berghof</strong> <strong>Handbook</strong><br />

• Crisis Prevention • Development Cooperation • Human Rights • Humanitarian<br />

Assistance • Just Peace • Multi-Track • Peacebuilding • Peace Constituencies •<br />

Peacekeeping • Peacemaking • Post <strong>Conflict</strong> Rehabilitation • Civil Society • <strong>Conflict</strong><br />

Settlement • <strong>Conflict</strong> Resolution • Crisis Prevention • Development Cooperation •<br />

Human Rights • Humanitarian Assistance • Just Peace • Multi-Track • Peacebuilding<br />

• Peace Constituencies • Peacekeeping • Peacemaking • Post <strong>Conflict</strong> Rehabilitation<br />

• Civil<br />

© Бергхофский<br />

Society • <strong>Conflict</strong><br />

исследовательский<br />

Settlement •<br />

центр<br />

<strong>Conflict</strong><br />

конструктивного<br />

Resolution • Crisis<br />

урегулирования<br />

Prevention •<br />

конфликтов, Институт этнологии и антропологии им. Н.Н. Миклухо-Маклая<br />

РАН, 2007<br />

Development<br />

© Зимина Л.,<br />

Cooperation<br />

Кулакова Н.,<br />

• Human<br />

перевод<br />

Rights<br />

на русский<br />

• Humanitarian<br />

язык, 2007<br />

Assistance • Just Peace •<br />

© Редакционно-издательское оформление. Издательство «Наука», 2007<br />

Multi-Track • Peacebuilding • Peace Constituencies • Peacekeeping • Peacemaking •<br />

Post <strong>Conflict</strong> Rehabilitation • Civil Society • <strong>Conflict</strong> Settlement • <strong>Conflict</strong> Resolution<br />

• Crisis Prevention • Development Cooperation • Human Rights • Humanitarian<br />

Assistance • Just Peace • Multi-Track • Peacebuilding • Peace Constituencies •


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åËappleÓ‚Ó ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó, ÒÚ‡ÎÍË‚‡flÒ¸ Ò Ò‡Ï˚ÏË apple‡ÁÌÓÓ·apple‡ÁÌ˚ÏË ÙÓappleχÏË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍ-<br />

ÚÓ‚, Ô˚Ú‡ÂÚÒfl ÒÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸ Ëı Ûapple„ÛÎËappleÓ‚‡Ì˲ ÔÛÚÂÏ Ôapple‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ̇ÒÂÎÂÌ˲<br />

„ÛχÌËÚ‡appleÌÓÈ ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë Ë ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë apple‡Á‚ËÚ˲, apple‡ÎËÁ‡ˆËË ÔappleÓ„apple‡ÏÏ Ôapple‰ÓÚ‚apple‡˘ÂÌËfl<br />

ÍappleËÁËÒÓ‚ Ë apple‡Áapple¯ÂÌËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚. ë„ӉÌfl ÏÓÊÌÓ Ò͇Á‡Ú¸, ˜ÚÓ ÏÌÓ„Ë ËÁ ˝ÚËı<br />

Ôapple‰ÔappleËflÚËÈ ‚ apple‡‚ÌÓÈ ÏÂapple ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÒÚ‚Û˛Ú Í‡Í apple‡Ò¯ËappleÂÌ˲ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚÂÈ ‰ÓÒÚËÊÂ-<br />

ÌËfl ÔappleÓ˜ÌÓ„Ó ÏËapple‡ Ë ÛÒÚÓÈ˜Ë‚Ó„Ó apple‡Á‚ËÚËfl, Ú‡Í Ë ÛÒÛ„Û·ÎÂÌ˲ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚. ÑÎfl ÚÓ-<br />

„Ó ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÔÓÌflÚ¸, ͇ÍË ÔappleÓ„apple‡ÏÏ˚ fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ˝ÙÙÂÍÚË‚Ì˚ÏË, Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ‡Ì‡ÎËÁËappleÛ-<br />

