Madhyasthata Ain, 2055

dWo:ytf P]g, @)%%
@)%^.!.@
@)%^ ;fnsf] P]g g+= !
nfndf]x/ / k|sfzg ldlt
!= s]xL g]kfn P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g, @)^$ @)^$.%.(
dWo:ytf ;DaGwdf sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] P]g
k|:tfjgf M dWo:ytf ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ ;dofg's"n agfpg jf~5gLo ePsf]n],
>L % dxf/fhflw/fh jL/]Gb| jL/ ljqmd zfxb]jsf] zf;gsfnsf] ;QfO;f}+ jif{df ;+;bn] of] P]g
agfPsf]5 .
kl/R5]b – !
k|f/lDes
!= ;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/De M -!_ o; P]gsf] gfd ædWo:ytf P]g, @)%%Æ /x]sf]5 .
-@_ of] P]g t'?Gt k|f/De x'g]5 .
@=
kl/efiff M ljifo jf k|;+un] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; P]gdf,–
-s_ æ;D´f}tfÆ eGgfn] s/f/ ePsf] jf gePsf] s'g} lglZrt sfg"gL ;DaGwsf
ljifodf tTsfn p7]sf] jf eljiodf p7\g ;Sg] ljjfbnfO{ dWo:ytfåf/f
;dfwfg u/fpgsf] nflu kIfx? aLr ePsf] lnlvt ;xdlt ;D´g' k5{ .
:ki6Ls/0f M o; v08sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu b]xfosf s'g} lnvt ePdf kIfx?
aLr lnlvt ;xdlt ePsf] dflgg]5 M–
-!_ dWo:ysf] k|fjwfg ;d]t Joj:yf u/L ePsf] s'g} s/f/ jf tT;DaGwdf
ePsf] cGo s'g} 5'§} ;D´f}tf,
-@_ dWo:ynfO{ ljjfb ;'Dkg] u/L kIfx? aLr cfbfg k|bfg ePsf] kq,
6]n]S;, 6]nLu|fd, 6]nLkmofS; jf lnlvt clen]v /xg ;Sg] ∇ To:t}
k|s[ltsf cGo b"/;~rf/ dfWodx?,
∇
s]xL g]kfn P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g, @)^$ 4f/f ;+zf]wg .
1

-#_ s'g} kIfn] s'g} ljjfb dWo:ytfnfO{ ;'Dkg] u/L bfjL k]z u/]sf]df ;f]
bfjL pk/ k|ltjfb ug]{ kIfn] dWo:ynfO{ ljjfb ;'Dkg] ;DaGwdf
OGsf/ gu/L k]z ePsf] k|ltjfb .
-v_ ækIfÆ eGgfn] dWo:ytf;+u ;DalGwt s'g} kIf ;D´g' k5{ .
-u_ ælhNnf cbfntÆ eGgfn] ;D´f}tfdf dWo:ytf x'g] 7fpF tf]lsPsf]df ;f]
7fpFsf] / To:tf] 7fpF gtf]lsPsf]df ljjfb pTkGg ePsf] jf dWo:ytfsf]
sf/afxL / lg0f{o ePsf] jf ;fwf/0ftof s'g} kIf a;f]af; u/L cfPsf]
7fpFsf] k|fb]lzs If]qflwsf/ ePsf] lhNnf cbfnt ;D´g' k5{ .
-3_ æk'g/fj]bg cbfntÆ eGgfn] ;D´f}tfdf dWo:ytf x'g] 7fpF tf]lsPsf]df ;f]
7fpFsf] / To:tf] 7fpF gtf]lsPsf]df ljjfb pTkGg ePsf] jf dWo:ytfsf]
sf/afxL / lg0f{o ePsf] jf s'g} kIf ;fwf/0ftof a;f]af; u/L cfPsf]
7fpFsf] k|fb]lzs If]qflwsf/ ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt ;D´g' k5{ .
-ª_ æljjfbÆ eGgfn] o; P]g adf]lhd dWo:ytfåf/f ;dfwfg x'g ;Sg] ljjfb
;D´g' k5{ .
-r_ æk|ltbfjLÆ eGgfn] bfjL ug]{ kIf pk/ k|ltjfb ug]{ kIfn] u/]sf] bfjL ;D´g'
k5{ .
-5_ æk|To'lQmÆ eGgfn] k|ltjfbL lj?4 bfjL ug]{ kIfn] u/]sf] k|ltjfb ;D´g' k5{ .
-h_ ædWo:yÆ eGgfn] ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] nflu lgo'Qm dWo:y ;D´g' k5{ / ;f]
zAbn] dWo:yx?sf] ;d"x ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .
kl/R5]b – @
dWo:ytfåf/f ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg
#= dWo:ytfåf/f ljjfb ;dfwfg u/fpg' kg]{ M -!_ s'g} ;D´f}tfdf dWo:ytfåf/f
ljjfb ;dfwfg ul/g] Joj:yf ePsf]df To:tf] ;D´f}tf jf ;f] cGt/utsf ljifo;+u
;DalGwt ljjfb ;D´f}tfdf g} sfo{ljlw pNn]v ePsf]df ;f]xL adf]lhd /
gePsf]df o; P]g adf]lhd dWo:ytfåf/f ;dfwfg u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf]
k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd ldnfkq x'g ;Sg] Jofkfl/s k|s[ltsf] s'g} b]jfgL d'2f
2

\\
;DalGwt kIfx?n] dWo:ytfåf/f ;dfwfg ul/kfpFm egL] lgj]bg lbPdf To:tf] ljjfb
;d]t dWo:ytfåf/f ;dfwfg u/fpg' kg]{5 .
$= d'2fsf] nut sf6\
\g] M -!_ bkmf # sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd dWo:ytfåf/f ;dfwfg
u/fpg rfx]sf] ljjfbsf] ljifodf bfo/ /x]sf] d'2fsf] nut sf6\g cbfntn] cfb]z
lbg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg b]xfosf] cj:yfdf
cbfntn] d'2fsf] nut sf6\g] cfb]z lbg] 5}g M–
-s_ dWo:ytf x'g ;Sg] ljifosf] ;fy ;fy} dWo:ytf x'g g;Sg] ljifodf
klg lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ b]lvPdf, jf
-v_ dWo:ytfåf/f ljjfbsf] lg0f{o x'g g;Sg] s'g} dgfl;a sf/0f b]lvPdf .
kl/R5]b – #
dWo:ysf] lgo'lQm / sfof{no
%= dWo:ysf] ;+Vof M -!_ ;D´f}tfdf dWo:ysf] ;+Vof tf]lsPsf]df ;f]xL adf]lhd /
gtf]lsPsf]df ;fdfGotof tLghgf dWo:yx? /xg]5g\ .
-@_ ;D´f}tf adf]lhd lgo'Qm ePsf dWo:yx?sf] ;+Vof ;d ePdf
To:tf dWo:yx?n] /f]h]sf] s'g} Ps JolQm ykL dWo:ysf] ;+Vof ljifd ug'{ kg]{5 .
^= dWo:ysf] lgo'lQm M -!_ ;D´f}tfdf cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s dWo:ytfåf/f
ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg u/fpg' kg]{ sf/0f pTkGg ePsf] ldltn] tLg dlxgfleq dWo:y
lgo'Qm ug]{ k|s[of z'? ug'{ kg]{5 .
-@_ ;D´f}tfdf dWo:y x'g] JolQmsf] gfd pNn]v ePsf]df ;D´f}tfdf
plNnlvt JolQm g} dWo:y lgo'Qm ePsf] dflgg]5 .
-#_ ;D´f}tfdf dWo:y lgo'Qm ug]{ ;DaGwdf s'g} 5'§} Joj:yf ePsf] /x]5
eg] ;f]xL adf]lhd dWo:y lgo'Qm ul/g]5 .
-$_ ;D´f}tfdf cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s k|To]s kIfn] Ps Pshgf
dWo:y lgo'Qm ug]{5g\ / To;/L lgo'Qm ePsf dWo:yx?åf/f lgo'Qm t];|f] dWo:yn]
d'Vo dWo:y eO{ sfd ug]{5 .
3

