Трансформация конфликтов: комплексная задача - Berghof ...

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ÔÓÁˈËË Ë ËÌÚÂappleÂÒ˚, ÔÓfl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ¯‡ÌÒ ‚˚ÈÚË Á‡ Ôapple‰ÂÎ˚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ‚ apple‡Áapple¯ÂÌËË
ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ̇ ÔÂapple‚˚È ÔÎ‡Ì ‚˚ıÓ‰ËÚ ‚ϯ‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó ÍÓÏÔÂÚÂÌÚÌ˚ı, ÌÓ ÌÂ
ӷΘÂÌÌ˚ı ‚·ÒÚ¸˛ ÚappleÂÚ¸Ëı ÒÚÓappleÓÌ, ÍÓÚÓapple˚ ÌÂÓÙˈˇθÌÓ apple‡·ÓÚ‡˛Ú ÒÓ ÒÚÓappleÓ̇ÏË
ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ËÏ ÔÓ-ÌÓ‚ÓÏÛ ‚Á„ÎflÌÛÚ¸ ̇ ÌÂ„Ó Ë Ì‡˜‡Ú¸ ÒÚappleÓËÚ¸ ÌÓ‚˚ ‚Á‡-
ËÏÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl. éÌË ÒÚ‡apple‡˛ÚÒfl ‚˚flÒÌËÚ¸, ‚ ˜ÂÏ ËÏÂÌÌÓ ÒÓÒÚÓflÚ apple‡θÌ˚ Ôapple˘ËÌ˚
ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ Ë Ì‡ÈÚË Ú‡ÍË ڂÓapple˜ÂÒÍË apple¯ÂÌËfl, ÍÓÚÓapple˚ı ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚, ÔappleˉÂappleÊË‚‡˛˘ËÂÒfl
ÊÂÒÚÍËı ÔÓÁˈËÈ, ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ, Ì Á‡ÏÂÚËÎË. ê‡Áapple¯ÂÌË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ÔÓÏÓ„‡ÂÚ ÒÚÓappleÓ̇Ï
ÔÂappleÂÈÚË ÓÚ “ÌÛ΂ӄӔ appleÂÁÛθڇڇ, Ú.Â. ‰ÂÒÚappleÛÍÚË‚ÌÓÈ Â„Ó ÏÓ‰ÂÎË, Í ÍÓÌÒÚappleÛÍÚË‚ÌÓÏÛ
apple¯ÂÌ˲. ñÂθ ÚÂÓappleËË apple‡Áapple¯ÂÌËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ – ˝ÚÓ apple‡Áapple‡·ÓÚ͇ “˝ÙÙÂÍÚË‚Ì˚ı, ÔappleË-
ÂÏÎÂÏ˚ı ‰Îfl ‚ÒÂı Û˜‡ÒÚÌËÍÓ‚ ÏÂÚÓ‰Ó‚ Â„Ó apple¯ÂÌËfl” (Azar, Burton, 1986. ê. 1).
íÂÓappleÂÚËÍË ¯ÍÓÎ˚ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ Ò˜ËÚ‡˛Ú, ˜ÚÓ ‚ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘Â ‚appleÂ-
Ïfl ̉ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ÔÂappleÂÙÓappleÏÛÎËappleÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÔÓÁˈËË Ë Ì‡ÈÚË ‚Á‡ËÏÓ‚˚„Ó‰Ì˚ apple¯ÂÌËfl.