˛ÚÒfl ÓÔ˚Ú Ë ÓÔÚËχθÌ˚ Ôapple‡ÍÚËÍË ‚ apple‡Ï͇ı ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚ı ÔappleÓÂÍÚÓ‚ Ë ÔappleÓ„apple‡ÏÏ. çÂ-<br />

ÒÏÓÚapplefl ̇ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó ‡Ì‡ÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍËı ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÌËÈ ‚ÓÁappleÓÒÎÓ, ÓÔ˚Ú apple‡·ÓÚ˚ Ò<br />

ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ÏË Â˘Â Ì ‡ÍÍÛÏÛÎËappleÓ‚‡Ì, Ì ËÁÛ˜ÂÌ Ë Ì ÒËÒÚÂχÚËÁËappleÓ‚‡Ì ‚ ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜-<br />

ÌÓÈ ÏÂapple ÌË ‰Îfl ¯ËappleÓÍÓ„Ó ÚÂÓappleÂÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó Ó·ÒÛʉÂÌËfl, ÌË ‰Îfl Ôapple‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ÔappleË-<br />

ÏÂÌÂÌËfl.<br />

ÅÂapple„ıÓÙÒÍËÈ ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÒÍËÈ ˆÂÌÚapple ÔÓ ÍÓÌÒÚappleÛÍÚË‚ÌÓÏÛ Ûapple„ÛÎËappleÓ‚‡Ì˲<br />

ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ‚˚ÔÛÒÚËÎ ‚ Ò‚ÂÚ ‰‡ÌÌÛ˛ “ç‡ÒÚÓθÌÛ˛ ÍÌË„Û” ‚ ÔÓÏÓ˘¸ ÚÂÏ, ÍÚÓ ÚappleÛ-<br />

‰ËÚÒfl ̇‰ apple‡Áapple¯ÂÌËÂÏ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ÌÂÔÓÒapple‰ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ‚ ÁÓ̇ı ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚ı ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ Ë<br />

‚Ì Ëı. 燯‡ ˆÂθ – ‰‡Ú¸ Ó·ÁÓapple ÒÓ‚appleÂÏÂÌÌ˚ı ‰ÓÒÚËÊÂÌËÈ ‚ ÒÙÂapple Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË<br />

ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ Ë Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ‚Á„Îfl‰˚ Í‡Í ÚÂÓappleÂÚËÍÓ‚ Ë Ôapple‡ÍÚËÍÓ‚, Ú‡Í Ë ˝ÍÒÔÂappleÚÓ‚ ‚<br />

apple‡ÁÌ˚ı ӷ·ÒÚflı, Ò‚flÁ‡ÌÌ˚ı Ò apple‡·ÓÚÓÈ ‚ÌÛÚappleË Ë ‚Ì ÁÓÌ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡.<br />

èÓ‰„ÓÚӂ͇ “ç‡ÒÚÓθÌÓÈ ÍÌË„Ë” Ôappleӯ· ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÒÚ‡‰ËÈ. Ç̇˜‡Î ˝ÚÓ ·˚·<br />

ÒÂappleËfl ÒÚ‡ÚÂÈ, ÔÓfl‚Îfl‚¯ËıÒfl ̇ ËÌÚÂapple‡ÍÚË‚ÌÓÏ ‚·-Ò‡ÈÚ ÔÓ ‡‰appleÂÒÛ www.berghofhandbook.net.<br />

ë‡ÈÚ ·˚Î Á‡‰ÛÏ‡Ì ‰Îfl “Ó·apple‡ÚÌÓÈ Ò‚flÁË” Ò ˜ËÚ‡ÚÂÎflÏË Ë ‰Îfl ‰ËÒÍÛÒÒËÈ<br />

ÔÓ ÚÂÏ‡Ï Ë ÒÓ‰ÂappleʇÌ˲ ÒÚ‡ÚÂÈ. éÚÍÎËÍË ˜ËÚ‡ÚÂÎÂÈ, ÌÓ‚˚ ÒÚ‡Ú¸Ë Ë ÍÓÏÏÂÌÚ‡appleËË<br />

ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌÓ ÔÓÔÓÎÌfl˛Ú ̇¯ Ò·ÓappleÌËÍ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÏ ÓÚapple‡Ê‡ÂÚÒfl ÒÓ‚appleÂÏÂÌÌÓ apple‡Á‚ËÚËÂ<br />

ÚÂÓappleËË Ë Ôapple‡ÍÚËÍË Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡. á‡ÚÂÏ Ï˚ apple¯ËÎË ÒÓÁ‰‡Ú¸ “Ú‚Âapple‰Û˛<br />

ÍÓÔ˲” ÍÌË„Ë, ˜ÚÓ·˚, ÔÓ Ê·Ì˲ ÏÌÓ„Ëı ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÚÂÎÂÈ Ë Ôapple‡ÍÚËÍÓ‚, ÒÓ·apple‡Ú¸ ÔÓ‰<br />

Ó‰ÌÓÈ Ó·ÎÓÊÍÓÈ ‚Ò Ëϲ˘ËÂÒfl χÚÂappleˇÎ˚.<br />

å˚ ·Î‡„Ó‰‡appleÌ˚ ÍÓÎ΄‡Ï ‚Ó ‚ÒÂÏ ÏËapple Á‡ ˝ÌÚÛÁˇÁÏ, Ò Í‡ÍËÏ ÓÌË ‚ÓÒÔappleËÌflÎË<br />

̇¯Û ËÌˈˇÚË‚Û Ë ÓÚÌÂÒÎËÒ¸ Í ÔappleÓÒ¸·Â ̇ÔËÒ‡Ú¸ ÒÚ‡Ú¸Ë ‚ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘ËÈ Ò·ÓappleÌËÍ. ùÚÓ<br />

ÓÔ˚ÚÌ˚ Ôapple‡ÍÚËÍË Ë Û˜ÂÌ˚Â, apple‡Áapple‡·‡Ú˚‚‡˛˘Ë ËÌÓ‚‡ˆËÓÌÌ˚ ‡ÒÔÂÍÚ˚ Ë/ËÎË Íβ˜Â‚˚Â<br />

ÔappleÓ·ÎÂÏ˚ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚. éÌË ÒÔapple‡‚ËÎËÒ¸ Ò ÚappleÛ‰ÌÓÈ Á‡‰‡˜ÂÈ –<br />

̇ÔËÒ‡Ú¸ Ò‚ÓË ÒÚ‡Ú¸Ë, ÒΉÛfl ÔappleËÌflÚ˚Ï ‚ Ò·ÓappleÌËÍ Úapple·ӂ‡ÌËflÏ Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËfl χ-<br />

ÚÂappleˇ·. ÅÂÁ Ëı Á̇ÌËÈ, ˆÂÎÂÛÒÚappleÂÏÎÂÌÌÓÒÚË Ë ÔËÒ‡ÚÂθÒÍÓ„Ó Ï‡ÒÚÂappleÒÚ‚‡ “ç‡ÒÚÓθ-<br />

̇fl ÍÌË„‡” Ì ÒÏӄ· ·˚ ÔÓfl‚ËÚ¸Òfl ̇ Ò‚ÂÚ. å˚ ·Î‡„Ó‰‡appleËÏ ‚ÒÂı ‡‚ÚÓappleÓ‚, Ôapple‰ÓÒÚ‡-<br />

‚Ë‚¯Ëı Ò‚ÓË apple‡·ÓÚ˚ Í‡Í ‰Îfl ËÌÚÂappleÌÂÚÓ‚ÒÍÓÈ, Ú‡Í Ë ‰Îfl Úapple‡‰ËˆËÓÌÌÓÈ, Ô˜‡ÚÌÓÈ<br />

‚ÂappleÒËË “ç‡ÒÚÓθÌÓÈ ÍÌË„Ë”. 燉ÂÂÏÒfl, ˜ÚÓ Ì‡Ï Û‰‡ÒÚÒfl ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÚ¸ ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌ˚È ‰Ë-<br />