&=
cbfntåf/f dWo:ysf] lgo'lQm
lQm M -!_ b]xfosf] cj:yfdf s'g} kIfn] dWo:ysf]
lgo'lQmsf] nflu k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 M–
-s_ ;D´f}tfdf pNn]v ePsf] k|s[of ckgfpFbf dWo:y lgo'Qm x'g
g;s]df .
-v_ ;D´f}tfdf dWo:y lgo'lQm ug]{ ;DaGwdf s'g} s'/f pNn]v gePdf .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lbOg] lgj]bgdf dWo:y x'g ;Sg] sDtLdf
tLghgf JolQmsf] gfd, y/, jtg, k]zf / lghsf] ljz]if1tfsf] If]q ;d]t v'nfpg'
kg]{5 / To:tf] lgj]bg ;fy ;D´f}tfsf] k|ltlnlk ;d]t k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] ;a}
kIfnfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ dWo:y x'g] JolQmsf ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt ;a} kIfsf] dt}So
ePdf ltgLx?n] k|:tfj u/]sf] JolQmnfO{ / dt}So x'g g;s]df k'g/fj]bg cbfntn]
pko'Qm 7x¥ofPsf] JolQmnfO{ To:tf] lgj]bg k|fKt ePsf] ;f7L lbgleq dWo:y
lgo'Qm ug]{5 . To;/L k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] u/]sf] lg0f{o clGtd x'g]5 .
*= ljz]if kl/l:yltdf dWo:ysf] k"lt{ M -!_ dWo:ytfsf] nflu lgo'Qm ePsf] s'g}
dWo:yn] /fhLgfdf lbPdf jf dWo:y x'g OGsf/ u/]df jf lghsf] d[To' ePdf jf
cGo s'g} sf/0fn] lghsf] :yfg l/Qm x'g uPdf To;/L :yfg l/Qm ePsf] ;fwf/0ftM
tL; lbgleq ;f] :yfg lgh lgo'Qm x'Fbfs} k|s[of cg';f/ csf]{ dWo:y lgo'Qm u/L
k"lt{ ul/g]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] Dofbleq dWo:ysf] l/Qm :yfgsf] k"lt{ x'g
g;s]df To:tf] Dofb gf3]sf] kGw| lbgleq s'g} kIfn] k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf lgj]bg
lbg ;Sg]5 . To:tf] lgj]bg k/]sf]df ;fwf/0ftM kGw| lbgleq k'g/fj]bg cbfntn]
bkmf & sf] cwLgdf /xL dWo:y lgo'Qm ul/lbg' kg]{5 .
(= dWo:yn] zky lng' kg]{ M -!_ dWo:ytfsf] sfd sf/afxL z'? ug'{ cl3 dWo:yn]
cg';"rLdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ lgikIftf tyf OdfGbfl/tfsf] b'O{ k|lt lnlvt zkydf
b:tvt ug'{ kg]{5 / To:tf] zkysf] Ps k|lt ldl;n ;fy /fvL csf]{ Ps k|lt
k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-@_ s'g} klg dWo:yn] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd zky lng' cl3 lghn] ;dfwfg
ug'{ kg]{ ljjfbsf ;DaGwdf lghsf] lgikIftf jf :jtGqtfsf ;DaGwdf dgfl;a
4

dflkmssf] z+sf ug'{ kg]{ s'g} s'/f ePdf ;f] s'/f ;DalGwt kIfx?sf] hfgsf/Ldf
Nofpg' kg]{5 .
!)= dWo:ysf] cof]Uotf M b]xfosf] JolQm dWo:y lgo'Qm x'gsf] lgldQ of]Uo x'g] 5}g M–
-s_ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd s/f/ ug{ cof]Uo ePsf],
-v_ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}Hbf/L s;"/df cbfntaf6 ;hfo kfPsf],
-u_ ;fx'sf] bfdf;fxLdf k/]sf] jf 6f6 pN6]sf],
-3_ dWo:ytfåf/f ;dfwfg x'g'kg]{ ljjfbsf] ljifodf s'g} :jfy{ ePsf],
-ª_ s'g} ;D´f}tfdf dWo:y lgo'Qm x'gsf] nflu s'g} vf; of]Uotf tf]lsPsf] /x]5
eg] To:tf] of]Uotf gk'u]sf] .
!!= dWo:ynfO{ x6fpg ;lsg] M -!_ dWo:ynfO{ x6fpg] cj:yf / sfo{ljlw ;D´f}tfdf
pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ;D´f}tfdf cj:yf / sfo{ljlw pNn]v gul/Psf]
eP b]xfosf] s'g} cj:yfdf dWo:ynfO{ x6fO{ kfpF egL s'g} kIfn] dWo:y lgo'Qm
ePsf] jf lghsf] sfd sf/afxL o; pkbkmf adf]lhd gePsf] yfxf kfPsf] ldltn]
kGw| lbgleq dWo:y ;dIf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 M–
-s_ s'g} dWo:yn] lgikIf ?kn] sfd gu/L s'g} kIfk|lt ´'sfj /fv]sf] jf
kIfkft u/]sf] :ki6 b]lvPdf,
-v_ s'g} dWo:yn] dWo:ytfsf] sf/afxLdf cg'lrt cfr/0f jf hfn;fh
u/]df,
-u_ s'g} dWo:yn] dWo:ytf ;DaGwL sf/afxLdf a/fa/ q'l6 jf
clgoldttf u/]df,
-3_ s'g} dWo:yn] dWo:ytfsf] sfd sf/afxL cg'lrt ?kdf nDAofpg]
jf l9nfO{ ug]{ p2]Zon] dgfl;a dflkmssf] sf/0f gb]vfO{ tLg k6s
eGbf a9L dWo:ysf] a}7sdf pkl:yt gePdf jf a}7ssf] sfd
sf/afxLdf efu lng OGsf/ u/]df,
-ª_ s'g} dWo:yn] k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt jf lgodsf] k|lts"n x'g] sfo{
u/]df, jf
-r_ s'g} dWo:ysf] of]Uotf gk'u]sf] ePdf jf of]Uotf g/x]df .
5

