NAca Section 2.pmd - Maryland Department of Natural Resources

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Table 2. DIAS statistics by year of introduction (from FAO 1998). Year No. of Records % Before 1800 47 1.5 1800-1899 136 4.3 1900-1939 314 10.0 1940-1979 1114 35.5 1980-1998 603 19.2 Multiple introductionsin different periods 90 2.8 Unknown 837 26.6 Table 3. Statistics by species group (from FAO 1998). Group of Species No. of Records % Fishes 2574 81.9 Molluscs 294 9.4 Crustaceans 191 6.0 Algae and plants 35 1.1 Other invertebrates 29 0.9 Other vertebrates 18 0.6 Table 4. Most frequently introduced fish, crustaceans and molluscs (modified from FAO 1998). Scientific Name Common Name No. of Records Fish Cyprinus carpio Common carp 124 Oncorhynchus mykiss Rainbow trout 99 Oreochromis mossambicus Mozambique tilapia 92 Ctenopharyngodon idella Grass carp 91 Oreochromis niloticus Nile tilapia 80 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Silver carp 79 Gambusia affinis Mosquitofish 67 Micropterus salmoides Largemouth black bass 64 Hypophthalmichthys nobilis Bighead carp 55 Carassius auratus Goldfish 54 Crustaceans Macrobrachium rosenbergii Giant river prawn 43 Procambarus clarkii Red swamp crawfish 24 Penaeus monodon Giant tiger prawn 13 Penaeus japonicus Kuruma prawn 12 Pacifastacus leniusculus Whiteleg prawn 11 Molluscs Crassostrea gigas Pacific cupped oyster 45 Trochus niloticus Top shell 16 Crepidula fornicata American slipper-limpet 12 Pomacea canaliculata Golden apple snail 11 Tridacna derasa Smooth giant clam 11 3
4 Table 5. Statistics by recipient continent (from FAO 1998). Continent No. of Records % Europe 787 25.1 Asia 517 16.4 Africa 470 14.9 Oceania 464 14.7 South and Central America 442 14.1 Middle East 263 8.4 North America 198 6.3 Two Countries with Different Trading Situations The situations of individual countries differ considerably with regards to international trade in live aquatic animals. These differences are related to such factors as: • historical trading patterns, • local culture (fish eating vs. red meat eating traditions), • extent of aquaculture development, • past and current government policy, and • affluence Namibia, a relatively new country in southwestern Africa with a small population (approximately 1.7 million people), provides an example of a country with a very small trade in live aquatic animals. Although Namibia has least 72 species of finfish with aquarium trade potential (see Froese and Pauly 2002), the country does not export any domestically produced cultured or wild ornamental fishes. Namibia has a small but developing marine aquaculture industry for oyster that is totally based on the importation of spat from Chile and South Africa. Currently some 400 mt (shell on) of live Pacific cupped oysters are exported to South Africa. There are only two licensed aquarium fish importers for the entire country (Arthur 2002), and during the past six months only one importer brought in fish. The importer chooses from a list of 200-300 species available from sellers in South Africa, importing a total of 15 consignments with a total value of about $US 3,360. Nevertheless, three of the seven exotic species that have established self-sustaining populations in Namibian fresh waters are aquarium fishes (guppy, swordtail and gourami) (see Froese and Pauly 2002). Australia provides an example of a country with a medium-size trade in live aquatic animals. Domestic production of freshwater ornamental fishes is valued as some A$ 25 million/year, while the entire ornamental fish industry has been valued at A$ 135-150 million/year (see Khan et al. 1999). In 1997-98, the country exported a total of 79,428 marine and freshwater ornamentals, valued at A$ 1.3 million. About 74% of the fish exported are native Australian species, the primary importers being the United States, Japan and Hong Kong. Some 40% of the ornamental fish sold in Australia are imported (Table 6), with 80% of the imports coming from Singapore, Hong Kong and Malaysia. In 1997-98, the total estimated number of freshwater fish imported was 6.3 million, while the total estimated cost to importers was A$ 1.97 million, of which some $1.76 million was for freshwater species (Khan et al. 1999). Australia prohibits the importation of live aquatic animals destined for aquaculture development or release in natural waters. Reasons Live Aquatic Animals are Traded Internationally Live aquatic animals are traded internationally for many reasons, the primary being for: • live food markets,
Page 1 and 2: Capacity and Awareness Building on
Page 4 and 5: Report prepared by: J. Richard Arth
Page 6: 4.4 NATIONAL STRATEGIES FOR AQUATIC
Page 9 and 10: viii The number of economies taking
Page 11 and 12: x Recognizing the importance of the
Page 13 and 14: xii Project Purpose The project’s
Page 15 and 16: xiv
Page 17 and 18: xvi
Page 19: 2 Introductions and Transfers Intro
Page 23 and 24: 6 Ornamental Fish Trade The interna
Page 26 and 27: Trans-boundary Aquatic Animal Disea