‡ÎÓ„ Í‡Í Ò ‡‚ÚÓapple‡ÏË, Ú‡Í Ë Ò ˜ËÚ‡ÚÂÎflÏË Ë Ó·ÒÛʉ‡Ú¸ Ò ÌËÏË ÔÂapple‰ӂÓÈ ÓÔ˚Ú Ë ÚÂÓappleÂÚ˘ÂÒÍËÂ<br />

ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËfl ̇¯ÂÈ ‰ËÒˆËÔÎËÌ˚.<br />

í‡ÍËÏ Ó·apple‡ÁÓÏ, ‚ ˝ÚÓÈ ÍÌË„Â ÔÓÏ¢ÂÌ˚ ÒÚ‡Ú¸Ë, ‚˚ÔÛ˘ÂÌÌ˚ ̇ Ò‡ÈÚ ‰Ó ÒÂappleÂ-<br />

‰ËÌ˚ 2003 „. é̇ ÌË ‚ ÍÓÂÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â Ì Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ ÒÓ·ÓÈ “ÍÓ̘Ì˚È ÔÛÌÍÚ” – ˝ÚÓ<br />

Î˯¸ ÔappleÓÏÂÊÛÚÓ˜Ì˚È ˝Ú‡Ô, Ë·Ó ÅÂapple„ıÓÙÒÍËÈ ˆÂÌÚapple ̇ÏÂappleÂÌ apple‡Á‚Ë‚‡Ú¸ ÔappleÓÂÍÚ “ç‡-<br />

ÒÚÓθ̇fl ÍÌË„‡”. Ç ‰‡Î¸ÌÂȯÂÏ Ï˚ Ô·ÌËappleÛÂÏ: ‡) Ó·ÒÛ‰ËÚ¸ ̇ ÌÓ‚ÓÏ ˝Ú‡Ô ÓÒÌÓ‚-<br />

Ì˚ ÚÂÏ˚ Ë ÔappleÓ·ÎÂÏ˚, Á‡ÚappleÓÌÛÚ˚ ‚ ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ ÍÌË„Â; ·) ÔappleÓ‚ÂÒÚË ‰Â·‡Ú˚ Ë ‰Ë‡ÎÓ„Ë ÔÓ<br />

ÔappleÓ·ÎÂχÏ, Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛˘ËÏ ÒÓ·ÓÈ ÒÙÂapple˚ ÓÒÓ·Ó„Ó ËÌÚÂappleÂÒ‡ Ë Á̇˜ÂÌËfl; ‚) apple‡Áapple‡-<br />

·ÓÚ‡Ú¸ ÌÓ‚˚ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚË ËÌÚÂapple‡ÍÚË‚ÌÓ„Ó Ó·˘ÂÌËfl ̇ ̇¯ÂÏ ‚·-Ò‡ÈÚÂ.<br />

èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ Ï˚ Ôapple˄·¯‡ÂÏ ‰appleÛÁÂÈ, ÍÓÎ΄ Ë ‚ÒÂı, ÍÚÓ ËÌÚÂappleÂÒÛÂÚÒfl ÔappleÓ·ÎÂχÏË<br />

‡Ì‡ÎËÁ‡ Ë ÏËappleÌ˚ı Ôapple‡ÍÚËÍ ‚ ӷ·ÒÚË ˝ÚÌÓÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡, ‚appleÂÏfl ÓÚ ‚appleÂ-<br />

ÏÂÌË ÔÓÒ¢‡Ú¸ ̇¯Û ‰Óχ¯Ì˛˛ ÒÚapple‡ÌËˆÛ Ë Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ ÓÔˆËË ÔÓËÒ͇ “˜ÚÓ ÌÓ‚Ó„Ó”<br />