-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd lgj]bg kg{ cfPdf x6fpg dfu ul/Psf]
dWo:yn] :j]R5fn] kb Tofu gu/]df jf x6fpg dfu u/]sf cfwf/ pk/ csf]{ kIf
;xdt gePdf dWo:yn] ;f] ;DaGwdf lgj]bg k/]sf] tL; lbgleq lg0f{o ug'{
kg]{5 .
-$_ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhdsf] lg0f{o pk/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf ph'/ nfUg]5 /
;f] cbfntn] u/]sf] cfb]z clGtd x'g]5 .
!@=
dWo:ysf] sfof{no /xg] :yfg M -!_ dWo:ysf] sfof{no b]xfosf] :yfgdf /xg]5 M–
-s_ ;D´f}tfdf dWo:ysf] sfof{no /xg] :yfg pNn]v ePsf]df ;f]xL
:yfgdf .
-v_ ;D´f}tfdf dWo:ysf] sfof{no /xg] :yfg pNn]v gePsf]df kIfx?n]
/f]h]sf] :yfgdf .
-u_ dWo:y lgo'Qm ePsf] kGw| lbgleq kIfx?n] To:tf] :yfg g/f]h]df jf
To; ;DaGwdf kIfx?sf aLr dt}So gePdf ;Dk"0f{ ;Da4
kl/l:yltnfO{ ljrf/ u/L dWo:yn] tf]s]sf] :yfgdf .
-@_ o; bkmfdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg kIfx?n] cGoyf
Joj:yf u/]sf]df afx]s ;fIfLsf] jskq u/fpg, ljz]if1sf] /fo lng, s'g} lnvt,
j:t' jf :yfg lg/LIf0f ug{ ;'ljwf x'g] cGo s'g} pko'Qm :yfgdf ;d]t dWo:yx?n]
cfk;df 5nkmn u/L d'sfd tf]Sg ;Sg]5g\ .
!#= dWo:ysf] sfd sf/afxLdf k|of]u x'g] efiff M dWo:yn] cfÇgf] sfd sf/afxLdf
k|of]u ug]{ efiff ;D´f}tfdf pNn]v ePsf]df ;f]xL adf]lhd / pNn]v gePsf]df
kIfx?n] cfk;df 5nkmn u/L lgwf{/0f u/]sf] efiff x'g]5 / To;/L lgwf{/0f x'g
g;s]df ;D´f}tfdf k|of]u ul/Psf] efiff dWo:ysf] sfd sf/afxLdf k|of]u x'g] efiff
x'g]5 .
kl/R5]b – $
dWo:ytf ;DaGwL sf/afxL / dWo:ysf] clwsf/
!$= bfjL, k|ltbfjL, k|ltjfb jf k|To'lQm k]z ug]{ M -!_ ;D´f}tfdf bfjL k]z ug]{ Dofb
pNn]v ePsf]df ;f]xL Dofbleq / s'g} Dofb pNn]v geO{ dWo:y x'g] JolQmsf]
gfd;Dd pNn]v ePsf]df dWo:ytf u/fpg' kg]{ ljjfb pTkGg ePsf] ldltn] /
6

ljjfb v8f ePkl5 dWo:y lgo'Qm ePsf]df dWo:y lgo'Qm ePsf] ldltn] tLg
dlxgfleq bfjL k]z ug'{ kg]{5 . To;/L bfjL k]z ubf{ kIfn] s'g s'/fdf dte]b
ePsf] xf] / s'g s'/f u/fO{ kfpg rfx]sf] xf] ;f] v'nfO{ k|df0f ;lxt dWo:y ;dIf
cfkmgf] bfjL lnlvt ?kdf k]z ug'{ kg]{5 / To:sf] Psk|lt csf]{ kIfnfO{ ;d]t lbg'
kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd bfjL k]z ePkl5 ;D´f}tfdf cGoyf Joj:yf
ePsf]df afx]s csf]{ kIfn] bfjL k|fKt u/]sf] tL; lbgleq To:tf] bfjL pk/ k|ltjfb
k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] Dofbleq csf]{ kIfn] k|ltjfb / ;f] ;DaGwdf
lghsf] s'g} k|ltbfjL eP ;f] ;d]t k]z ug'{ kg]{5 / lghn] k|ltbfjL ;d]t k]z u/]df
dWo:yn] To:tf] k|ltbfjL pk/ k|To'lQm k]z ug{ bfjL k]z ug]{ kIfnfO{ kGw| lbgsf]
Dofb lbg' kg]{5 / To;/L k|To'lQm k]z ePsf]df k|ltbfjL k]z ug]{ kIfnfO{ To;sf]
Psk|lt pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-$_ pkbkmf -@_ jf -#_ adf]lhdsf] Dofbleq s'g} kIfn] cfkmgf] sfa'
aflx/sf] kl/l:yltn] ubf{======== ✂ , k|ltjfb jf k|To'lQm k]z ug{ g;s]df To;sf]
dgfl;a sf/0f v'nfO{ To:tf] Dofb ;dfKt ePsf] ldltn] kGw| lbgleq Dofb yksf]
nflu dWo:y ;dIf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 / lgj]bgdf plNnlvt sf/0f dgfl;a
b]lvPdf dWo:yn] ∇ lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd dgfl;a Dofb yk ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-%_ o; bkmf adf]lhd bfjL, k|ltbfjL jf k|ltjfb jf k|To'lQm k]z ubf{ ;f]
ljjfb ;DaGwL ;a} lnvt tyf To;nfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ s'g} ;a"b k|df0f eP ;f] ;d]t
k]z ug'{ kg]{5 . kIfx?n] s'g} s'/f ;fIfLåf/f k|dfl0ft ug{ u/fpg rfx]df bfjL,
k|ltbfjL, k|ltjfb jf k|To'lQmdf ;fIfLsf] gfd, y/, jtg ;d]t v'nfpg' kg]{5 /
dWo:yn] tf]s]sf] lbg To:tf ;fIfLnfO{ ;DalGwt kIf cfkm}n] dWo:y ;dIf pkl:yt
u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-^_ o; P]g adf]lhd k|To]s kIfn] dWo:ytfsf] sfd sf/afxLsf] ;Gbe{df
dWo:y ;dIf bflvn u/]sf sfuhftx?sf] k|ltlnlk csf]{ kIfnfO{ lbg' kg]{5 .
✂
s]xL g]kfn P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g, @)^$ 4f/f lemlsPsf] .
∇ s]xL g]kfn P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g, @)^$ 4f/f ;+zf]wg .
7

