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<strong>MEDICINSKA</strong> <strong>VIROLOGIJA</strong><br />

Ured ni ka<br />

Prof. dr. Ma rio Poljak, dr. med.<br />

Doc. dr. Mi ro slav Petro vec, dr. med.<br />

medicinski razgledi<br />

2011


Me di cin ski raz gle di 2011<br />

<strong>MEDICINSKA</strong> <strong>VIROLOGIJA</strong><br />

Ured ni ka<br />

Prof. dr. Ma rio Poljak, dr. med.<br />

Doc. dr. Mi ro slav Petro vec, dr. med.<br />

Ured ni{ ka eki pa Medi cin skih raz gle dov<br />

Pe tra Bav ~ar<br />

Sa {a Ilo var<br />

Sara Muger li<br />

Kat ja Sto par<br />

Bog dan Vid mar<br />

Kle men @iber na<br />

Ilu stra tor<br />

Jure Tri glav<br />

Lek tor ja<br />

Ma te ja Ho~e var Gre go ri~<br />

Ma tej Kle men<br />

Stvar no kaza lo<br />

Sa{a Ilovar<br />

Ra ~u nal ni{ ki pre lom<br />

SYNCOMP d. o. o.<br />

Tisk<br />

TISKARNA PLE[KO d. o. o.<br />

Uredni{tvo Medicinskih razgledov<br />

Glav ni ured nik<br />

Bog dan Vid mar<br />

Od go vor na ured ni ca<br />

Pe tra Bav ~ar<br />

Teh ni~ ni ured ni ci<br />

Sara Muger li, Nena Golob<br />

Ured ni{ ki odbor<br />

Alen ka Bitez nik, Ana Dov~, Jer nej Dro be`, Sa{a Ilo var, Kaja<br />

Jam {ek, Gre ga Kra gelj, San dra Mla kar, Sara Muger li, Ma{a<br />

Pre lec, Toma` Rus, Kat ja Sto par, Ana [ubic, [pe la Tev `i~,<br />

^rt Zavr nik, Sonja @ar ko vi~, Kle men @iber na<br />

Na slov ured ni{ tva<br />

Me di cin ski raz gle di, Koryt ko va 2, 1000 Ljub lja na<br />

Tel., faks: (01) 52 42 356<br />

http://www.me drazgl.si<br />

E-po {ta: infoame drazgl.si<br />

Cop yright © Medi cin ski raz gle di 2011<br />

Vse pra vi ce pri dr `a ne. Raz mno `e va nje ali raz {ir ja nje posa mez nih<br />

delov ali celo te te pub li ka ci je s ka te rim ko li sreds tvom brez pisne ga<br />