̇ıÓ‰ËÚ¸ ÌÓ‚˚ ÒÚ‡Ú¸Ë Ë ÍÓÔËappleÓ‚‡Ú¸ Ëı ̇ Ò‚ÓË ÍÓÏÔ¸˛ÚÂapple˚.<br />

Ç ·Û‰Û˘ÂÏ ‰Â·‡Ú˚ Ë ‰ËÒÍÛÒÒËË ·Û‰ÛÚ ÔappleÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ¸ ‚ ÙÓappleÏ “ÚÂÍÛ˘ÂÈ apple‡·ÓÚ˚”,<br />

ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓ ‰Â·‡Ú‡Ï ÔÓ “éˆÂÌÍ ‚ÓÁ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ÏËapple‡ Ë ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡”, ̇˜‡Ú˚Ï ‚ ÔÂapple‚ÓÈ<br />

10


èapple‰ËÒÎÓ‚ËÂ<br />

‚ÂappleÒËË “ç‡ÒÚÓθÌÓÈ ÍÌË„Ë”. ùÚ‡ ‰ËÒÍÛÒÒËfl ÛÊ ÓÔÛ·ÎËÍÓ‚‡Ì‡ ÅÂapple„ıÓÙÒÍËÏ ˆÂÌÚappleÓÏ<br />

(A. Austin, M. Fischer, O. Wils (eds.), Peace and <strong>Conflict</strong> Impact Assessment. Critical<br />

Views on Theory and Practice, <strong>Berghof</strong> <strong>Handbook</strong> Dialogue Series, <strong>Berghof</strong> Research Center<br />

<strong>for</strong> Constructive <strong>Conflict</strong> Management. Berlin, 2003). Ç ‰‡ÌÌÓÏ Ê ҷÓappleÌËÍ ÔÓÏ¢Â̇<br />

ÚÓθÍÓ ÔÂapple‚Ó̇˜‡Î¸Ì‡fl apple‡·ÓÚ‡ ÔÓ ˝ÚÓÈ ÚÂÏ – ÒÚ‡Ú¸fl å. ïÓÙÙχ̇.<br />

å˚ ‚˚apple‡Ê‡ÂÏ „ÎÛ·ÓÍÛ˛ ÔappleËÁ̇ÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ ÚÂÏ Û˜appleÂʉÂÌËflÏ Ë Óapple„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËflÏ,<br />

ÍÓÚÓapple˚ Ó͇Á‡ÎË ÙË̇ÌÒÓ‚Û˛ ÔÓ‰‰ÂappleÊÍÛ ÔappleË ÔÛ·ÎË͇ˆËË “ç‡ÒÚÓθÌÓÈ ÍÌË„Ë”, ÓÒÓ-<br />

·ÂÌÌÓ ÅÂapple„ıÓÙÒÍÓÏÛ ÙÓÌ‰Û ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÌËÈ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ (<strong>Berghof</strong> Stiftung für<br />

Konflikt<strong>for</strong>schung) Ë ÉÂappleχÌÒÍÓÏÛ Ù‰Âapple‡Î¸ÌÓÏÛ ÏËÌËÒÚÂappleÒÚ‚Û Ó·apple‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl Ë Ì‡ÛÍË<br />

(Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung).<br />

ç‡ÍÓ̈, Ï˚ ıÓÚËÏ Ôӷ·„Ó‰‡appleËÚ¸ ‚ÒÂı ÚÂı, ÍÚÓ Á‡ ‚appleÂÏfl apple‡·ÓÚ˚ ̇‰ ÔappleÓÂÍÚÓÏ<br />

ÔappleËÒÓ‰ËÌËÎÒfl Í „appleÛÔÔ ‡‚ÚÓappleÓ‚ Ë ËÁ‰‡ÚÂÎÂÈ “ç‡ÒÚÓθÌÓÈ ÍÌË„Ë”, ÍÓÎ΄‡Ï, ÍÓÚÓapple˚Â<br />