!%= dWo:ytfsf] sf/afxL cGTo jf hf/L x'g] cj:yf M kIfx?n] cGoyf Joj:yf u/]sf]df
afx]s b]xfosf] cj:yfdf dWo:ytfsf] sf/afxL cGTo jf hf/L x'g]5 M–
-s_ bfjLstf{n] bkmf !$ sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] Dofbleq bfjL k]z gu/]df
dWo:ysf] sfd sf/afxL cGTo x'g]5 .
-v_ bkmf !$ sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] Dofbleq k|ltjfb k]z geP tfklg ;f]xL
sf/0fn] dfq k|ltbfjL k]z gug]{ kIfn] jfbL bfjL :jLsf/ u/]sf] dflgg] 5}g
/ bfjLstf{sf] bfjL / ;f] bfjL k'i6L ug{ k]z ePsf k|df0fsf] d"Nof+sg x'g]
u/L dWo:yn] cfkmgf] sf/afxL hf/L /fVg' kg]{5 .
-u_ dWo:yn] tf]s]sf] ;'g'jfO{sf avt s'g} kIf pkl:yt gePdf jf lnlvt
k|df0f bflvnf gu/]df k]z x'g cfPsf k|df0fx?sf] cfwf/df dWo:yn] lg0f{o
ug{ ;Sg]5 / To:tf] lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk k|ltjfb gug]{ kIfnfO{ ;d]t k7fpg'
kg]{5 .
!^=
dWo:yn] If]qflwsf/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] M -!_ dWo:y ;dIf k]z ePsf] ljjfbsf]
lg/f]k0f ug]{ dWo:ysf] If]qflwsf/ g/x]sf] jf h'g s/f/sf] sf/0faf6 ljjfb pTkGg
ePsf] xf] ;f] s/f/ g} u}/ sfg"gL jf ab/of]Uo jf k|efjxLg ePsf] bfjL s'g} kIfn]
lng rfx]df To:tf] bfjL lghn] dWo:y ;dIf k]z ug{ ;Sg]5 / dWo:yn] cfk"mnfO{
;'lDkPsf] sfd sf/afxL k|f/De ug'{ cl3 If]qflwsf/ jf s/f/sf] j}wtf jf
k|efjsf/Ltfsf ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] lg0f{o pk/ lrQ ga'‰g] kIfn] ;f] lg0f{o
ePsf] ldltn] tL; lbgleq k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 / ;f] ljifodf
k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] lbPsf] lg0f{o clGtd x'g]5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd s/f/sf] j}wtf jf k|efjsf/Ltfsf] ;DaGwdf
lg0f{o ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu s'g} s/f/df dWo:ytfåf/f ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg ug]{
k|fjwfg /x]5 / ;f] k|fjwfg ;f]xL s/f/sf] cleGg c+usf] ?kdf /x]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f]
s/f/sf] dWo:ytf ;DaGwL k|fjwfgnfO{ 5'§} ;D´f}tfsf] ?kdf lnOg]5 . dWo:yn]
To:tf] s/f/ ab/ jf cdfGo x'g]u/L jf k|efjxLg ePsf] lg0f{o u/] tfklg ;f]xL
sf/0fn] To:tf] k|fjwfg sfg"gtM ab/ jf cdfGo jf k|efjxLg ePsf] dflgg] 5}g .
8

!&=
-$_ bkmf !$ sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd k|ltjfb k]z ug]{ Dofb gf3]kl5
pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] bfjL ug{ ;lsg] 5}g .
-%_ s'g} kIfn] cfkmgf] tkm{af6 dWo:y lgo'Qm u/]sf] jf dWo:y
lgo'lQmdf ;xefuL ePsf] jf dWo:ysf] lgo'lQmdf ;xdlt hgfPsf] sf/0fn] dfq
To:tf] kIf pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] bfjL lngaf6 j+lrt ePsf] dflgg] 5}g .
-^_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf] lgj]bg ;f]
cbfntaf6 clGtd lsgf/f gx'Fb} dWo:ynfO{ cfkmgf] sf/afxL hf/L /fVg / lg0f{o
ug{ afwf k'u]sf] dflgg] 5}g .
dWo:yn] ckgfpg] sfo{ljlw M -!_ dWo:yn] ljjfbsf] lg0f{o ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{
sfo{ljlw ;D´f}tfdf pNn]v ePsf]df ;f]xL adf]lhd / To;/L pNn]v gePsf]df o;
P]g adf]lhd x'g]5 .
t/ o; P]gdf Joj:yf gePsf] sfo{ljlw kIfx?sf] ;xdltdf
dWo:yn] tf]s] adf]lhd / To:tf] ;xdlt gePdf dWo:y cfkm}n] lgwf{/0f u/]
adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-@_ dWo:y ;dIf k]z x'g'kg]{ bfjL, k|ltjfb, k|ltbfjL jf k|To'lQm k]z
eO;s]kl5 dWo:yn] cljnDa dWo:ytf ;DaGwL sfd sf/afxL z'? ug'{ kg]{5 .
-#_ dWo:ytf ;DaGwL s] s:tf] sfd sf/afxL s'g lbg / ;dodf x'g] xf]
To;sf] hfgsf/L kIfx?nfO{ lbg' kg]{5 / ;DalGwt ldl;ndf To;/L hfgsf/L lbPsf]
clen]v /fVg' kg]{5 .
-$_ tLghgf jf ;f] eGbf a9L dWo:y /x]sf] ljjfbdf lg0f{o ug]{ jf
clGtd cfb]z lbg] sfd afx]s dWo:ytfsf] cGo sf/afxL pkl:yt dWo:yx?af6
x'g ;Sg]5 .
-%_ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd hfgsf/L kfPkl5 s'g} kIf dWo:ytfsf]
sf/afxL x'g] lbg / ;dodf pkl:yt geP tfklg dWo:yn] sf/afxL hf/L /fVg /
pknAw k|df0fsf cfwf/df cfkmgf] lg0f{o lbg ;Sg]5 .
-^_ dWo:y ;dIf ;'g'jfO{sf] sfd ;lsP kl5 dWo:yn] ;'g'jfO{sf]
sf/afxL cGt ePsf] cfb]z u/L ;f] s'/fsf] clen]v ldl;ndf /fVg' kg]{5 /
To;kl5 kIfaf6 k|df0fx? a'‰g] jf ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ sfo{ x'g ;Sg] 5}g .
9

