Hand Tracking, Finger Identification, and Chordic Manipulation on

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4.25 Instantaneously correct identi cations of four ngertip rows at far corners of surface shows that four ngertips arranged in a roughly horizontal row are su cient for perfect identi cation anywhere. : : : 192 4.26 A claw h<strong>and</strong> with pinky crossed under ring nger veri es nger rotation tolerances of the attractor ring. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 193 4.27 <strong>Finger</strong>s in a h<strong>and</strong> rotated fully clockwise to the limits of ulnar deviation are always identi ed perfectly. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 194 4.28 <strong>Finger</strong>s in a h<strong>and</strong> rotated fully counter-clockwise to the limits of radial deviation are sometimes identi ed correctly. : : : : : : : : : : 195 4.29 Absence or merging of both palm heels can cause thumb misidenti cation when right h<strong>and</strong> is rotated fully counter-clockwise. 196 4.30 <strong>Finger</strong>s in a pen grip con guration are identi ed correctly anywhere on the surface. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 197 4.31 Palm heels alone are identi ed correctly anywhere on the surface when they bottom out <strong>and</strong> reach full size. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 198 4.32 Dependency of ngertip pair identi cation in palm regions on ngertip separation. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 199 4.33 Correct thumb identi cation for a thumb-middle ngertip chord in the ngertip regions. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 200 4.34 Identi cations of a thumb <strong>and</strong> middle nger which do not start uniquely separated but perform unique motions. : : : : : : : : : : : 201 4.35 Flow chart of the h<strong>and</strong> identi cation algorithm. : : : : : : : : : : : 204 4.36 Vertical contours creating three di erent partitioning hypotheses for acontact arrangement. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 207 4.37 <strong>H<strong>and</strong></strong> clutching direction factor versus the average of the right h<strong>and</strong>'s horizontal contact velocities. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 209 4.38 <strong>H<strong>and</strong></strong>edness factor versus the vertical separation between outermost <strong>and</strong> next outermost nger contacts. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 210 xx
4.39 Palm cohesion factor versus the horizontal separation between the innermost <strong>and</strong> outermost contacts identi ed as palms. : : : : : : : : 212 4.40 Inter-h<strong>and</strong> separation factor versus the estimated distance between the left <strong>and</strong> right thumbs. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 213 4.41 Short-term memory of h<strong>and</strong> identity as maintained by the h<strong>and</strong> position estimate. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 214 4.42 A right thumb placed in the left middle of the surface is identi ed correctly solely by virtue of its orientation. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 215 4.43 E ect of clutching velocity factor on h<strong>and</strong> identi cation near middle of surface. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 216 4.44 Right h<strong>and</strong> including thumb is robustly identi ed in middle of surface. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 217 4.45 Right h<strong>and</strong> touching down well onto left side of surface is allowed to be misidenti ed as the left h<strong>and</strong>. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 218 4.46 Two full h<strong>and</strong>s placed side by side on the left half of the surface are partitioned correctly. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 219 4.47 The entire left h<strong>and</strong> plus the right thumb <strong>and</strong> middle nger placed side by side on the left half of the surface are partitioned correctly. : 220 4.48 The ve left h<strong>and</strong> ngers plus the right thumb <strong>and</strong> middle nger placed side by side on the left half of the surface are not partitioned correctly. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 221 4.49 The ve left h<strong>and</strong> ngers plus the right thumb, index, <strong>and</strong> middle ngers placed side by side on the left half of the surface are partitioned correctly. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 222 5.1 Flow chart of the keypress registration process. : : : : : : : : : : : : 238 5.2 Flow chart of the nger synchronization detection process. : : : : : 241 5.3 Continuation of Figure 5.2 showing chord tap detection <strong>and</strong> transmission. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 242 xxi
Page 1 and 2: HAND TRACKING, FINGER IDENTIFICATIO
Page 3 and 4: Signed: Signed: Signed: Signed: Sig
Page 5 and 6: Samuel Audet, for generously writin
Page 7 and 8: 1.5 What is Not Covered : : : : : :
Page 9 and 10: 3.3.2 Prediction of Contact Locatio
Page 11 and 12: 4.5.4 The Optimization Search Loop
Page 13 and 14: CONCLUSIONS : : : : : : : : : : : :
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Warped QWERTY k
Page 17 and 18: 3.8 The correct segmentation for th
Page 19: 4.12 Identity swaps which occurs af
Page 23 and 24: LIST OF TABLES 1.1 Legend for nger
Page 25 and 26: cubital tunnel syndrome Same as car
Page 27 and 28: path In context of Chapters 3{5, th
Page 29 and 30: ABSTRACT This research introduces m
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Stat
Page 33 and 34: volume of computer programming for
Page 35 and 36: esponsiveness of the controls on a
Page 37 and 38: without indentations to force the n
Page 39 and 40: Table 1.1: Legend for nger combinat
Page 41 and 42: Tapping these two ngers simultaneou
Page 43 and 44: two nger chord moves the text curso
Page 45 and 46: The proximity sensors measure the e
Page 47 and 48: TYPING RECOGNIZER FINGER SYNCHRONIZ
Page 49 and 50: hand position esti
Page 51 and 52: extract independent translation, sc
Page 53 and 54: the nger synchronization detector w
Page 55 and 56: very important preventive measures
Page 57 and 58: 1.6.2.5 Minimize user anticipation
Page 59 and 60: extracted from hand</strong
Page 61 and 62: language as they appear in communic
Page 63 and 64: 2.1.5 Sensing Finger</stron
Page 65 and 66: a) b) c) d) Figure 2.2: Projection
Page 67 and 68: a) b) c) d) Figure 2.3: Ambiguities
Page 69 and 70: few millimeters of the electrodes.
