The Gay Games: The Play of Sexuality, Sport - Victoria University ...

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FTS THESIS 796.08664 SYM 30001008097810 Symons, Caroline The Gay Games : the play of sexuality, sport and community
Abstract This thesis is the first comprehensive social history of the intemational Gay Games from its inception in 1980 up until 2002. These Games have become one of the largest sporting, cultural and human rights events in the world, as well as the largest intemational participatory gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersex event (GLBTQI), Five Gay Games are examined including: the first two Gay Games held in San Francisco in 1982 and 1986; the third held in Vancouver in 1990; the fourth held in New York in 1994 and the fifth held in Amsterdam in 1998. Particular attention is paid to the ways that gender, sexuality, sport and community are played out within this history of the Games. Three historical research methods are used. These are archival and document analysis, oral history interviewing and the examination of secondary sources. Participant observation is also used to supplement historical understanding of the Amsterdam Gay Games. Each Gay Games has been contextualised within broader social histories of relevant mainstream communities and GLBTQI communities, and social and theoretical understandings of gender and sexuality. The results indicate that while the Gay Games have had a significant community building effect amongst gay and lesbian people, there still exists lively tension between the Gay Games assimilative tendencies and its transformative promise.
Page 1: The Gay Games: The Play of Sexualit
Page 5 and 6: Table Of Contents Abstract " Acknow
Page 7 and 8: Challenges to Staging the Gay Olymp
Page 9 and 10: "Celebration '90": Gay Games III an
Page 11: Gay Games IV 446 Gay Games V 454 Ga
Page 14 and 15: and culture. An intemational govern
Page 16 and 17: This thesis provides the first comp
Page 18 and 19: During the 1990s there was a signif
Page 20 and 21: the public eye some of the meanings
Page 22 and 23: also be examined as an integral par
Page 24 and 25: on the spot, and three notebooks we
Page 26 and 27: and V that staff in Directorships o
Page 28 and 29: mvolved with. Certam group and comm
Page 30 and 31: Interviews were also conducted with
Page 32 and 33: degree and were concentrated in pro
Page 34 and 35: Participant interviews were more op
Page 36 and 37: important and reoccurring themes an
Page 38 and 39: context to observe and leam about t
Page 40 and 41: organiser and Team Melboume represe
Page 42 and 43: materials in general and the Amster
Page 44 and 45: entry point of this research, and d
Page 46 and 47: Gay Games themselves. Due to the bi
Page 48: activities, is the overriding plan
Page 51 and 52: to men, his difference, and his que
Page 53 and 54:
enliven this dance in sport? In the
Page 55 and 56:
penetrated.** Perhaps Tom knew that
Page 57 and 58:
in relationships, Charles and Tom h
Page 59 and 60:
elationship(s). This acknowledgemen
Page 61 and 62:
Grosz also discusses the ways that
Page 63 and 64:
heterosexuality as a political inst
Page 65 and 66:
Since the 1990s there has been sign
Page 67 and 68:
west during the nineteenth and twen
Page 69 and 70:
Stmggles over social roles and powe
Page 71 and 72:
determinism was embedded in the sup
Page 73 and 74:
was made most pubhc in the convicti
Page 75 and 76:
concem that boys and men were being
Page 77 and 78:
single and many paired to estabhsh
Page 79 and 80:
This brief history of the emergence
Page 81 and 82:
YMCA and the Boy Scouts where young
Page 83 and 84:
and passive and quite unsuited " to
Page 85 and 86:
which manhood was made and celebrat
Page 87 and 88:
'cure' his or her 'illness' they co
Page 89 and 90:
incorporated prescribed " masculine
Page 91 and 92:
Gay liberation proudly celebrated g
Page 93 and 94:
complete performance.*^^ In fact, s
Page 95 and 96:
folk games. The amateur ideal essen
Page 97 and 98:
practices to be sustained by men wh
Page 99 and 100:
Homophobia in Contemporary Society
Page 101 and 102:
discrimination; in most countries t
Page 103 and 104:
desirable young women. *^^ Contrast
Page 105 and 106:
At the US college level, sports adm
Page 107 and 108:
know that Waddell did this in his f
Page 109 and 110:
women and girls in most Westem coun
Page 111 and 112:
This fear of the 'lesbian label' is
Page 113 and 114:
overtones of a homosexual culture t
Page 115 and 116:
to continually confirm thefr hetero
Page 117 and 118:
unfeminine dress and deportment are
Page 119 and 120:
stereotyping and harassment from pl
Page 121 and 122:
The desire to be masculine could be
Page 123:
contest gender relations. Sports, p
Page 126 and 127:
mainstream media attention. Waddell
Page 128 and 129:
This chapter will tell the story of
Page 130 and 131:
the Saudi Arabian team,** The stren
Page 132 and 133:
the finale to the closing ceremony.