-&_ ;D´f}tfdf cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s pkbkmf -^_ adf]lhd
cfb]z u/]sf] ;fwf/0ftM tL; lbgleq dWo:yn] cfkmgf] lnlvt lg0f{o ;'gfpg'
kg]{5 .
!*= dWo:yn] ckgfpg] ;f/jfg sfg"g M -!_ ;D´f}tfdf cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]df
afx]s dWo:yn] ckgfpg] ;f/jfg sfg"g g]kfn sfg"g x'g]5 .
-@_ kIfx?n] :ki6 ?kdf clVtof/L lbPsf] cj:yfdf dfq dWo:yn]
ljjfbnfO{ Gofo / ;b\ljj]s -PS; PSjf P6 jf]gf]_ jf k|fs[lts ;dGofo -PldPjn
sDkf]lh6/_ sf] l;4fGt adf]lhd ljjfbsf] lg/f]k0f ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-#_ o; bkmfdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg dWo:yn]
;DalGwt s/f/sf zt{x? adf]lhd ljjfbsf] lg/f]k0f ug]{5 / To;/L ljjfb lg/f]k0f
ubf{ ;DalGwt sf/f]af/df nfu" x'g] Jofkfl/s k|rngx? -o';]h_ pk/ ;d]t Wofg
lbg' kg]{5 .
!(= dWo:ytfsf] ;'g'jfO{ uf]Ko ?kdf x'g] M kIfx?n] cGoyf rfx]df afx]s dWo:ytfsf]
;'g'jfO{ uf]Ko ?kdf x'g]5 .
@)=
;"rgf tyf Dofb tfd]nL M -!_ k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg
dWo:ytfsf ;DaGwdf lbOg] s'g} ;"rgf jf dWo:yn] ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ ljifodf jf
dWo:y ;dIf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] ljjfbdf g]kfn leq jf g]kfn aflx/ /x] a;]sf]
kIfsf] gfpFdf s'g} Dofb jf ;"rgf tfd]n ug'{ k/]df ;D´f}tfdf cGoyf ePsf]df
afx]s ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ l;w} a'´fO{ jf kIfsf] 6]n]S;, 6]lnkmofS;, 6]lnu|fd jf
lnlvt clen]v /xg ;Sg] ∇ To:tf] k|s[ltsf cGo s'g} b"/;+rf/ dfWodsf] 7]ufgf
;D´f}tfdf pNn]v ePsf] /x]5 jf ;D´f}tf ePkl5 kIfx?n] To:tf] 7]ufgf Ps
csf]{nfO{ jf dWo:ynfO{ pknAw u/fPsf /x]5g\ eg] To:tf] 7]ufgfdf Dofb jf ;"rgf
k7fpg ;lsg]5 . To:tf] ;+rf/ dfWod jf 7]ufgf pknAw gu/fPsf]df ;DalGwt
kIfsf] Joj;fo /x]sf] :yfg jf lghsf] :yfoL a;f]af; ePsf] :yfgdf a'´fpg'
kg]{5 . o;/L lbOPsf] ;"rgf jf ePsf] Dofb tfd]nL /Ltk"j{s eP u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
t/ x'nfsåf/f To:tf] Dofb jf ;"rgf k7fpFbf /lhi6«L u/L k7fpg' kg]{5 .
∇ s]xL g]kfn P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g, @)^$ 4f/f ;+zf]wg .
10

@!=
@@=
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg cbfntsf] sfd
sf/afxLsf ;DaGwdf o; Joj:yfn] k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{ 5}g .
dWo:ysf] clwsf/ M -!_ ;D´f}tfdf cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s dWo:ysf]
clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M–
-s_ kIfx?nfO{ cfk"m ;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg], sfuhkq k]z ug{ nufpg] /
cfjZostfg';f/ aofg lng],
-v_ ;fIfLx?nfO{ askq u/fpg],
-u_ s'g} vf; ljifodf ljz]if1 lgo'Qm u/L hfFr u/fpg] jf /fo lng],
-3_ s'g} kIf ljb]zL gful/s ePsf] sf/0fn] cfk"mn] lbPsf] lg0f{o
sfof{Gjog x'g ;Sg] lsl;dsf] cj:yf gePdf dWo:yn] tf]s]
adf]lhdsf] a}+s Uof/]06L jf cGo pko'Qm hdfgt lng],
-ª_ kIfsf] cg'/f]wdf jf cfkm}n] pko'Qm b]v]df ljjfb;+u ;DalGwt :yfg,
j:t' pTkfbg, ;+/rgf, pTkfbg k|lqmof jf ;f];+u ;DalGwt cGo
s'/fsf] lg/LIf0f ug]{ tyf gfl;g] lalu|g] lsl;dsf lrh j:t' ePdf
kIfx?;+u k/fdz{ u/L laqmL u/L cfPsf] /sd w/f}6 /fVg],
-r_ kIfx?n] k|bfg u/]sf] s'g} vf; clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{,
-5_ k|f/lDes cfb]z, s'g} kIfsf] cg'/f]wdf ljjfbsf] ljifo j:t';+u
;DalGwt s'g} s'/fdf cGtl/d cfb]z jf cGt/sfnLg cfb]z hf/L ug]{
jf zt{ ;lxtsf] lg0f{o ug]{,
-h_ lnvtsf] k|dfl0ft gSsn lbg],
-´_ o; P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf] cGo clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -5_ adf]lhd dWo:yn] lbPsf] cfb]z pk/ lrQ
ga'‰g] kIfn] kGw| lbgleq k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 / ;f] ;DaGwdf
k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] u/]sf] lg0f{o clGtd x'g]5 .
kIfnfO{ ;dfg cj;/ x'g] M -!_ dWo:ytf ;DaGwL sf/afxLdf k|To]s kIfnfO{
cfkmgf] s'/f k|:t't ug{ o; P]gsf] cwLgdf /xL kof{Kt / ;dfg cj;/ lbOg]5 .
11

-@_ dWo:ytf ;DaGwL sf/afxLdf s'g} klg kIf cfkm} jf cfkmgf]
k|ltlglw dfkm{t pkl:yt x'g ;Sg]5 / cfkmgf] tkm{af6 sfg"g Joj;foL d's// ug{
;d]t ;Sg]5 .
@#= k|df0f a'‰g cbfntsf] ;xof]u lng ;lsg] M k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf]
eP tfklg dWo:y ;dIf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] ljjfbsf ;DaGwdf s'g} k|df0f a'‰g
dWo:ynfO{ cbfntsf] ;xof]u cfjZos k/]df dWo:y cfkm}+n] jf kIfsf] cg'/f]wdf
lhNnf cbfnt ;dIf To:tf] ;xof]usf] nflu cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sg]5 . o;/L cg'/f]w e}
cfPdf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd lhNnf cbfntn] k|df0f a'‰g] ;DaGwdf ;xof]u ug'{
kg]{5 .
kl/R5]b – %
dWo:ysf] lg0f{o / To;sf] sfof{Gjog
@$= lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{ cjlw M ;D´f}tfdf cGoyf pNn]v ePsf]df afx]s bkmf !& sf]
pkbkmf -&_ sf] cwLgdf /xL bkmf !$ adf]lhdsf sfuhftx? dWo:y ;dIf k]z
ePsf] ;fwf/0ftM Ps ;o aL; lbgleq dWo:yn] cfkmgf] lg0f{o lbg' kg]{5 .
@%=
lg0f{o lbg gx'g] cj:yf M -!_ dWo:ytf ug'{ kg]{ ljifo;+u dWo:yn] lg0f{o ug{ gx'g]
ljifo cleGg ?kdf ufl;Psf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] ljifodf dWo:yn] lg0f{o lbg] 5}g .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lg0f{o ug{ gx'g] cj:yf k/]df dWo:yn] ;f] sf]
;"rgf ;DalGwt kIfx?nfO{ lbg' kg]{5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd ;"rgf k|fKt u/]sf] ldltn] k}+tL; lbgleq ;DalGwt
kIfn] k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg cbfntdf ph"/ ug{
;Sg]5 .
@^=
dWo:ysf] lg0f{o M -!_ tLghgf jf ;f] eGbf a9L dWo:yx? ePdf ax';+Vossf] /fo
g} dWo:ysf] lg0f{o dflgg]5 .
-@_ dWo:yx?sf] /fo leGg leGg eO{ ax'dt sfod x'g g;s]df ;D´f}tfdf
cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s d'Vo dWo:ysf] /fo dWo:ysf] lg0f{o dflgg]5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -$_ sf] cwLgdf /xL k|To]s dWo:yn] lg0f{odf b:tvt ug'{
kg]{5 .
12

