Hand Tracking, Finger Identification, and Chordic Manipulation on

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Table 1.2: Legend for chord motion icons. Motion Icon Type of Chord Motion Brief tap on surface (oneshot). Translation (slide) in any direction. Reversible translation up or down. Reversible translation left or right. Reversible up or down translation, irreversible right translation. Translation in a particular direction (one-shot). Contractive h<strong>and</strong> scaling (one-shot). Expansive h<strong>and</strong> scaling (one-shot). Clockwise h<strong>and</strong> rotation (one-shot). Counter-clockwise h<strong>and</strong> rotation (one-shot). 10
Tapping these two ngers simultaneously on the surface produces a primary mouse click. 1.2.2.2 Dragging On touchpads, tap-drag <strong>and</strong> double-tapping are rather clumsy operations. On the MTS, primary double-clicks can be sent by tapping a three ngertip chord just once. Primary dragging is invoked by sliding a three nger chord without the awkward preceding tap of touchpads. Objects can also be resized or rotated during drags by dropping the remaining thumb <strong>and</strong> nger to the surface <strong>and</strong> contracting or rotating the h<strong>and</strong>. On computers which utilize a secondary mouse button, secondary button clicks <strong>and</strong> drags can be generated from the thumb+two- ngertip channel. 1.2.2.3 Scrolling Scrolling is initiated by a 4- nger chord, preferably on the h<strong>and</strong> opposite the pointing h<strong>and</strong>. Again, by dropping the thumb to the surface, scrolling can be exp<strong>and</strong>ed into zooming or rotating the window background. Autoscroll (scrolling momentum) is easily invoked by sliding the four ngers <strong>and</strong> lifting o the surface in a continuous motion, without decelerating. Browser back <strong>and</strong> forward is a further variation of the four nger chord consisting of very quick, sliding taps to the left or right. In a graphical user interface (GUI) with a three-dimensional desktop, the thumb+three- ngertip channel could be used to pan <strong>and</strong> zoom the entire desktop or screen area, rather thanasinglewindow background. 1.2.2.4 Text Editing In text editing or word processing contexts, the chord assignments are split among h<strong>and</strong>s such that the right h<strong>and</strong> chord controls a mouse cursor operation while the left h<strong>and</strong> chord controls the corresponding text cursor operation. For example, the right h<strong>and</strong> two nger chord would move the mouse cursor while the left h<strong>and</strong> 11
Page 1 and 2: HAND TRACKING, FINGER IDENTIFICATIO
Page 3 and 4: Signed: Signed: Signed: Signed: Sig
Page 5 and 6: Samuel Audet, for generously writin
Page 7 and 8: 1.5 What is Not Covered : : : : : :
Page 9 and 10: 3.3.2 Prediction of Contact Locatio
Page 11 and 12: 4.5.4 The Optimization Search Loop
Page 13 and 14: CONCLUSIONS : : : : : : : : : : : :
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Warped QWERTY k
Page 17 and 18: 3.8 The correct segmentation for th
Page 19 and 20: 4.12 Identity swaps which occurs af
Page 21 and 22: 4.39 Palm cohesion factor versus th
Page 23 and 24: LIST OF TABLES 1.1 Legend for nger
Page 25 and 26: cubital tunnel syndrome Same as car
Page 27 and 28: path In context of Chapters 3{5, th
Page 29 and 30: ABSTRACT This research introduces m
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Stat
Page 33 and 34: volume of computer programming for
Page 35 and 36: esponsiveness of the controls on a
Page 37 and 38: without indentations to force the n
Page 39: Table 1.1: Legend for nger combinat
Page 43 and 44: two nger chord moves the text curso
Page 45 and 46: The proximity sensors measure the e
Page 47 and 48: TYPING RECOGNIZER FINGER SYNCHRONIZ
Page 49 and 50: hand position esti
Page 51 and 52: extract independent translation, sc
Page 53 and 54: the nger synchronization detector w
Page 55 and 56: very important preventive measures
Page 57 and 58: 1.6.2.5 Minimize user anticipation
Page 59 and 60: extracted from hand</strong
Page 61 and 62: language as they appear in communic
Page 63 and 64: 2.1.5 Sensing Finger</stron
Page 65 and 66: a) b) c) d) Figure 2.2: Projection
Page 67 and 68: a) b) c) d) Figure 2.3: Ambiguities
Page 69 and 70: few millimeters of the electrodes.
Page 71 and 72: 41 Vertical Position on Surface (Y
Page 73 and 74: 2.1.9 No Motion Blur on MTS Another
Page 75 and 76: position is indicated by the amount
Page 77 and 78: The o set-corrected image E is then
Page 79 and 80: touches the surface and</st
Page 81 and 82: 2.3.2 Properties of H<stron
Page 83 and 84: Vertical Position on Surface (Y axi
Page 91 and 92:
PATHS FROM PREVIOUS IMAGES HAND IDE
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3.2 Contact Segmentation The object
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CURRENT PROXIMITY IMAGE DIFFUSE CUR
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proximity signal Gz, orientation G
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guessed at. Since strict segmentati
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hand position at l
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A) B) Figure 3.4: Typical search pa
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with excluded electrodes in between
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threshold Kmaxima significance. Usi
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or Si�j[n]
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etween palm heels can be measured.
