The Gay Games: The Play of Sexuality, Sport - Victoria University ...

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Developments in Gay and Lesbian Sport and Culture in Australia, Great Britain and South Africa 298 Intemational Gay and Lesbian Sports Bodies 299 Political Outcomes of These Intemational and Local Sport Developments 301 Intemationalisation Through Outreach - FGG 303 "Unity '94": Gay Games IV and Cultural Festival 305 The 'Biggest and Brightest' Gay Olympics? 305 Introduction 305 New Yoric City 307 Gay Games IV - Setting the Scene 309 Sports Program 311 Diversity 314 Celebrities 322 Media 324 Organisation 328 Diversity Inclusive Policies and Practices 332 Sponsorship and Commercialisation 334 Gay Games IV and Global Consumer Capitalism 341 Complexities of Inclusion: The Impact of Class and Global Capitalism 342 Stonewall 25 346 The Global Significance of Gay Games IV and Stonewall 25 349 Reflections and Conclusion 351 "Friendship through Culture and Sport": Gay Games V and Cultural Festival The 'Gay Way' to Europe - and the world! 352 352 IX
Gay Games IV 446 Gay Games V 454 Gay Games VI 457 Netball and Transgender Participation 463 Transformative Sport? 467 Conclusion 468 Chapter 7 Conclusion 471 Implications for Future Gay Games 482 Appendix 1 Gay Games: Summary Table 486 Appendix 2 Glossary 489 Organisations and Events 489 Sex, Gender and Sexuality Terminology 493 Terminology used for Indigenous Transgender - Third Gender and Same-Sex Attracted Peoples 496 Intermediate gender categories of people Indigenous to the Polynesian Islands Other cultural variations of gender/sexuality 497 Appendix 3 Interview Details 498 Organisers 498 Participants 501 Summary Demographics of Interviewees 502 Appendix 4 Interview Schedule 503 Section One - General Backgroimd Information 503 Section Two - Sports and Gay Games background 503 Section Three - General Comments About the Gay Games 504 496 XI
Page 1 and 2: The Gay Games: The Play of Sexualit
Page 3 and 4: Abstract This thesis is the first c
Page 5 and 6: Table Of Contents Abstract " Acknow
Page 7 and 8: Challenges to Staging the Gay Olymp
Page 9: "Celebration '90": Gay Games III an
Page 14 and 15: and culture. An intemational govern
Page 16 and 17: This thesis provides the first comp
Page 18 and 19: During the 1990s there was a signif
Page 20 and 21: the public eye some of the meanings
Page 22 and 23: also be examined as an integral par
Page 24 and 25: on the spot, and three notebooks we
Page 26 and 27: and V that staff in Directorships o
Page 28 and 29: mvolved with. Certam group and comm
Page 30 and 31: Interviews were also conducted with
Page 32 and 33: degree and were concentrated in pro
Page 34 and 35: Participant interviews were more op
Page 36 and 37: important and reoccurring themes an
Page 38 and 39: context to observe and leam about t
Page 40 and 41: organiser and Team Melboume represe
Page 42 and 43: materials in general and the Amster
Page 44 and 45: entry point of this research, and d
Page 46 and 47: Gay Games themselves. Due to the bi
Page 48: activities, is the overriding plan
Page 51 and 52: to men, his difference, and his que
Page 53 and 54: enliven this dance in sport? In the
Page 55 and 56: penetrated.** Perhaps Tom knew that
Page 57 and 58: in relationships, Charles and Tom h
Page 59 and 60: elationship(s). This acknowledgemen
Page 61 and 62:
Grosz also discusses the ways that
Page 63 and 64:
heterosexuality as a political inst
Page 65 and 66:
Since the 1990s there has been sign
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west during the nineteenth and twen
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Stmggles over social roles and powe
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determinism was embedded in the sup
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was made most pubhc in the convicti
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concem that boys and men were being
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single and many paired to estabhsh
Page 79 and 80:
This brief history of the emergence
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YMCA and the Boy Scouts where young
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and passive and quite unsuited " to
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which manhood was made and celebrat
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'cure' his or her 'illness' they co
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incorporated prescribed " masculine
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Gay liberation proudly celebrated g
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complete performance.*^^ In fact, s
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folk games. The amateur ideal essen
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practices to be sustained by men wh
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Homophobia in Contemporary Society
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discrimination; in most countries t
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desirable young women. *^^ Contrast
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At the US college level, sports adm
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know that Waddell did this in his f
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women and girls in most Westem coun
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This fear of the 'lesbian label' is
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overtones of a homosexual culture t
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to continually confirm thefr hetero
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unfeminine dress and deportment are
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stereotyping and harassment from pl
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The desire to be masculine could be
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contest gender relations. Sports, p
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mainstream media attention. Waddell
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This chapter will tell the story of
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the Saudi Arabian team,** The stren
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the finale to the closing ceremony.