Page 28 and 29: Hine (2002) reviewed the significan
Page 30 and 31: Table 2. Examples of socio-economic
Page 32 and 33: References ADB/NACA. 1991. Fish Hea
Page 34 and 35: Chinabut, S. 2002b. A case study of
Page 36 and 37: Lilley, J.H., D. Hart, R.H. Richard
Page 38 and 39: Somga, J.R., S.S. Somga and M.B. Re
Page 40 and 41: Risks of Species Introduction R.P.
Page 42 and 43: Information contained in DIAS thus
Page 44 and 45: Production (mt) Figure 1. Contribut
Page 46 and 47: Number of Records Figure 5. Effects
Page 48: 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Figure 9.
Page 51 and 52: 34 inexpensive and readily availabl
Page 53 and 54: 36 ICES 1994. Report on the Working
Page 55 and 56: 38 Figure 1 provides a conceptual s
Page 57 and 58: 40 The movement of infected animals
Page 59 and 60: 42 and their products. These organi
Page 61 and 62: 44 graphical barriers are more effe
Page 63 and 64: 46 lished by the Competent Authorit
Page 65 and 66: 48 harmonisation of rules/services
Page 68 and 69: Databases for Import Risk Analysis
Page 70 and 71:
Three Examples of Computer-based Da
Page 72 and 73:
Role of the OIE Fish Diseases Commi
Page 74 and 75:
fiable diseases” and “other sig
Page 76 and 77:
4.2 THE RISK ANALYSIS PROCESS 1 Thi
Page 78 and 79:
Nevertheless, even a relatively pri
Page 80 and 81:
event occurring, or the magnitude o
Page 82 and 83:
Experiences from the Livestock Sect
Page 84 and 85:
e provided. While an estimate of th
Page 86 and 87:
Since both types of assessment are
Page 88 and 89:
Figure 4. A scenario tree for an ex
Page 90:
Where there is significant uncertai
Page 93 and 94:
76 sensitivity and specificity of d
Page 95 and 96:
78 Table 3. Survival parameters of
Page 98 and 99:
Recommendations from the OIE Confer
Page 100 and 101:
should seek contributions from the
Page 102 and 103:
4.3 RISK ANALYSIS AND THE WORLD TRA
Page 104 and 105:
The Panel produces a descriptive re
Page 106:
At hearings both parties often had
Page 109 and 110:
92 While import risk analysis is no
Page 111 and 112:
94 USA would not be successful in o
Page 114 and 115:
Social Justice Litigation: The CIT
Page 116 and 117:
cantly, we imposed the following re
Page 118 and 119:
Implementation: As early as 1996, t
Page 120 and 121:
4.4 NATIONAL STRATEGIES ON AQUATIC
Page 122 and 123:
These elements are elaborated in th
Page 124 and 125:
Nepal: A national workshop was conv
Page 126 and 127:
The Import Risk Analysis Process in
Page 128 and 129:
ment) and with the international st
Page 130 and 131:
1. Import proposal lodged IRA T eam
Page 132 and 133:
Canada’s National Aquatic Animal
Page 134 and 135:
Quality Assurance/Quality Control (
Page 136 and 137:
Canada’s National Code on Introdu
Page 138 and 139:
It is important to note that for th
Page 140 and 141:
Safe Control of Aquatic Products in
Page 142 and 143:
• To strengthen international exc
Page 144 and 145:
Framework for the Control of Aquati
Page 146 and 147:
Administrative Framework for Aquati
Page 148 and 149:
The Development of Import Risk Anal
Page 150 and 151:
trout (Salmo trutta) and Atlantic s
Page 152 and 153:
Import Risk Analysis: the Philippin
Page 154 and 155:
Proposed Importation of Penaeus van
Page 156 and 157:
Strategies for Aquatic Animal Healt
Page 158 and 159:
4. Aquatic animal diseases - resear
Page 160 and 161:
The Role of the Private Sector in I
Page 162 and 163:
However, it is sometimes the case t
Page 164 and 165:
National Aquatic Animal Health Plan
Page 166 and 167:
National Aquatic Animal Health Task
Page 168 and 169:
ANNEXES 151
Page 170 and 171:
ANNEX I WORKSHOP PROGRAMS 153
Page 172 and 173:
Annex I (A) APEC FWG 1 01/2002 “C
Page 174 and 175:
April 2: TUESDAY 0830-1000 Session
Page 176 and 177:
) 1130-1150 Use of IRA and Science
Page 178 and 179:
ANNEX I (B) APEC FWG 1 01/2002 “C
Page 180 and 181:
1330-1800 of August 12 continued un
Page 182 and 183:
1000-1030 Coffee Break Examples and
Page 184 and 185:
ANNEX II(A) LISTS OF PARTICIPANTS A
Page 186 and 187:
16 Philippines Dr Joselito R. Somga
Page 188 and 189:
33 Vietnam DANIDA (SUMA) Mr Le Hong
Page 190 and 191:
48 Resource Speaker (Thailand) 49 I
Page 192 and 193:
ANNEX II (B) LISTS OF PARTICIPANTS
Page 194 and 195:
14 Guatemala Luis Arturo López Par
Page 196 and 197:
26 México - CRIP/INP Mazatlán 27
Page 198 and 199:
43 Venezuela Melida Boada Instituto
Page 200 and 201:
58 NACA (Resource Speaker) Dr Micha
Page 202 and 203:
Annex Annex III III Working Group R
Page 204 and 205:
Annex III(A)(i) Group 1: Policies/R
Page 206 and 207:
Annex III(A)(ii) Group 2: National
Page 208 and 209:
Annex III(A)(iii) Group 3: Outline/
Page 210 and 211:
ANNEX 3(A)(iii) - Attachment 1 DRAF
Page 212 and 213:
Annex III(B)(i) Working Group 1: Po
Page 214 and 215:
Annex III(B)(ii) Group 2: National
Page 216 and 217:
Annex III(B)(iii) Group 3: Outline/
Page 218 and 219:
ANNEX IV List of Acronyms and Abbre
Page 220:
VHS Viral haemorrhagic septicemia V
show all

NAca Section 2.pmd - Maryland Department of Natural Resources

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?