Ó͇Á˚‚‡ÎË Ì‡Ï ÔÓÏÓ˘¸ ̇ apple‡ÁÌ˚ı ÒÚ‡‰Ëflı Ë ‚ÌÂÒÎË Ò‚ÓÈ ‚Í·‰ ‚ ÔÓ‰„ÓÚÓ‚ÍÛ<br />

ÔÂapple‚Ó„Ó ËÁ‰‡ÌËfl. éÒÓ·‡fl ·Î‡„Ó‰‡appleÌÓÒÚ¸ – ̇¯ÂÏÛ ÒÓapple‰‡ÍÚÓappleÛ, Ä. éÒÚËÌÛ, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊÂ<br />

ä.-Ñ. LJÈθ‰Û, ê. òÚ‡È̂„Û, é. ì‡ËÎÒÛ, ä. å‡Í͇appleÚÌË, ï. äappleÓÛË, ä. ïÂÎÏıÂÌ,<br />

ù. å‡ÌÚÓÌÛ, Ä. î˯Âapple Ë ì. ïÂÒÒÂ.<br />

å‡appleÚË̇ î˯Âapple Ë çÓapple·ÂappleÚ êÓÔÂappleÒ,<br />

ÅÂappleÎËÌ – äÓÎÓÏ·Ó, 20 ˲Îfl 2003 „.<br />

ꇷÓÚ‡ ̇‰ appleÛÒÒÍËÏ ËÁ‰‡ÌËÂÏ “ç‡ÒÚÓθÌÓÈ ÍÌË„Ë” ·˚· ̇˜‡Ú‡ ‚ ÒÓÚappleÛ‰Ì˘ÂÒÚ-<br />

‚ ÅÂapple„ıÓÙÒÍÓ„Ó ˆÂÌÚapple‡ Ò ñÂÌÚappleÓÏ ÔÓ apple‡Áapple¯ÂÌ˲ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ (ä‡Á‡ıÒÚ‡Ì, ‰ËappleÂÍ-<br />

ÚÓapple Ö. 뇉ӂÒ͇fl), Á‡ÚÂÏ ÔappleÓ‰ÓÎÊÂ̇ Ë Á‡‚Âapple¯Â̇ ‚ apple‡Ï͇ı ÒÓ‚ÏÂÒÚÌÓ„Ó ÔappleÓÂÍÚ‡<br />

ÅÂapple„ıÓÙÒÍÓ„Ó ˆÂÌÚapple‡ Ë àÌÒÚËÚÛÚ‡ ˝ÚÌÓÎÓ„ËË Ë ‡ÌÚappleÓÔÓÎÓ„ËË êÄç. éÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÎÂÌËÂ<br />

˝ÚÓ„Ó ÔappleÓÂÍÚ‡ ÒÚ‡ÎÓ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌ˚Ï ·Î‡„Ó‰‡applefl Ò·ÊÂÌÌÓÈ apple‡·ÓÚ ÍÓÎÎÂÍÚË‚‡ β‰ÂÈ,<br />

̇˜Ë̇fl ÓÚ ÔÂapple‚Ӊ˜ËÍÓ‚ Ë Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡fl ÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ÏË apple‰‡ÍÚÓapple‡ÏË. èÂapple‚Ӊ “ç‡-<br />

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(International Alert) („·‚˚ I, II, III Ë IV, ÔÓÒΉÌflfl „·‚‡ – ÒÓ‚ÏÂÒÚÌÓ Ò ç. äÛ·ÍÓ‚ÓÈ)<br />

Ë ç. äÛ·ÍÓ‚ÓÈ („·‚‡ V, ‚‚‰ÂÌËÂ, Ôapple‰ËÒÎÓ‚ËÂ, Ó· ‡‚ÚÓapple‡ı). ç‡Û˜ÌÓ apple‰‡ÍÚËappleÓ-<br />

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êÛÍÓ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚Ó ÔappleÓÂÍÚ‡ ‚˚apple‡Ê‡ÂÚ ·Î‡„Ó‰‡appleÌÓÒÚ¸ ‚ÒÂÏ Û˜‡ÒÚÌËÍ‡Ï apple‡·ÓÚ˚, ÍÓÚÓapple‡fl<br />

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̇ Ôapple‡ÍÚËÍÂ.

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