pri vo lje nja zalo` be je pre po ve da no.<br />

CIP − Katalo`ni zapis o publikaciji<br />

Narodna in univerzitetna knji`nica, Ljubljana<br />

578.7(075.8)<br />

616.9(075.8)<br />

<strong>MEDICINSKA</strong> virologija / urednika Mario Poljak, Miroslav<br />

Petrovec. − Ljubljana : Medicinski razgledi, 2011<br />

ISBN 978-961-6260-18-3<br />

1. Poljak, Mario<br />

256037888


Pred go vor<br />

Me di cin ska viro lo gi ja je raz me ro ma mla da, hitro raz -<br />

vija jo ~a se veda, ki preu ~u je viru se in viru sne bolez ni od<br />

navad ne ga preh la da do smr to no sne ga aid sa. Medi cin ska<br />

viro lo gi ja obrav na va osnov ne in poseb ne last no sti za<br />

medi ci no pomemb nih viru sov, opi su je z vi ru si pov zro -<br />

~e ne bolez ni in pred stav lja na~i ne za nji ho vo pre poz na -<br />

va nje, zdrav lje nje, pre pre ~e va nje in nad zor.<br />

Pri ~u jo ~a knji ga je nasta la na pod la gi dol go let nih prak -<br />

ti~ nih in teo re ti~ nih izku {enj avtor jev pred vsem z diag -<br />

no sti ko viru snih oku`b. Opi su je in pojas nju je zgrad bo in<br />

raz mno `e va nje viru snih pov zro ~i te ljev bolez ni, pato ge -<br />

ne zo in imu nost, epi de mio lo gi jo, kli ni~ no sli ko, sodob ne<br />

diag no sti~ ne postop ke za spoz na vo viru snih oku`b in poda -<br />

ja kra tek pre gled zdrav lje nja, pre pre ~e va nja ter nad zo ra<br />

viru snih oku`b.<br />

Knji ga je prvens tve no name nje na {tu den tom Medi -<br />

cin ske fakul te te Uni ver ze v Ljub lja ni kot pomo~ pri u~e -<br />

nju medi cin ske mikro bio lo gi je in imu no lo gi je, pa tudi<br />

infek to lo gi je, pato lo gi je in epi de mio lo gi je. Pre pri ~a ni<br />

smo namre~, da brez podrob ne ga poz na va nja viru sov ni<br />

mogo ~e razu me ti posa mez nih viru snih bolez ni. V knji gi<br />

bodo na{ li veli ko korist nih podat kov tudi zdrav ni ki in<br />

dru gi stro kov nja ki, ki `eli jo obno vi ti ali dopol ni ti svo je<br />

zna nje o vi ru sih in viru snih bolez nih.<br />

Zelo dol go (ver jet no pre dol go) smo odla {a li s pi sanjem<br />

te knji ge. Vzro kov za to je ve~, osnov ni je dejs tvo, da<br />

vodil ni sve tov ni u~be nik na podro~ ju medi cin ske mikro -<br />

bio lo gi je (Ja wetz) `e ve~ kot polo vi co sto let ja vsa ka tri<br />

leta poskr bi tudi za zgo{ ~en in poso dob ljen pre gled sno -<br />

vi na podro~ ju medi cin ske viro lo gi je v ob se gu, ki naj bi<br />

ga obvla dal {tu dent medi ci ne. Knji ge zago to vo {e ne bi<br />

bilo, ~e nekaj slo ven skih avtor jev leta 2008 ne bi k pi sa nju<br />

u~be ni ka »Me di cin ska mikro bio lo gi ja« v bo san skem jeziku<br />

pova bi la doc. dr. Sel ma Uzu no vi} - Kam be ro vi}, dr. med.,<br />

z Uni ver ze v Ze ni ci. Ob pri pra vi bosan ske ga u~be ni ka se<br />

je tudi poro di la ide ja o pi sa nju slo ven ske medi cin ske viro -<br />

lo gi je in poso dob lje na poglav ja, pri prav lje na ori gi nal no<br />

za bosan ski u~be nik (po glav ja 1, 2, 4–7, 17 in 21), so<br />

pred stav lja la dovolj trd no opo ri{ ~e za za~e tek pisa nja te<br />

knji ge. Zato – hva la Sel mi.<br />

Zah va lju je mo se recen zen to ma, prof. dr. Adria ni Vince,<br />

dr. med., in prof. dr. Bo{t ja nu Luzar ju, dr. med., za stro -<br />

kov ne nas ve te in korist ne pred lo ge za izbolj {a ve.<br />

Po seb na zah va la je name nje na {tu den tom medi ci ne iz<br />

ured ni{ tva Medi cin skih raz gle dov, ki so pri za dev no in<br />

skrb no sode lo va li pri za~et nih recen zi jah in obli ko va nju<br />

knji ge. Jure Tri glav je nari sal ve~i no ori gi nal nih shem in<br />

slik v tem u~be ni ku. Sa{a Ilo var, Petra Bav ~ar, Sara Muger li<br />

in Kat ja Sto par so pre gle da le bese di lo s {tu dent ske ga zor -<br />

ne ga kota in s teht ni mi pri pom ba mi omo go ~i le pre ne ka -<br />

te ro izbolj {a vo tek sta, Bog dan Vid mar je poskr bel za<br />

brez hib no teh ni~ no ure ja nje bese di la in Kle men @iber na<br />

za uskla je va nje.<br />

Upa mo, da boste u`i va li v bra nju in s pri dom upo rab -<br />

lja li pri dob lje no zna nje.<br />

Ljub lja na, maj 2011<br />

Ured ni ka:<br />

prof. dr. Ma rio Poljak, dr. med.<br />

doc. dr. Mi ro slav Petro vec, dr. med.<br />

III


<strong>MEDICINSKA</strong> <strong>VIROLOGIJA</strong><br />

Seznam avtorjev<br />

1. Prof. dr. Tat ja na Av{i~ - @upanc, univ. dipl. biol.<br />

Spe cia list ka medi cin ske mikro bio lo gi je, red na pro fe so ri ca mikro bio lo gi je in imu no lo gi je, vod ja Labo ra to ri ja za diag no sti ko zoo noz,<br />

In{ti tut za mikro bio lo gi jo in imu no lo gi jo, Medi cin ska fakul te ta, Uni ver za v Ljub lja ni.<br />

2. @elj ka Bogo vac, univ. dipl. mikr.<br />

Na cio nal ni foren zi~ ni labo ra to rij, Mini strs tvo za notra nje zade ve, Ljub lja na.<br />