t/ s'g} dWo:yn] lg0f{odf b:tvt ug{ g;Sg] s'g} sf/0f ePdf ;f] v'nfO{
afFsL dWo:yn] b:tvt ug'{ kg]{5 .
-$_ s'g} dWo:y dWo:ytfsf] lg0f{o;+u ;xdt x'g g;s]df c;xdltk"0f{
/fo JoQm ug{ ;Sg]5 .
@&= lg0f{odf v'nfpg' kg]{ s'/f M ;D´f}tfdf cGoyf pNn]v ePsf]df afx]s dWo:yn]
lg0f{odf b]xfosf s'/fx? :ki6 ?kdf v'nfpg' kg]{5 M–
-s_ dWo:ytf ug{ ;'lDkPsf] ljifosf] 5f]6s/L ljj/0f,
-v_ dWo:ytfsf] If]qflwsf/ pk/ s'g} kIfn] k|Zg p7fPsf] eP If]qflwsf/ ePsf]
7x/ ug]{ cfwf/,
-u_ dWo:ysf] 7x/ / pQm 7x/df k'Ug lnO{Psf sf/0f / cfwf/,
-3_ e/Le/fp jf Ifltk"lt{ u/L lbg' kg]{ s'/f jf /sd,
-ª_ e/Le/fp ug'{ kg]{ /sddf nfUg] Aofh / bkmf #! sf] Dofbleq dWo:ysf]
lg0f{o sfof{Gjog gePdf To:tf] ;do Joltt ePkl5 nfUg] yk Aofh b/,
-r_ dWo:ytfsf] lg0f{o ePsf] :yfg / ldlt .
@*= lg0f{o ;'gfpg' kg]{ M dWo:yn] kIfx?sf ;dIf lg0f{o k9L ;'gfpg' kg]{5 / To;sf]
Ps Ps k|lt ;DalGwt ;a} kIfx?nfO{ lbO{ ;f] sf] lg:;f ldl;n ;fy /fVg' kg]{5 .
s'g} kIf lg0f{o ;'gfpg tf]lsPsf] ;dodf cg'kl:yt /x]df jf pkl:yt eP/ klg
lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk a'l´lng OGsf/ u/]df ;f] s'/f hgfO{ lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk ;+nUg
u/L lghnfO{ ;"rgf lbg' kg]{5 .
@(=
bf]x¥ofO{ lg0f{o ug{ gx'g] M -!_ bkmf #) adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] cfb]z
lbPsf]df afx]s dWo:yn] cfk"m ;dIf ;'lDkPsf] ljifodf Psk6s lg0f{o ul/;s]kl5
lg0f{osf] d"n ;f/df c;/ gkg]{ u/L ul0ftLo, 5kfO{, 6fOlkË jf To:t} k|s[ltsf
;fgfltgf q'6L ;Rofpg / To;df 5'6 ePsf] s'/f ;dfj]z ug{ afx]s ;f]xL ljifodf
k'gM csf]{ lg0f{o ug{ x'Fb}g .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd dWo:ysf] lg0f{odf ePsf q'6L ;Rofpg' kg]{ eGg]
s'g} kIfnfO{ nfu]df lghn] lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk kfPsf] ldltn] tL; lbgleq dWo:y
;dIf lgj]bg lbg' kg]{5 / dWo:yn] To:tf] q'6L ;Rofpg jf 5'6 ePsf] s'/f
;dfj]z ug{ dgfl;a b]v]df To:tf] lgj]bg k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] kGw| lbgleq 5'§}
13

krf{ v8f u/L 5'6 ePsf] s'/f ;dfj]z ug{ / q'6L ;Rofpg ;Sg]5 . dWo:y cfkm}n]
To:tf] s'/f ;Rofpg plrt 7fg]df lg0f{o ePsf] tL; lbgleq krf{ v8f u/L ;RofO{
To;sf] hfgsf/L ;DalGwt kIfx?nfO{ lbg' kg]{5 .
-#_ o; bkmfdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} kIfn] bfjL k]z
u/]sf s'/fx? dWo] s'g} s'/fsf ;DaGwdf dWo:yn] lg0f{o u/]sf] /x]g5 eg] To:tf
s'/fsf xb;Dd csf]{ kIfsf] ;xdlt lnO{ dWo:yn] lg0f{o u/]sf] tL; lbgleq ;f]
s'/fdf lg0f{o x'g lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 / To;/L lgj]bg k/]sf]df lgj]bg k/]sf]
k}+tfnL; lbgleq ;f]xL xb;Dd ;Lldt /xL k"/s lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-$_ kIfx?sf] ;xdlt ePdf lg0f{osf] s'g} s'/f jf c+z c:ki6 ePsf]n]
JofVof ug{ s'g} kIfn] csf]{ kIfnfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ dWo:ysf] lg0f{o ePsf] ldltn] tL;
lbgleq dWo:y ;dIf cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sg]5 / To:tf] cg'/f]w ePdf k}+tfnL; lbgleq
dWo:yn] c:ki6 ePsf] s'/fsf] JofVof u/L :ki6 kfg{ ;Sg]5 .
#)= lg0f{o ab/ x'g;Sg] M -!_ o; P]g adf]lhd dWo:ysf] lg0f{o ;'gL kfPsf] jf
lg0f{osf] ;"rgf kfPsf] ldltn] k}+tL; lbgleq To:tf] lg0f{odf lrQ ga'‰g] kIfn] ;f]
lg0f{o ab/ u/fpg rfx]df ;DalGwt sfuhftx? / lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk ;d]t ;+nUg
u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg' kg]{5 / To;sf] k|ltlnlk dWo:y / ;DalGwt
kIfnfO{ lbg' kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgj]bg k/]sf]df dWo:ytfsf] lg0f{odf b]xfosf s'g}
s'/f /x]sf] lgj]bg ug]{ kIfn] k|dfl0ft u/]df k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] To:tf] lg0f{o ab/
ug{ jf cfjZostfg';f/ k'gM lg0f{o u/fpg cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 M–
-s_ ;D´f}tfsf s'g} kIf ;D´f}tf ubf{sf avt s'g} sf/0fn] ;D´f}tf ug{
c;Ifd /x]sf] jf kIfx? h'g d'n'ssf] sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /x]sf 5g\ ;f]
sfg"g cg';f/ jf To:tf] sfg"g :ki6 x'g g;s]sf]df g]kfn sfg"g
adf]lhd ;f] ;D´f}tf j}w g/x]sf],
-v_ lgj]bg ug]{ kIfnfO{ dWo:y lgo'Qm ug{sf nflu jf dWo:ytfsf]
sf/afxLsf ;DaGwdf ;dodf g} /Ltk"j{s ;"rgf glbPsf],
14