ëÚappleÛÍÚÛapple‡ ÒÚÓappleÓÌ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ Ë Ëı ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl ÓÚapple‡Ê‡˛Ú ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÌÓÒÚ¸ ‚Á‡ËÏÓÓÚ-
ÌÓ¯ÂÌËÈ, ÍÓÚÓapple˚ ‚˚ıÓ‰flÚ Á‡ apple‡ÏÍË Î˛·ÓÈ ÎÓ͇θÌÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ Ëı Úapple‡ÌÒ-
ÙÓappleχˆËfl – ˝ÚÓ ÔappleÓˆÂÒÒ ÔappleÂÓ·apple‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ‚Á‡ËÏÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÈ, ËÌÚÂappleÂÒÓ‚, ‰ËÒÍÛappleÒÓ‚ Ë
‚ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚË – ‚ÒÂ„Ó Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡, ÂÒÎË Â„Ó ÛÒÚappleÓÈÒÚ‚Ó ÔÓ‰‰ÂappleÊË‚‡ÂÚ ÔappleÓ-
‰ÓÎÊÂÌË ̇ÒËθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡. äÓÌÒÚappleÛÍÚË‚Ì˚È ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ Á‰ÂÒ¸ apple‡ÒÒχÚappleË‚‡ÂÚÒfl
Í‡Í ÊËÁÌÂÌÌÓ ‚‡ÊÌ˚È Ù‡ÍÚÓapple ËÎË Í‡Ú‡ÎËÁ‡ÚÓapple ÔÂappleÂÏÂÌ. Ç ‰Ó΄ÓÒappleÓ˜ÌÓÏ
ÔappleÓˆÂÒÒ ÔÓÒÚappleÓÂÌËfl ÏËapple‡ ‚Ò β‰Ë ÏÓ„ÛÚ ‚ÌÂÒÚË Ò‚Ó˛ ÎÂÔÚÛ, ‚ ÚÓÏ ˜ËÒΠÔapple‰ÒÚ‡-
‚ËÚÂÎË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÛ˛˘Ëı ÒÚÓappleÓÌ, β‰Ë, ÊË‚Û˘Ë ‚ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Â ËÎË apple„ËÓÌÂ, Á‡ÚappleÓÌÛ-
ÚÓÏ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓÏ, ËÎË ‚̯ÌË ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚ (‡ÛÚ҇ȉÂapple˚. – ê‰.), ӷ·‰‡˛˘Ë ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚ-
ÒÚ‚Û˛˘ËÏË ˜ÂÎӂ˜ÂÒÍËÏË Ë Ï‡ÚÂappleˇθÌ˚ÏË appleÂÒÛappleÒ‡ÏË.
íapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl Úapple·ÛÂÚ ‚ÒÂÒÚÓappleÓÌÌÂ„Ó Ë ¯ËappleÓÍÓχүڇ·ÌÓ„Ó ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰‡, ÔappleË ÍÓ-
ÚÓappleÓÏ ÔappleËÓappleËÚÂÚÓÏ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl Ì ÔÓÒapple‰Ì˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó ‚̯ÌËı ÒÚÓappleÓÌ, ‡ Ó͇Á‡ÌË ÔÓ‰-
‰ÂappleÊÍË „appleÛÔÔ‡Ï ‚ÌÛÚappleË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡. é̇ Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ ÒÓ·ÓÈ ÔÓÒÚÛÔ‡ÚÂθÌ˚È ÔappleÓ-
ˆÂÒÒ, ÚappleÂ·Û˛˘ËÈ apple‡ÎËÁ‡ˆËË applefl‰‡ χÎÂ̸ÍËı ËÎË ·Óθ¯Ëı ¯‡„Ó‚, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ÍÓÌÍappleÂÚ-
Ì˚ı ÏÂapple, ‚ ÓÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÎÂÌËË ÍÓÚÓapple˚ı ‚‡ÊÌÛ˛ appleÓθ ÏÓ„ÛÚ Ë„apple‡Ú¸ ÒÓ‚Âapple¯ÂÌÌÓ apple‡ÁÌ˚Â
‡ÍÚÓapple˚. ä‡Í ÒÙÓappleÏÛÎËappleÓ‚‡Î ÑÊ.è. ã‰Âapple‡ı:
“íapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚ ‰ÓÎÊ̇ ÛÏÂÚ¸ ‚Íβ˜‡Ú¸ ‚ ÔappleÓˆÂÒÒ, Û‚‡Ê‡Ú¸ Ë
ÔÓ‰‰ÂappleÊË‚‡Ú¸ ˜ÂÎӂ˜ÂÒÍËÂ Ë ÍÛθÚÛappleÌ˚ appleÂÒÛappleÒ˚, ÔappleËÒÛÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ë ‚ ‰‡Ì-
ÌÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË. ùÚÓ Úapple·ÛÂÚ ÌÓ‚Ó„Ó ‡ÒÔÂÍÚ‡, ÔappleË ÍÓÚÓappleÓÏ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËfl Ë Â ۘ‡-
ÒÚÌËÍË Ì ҘËÚ‡˛ÚÒfl ‚ ÔÂapple‚Û˛ Ó˜Âapple‰¸ ÔappleÓ·ÎÂÏÓÈ, ‡ ‚̯Ìflfl ÒÚÓappleÓ̇ – apple¯Â-
ÌËÂÏ. Ç Ì‡¯ÂÏ Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËË, ‰Ó΄ÓÒappleӘ̇fl ˆÂθ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍ-
ÚÓ‚ Á‡Íβ˜‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÛÚ‚Âappleʉ‡Ú¸ ̇ ÒÎÓ‚‡ı Ë ‚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëflı ÔappleËÓappleË-
ÚÂÚ Î˛‰ÂÈ Ë appleÂÒÛappleÒÓ‚ ̇ ÏÂÒÚ‡ı” (Lederach, 1995).