3. Luka Fajs, univ. dipl. mikr.<br />

Mla di razi sko va lec, Labo ra to ri j za diag no sti ko zoo noz, In{ti tut za mikro bio lo gi jo in imu no lo gi jo, Medi cin ska fakul te ta, Uni ver za<br />

v Ljub lja ni.<br />

4. Ma te ja Jelen, univ. dipl. mikr.<br />

Mla da razi sko val ka, Labo ra to rij za mole ku lar no mikro bio lo gi jo in diag no sti ko hepa ti ti sov in aid sa, In{ti tut za mikro bio lo gi jo<br />

in imu no lo gi jo, Medi cin ska fakul te ta, Uni ver za v Ljub lja ni.<br />

5. Asist. Samo Jeve ri ca, dr. med.<br />

Spe cia list kli ni~ ne mikro bio lo gi je, vod ja Labo ra to ri ja za diag no sti ko aerob nih in ane rob nih infek cij, In{ti tut za mikro bio lo gi jo<br />

in imu no lo gi jo, Medi cin ska fakul te ta, Uni ver za v Ljub lja ni.<br />

6. Asist. Mo ni ka Jev {nik, univ. dipl. mikr.<br />

La bo ra to rij za diag no sti ko viru snih infek cij, In{ti tut za mikro bio lo gi jo in imu no lo gi jo, Medi cin ska fakul te ta, Uni ver za v Ljub lja ni.<br />

7. Dr. Bo{t jan J. Koc jan, univ. dipl. mikr.<br />

La bo ra to rij za mole ku lar no mikro bio lo gi jo in diag no sti ko hepa ti ti sov in aid sa, In{ti tut za mikro bio lo gi jo in imu no lo gi jo, Medi cin ska<br />

fakul te ta, Uni ver za v Ljub lja ni.<br />

8. Prof. dr. Sre~ ko Koren, dr. med.<br />

Spe cia list kli ni~ ne mikro bio lo gi je, red ni pro fe sor mikro bio lo gi je in imu no lo gi je, pred stoj nik In{ti tu ta za mikro bio lo gi jo in imu no lo gi jo,<br />

Medi cin ska fakul te ta, Uni ver za v Ljub lja ni.<br />

9. Anja Kovan da, univ. dipl. mikr.<br />

Mla da razi sko va lka, La bo ra to rij za mole ku lar no mikro bio lo gi jo in diag no sti ko hepa ti ti sov in aid sa, In{ti tut za mikro bio lo gi jo<br />

in imu no lo gi jo, Medi cin ska fakul te ta, Uni ver za v Ljub lja ni.<br />

10. Po lo na Maver, dr. med.<br />

Spe cia li zant ka kli ni~ ne mikro bio lo gi je, Labo ra to rij za mole ku lar no mikro bio lo gi jo in diag no sti ko hepa ti ti sov in aid sa, In{ti tut<br />

za mikro bio lo gi jo in imu no lo gi jo, Medi cin ska fakul te ta, Uni ver za v Ljub lja ni.<br />

11. Dr. Kar men Me{ ko Megli~, dr. med.<br />

La bo ra to rij za klini~no imunologijo in molekularno genetiko, Bolni{nica Golnik, Klini~ni oddelek za plju~ne bolezni in alergijo, Golnik.<br />

12. Doc. dr. Mi ro slav Petro vec, dr. med.<br />

Spe cia list kli ni~ ne mikro bio lo gi je, docent mikro bio lo gi je in imu no lo gi je, vod ja Labo ra to ri ja za diag no sti ko viru snih infek cij, In{ti tut<br />

za mikro bio lo gi jo in imu no lo gi jo, Medi cin ska fakul te ta, Uni ver za v Ljub lja ni.<br />

13. Prof. dr. Ma rio Poljak, dr. med.<br />

Spe cia list kli ni~ ne mikro bio lo gi je, red ni pro fe sor mikro bio lo gi je in imu no lo gi je, vod ja Labo ra to ri ja za mole ku lar no mikro bio lo gi jo in<br />

diag no sti ko hepa ti ti sov in aid sa, In{ti tut za mikro bio lo gi jo in imu no lo gi jo, Medi cin ska fakul te ta, Uni ver za v Ljub lja ni.<br />

14. Asist. str. svet. dr. Ma te ja Polj {ak Pri ja telj, univ. dipl. biol.<br />

Vod ja Labo ra to ri ja za elek tron sko mikro sko pi jo in diag no sti ko gastroen te ri ti~ nih viru sov, In{ti tut za mikro bio lo gi jo in imu no lo gi jo,<br />

Medi cin ska fakul te ta, Uni ver za v Ljub lja ni.<br />

15. Dr. Ana Sak si da, univ. dipl. mikr.<br />

La bo ra to rij za diag no sti ko zoo noz, In{ti tut za mikro bio lo gi jo in imu no lo gi jo, Medi cin ska fakul te ta, Uni ver za v Ljub lja ni.<br />