Page 134 and 135:
the Gay Games swimming and diving e
Page 136 and 137:
presented a much better impression,
Page 138 and 139:
closeted gays and lesbians who were
Page 140 and 141:
tliat they were scared of the Castr
Page 142 and 143:
appreciate each other. ^^ Waddell s
Page 144 and 145:
Nationalism and chauvinism that oft
Page 146 and 147:
pereonal growth and excellence, wer
Page 148 and 149:
appear to have been training for th
Page 150 and 151:
However, 'limp wristed', camp and q
Page 152 and 153:
participants could be assured that
Page 154 and 155:
The reasons for this particular mlm
Page 156 and 157:
Anotiier reporter summed up the Gam
Page 158 and 159:
The Gay Games, which started off as
Page 160 and 161:
longer available. In yet another ca
Page 162 and 163:
The US Congress has no right to giv
Page 164 and 165:
saga continued throughout Gay Games
Page 166 and 167:
Masters sport within the US may be
Page 168 and 169:
traditional sports to be re-visione
Page 170 and 171:
Like many other keen sportspeople,
Page 172 and 173:
The third approach of sports femini
Page 174 and 175:
homosexuals was patriarchal - "male
Page 176:
to be 'other' as being vital in the
Page 179 and 180:
this statement? What does he mean b
Page 181 and 182:
Our sexual practices are a maiufest
Page 183 and 184:
education and millions of dollars i
Page 185 and 186:
next victim. What else can you expe
Page 187 and 188:
conveniently pathologised lesbians,
Page 189 and 190:
ather than essence".*'^ This coalit
Page 191 and 192:
1 o^ and the care of those afflicte
Page 193 and 194:
"Triumph in 1986": Gay Games II and
Page 195 and 196:
Directors of these Games - Sara Lew
Page 197 and 198:
The goal involving the bringing tog
Page 199 and 200:
Similarly, lesbian and gay cultural
Page 201 and 202:
With two years to go before the Gay
Page 203 and 204:
In the month before the Games the m
Page 205 and 206:
competition and financial feasibili
Page 207 and 208:
welfare of those with HIV and AIDS,
Page 209 and 210:
Body-building is an interesting cho
Page 211 and 212:
health information for people with
Page 213 and 214:
Chairperson of Metropolitan Vancouv
Page 215 and 216:
Christian fundamentalists, under th
Page 217 and 218:
HIV people and people who are in fa
Page 219 and 220:
James goes on to discuss how he was
Page 221 and 222:
about living. It's participatmg and
Page 223 and 224:
access to medical and pharmacy serv
Page 225 and 226:
was established to assist with thes
Page 227 and 228:
Westem countries does recognise HIV
Page 229 and 230:
netivorks. Games organisers hoped t
Page 231 and 232:
hands due to disqualification. Rand
Page 233 and 234:
and participation are being undermi
Page 235 and 236:
ole of advocate and expert on HIV/A
Page 237 and 238:
Tom Cracovia, responded that it was
Page 239 and 240:
The Mainstream Sports World and its
Page 241 and 242:
Dworkin and Wachs analysed the medi
Page 243 and 244:
consequences - injuries - are a bad
Page 245 and 246:
A most recent example of the effect
Page 247 and 248:
The Death of Tom Waddell The Gay Ga
Page 249 and 250:
Waddell is the only individual to h
Page 251:
honically, by concentrating on the
Page 254 and 255:
This chapter looks critically at th
Page 256 and 257:
women, fostering the involvement of
Page 258 and 259:
Vancouver was often compared with S
Page 260 and 261:
cosmopolitan and gay tolerant citie
Page 262 and 263:
Commercialisation, Sponsorship and
Page 264 and 265:
community,^'* According to Le Blanc
Page 266 and 267:
newspaper Rites, there were race an
Page 268 and 269:
Games. Headlines in two local paper
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closet'.'*^ During his time as Cons
Page 272 and 273:
position of national volleyball coa
Page 274 and 275:
loutish behaviour of participants a
Page 276 and 277:
In this letter Brookes also reminde
Page 278 and 279:
more radical, transgressive current
Page 280 and 281:
Queer radicals took on a militant,
Page 282 and 283:
On tiie otiier hand there are a num
Page 284 and 285:
II decided to respect the position
Page 286 and 287:
Before his death, Waddell had met w
Page 288 and 289:
government and cultural systems, A
Page 290 and 291:
home base in the US. Altman documen
Page 292 and 293:
interdependency and the resuhant 'r
Page 294 and 295:
According to Altman, the use of sex
Page 296 and 297:
spirituality, and specific, complex
Page 298 and 299:
other than their own,^^*' In Tahiti
Page 300 and 301:
ounded, static, frans-situational'
Page 302 and 303:
\^^lst working in Saudi Arabia duri
Page 304 and 305:
Melboume, Auckland and most of the
Page 306 and 307:
Conclusion: Gay Games III- The Tran
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Directors, but only 11 are women. T
Page 310 and 311:
the US), US based cultural organisa
Page 312 and 313:
most popular sports overall are vol
Page 314 and 315:
countries in this endeavour. In the
Page 316 and 317:
Diego in 1987.^^' Intemational Gay
Page 318 and 319:
EGLSF, GISAH and the FGG have pursu
Page 320 and 321:
committee initiated and shaped inte
Page 322 and 323:
iggest, glitziest, most visible, mo
Page 324 and 325:
New York was the place in which the
Page 326 and 327:
9(17 countries spanning six contine
Page 328 and 329:
the largest queer toumament to be h
Page 330 and 331:
A more elitist competitive ethos an
Page 332 and 333:
performance, emphasismg the process
Page 334 and 335:
The Pfrik Flamingo has become a tra
Page 336 and 337:
. of Camp".^^^ In his encyclopaedia
Page 338 and 339:
The competition was very fierce but
Page 340 and 341:
communities, "Becoming Visible, the
Page 342 and 343:
The Public Relations team targeted
Page 344 and 345:
Hill attributed the more critical o
Page 346 and 347:
overseefrig the 60 sports Co-Chairs
Page 348 and 349:
Diversity Inclusive Policies and Pr
Page 350 and 351:
do some outreach...but I'm not sure
Page 352 and 353:
American Preferred Plan paid $50,00
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of stiong disapproval in their comp
Page 356 and 357:
sponsorship recognition, and the li
Page 358 and 359:
merchandise, gay labelled beer, wat
Page 360 and 361:
front and public in its pursuance o
Page 362 and 363:
Stonewall 25 The twenty-fifth anniv
Page 364 and 365:
extending the Intemational Charter
Page 366 and 367:
US gay and lesbian rights politics
Page 368 and 369:
Games was important. The magnitude
Page 370 and 371:
and take these positive experiences
Page 372 and 373:
From the 1970s all levels of Govern
Page 374 and 375:
separatism. Editor in Chief of one
Page 376 and 377:
According to Schuyf and Krouwel, le
Page 378 and 379:
Coincidmg with the start of the Gam
Page 380 and 381:
anks of paid staff (46% of the 54 s
Page 382 and 383:
Committee and the Dutch Sports Fede
Page 384 and 385:
for four years. All thefr dreams ar
Page 386 and 387:
three different levels - top class,
Page 388 and 389:
The famous celebration of queer cul
Page 390 and 391:
were eight main components to the f
Page 392 and 393:
night Taski Tade of the Deaf Gay an
Page 394 and 395:
The diverse sex-gender systems disc
Page 396 and 397:
marathon."*" Over 50 Outreach parti
Page 398 and 399:
available on line information and t
Page 400 and 401:
Event tourism was particularly well
Page 402 and 403:
entertainment at the Friendship Vil
Page 404 and 405:
Games took place. With the assistan
Page 406 and 407:
Organisation The financial and infr
Page 408 and 409:
444 performance. This included the
Page 410 and 411:
Considering the diverse and affirmi
Page 412 and 413:
Amsterdam achieved greater overall
Page 414 and 415:
Van Leeuwen shaped specific marketi
Page 416 and 417:
twenty-four hour accessible profess
Page 418 and 419:
The Games ceremonies play an import
Page 420 and 421:
Brian Pronger was also presenting a
Page 422 and 423:
who kissed and caressed each other