2.2. ÇÍ·‰ apple‡ÁÌ˚ı ‡‚ÚÓappleÓ‚ ‚ apple‡Á‚ËÚË ÚÂÓappleËË
Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚
ì˜ÂÌ˚Â, Á‡ÌËχ˛˘ËÂÒfl Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËÂÈ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚, ‚ Ò‚ÓËı ÚÂÓappleËflı ÓÔËapple‡˛ÚÒfl
̇ apple‡ÁÌ˚ ÍÓ̈ÂÔÚۇθÌ˚ ÒÚappleÓËÚÂθÌ˚ ·ÎÓÍË ÓÒÌÓ‚˚. çÂÍÓÚÓapple˚ ËÁ ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚
ÔÓfl‚ËÎËÒ¸ ̉‡‚ÌÓ, ËÌ˚ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ‰‡‚ÌÓ, ‡ ÚappleÂÚ¸Ë Á‡ËÏÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ì˚ Û ‰appleÛ„Ëı ̇ۘ-
Ì˚ı ¯ÍÓÎ. à‰Âfl ÙÓappleÏËappleÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡ ÔappleËÒÛÚÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Î‡ ÛÊ ‚ apple‡·ÓÚ‡ı ‚appleÓÔÂÈ-
ÒÍËı ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛapple‡ÎËÒÚÓ‚, ‡Ì‡ÎËÁËappleÓ‚‡‚¯Ëı Ëı apple‡Á‚ËÚË (Senghaas, 1973; Krippendorf,
1973). ç‡ ‰‡ÌÌ˚È ÏÓÏÂÌÚ Ó‰ÌÓÈ ËÁ Ò‡Ï˚ı ‚‡ÊÌ˚ı fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÍÓ̈ÂÔˆËfl â. ɇÎÚÛÌ„‡
̇˷ÓΠÔÓÎÌÓ Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌ̇fl ‚ Â„Ó ÍÌË„Â “ä ÏËappleÛ – ÏËappleÌ˚ÏË ÔÛÚflÏË” (1996.
ê. 70–126), ÍÓÚÓapple‡fl ‚‚Ó‰ËÚ ˆÂÎ˚È applefl‰ ‚‡ÊÌ˚ı ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËÈ.
ɇÎÚÛÌ„ Ò˜ËÚ‡ÂÚ, ˜ÚÓ ‚ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ ÔappleËÒÛÚÒÚ‚Û˛Ú Í‡Í ÊËÁÌÂÛÚ‚Âappleʉ‡˛˘ËÂ,
Ú‡Í Ë apple‡ÁappleÛ¯ËÚÂθÌ˚ ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ˚. äÓÌÙÎËÍÚ˚ ‚ÓÁÌË͇˛Ú ‚ appleÂÁÛθڇÚ ÔappleÓÚË‚Óapple˜ËÈ
‚ ÒÚappleÛÍÚÛapple ӷ˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ Ë Ì‡ıÓ‰flÚ ‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌË ‚Ó ‚Á„Îfl‰‡ı Ë ‚ Ôӂ‰ÂÌËË Î˛-
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