16. Izr. prof. dr. Kat ja Seme, dr. med.<br />

Spe cia list ka kli ni~ ne mikro bio lo gi je, izred na pro fe so ri ca mikro bio lo gi je in imu no lo gi je, vod ja Labo ra to ri ja za bak te rio lo{ ko diag no sti ko<br />

res pi ra tor nih infek cij, In{ti tut za mikro bio lo gi jo in imu no lo gi jo, Medi cin ska fakul te ta, Uni ver za v Ljub lja ni.<br />

17. Znan. sod. dr. An drej Ste yer, univ. dipl. mikr.<br />

La bo ra to rij za elek tron sko mikro sko pi jo in diag no sti ko gastroen te ri ti~ nih viru sov, In{ti tut za mikro bio lo gi jo in imu no lo gi jo, Medi cin ska<br />

fakul te ta, Uni ver za v Ljub lja ni.<br />

18. Tina Ur{i~, univ. dipl. mikr.<br />

Mla da raz si ko val ka, Labo ra to rij za diag no sti ko viru snih infek cij, In{ti tut za mikro bio lo gi jo in imu no lo gi jo, Medi cin ska fakul te ta,<br />

Uni ver za v Ljub lja ni.<br />

19. Dr. Ja net Zim {ek Mijov ski, univ. dipl. mikr.<br />

La bo ra to rij za elek tron sko mikro sko pi jo in diag no sti ko gastroen te ri ti~ nih viru sov, In{ti tut za mikro bio lo gi jo in imu no lo gi jo, Medi cin ska<br />

fakul te ta, Uni ver za v Ljub lja ni.<br />

V


Kazalo<br />

UVODNIK .......................................................................................................................................................... III<br />

SEZNAM AVTORJEV .......................................................................................................................... V<br />

KAZALO ................................................................................................................................................................ VI<br />

Po glav je 1. Par vo vi ru si ...................................................................................................... 1<br />

UVOD ............................................................................................................................................................................ 1<br />

ZGRADBA IN POMNO@EVANJE ...................................................................................... 2<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST ................................................................................................ 4<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA .................................................................................................................................. 5<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA ...................................................................................................................................... 5<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA .............................................................................. 6<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B ............ 7<br />

OKU@BE S PARVOVIRUSI V SLOVENIJI .............................................................. 7<br />

POVZETEK .......................................................................................................................................................... 8<br />

VIRI ZA DODATNI [TUDIJ ...................................................................................................... 8<br />

Po glav je 2. Ade no vi ru si .................................................................................................... 9<br />

UVOD ............................................................................................................................................................................ 9<br />

ZGRADBA IN POMNO@EVANJE ...................................................................................... 9<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .............................................................................................. 10<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA .............................................................................................................................. 10<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .................................................................................................................................. 10<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA .......................................................................... 12<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B ........ 13<br />

OKU@BE Z ADENOVIRUSI V SLOVENIJI ...................................................... 13<br />

POVZETEK ...................................................................................................................................................... 14<br />

VIRI ZA DODATNI [TUDIJ .................................................................................................. 14<br />

Po glav je 3. Her pes vi ru si .............................................................................................. 15<br />

UVOD ........................................................................................................................................................................ 15<br />

ZGRADBA IN POMNO@EVANJE .................................................................................. 16<br />

Vi rus her pe sa sim plek sa 1 in virus her pe sa sim plek sa 2 ........ 16<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .............................................................................................. 17<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA .............................................................................................................................. 17<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .................................................................................................................................. 18<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA .......................................................................... 19<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B ........ 20<br />

OKU@BE Z VIRUSI HERPESA SIMPLEKSA 1<br />

IN 2 V SLOVENIJI ............................................................................................................................ 20<br />

Vi rus vari ~e le zostra ........................................................................................................................ 20<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .............................................................................................. 20<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA .............................................................................................................................. 21<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .................................................................................................................................. 21<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA .......................................................................... 22<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B ........ 22<br />

OKU@BE Z VIRUSOM VARI^ELE ZOSTRA V SLOVENIJI ........ 23<br />

Vi rus cito me ga li je .............................................................................................................................. 23<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .............................................................................................. 23<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA .............................................................................................................................. 23<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .................................................................................................................................. 23<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA .......................................................................... 24<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B ........ 25<br />

OKU@BE Z VIRUSOM CITOMEGALIJE V SLOVENIJI .................. 25<br />

Hu ma ni her pes vi rus 6 in huma ni her pes vi rus 7 .......................... 25<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .............................................................................................. 25<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA .............................................................................................................................. 25<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .................................................................................................................................. 25<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA .......................................................................... 26<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B ........ 26<br />