Page 424 and 425:
larger and dominant identity pohtic
Page 427 and 428:
Chapter 6 Transexed Conundrums Stia
Page 429 and 430:
The Naturalisation of Sex and Sport
Page 431 and 432:
adolescence at much greater rates t
Page 433 and 434:
Olympics, eight failed the test and
Page 435 and 436:
question as to where they can be pl
Page 437 and 438:
circumstances." The Intemational Am
Page 439 and 440:
However, determining sex through a
Page 441 and 442:
odies (sex) themselves are material
Page 443 and 444:
Games - and the nineteenth century
Page 445 and 446:
This emphasis on normativity, espec
Page 447 and 448:
A similar controversy took place du
Page 449 and 450:
History of Transgender and Intersex
Page 451 and 452:
and penises that are too small are
Page 453 and 454:
1990s with the AIDS epidemic. These
Page 455 and 456:
een re-labelled as vagina, urethra,
Page 457 and 458:
Gender assignment would appear esse
Page 459 and 460:
maintained as the binary opposition
Page 461 and 462:
However, there are exceptions withi
Page 463 and 464:
transexual athletes competing in st
Page 465 and 466:
Below is the actiial 'Gender Transi
Page 467 and 468:
policy. * Gaining legitimacy for a
Page 469 and 470:
tell' in which serving gays and les
Page 471 and 472:
Gay Games V This inclusiveness and
Page 473 and 474:
doses of testosterone. As with Gay
Page 475 and 476:
transgender persons to prove their
Page 477 and 478:
FGG sports representatives in wrest
Page 479 and 480:
the like. Sydney 2002 accreditation
Page 481 and 482:
member, Chris Mueller.'^'' There we
Page 483 and 484:
Notwithstanding the major complexit
Page 485 and 486:
lesbian and queer communities to wi
Page 487:
understanding of what is natural an
Page 490 and 491:
lesbian sports organisations during
Page 492 and 493:
Games organisers have not only over
Page 494 and 495:
The gender conservatism of the firs
Page 496 and 497:
However, the Gay Games Sports progr
Page 498 and 499:
sports are conducted in strict acco
Page 500 and 501:
participants and participation is a
Page 502 and 503:
fact, these concems with the more f
Page 505 and 506:
n t E E (0 • • 0) E (0 CD CO CD
Page 509 and 510:
Appendix 2 Glossary Organisations a
Page 511 and 512:
INBA IPF IOC LGBA MVA&AA QN SFAA SG
Page 513 and 514:
Sex, Gender and Sexuality Terminolo
Page 515 and 516:
Hermaphrodites / Intersexuals Accor
Page 517:
Fa'fafafme Men in Samoa adopting th
Page 520 and 521:
Name Antonio d'Almeida Stephan Faul
Page 523 and 524:
Appendix 4 Interview Schedule Not a
Page 525 and 526:
Section Four - Specifics on Particu
Page 528 and 529:
Bibliography Archival Material in t
Page 530 and 531:
Barry McDell, Director of MVA&AA an
Page 532 and 533:
SFAA, Petition for Rehearing and Su
Page 534 and 535:
Unity '94, Swimming Records Set At
Page 536 and 537:
Stichting Gay and Lesbian Games, Ou
Page 538 and 539:
Britt, Harry, 'They're Still Gay Ol
Page 540 and 541:
Radigan, Corinna, 'Six Behind the S
Page 542 and 543:
Labrecque, Lisa, 'A Skater's Perspe
Page 544 and 545:
Federation of Gay Games Web Site, [
Page 546 and 547:
Theses Bricknell, Louise Gwynedd, "
Page 548 and 549:
Journal Articles Altinan, Dennis, '
Page 550 and 551:
Featherstone, M., 'The Body in Cons
Page 552 and 553:
Opie, Hayden, 'Medico-Legal Issues
Page 554 and 555:
Vertinsky, Patricia, 'Making and Ma
Page 556 and 557:
the 10th Commonwealth and Intematio
Page 558 and 559:
Huriey, Michael, and Johnson, Craig
Page 560 and 561:
O'Neil, 'AIDS as a Globalising Pani
Page 562 and 563:
George Chauncey (eds). Hidden From
Page 564 and 565:
Boswell, John, Christianity, Social
Page 566 and 567:
Duberman, Martin, Vicinus, Martha,
Page 568 and 569:
Halperin, David, Saint Focault: Tow
Page 570 and 571:
Kopay, David, The David Kopay Story
Page 572 and 573:
Natratilova, M., and Vecsey, G., Ma
Page 574 and 575:
Tannsjo, Torbjom, and Tamburrini, C
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