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the Gay Games swimming and diving e
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presented a much better impression,
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closeted gays and lesbians who were
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tliat they were scared of the Castr
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appreciate each other. ^^ Waddell s
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Nationalism and chauvinism that oft
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pereonal growth and excellence, wer
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appear to have been training for th
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However, 'limp wristed', camp and q
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participants could be assured that
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The reasons for this particular mlm
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Anotiier reporter summed up the Gam
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The Gay Games, which started off as
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longer available. In yet another ca
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The US Congress has no right to giv
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saga continued throughout Gay Games
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Masters sport within the US may be
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traditional sports to be re-visione
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Like many other keen sportspeople,
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The third approach of sports femini
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homosexuals was patriarchal - "male
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to be 'other' as being vital in the
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this statement? What does he mean b
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Our sexual practices are a maiufest
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education and millions of dollars i
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next victim. What else can you expe
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conveniently pathologised lesbians,
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ather than essence".*'^ This coalit
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1 o^ and the care of those afflicte
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"Triumph in 1986": Gay Games II and
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Directors of these Games - Sara Lew
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The goal involving the bringing tog
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Similarly, lesbian and gay cultural
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With two years to go before the Gay
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In the month before the Games the m
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competition and financial feasibili
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welfare of those with HIV and AIDS,
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Body-building is an interesting cho
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health information for people with
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Chairperson of Metropolitan Vancouv
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Christian fundamentalists, under th
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HIV people and people who are in fa
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James goes on to discuss how he was
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about living. It's participatmg and
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access to medical and pharmacy serv
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was established to assist with thes
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Westem countries does recognise HIV
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netivorks. Games organisers hoped t
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hands due to disqualification. Rand
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and participation are being undermi
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ole of advocate and expert on HIV/A
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Tom Cracovia, responded that it was
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The Mainstream Sports World and its
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Dworkin and Wachs analysed the medi
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consequences - injuries - are a bad
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A most recent example of the effect
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The Death of Tom Waddell The Gay Ga
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Waddell is the only individual to h
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honically, by concentrating on the
Page 254 and 255:
This chapter looks critically at th
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women, fostering the involvement of
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Vancouver was often compared with S
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cosmopolitan and gay tolerant citie
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Commercialisation, Sponsorship and
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community,^'* According to Le Blanc
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newspaper Rites, there were race an
Page 268 and 269:
Games. Headlines in two local paper
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closet'.'*^ During his time as Cons
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position of national volleyball coa
Page 274 and 275:
loutish behaviour of participants a
Page 276 and 277:
In this letter Brookes also reminde
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more radical, transgressive current
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Queer radicals took on a militant,
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On tiie otiier hand there are a num
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II decided to respect the position
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Before his death, Waddell had met w
Page 288 and 289:
government and cultural systems, A
Page 290 and 291:
home base in the US. Altman documen
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interdependency and the resuhant 'r
Page 294 and 295:
According to Altman, the use of sex
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spirituality, and specific, complex
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other than their own,^^*' In Tahiti
Page 300 and 301:
ounded, static, frans-situational'
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\^^lst working in Saudi Arabia duri
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Melboume, Auckland and most of the
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Conclusion: Gay Games III- The Tran
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Directors, but only 11 are women. T
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the US), US based cultural organisa
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most popular sports overall are vol
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countries in this endeavour. In the
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Diego in 1987.^^' Intemational Gay
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EGLSF, GISAH and the FGG have pursu
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committee initiated and shaped inte
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iggest, glitziest, most visible, mo
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New York was the place in which the
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9(17 countries spanning six contine
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the largest queer toumament to be h
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A more elitist competitive ethos an
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performance, emphasismg the process
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The Pfrik Flamingo has become a tra