Vi rus Epstein-Barr ............................................................................................................................ 26<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .............................................................................................. 26<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA .............................................................................................................................. 27<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .................................................................................................................................. 27<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA .......................................................................... 27<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B ........ 28<br />

Hu ma ni her pes vi rus 8 ................................................................................................................ 28<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .............................................................................................. 28<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA .............................................................................................................................. 28<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .................................................................................................................................. 28<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA .......................................................................... 28<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B ........ 28<br />

Opi~ ji her pes vi rus B ...................................................................................................................... 29<br />

POVZETEK ...................................................................................................................................................... 29<br />

VIRI ZA DODATNI [TUDIJ .................................................................................................. 30<br />

Po glav je 4. Poks vi ru si ........................................................................................................ 31<br />

UVOD ........................................................................................................................................................................ 31<br />

ZGRADBA IN POMNO@EVANJE .................................................................................. 31<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .............................................................................................. 33<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA .............................................................................................................................. 33<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .................................................................................................................................. 34<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA .......................................................................... 35<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B ........ 35<br />

OKU@BE Z DRUG<strong>IMI</strong> ORTOPOKSVIRUSI .................................................. 36<br />

OKU@BE S POKSVIRUSI V SLOVENIJI .............................................................. 38<br />

POVZETEK ...................................................................................................................................................... 38<br />

VIRI ZA DODATNI [TUDIJ .................................................................................................. 39<br />

Po glav je 5. Papi lo ma vi ru si .................................................................................... 41<br />

UVOD ........................................................................................................................................................................ 41<br />

ZGRADBA IN POMNO@EVANJE .................................................................................. 42<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .............................................................................................. 44<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA .............................................................................................................................. 50<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .................................................................................................................................. 51<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA .......................................................................... 54<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B ...... 57<br />

OKU@BE S HUMAN<strong>IMI</strong> PAPILOMA VIRUSI V SLOVENIJI .... 58<br />

POVZETEK ...................................................................................................................................................... 59<br />

VIRI ZA DODATNI [TUDIJ .................................................................................................. 60<br />

Po glav je 6. Polio ma vi ru si .......................................................................................... 61<br />

UVOD ........................................................................................................................................................................ 61<br />

ZGRADBA IN POMNO@EVANJE .................................................................................. 64<br />

VI


<strong>MEDICINSKA</strong> <strong>VIROLOGIJA</strong><br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .............................................................................................. 66<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA .............................................................................................................................. 68<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .................................................................................................................................. 69<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA .......................................................................... 70<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B ...... 72<br />

OKU@BE S HUMAN<strong>IMI</strong> PAPILOMA VIRUSI V SLOVENIJI ...... 72<br />

POVZETEK ...................................................................................................................................................... 73<br />

VIRI ZA DODATNI [TUDIJ .................................................................................................. 74<br />

Po glav je 7. Viru si hepa ti ti sa .............................................................................. 75<br />

UVOD ........................................................................................................................................................................ 75<br />

Vi rus hepa ti ti sa A ................................................................................................................................ 75<br />

ZGRADBA IN POMNO@EVANJE .................................................................................. 76<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .............................................................................................. 77<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA .............................................................................................................................. 78<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .................................................................................................................................. 78<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA .......................................................................... 78<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B ........ 79<br />

OKU@BE Z VIRUSOM HEPATITISA A V SLOVENIJI .................... 79<br />

Vi rus hepa ti ti sa E ................................................................................................................................ 80<br />

ZGRADBA IN POMNO@EVANJE .................................................................................. 80<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .............................................................................................. 80<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA .............................................................................................................................. 81<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .................................................................................................................................. 81<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA .......................................................................... 82<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B ........ 83<br />

OKU@BE Z VIRUSOM HEPATITISA E V SLOVENIJI .................... 83<br />

Vi rus hepa ti ti sa B ................................................................................................................................ 84<br />

ZGRADBA IN POMNO@EVANJE .................................................................................. 84<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .............................................................................................. 87<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA .............................................................................................................................. 89<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .................................................................................................................................. 90<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA .......................................................................... 91<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B ........ 94<br />

OKU@BE Z VIRUSOM HEPATITISA B V SLOVENIJI .................... 96<br />

Vi rus hepa ti ti sa D ................................................................................................................................ 96<br />

ZGRADBA IN POMNO@EVANJE .................................................................................. 96<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .............................................................................................. 97<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA .............................................................................................................................. 97<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .................................................................................................................................. 97<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA .......................................................................... 98<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B ...... 99<br />

OKU@BE Z VIRUSOM HEPATITISA D V SLOVENIJI .................. 99<br />

Vi rus hepa ti ti sa C ................................................................................................................................ 99<br />