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3.2.8 Extracting Group Parameters T
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For convenience while distinguishin
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Note that usually each palm heel wi
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groups. Comparing the size of the p
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any alignment within a couple centi
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a) b) Figure 3.10: Unsmoothed a) <s
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a) b) Figure 3.12: Unsmoothed a) <s
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it can get to the index ngertip <st
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444 444 11 444 1111 222 33 44 1111
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STRICT SEGMENTATION REGION 22 111 2
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STRICT SEGMENTATION REGION 111 222
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or hand resting. T
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pairing method for marginal cases d
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Ppredy[n] = Py[n ; 1] + 4tPvy[n ; 1
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Pz[n] = Gz (3.36) P [n] = G (3.37)
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113 Vertical Position on Surface (Y
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of that contact's path by the path
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problem which must optimally match
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channels can still be reserved for
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to impose an ordering relation betw
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eliably identify all of a h
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or default hand po
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PATHS FROM PREVIOUS IMAGES HAND IDE
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when a hand is not
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4.3.1 Measuring Current H<s
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hand o set (Hmox[n
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eturns to default position. Alterna
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the estimated left hand</st
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START DEFINE IDENTITY ATTRACTORS AT
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Vertical Surface Position (cm) 12 1
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The optimization can then be stated
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solution techniques should be e cie
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4.4.4.4 The k-exchange Sequence The
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Pg o Pg o D D x x x x g' a Ab g' Aa
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g o h' x x a g' b g o h' x x a g' b
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This simple condition ensures that
Page 185 and 186:
4.4.5.3 Summary of Swapping Behavio
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= jj ~agjj 4 +2jj ~agjj 2 jj ~ bhjj
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fairly gradual. Though the unsquare
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constrain one another within the ar
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A1 x F1 o A7 x x A2 D F2 o A3 x o A
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inter-contact angles in the same wa
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hand contact will
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With these weighted palm heel attra
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Vertical Position on Surface (cm) 1
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experimenter then adjusts the ampli
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4.4.6.6 Palm Heel Size Factor Palm
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palm separation factor quickly decr
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where cij is the weighted distance
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are compiled. These statistics prov
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183 pinch gesture, the thumb may st
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it would erroneously grow in respon
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Like the Voronoi cells of the assig
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shifting of assignments for h<stron
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Vertical Position on Surface (Y axi
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Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
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ecently lifted o nearby also proves
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surface a few dozen milliseconds af
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Vertical Surface Position (cm) 12 1
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processes can execute using the act
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can, creating an ambiguity inwhich
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213 is present or if the cluster sl
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Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
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(Figures 4.43, 4.44). Since thumb o
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Chapter 5 CHORDIC MANIPULATION This
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task of moving the hand</st
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1990s with credit-card-sized touchp
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approach could only track the nger
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graphical manipulation tasks. Such
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e suppressed so that control occurs
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stretchable squares, bricks, or rot
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hand part touches
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GET HAND'S CURRENT PATH PARAMETERS
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ngers which lift o at about the sam
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Note that nger pair synchronization
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for examples of other chord tap eve
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the path is found to be a member of
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of the proximity pro le is measured
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The purpose of the motion component
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START GET HAND'S CURRENT PATH PARAM
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the di erence between motion of a c
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motion or control to display gain t
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ut produces output speeds in propor
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the nger-weighted translation compo
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Horiz. Trans. Velocity (m/s) Vert.
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5.4.1.1 Channels Follow Fin
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operators can set the thumb down sh
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threshold will be crossed until nge
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Table 5.2: The simple manipulations
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5.5 Conclusions This chapter has de
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6.1.1 My Fitness as an Evaluator As
Page 309 and 310:
This dissertation was written in th
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6.1.4 Weekly Symptoms 6.1.4.1 First
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283 Figure 6.1: Modi ed Dvorak key
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6.1.5 Recognition Errors an
Page 317 and 318:
taps or stringently adapting deboun
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Right Hand
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Right Hand
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either hand, <stro
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Table 6.5: Schedule for MTS usabili
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Subjects would continue to use thei
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during this session while subjects
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6.3.3 Universal Access People with
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systems allow more than one pointin
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Appendix A ERGONOMICS FOR ENGINEERS
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example, extreme wrist exion or ext
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and an increase in
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a) b) c) d) e) f) g) Figure B.1: Di
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For medium-sized contacts as in Fig
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Appendix C CONVERGENCE TRAPS FOR LO
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The case of Figure C.1b contains a
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in Figure C.2c would increase the a
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[12] D. P. Bertsekas. A distributed
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[37] Donald L. Fisher, Robert O. An
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[62] Ken Hinckley, Rand</st
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[87] Wendi Ann Latko. Development <
Page 359 and 360:
[111] Robert J. Miller, Stephen Bis
Page 361 and 362:
[136] John L. Sibert and</s
Page 363:
[161] Wayne Westerman and</
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Hand Tracking, Finger Identification, and Chordic Manipulation on

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