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41 Vertical Position on Surface (Y
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2.1.9 No Motion Blur on MTS Another
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position is indicated by the amount
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The o set-corrected image E is then
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touches the surface and</st
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2.3.2 Properties of H<stron
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Vertical Position on Surface (Y axi
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PATHS FROM PREVIOUS IMAGES HAND IDE
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3.2 Contact Segmentation The object
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CURRENT PROXIMITY IMAGE DIFFUSE CUR
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proximity signal Gz, orientation G
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guessed at. Since strict segmentati
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hand position at l
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A) B) Figure 3.4: Typical search pa
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with excluded electrodes in between
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threshold Kmaxima significance. Usi
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or Si�j[n]
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etween palm heels can be measured.
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3.2.8 Extracting Group Parameters T
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For convenience while distinguishin
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Note that usually each palm heel wi
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groups. Comparing the size of the p
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any alignment within a couple centi
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a) b) Figure 3.10: Unsmoothed a) <s
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a) b) Figure 3.12: Unsmoothed a) <s
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it can get to the index ngertip <st
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444 444 11 444 1111 222 33 44 1111
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STRICT SEGMENTATION REGION 22 111 2
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STRICT SEGMENTATION REGION 111 222
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or hand resting. T
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pairing method for marginal cases d
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Ppredy[n] = Py[n ; 1] + 4tPvy[n ; 1
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Pz[n] = Gz (3.36) P [n] = G (3.37)
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of that contact's path by the path
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problem which must optimally match
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channels can still be reserved for
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to impose an ordering relation betw
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eliably identify all of a h
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or default hand po
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PATHS FROM PREVIOUS IMAGES HAND IDE
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when a hand is not
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4.3.1 Measuring Current H<s
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hand o set (Hmox[n
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eturns to default position. Alterna
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the estimated left hand</st
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START DEFINE IDENTITY ATTRACTORS AT
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Vertical Surface Position (cm) 12 1
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The optimization can then be stated
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solution techniques should be e cie
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4.4.4.4 The k-exchange Sequence The
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Pg o Pg o D D x x x x g' a Ab g' Aa
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g o h' x x a g' b g o h' x x a g' b
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This simple condition ensures that
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4.4.5.3 Summary of Swapping Behavio
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= jj ~agjj 4 +2jj ~agjj 2 jj ~ bhjj
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fairly gradual. Though the unsquare
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constrain one another within the ar
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A1 x F1 o A7 x x A2 D F2 o A3 x o A
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inter-contact angles in the same wa
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hand contact will
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With these weighted palm heel attra
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Vertical Position on Surface (cm) 1
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experimenter then adjusts the ampli
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4.4.6.6 Palm Heel Size Factor Palm
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palm separation factor quickly decr
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where cij is the weighted distance
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are compiled. These statistics prov
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183 pinch gesture, the thumb may st
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it would erroneously grow in respon
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Like the Voronoi cells of the assig
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shifting of assignments for h<stron
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Page 227 and 228:
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Page 231 and 232:
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ecently lifted o nearby also proves
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surface a few dozen milliseconds af
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Vertical Surface Position (cm) 12 1
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processes can execute using the act
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can, creating an ambiguity inwhich
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213 is present or if the cluster sl
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Page 247 and 248:
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(Figures 4.43, 4.44). Since thumb o
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Chapter 5 CHORDIC MANIPULATION This
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task of moving the hand</st
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1990s with credit-card-sized touchp
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approach could only track the nger
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graphical manipulation tasks. Such
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e suppressed so that control occurs
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stretchable squares, bricks, or rot
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hand part touches
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GET HAND'S CURRENT PATH PARAMETERS
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ngers which lift o at about the sam
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Note that nger pair synchronization
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for examples of other chord tap eve
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the path is found to be a member of
Page 281 and 282:
of the proximity pro le is measured
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The purpose of the motion component
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START GET HAND'S CURRENT PATH PARAM
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the di erence between motion of a c
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motion or control to display gain t
Page 291 and 292:
ut produces output speeds in propor
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the nger-weighted translation compo
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Horiz. Trans. Velocity (m/s) Vert.
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5.4.1.1 Channels Follow Fin
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operators can set the thumb down sh
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threshold will be crossed until nge
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Table 5.2: The simple manipulations
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5.5 Conclusions This chapter has de
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6.1.1 My Fitness as an Evaluator As
Page 309 and 310:
This dissertation was written in th
Page 311 and 312:
6.1.4 Weekly Symptoms 6.1.4.1 First
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283 Figure 6.1: Modi ed Dvorak key
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6.1.5 Recognition Errors an
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taps or stringently adapting deboun
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Right Hand
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Right Hand
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either hand, <stro
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Table 6.5: Schedule for MTS usabili
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Subjects would continue to use thei
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during this session while subjects
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6.3.3 Universal Access People with
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systems allow more than one pointin
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Appendix A ERGONOMICS FOR ENGINEERS
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example, extreme wrist exion or ext
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and an increase in
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a) b) c) d) e) f) g) Figure B.1: Di
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For medium-sized contacts as in Fig
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Appendix C CONVERGENCE TRAPS FOR LO
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The case of Figure C.1b contains a
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in Figure C.2c would increase the a
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[12] D. P. Bertsekas. A distributed
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[37] Donald L. Fisher, Robert O. An
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[62] Ken Hinckley, Rand</st
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[87] Wendi Ann Latko. Development <
Page 359 and 360:
[111] Robert J. Miller, Stephen Bis
Page 361 and 362:
[136] John L. Sibert and</s
Page 363:
[161] Wayne Westerman and</
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