ZGRADBA IN POMNO@EVANJE .................................................................................. 99<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .......................................................................................... 100<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 101<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .............................................................................................................................. 101<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA ...................................................................... 103<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B .... 104<br />

OKU@BE Z VIRUSOM HEPATITISA C V SLOVENIJI ................ 105<br />

Vi ru si hepa ti ti sa ne-A, ne-E ............................................................................................ 106<br />

POVZETEK .................................................................................................................................................... 107<br />

VIRI ZA DODATNI [TUDIJ .............................................................................................. 109<br />

Po glav je 8. Pikor na vi ru si ........................................................................................ 111<br />

UVOD .................................................................................................................................................................... 111<br />

ZGRADBA IN POMNO@EVANJE .............................................................................. 113<br />

Rod Ente ro vi rus .................................................................................................................................. 114<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .......................................................................................... 114<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 116<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .............................................................................................................................. 116<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA ...................................................................... 119<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B .... 120<br />

Rod Kobu vi rus ...................................................................................................................................... 120<br />

Rod Parec ho vi rus ............................................................................................................................ 121<br />

Rod Aph to vi rus .................................................................................................................................... 121<br />

OKU@BE S PIKORNAVIRUSI V SLOVENIJI .............................................. 122<br />

POVZETEK .................................................................................................................................................... 123<br />

VIRI ZA DODATNI [TUDIJ .............................................................................................. 124<br />

Po glav je 9. Orto mik so vi ru si ............................................................................ 125<br />

UVOD .................................................................................................................................................................... 125<br />

ZGRADBA IN POMNO@EVANJE .............................................................................. 125<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .......................................................................................... 128<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 128<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .............................................................................................................................. 131<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA ...................................................................... 132<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B .... 133<br />

OKU@BE Z VIRUSI INFLUENCE V SLOVENIJI .................................. 135<br />

POVZETEK .................................................................................................................................................... 135<br />

VIRI ZA DODATNI [TUDIJ .............................................................................................. 136<br />

Po glav je 10. Para mik so vi ru si ...................................................................... 137<br />

UVOD .................................................................................................................................................................... 137<br />

ZGRADBA IN POMNO@EVANJE .............................................................................. 137<br />

Vi rus o{pic .................................................................................................................................................... 139<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .......................................................................................... 139<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 139<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .............................................................................................................................. 139<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA ...................................................................... 140<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B .... 141<br />

Mumps ................................................................................................................................................................ 141<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .......................................................................................... 141<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 141<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .............................................................................................................................. 141<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA ...................................................................... 142<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B .... 142<br />

Vi ru si parainf luen ce 1, 2, 3, 4 ...................................................................................... 142<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .......................................................................................... 142<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 143<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .............................................................................................................................. 143<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA ...................................................................... 143<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B ...... 143<br />

Res pi ra tor ni sin ci cij ski virus ...................................................................................... 143<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .......................................................................................... 144<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 144<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .............................................................................................................................. 144<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA ...................................................................... 145<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B .... 145<br />

^lo ve{ ki metap nev mo vi rus ............................................................................................ 146<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .......................................................................................... 146<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 146<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .............................................................................................................................. 146<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA ...................................................................... 146<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B .... 146<br />

VII


KAZALO<br />

Vi ru sa Hen dra in Nipah ........................................................................................................ 146<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .......................................................................................... 147<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 147<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .............................................................................................................................. 147<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA ...................................................................... 147<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B .. 147<br />

OKU@BE S PARAMIKSOVIRUSI V SLOVENIJI .................................. 147<br />

POVZETEK .................................................................................................................................................... 149<br />

VIRI ZA DODATNI [TUDIJ .............................................................................................. 150<br />

Po glav je 11. Fla vi vi ru si .............................................................................................. 151<br />

UVOD .................................................................................................................................................................... 151<br />

ZGRADBA IN POMNO@EVANJE .............................................................................. 151<br />

Vi rus den ga ................................................................................................................................................ 152<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .......................................................................................... 153<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 154<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .............................................................................................................................. 154<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA ...................................................................... 155<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B ...... 155<br />

OKU@BE Z VIRUSI DENGA V SLOVENIJI ................................................ 155<br />

Vi rus rume ne mrz li ce .............................................................................................................. 155<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .......................................................................................... 156<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 156<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .............................................................................................................................. 156<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA ...................................................................... 157<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B .... 157<br />

Vi rus japon ske ga ence fa li ti sa ...................................................................................... 158<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .......................................................................................... 158<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 158<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .............................................................................................................................. 158<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA ...................................................................... 159<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B .. 159<br />

Vi rus ence fa li ti sa St. Louis ................................................................................................ 159<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .......................................................................................... 159<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 160<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .............................................................................................................................. 160<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA ...................................................................... 160<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B .... 160<br />