-u_ dWo:ynfO{ g;'lDkPsf] ljjfb;+u ;DalGwt ljifodf jf dWo:ynfO{
;'lDkPsf] zt{ ljk/Lt jf dWo:ynfO{ ;'lDkPsf] If]qaflx/ uO{ lg0f{o
ePsf],
-3_ g]kfn sfg"g k|lts"n ;D´f}tf ePsf]df afx]s dWo:ytfsf] u7g ljlw
jf To;sf] sfd sf/afxL kIfx? aLr ;DkGg ;D´f}tf cg'?k gePsf]
jf To:tf] ;D´f}tf gePsf]df o; P]g cg';f/ gePsf] .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/
lgj]bg k/]sf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] b]xfosf cj:yfdf dWo:ytfsf] lg0f{o ab/ ug{
;Sg]5 M–
-s_ dWo:yn] lg0f{o u/]sf] ljjfb g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhd dWo:yåf/f
lg/f]k0f x'g g;Sg] ePdf .
-v_ dWo:yn] u/]sf] lg0f{o ;fj{hlgs lxt jf gLlt k|lts"n x'g] ePdf .
#!= lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog M kIfx?n] dWo:ysf] lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk kfPsf] ldltn] k}+tfnL;
lbgleq lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug'{ kg]{5 .
#@=
cbfntaf6 lg0f{o sfof{Gjog x'g] M o; P]gsf] bkmf #! df tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq
lg0f{o sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]df ;f] Dofb gf3]sf] tL; lbgleq dWo:ysf] lg0f{o
sfof{Gjog u/fpgsf] nflu ;DalGwt kIfn] lhNnf cbfnt ;dIf lgj]bg lbg
;Sg]5 / To;/L lgj]bg k/]df lhNnf cbfntn] ;f] lg0f{onfO{ cfkmgf] km};nf ;/x
;fwf/0ftM tL; lbgleq sfof{Gjog ul/lbg' kg]{5 .
##= Aofh ltg'{kg]{ M ;D´f}tfdf cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s s'g} kIfn] csf]{ kIfnfO{
s'g} /sd a'´fpg' kg]{ u/L dWo:ysf] lg0f{o ePsf] /x]5 eg] ljjfb;+u ;DalGwt
Joj;fosf] k|s[lt pk/ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L To:tf] sf/f]af/df jfl0fHo a}+sn] tTsfn
ckgfPsf] Jofh b/ eGbf a9L gx'g] u/L dWo:yn] tf]lslbPsf] Jofh ;d]t a'´fpg'
kg]{5 .
t/ dWo:ysf] lg0f{o ePsf] ldltb]lv o; P]g adf]lhd lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug'{ kg]{
;dofjlw;Ddsf] cjlwsf] xsdf eg] s'g} Aofh nfUg] 5}g .
15

#$= ljb]zdf ePsf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog x'g] M -!_ ljb]zdf ePsf] lg0f{o g]kfn
clw/fHodf sfof{Gjog u/fpg rfxg] kIfn] b]xfosf lnvtx? ;+nUg u/L k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt ;dIf lgj]bg lbg' kg]{5 M–
-s_ dWo:ysf] lg0f{osf] ;Ssn jf To;sf] k|dfl0ft k|lt .
-v_ ;D´f}tfsf] ;Ssn jf To;sf] k|dfl0ft k|lt .
-u_ dWo:ysf] lg0f{o g]kfnL efiffdf ePsf] /x]g5 eg] ;f] sf] g]kfnL
efiffdf ePsf] cf}krfl/s cg'jfb .
-@_ ljb]zdf ePsf] dWo:ysf] lg0f{onfO{ dfGotf lbg] tyf sfof{Gjog
u/fpg] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ePsf] s'g} ;lGwsf] g]kfn kIf ePsf] /x]5 eg] ;f]
;lGwsf] kIf ePsf] ljb]zL d'n'ssf] Onfsfdf of] P]g k|f/De ePkl5 ePsf]
dWo:ysf] lg0f{o To:tf] ;lGwsf] Joj:yf tyf To;sf] kIf aGbf pNn]v ul/Psf
zt{x?sf] cwLgdf /xL b]xfosf] cj:yfdf dfGotf lbO{ g]kfn clw/fHodf sfof{Gjog
x'g]5 M–
-s_ ;D´f}tfdf pNn]v ePsf] sfg"g tyf sfo{ljlw adf]lhd dWo:y
lgo'Qm eO{ lg0f{o ePsf] ePdf,
-v_ kIfx?nfO{ dWo:ytfsf] sf/afxLsf] ;dod} hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] ePdf,
-u_ ;D´f}tfsf zt{x? jf dWo:ynfO{ ;'lDkPsf] ljifox?df dfq l;ldt
/xL lg0f{o ePsf] ePdf,
-3_ h'g d'n'sdf lg0f{o ePsf] xf] ;f] d'n'ssf] sfg"g adf]lhd ;f] lg0f{o
kIfx?nfO{ clGtd / aGwgsf/L eO;s]sf] ePdf,
-ª_ h'g JolQmn] dWo:ysf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog u/fpg lgj]bg lbPsf] xf] ;f]
JolQmsf] d'n'ssf] sfg"gdf jf dWo:ytf ePsf] :yfgsf] d'n'ssf] sfg"gdf
g]kfn clw/fHodf ePsf] dWo:ysf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg] sfg"gL
Joj:yf gePdf,
-r_ lg0f{o ePsf] ldltn] gAa] lbgleq lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf nflu lgj]bg
k/]sf] ePdf .
16