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. of Camp".^^^ In his encyclopaedia
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The competition was very fierce but
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communities, "Becoming Visible, the
Page 342 and 343:
The Public Relations team targeted
Page 344 and 345:
Hill attributed the more critical o
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overseefrig the 60 sports Co-Chairs
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Diversity Inclusive Policies and Pr
Page 350 and 351:
do some outreach...but I'm not sure
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American Preferred Plan paid $50,00
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of stiong disapproval in their comp
Page 356 and 357:
sponsorship recognition, and the li
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merchandise, gay labelled beer, wat
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front and public in its pursuance o
Page 362 and 363:
Stonewall 25 The twenty-fifth anniv
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extending the Intemational Charter
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US gay and lesbian rights politics
Page 368 and 369:
Games was important. The magnitude
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and take these positive experiences
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From the 1970s all levels of Govern
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separatism. Editor in Chief of one
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According to Schuyf and Krouwel, le
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Coincidmg with the start of the Gam
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anks of paid staff (46% of the 54 s
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Committee and the Dutch Sports Fede
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for four years. All thefr dreams ar
Page 386 and 387:
three different levels - top class,
Page 388 and 389:
The famous celebration of queer cul
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were eight main components to the f
Page 392 and 393:
night Taski Tade of the Deaf Gay an
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The diverse sex-gender systems disc
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marathon."*" Over 50 Outreach parti
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available on line information and t
Page 400 and 401:
Event tourism was particularly well
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entertainment at the Friendship Vil
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Games took place. With the assistan
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Organisation The financial and infr
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444 performance. This included the
Page 410 and 411:
Considering the diverse and affirmi
Page 412 and 413:
Amsterdam achieved greater overall
Page 414 and 415:
Van Leeuwen shaped specific marketi
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twenty-four hour accessible profess
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The Games ceremonies play an import
Page 420 and 421:
Brian Pronger was also presenting a
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who kissed and caressed each other
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larger and dominant identity pohtic
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Chapter 6 Transexed Conundrums Stia
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The Naturalisation of Sex and Sport
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adolescence at much greater rates t
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Olympics, eight failed the test and
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question as to where they can be pl
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circumstances." The Intemational Am
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However, determining sex through a
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odies (sex) themselves are material
Page 443 and 444:
Games - and the nineteenth century
Page 445 and 446:
This emphasis on normativity, espec
Page 447 and 448:
A similar controversy took place du
Page 449 and 450:
History of Transgender and Intersex
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and penises that are too small are
Page 453 and 454:
1990s with the AIDS epidemic. These
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een re-labelled as vagina, urethra,
Page 457 and 458:
Gender assignment would appear esse
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maintained as the binary opposition
Page 461 and 462:
However, there are exceptions withi
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transexual athletes competing in st
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Below is the actiial 'Gender Transi
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policy. * Gaining legitimacy for a
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tell' in which serving gays and les
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Gay Games V This inclusiveness and
Page 473 and 474:
doses of testosterone. As with Gay
Page 475 and 476:
transgender persons to prove their
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FGG sports representatives in wrest
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the like. Sydney 2002 accreditation
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member, Chris Mueller.'^'' There we
Page 483 and 484:
Notwithstanding the major complexit
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lesbian and queer communities to wi
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understanding of what is natural an
Page 490 and 491:
lesbian sports organisations during
Page 492 and 493:
Games organisers have not only over
Page 494 and 495:
The gender conservatism of the firs
Page 496 and 497:
However, the Gay Games Sports progr
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sports are conducted in strict acco
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participants and participation is a
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fact, these concems with the more f
Page 505 and 506:
n t E E (0 • • 0) E (0 CD CO CD
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Appendix 2 Glossary Organisations a
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INBA IPF IOC LGBA MVA&AA QN SFAA SG
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Sex, Gender and Sexuality Terminolo
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Hermaphrodites / Intersexuals Accor
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Fa'fafafme Men in Samoa adopting th
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Name Antonio d'Almeida Stephan Faul
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Appendix 4 Interview Schedule Not a
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Section Four - Specifics on Particu
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Bibliography Archival Material in t
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Barry McDell, Director of MVA&AA an
Page 532 and 533:
SFAA, Petition for Rehearing and Su
Page 534 and 535:
Unity '94, Swimming Records Set At
Page 536 and 537:
Stichting Gay and Lesbian Games, Ou
Page 538 and 539:
Britt, Harry, 'They're Still Gay Ol
Page 540 and 541:
Radigan, Corinna, 'Six Behind the S
Page 542 and 543:
Labrecque, Lisa, 'A Skater's Perspe
Page 544 and 545:
Federation of Gay Games Web Site, [
Page 546 and 547:
Theses Bricknell, Louise Gwynedd, "
Page 548 and 549:
Journal Articles Altinan, Dennis, '
Page 550 and 551:
Featherstone, M., 'The Body in Cons
Page 552 and 553:
Opie, Hayden, 'Medico-Legal Issues
Page 554 and 555:
Vertinsky, Patricia, 'Making and Ma
Page 556 and 557:
the 10th Commonwealth and Intematio
Page 558 and 559:
Huriey, Michael, and Johnson, Craig
Page 560 and 561:
O'Neil, 'AIDS as a Globalising Pani
Page 562 and 563:
George Chauncey (eds). Hidden From
Page 564 and 565:
Boswell, John, Christianity, Social
Page 566 and 567:
Duberman, Martin, Vicinus, Martha,
Page 568 and 569:
Halperin, David, Saint Focault: Tow
Page 570 and 571:
Kopay, David, The David Kopay Story
Page 572 and 573:
Natratilova, M., and Vecsey, G., Ma
Page 574 and 575:
Tannsjo, Torbjom, and Tamburrini, C
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