Vi rus Zahod ne ga Nila .............................................................................................................. 161<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .......................................................................................... 161<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 161<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .............................................................................................................................. 161<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA ...................................................................... 162<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B .. 162<br />

OKU@BE Z VIRUSI ZAHODNEGA NILA V SLOVENIJI ........ 162<br />

Vi rus klop ne ga menin goen ce fa li ti sa .............................................................. 162<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .......................................................................................... 163<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 163<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .............................................................................................................................. 164<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA ...................................................................... 164<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B .... 165<br />

OKU@BE Z VIRUSI KLOPNEGA<br />

MENINGOENCEFALITISA V SLOVENIJI ............................................ 165<br />

POVZETEK .................................................................................................................................................... 166<br />

VIRI ZA DODATNI [TUDIJ .............................................................................................. 167<br />

Po glav je 12. Bunja vi ru si .......................................................................................... 169<br />

UVOD .................................................................................................................................................................... 169<br />

ZGRADBA IN POMNO@EVANJE .............................................................................. 169<br />

Rod Ort ho bun ya vi rus .............................................................................................................. 171<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .......................................................................................... 171<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 171<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .............................................................................................................................. 172<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA ...................................................................... 172<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B .... 172<br />

Rod Han ta vi rus .................................................................................................................................... 172<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .......................................................................................... 173<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 173<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .............................................................................................................................. 174<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA ...................................................................... 175<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B .... 175<br />

OKU@BE S HANTAVIRUSI V SLOVENIJI .................................................... 175<br />

Rod Phle bo vi rus ................................................................................................................................ 175<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .......................................................................................... 176<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 176<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .............................................................................................................................. 177<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA ...................................................................... 177<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B .... 177<br />

OKU@BE S FLEBOVIRUSI V SLOVENIJI ...................................................... 178<br />

Rod Nai ro vi rus .................................................................................................................................... 178<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .......................................................................................... 178<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 178<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .............................................................................................................................. 179<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA ...................................................................... 179<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B .... 180<br />

Rod Tos po vi rus .................................................................................................................................... 180<br />

POVZETEK .................................................................................................................................................... 180<br />

VIRI ZA DODATNI [TUDIJ .............................................................................................. 181<br />

Po glav je 13. Toga vi ru si .............................................................................................. 183<br />

UVOD .................................................................................................................................................................... 183<br />

ZGRADBA IN POMNO@EVANJE .............................................................................. 183<br />

Rod Alpha vi rus .................................................................................................................................... 185<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .......................................................................................... 186<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 186<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .............................................................................................................................. 187<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA ...................................................................... 188<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B .... 188<br />

OKU@BE Z ALFAVIRUSI V SLOVENIJI ............................................................ 188<br />

Rod Rubi vi rus ........................................................................................................................................ 188<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .......................................................................................... 188<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 189<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .............................................................................................................................. 189<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA ...................................................................... 190<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B .. 191<br />

OKU@BE Z RUBIVIRUSI V SLOVENIJI ............................................................ 191<br />

POVZETEK .................................................................................................................................................... 191<br />

VIRI ZA DODATNI [TUDIJ .............................................................................................. 192<br />

Po glav je 14. Are na vi ru si ........................................................................................ 193<br />

UVOD .................................................................................................................................................................... 193<br />

ZGRADBA IN POMNO@EVANJE .............................................................................. 194<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .......................................................................................... 195<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 195<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .............................................................................................................................. 196<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA ...................................................................... 197<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B .. 197<br />

VIII


<strong>MEDICINSKA</strong> <strong>VIROLOGIJA</strong><br />

OKU@BE Z ARENAVIRUSI V SLOVENIJI .................................................... 198<br />

POVZETEK .................................................................................................................................................... 198<br />

VIRI ZA DODATNI [TUDIJ .............................................................................................. 199<br />

Po glav je 15. Filo vi rusi .................................................................................................. 201<br />

UVOD .................................................................................................................................................................... 201<br />

ZGRADBA IN POMNO@EVANJE .............................................................................. 201<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .......................................................................................... 203<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 204<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .............................................................................................................................. 204<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA ...................................................................... 205<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B .... 206<br />

OKU@BE Z FILOVIRUSI V SLOVENIJI ............................................................ 206<br />

POVZETEK .................................................................................................................................................... 207<br />

VIRI ZA DODATNI [TUDIJ .............................................................................................. 207<br />

Po glav je 16. Reo vi ru si .................................................................................................. 209<br />

UVOD .................................................................................................................................................................... 209<br />

Rod Rota vi rus ........................................................................................................................................ 210<br />

ZGRADBA IN POMNO@EVANJE .............................................................................. 210<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 214<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .............................................................................................................................. 214<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA ...................................................................... 215<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B .... 216<br />