-#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd k/]sf] s'g} lgj]bgdf pkbkmf -@_ df pNn]lvt
zt{x? k"/f ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/fdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt ;Gt'i6 ePdf ;f] cbfntn] ;f]
lg0f{onfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ lhNnf cbfntdf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-$_ o; bkmfdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg b]xfosf cj:yfdf
ljb]zdf ePsf] dWo:ysf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog x'g] 5}g M–
-s_ h'g ljjfb lg/f]k0f e} lg0f{o ul/Psf] xf] ;f] ljjfb g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhd
dWo:yåf/f ;dfwfg x'g g;Sg] k|s[ltsf] ePdf .
-v_ To:tf] lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog ubf{ ;fj{hlgs gLlt lj?4 x'g] ePdf .
kl/R5]b – ^
ljljw
#%= dWo:ytf ;DaGwL sf/afxLdf nfUg] vr{ M -!_ ;D´f}tfdf cGoyf pNn]v ePsf]df
afx]s dWo:ytf u/fpg] kIfx?n] dWo:ytf ;DaGwL sf/afxLsf] nflu pkl:yt
kIfx?;+u k/fdz{ u/L dWo:yn] tf]s]sf] /sd a'´fpg' kg]{5 .
-@_ ;D´f}tfdf cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s dWo:ytfsf] sfd
sf/afxLdf nfUg] vr{ ;Da4 kl/l:yltx?nfO{ ljrf/ u/L dWo:yn] tf]s] adf]lhdsf]
cg'kftdf k|To]s kIfn] Joxf]g'{ kg]{5 .
#^=
dWo:ysf] kfl/>lds M -!_ dWo:ysf] kfl/>lds ;D´f}tfdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd
x'g]5 .
-@_ ;D´f}tfdf dWo:ysf] kfl/>lds pNn]v gePsf]df pkl:yt
kIfx?;+u k/fdz{ u/L dWo:yn] tf]s]sf] kfl/>lds kIfx?n] a'´fpg' kg]{5 / To:tf]
kfl/>lds pkl:yt kIfx?;+u k/fdz{ u/L dWo:yn] cfb]z lbP adf]lhd k"/} jf
k]ZsLsf] ?kdf e'QmfgL ug'{ kg]{5 .
#&= dWo:yn] /sd lkmtf{ ug'{ kg]{ M dWo:y ;dIf k]z ePsf] ljjfbsf] ;'g'jfO{ x'g
g;s]df jf dWo:ysf] :yfg s'g} sf/0fn] l/Qm ePdf To:tf] dWo:yn] bkmf #^
adf]lhd kfl/>lds kfO;s]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f] dWo] dWo:yn] sfd u/]sf] cjlw;Ddsf]
/sd kIfx?;+u k/fdz{ u/L s6fO{ afFsL /sd lkmtf{ ug'{kg]{5 .
t/ s'g} dWo:ynfO{ bkmf !! adf]lhd x6fOPdf lghn] ;f] eGbf klxn] s'g}
kfl/>lds lnPsf] ePdf ;f] kfl/>ldssf] k'/} /sd lkmtf{ ug'{ kg]{5 .
17

#*= xs / bfloTj ;g]{ M o; P]g adf]lhd dWo:ytfsf] sfd sf/afxL k|f/De ePkl5
s'g} kIfsf] d[To' ePdf jf lgh a]kQf ePdf jf ax'nfPdf lghsf] ;Dk"0f{ xs /
bfloTj k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd lghsf] ;DklQ vfg] xsjfnf dfly ;g]{5 .
#(= cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ gx'g] M k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg o;
P]gdf cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s o; P]gåf/f lgoldt ePsf ljifodf s'g}
cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ x'g] 5}g .
$)= kIfx? ldNg ;Sg] M o; P]g adf]lhd dWo:ytfsf] nflu k/]sf] ljjfbsf ;DaGwdf
kIfx? ldNg rfx]df cfk"m ldNg rfx]sf] zt{ ;lxtsf] Joxf]/f v'nfO{ dWo:y ;dIf
kIfx?n] lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5g\ / o;/L kg{ cfPsf] lgj]bgdf dWo:ysf] ;xdltk"0f{
lg0f{o x'g]5 / To:tf] lg0f{o pk/ ;xdlt adf]lhd gePsf] s'/fdf afx]s s'g} ph'/L
nfUg] 5}g .
$!= rng rnfPsf] b:t'/ ltg'{ kg]{ M -!_ k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP
tfklg dWo:ysf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog u/fpFbf lg0f{o sfof{Gjogaf6 k|fKt /sdsf] )=%
k|ltztsf b/n] x'g cfpg] /sd lg0f{o sfof{Gjog u/L lbP afktsf] b:t'/sf] ?kdf
;DalGwt cbfntnfO{ a'´fpg' kg]{5 / To;/L sfof{Gjog ul/g] lg0f{o /sd ltg'{
a'´fpg' kg]{ ljifo;+u ;DalGwt gePdf lg0f{o adf]lhd ug'{ kg]{ jf ul/kfpg]
ljifosf] k|rlnt ahf/ efp adf]lhd d"No jf /sd lgwf{/0f x'g ;Sg] ePdf To;sf]
)=% k|ltztsf b/n] / To;/L lgwf{/0f x'g g;Sg] ePdf kfFr ;o ?k}ofF b:t'/ ;f]
lg0f{o sfof{Gjog u/fO{ dfUg] kIfn] a'´fpg' kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd a'´fPsf] b:t'/ csf]{ kIfaf6 e/fpg rfx]df
lhNnf cbfntn] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sf]6{ lkm ;/x e/fO{ lbg]5 .
$@=
∇ dWo:ytf
;DaGwL ldl;n M -!_ dWo:yn] kIfx?n] k]z u/]sf] lnvt tyf
k|df0fx?, ;DalGwt JolQmx?nfO{ u/fPsf] aofg, cfkmgf] lg0f{o / dWo:ytf;+u
;DalGwt ;a} sfuhftx?df ldlt / ;do hgfO{ l;nl;n]jf/ tl/sfaf6 ldl;n
tof/ ug'{ kg]{5 .
-@_ dWo:yn] dWo:ytf ;DaGwL sf/afxL clGtd ePkl5 tT;DaGwL ldl;n
lhNnf cbfntdf a'´fpg' kg]{5 .
∇ s]xL g]kfn P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g, @)^$ 4f/f ;+zf]wg .
18

-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd k|fKt ldl;n lhNnf cbfntn] cfk"mn] u/]sf]
km};nfsf] ldl;n ;/x ;'/lIft ;fy /fVg' kg]{5 .
-$_ k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg kIfx?sf] ;xdlt
lagf dWo:ysf] lg0f{o / ;f];+u ;DalGwt lnvtsf] gSsn kIfx? afx]s cGo
JolQmnfO{ lbOg] 5}g .
$#= lgod agfpg] clwsf/ M o; P]g adf]lhd cbfntn] ug'{ kg]{ sfd sf/afxLnfO{
lgoldt ug]{ sfo{ljlwsf ;DaGwdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cfjZos lgodx? agfpg
;Sg]5 .
$$= vf/]hL / arfp M -!_ dWo:ytf P]g, @)#* vf/]h ul/Psf] 5 .
-@_ of] P]g k|f/De x'g' cl3 dWo:ytfsf] sf/afxL z'? eO{ ;s]sf]
dWo:ytfsf] xsdf dWo:ytf P]g, @)#* s} sfo{ljlw ckgfpg' kg]{5 .
-#_ dWo:ytf P]g, @)#* adf]lhd ePsf] dWo:ytfsf] lg0f{o ab/ ug{ lbOg]
ph'/Lsf] Dofb Pj+ ph'/L lbg] cfwf/ dWo:ytf P]g, @)#* df pNn]v eP adf]lhd
g} x'g]5 .
19

cg';"rL
-bkmf ( ;+u ;DalGwt_
==================================== / =================================== sf] dWo:ytfsf] nflu d ÷xfdL ;dIf
k]z ePsf] ljjfbdf d ÷ xfdL s'g} kIfk|lt g´'sL lgikIf tyf OdfGbf/L ;fy sfd ug]{5' ÷ 5f}+ .
gfd b:tvt ldlt
s]xL g]kfn P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g, @)^$Æ
20