OKU@BE Z ROTAVIRUSI V SLOVENIJI .......................................................... 216<br />

Rod Ort ho reo vi rus ........................................................................................................................ 216<br />

Rod Orbi vi rus ........................................................................................................................................ 217<br />

Rod Col ti vi rus ........................................................................................................................................ 217<br />

POVZETEK .................................................................................................................................................... 218<br />

VIRI ZA DODATNI [TUDIJ .............................................................................................. 218<br />

Po glav je 17. Retro vi ru si ............................................................................................ 219<br />

UVOD .................................................................................................................................................................... 219<br />

^lo ve{ ki virus imun ske pomanj klji vo sti .................................................. 221<br />

ZGRADBA IN POMNO@EVANJE .............................................................................. 221<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .......................................................................................... 228<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 233<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .............................................................................................................................. 234<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA ...................................................................... 235<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B .... 238<br />

^lo ve{ ki T-ce li~ ni lim fo trop ni virus .............................................................. 240<br />

ZGRADBA IN POMNO@EVANJE .............................................................................. 241<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .......................................................................................... 243<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 244<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .............................................................................................................................. 245<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA ...................................................................... 246<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B .... 247<br />

Mu LV-so ro den kse no trop ni virus ........................................................................ 247<br />

OKU@BE Z RETROVIRUSI V SLOVENIJI .................................................... 248<br />

POVZETEK .................................................................................................................................................... 249<br />

VIRI ZA DODATNI [TUDIJ .............................................................................................. 250<br />

Po glav je 18. Kali ci vi ru si .......................................................................................... 251<br />

UVOD .................................................................................................................................................................... 251<br />

ZGRADBA IN POMNO@EVANJE .............................................................................. 253<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .......................................................................................... 255<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 256<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .............................................................................................................................. 257<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA ...................................................................... 257<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B .... 258<br />

OKU@BE S KALICIVIRUSI V SLOVENIJI .................................................... 258<br />

POVZETEK .................................................................................................................................................... 259<br />

VIRI ZA DODATNI [TUDIJ .............................................................................................. 260<br />

Po glav je 19. Astro vi ru si ............................................................................................ 261<br />

UVOD .................................................................................................................................................................... 261<br />

ZGRADBA IN POMNO@EVANJE .............................................................................. 262<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .......................................................................................... 263<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 263<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .............................................................................................................................. 263<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA ...................................................................... 264<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B .... 264<br />

OKU@BE Z ASTROVIRUSI V SLOVENIJI .................................................... 264<br />

POVZETEK .................................................................................................................................................... 265<br />

VIRI ZA DODATNI [TUDIJ .............................................................................................. 266<br />

Po glav je 20. Koro na vi ru si .................................................................................... 267<br />

UVOD .................................................................................................................................................................... 267<br />

ZGRADBA IN POMNO@EVANJE .............................................................................. 268<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .......................................................................................... 270<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 270<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .............................................................................................................................. 270<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA ...................................................................... 271<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B .... 271<br />

OKU@BE Z KORONAVIRUSI V SLOVENIJI .............................................. 272<br />

POVZETEK .................................................................................................................................................... 272<br />

VIRI ZA DODATNI [TUDIJ .............................................................................................. 273<br />

Po glav je 21. Rab do vi ru si ...................................................................................... 275<br />

UVOD .................................................................................................................................................................... 275<br />

ZGRADBA IN POMNO@EVANJE .............................................................................. 275<br />

PATOGENEZA IN IMUNOST .......................................................................................... 276<br />

EPIDEMIOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................................ 277<br />

KLINI^NA SLIKA .............................................................................................................................. 277<br />

MIKROBIOLO[KA DIAGNOSTIKA ...................................................................... 278<br />

ZDRAVLJENJE, PREPRE^EVANJE IN NADZOR OKU@B .... 279<br />

OKU@BE Z RABDOVIRUSI V SLOVENIJI .................................................. 280<br />

POVZETEK .................................................................................................................................................... 280<br />

VIRI ZA DODATNI [TUDIJ .............................................................................................. 281<br />

Po glav je 22. Mimi vi ru si in dru gi gigant ski viru si .... 283<br />

UVOD .................................................................................................................................................................... 283<br />

Mi mi vi ru si .................................................................................................................................................. 283<br />

Dru gi gigant ski viru si .............................................................................................................. 284<br />

POVZETEK .................................................................................................................................................... 285<br />

VIRI ZA DODATNI [TUDIJ .............................................................................................. 285<br />

AVTORSTVO SLIK ............................................................................................................................ 287<br />

STVARNO KAZALO ........................................................................................................................ 293<br />

RAZLAGA KRATIC .......................................................................................................................... 301<br />

IX

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