Progress & ImPact serIes - Roll Back Malaria - World Health ...

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Box 2.3: Comparison of some important vectors outside of Africa Region Species Resting location Europe and Middle East South and South- East Asia An. sacharovi Inside and outside An. subpictus Inside and outside An. dirus Mainly outside An. minimus Mainly outside An. stephensi Mainly inside An. culicifacies Mainly inside An. fluviatilis Inside and outside Feeding time Peak 20:00– 22:00 Mainly late (20:00– 02:00 hrs.) Feeding location Inside and outside Inside and outside Inside and outside All night Inside and outside Late evening and night Late evening and night Peak 21:00– 03:00 hrs. Inside and outside Inside and outside Mainly inside Host preferences Human and nonhuman Domestic animals and humans Mainly human Human and cows Mainly cattle and domestic animals Mainly cattle and domestic animals Human and nonhuman Breeding sites Typically large brackish marshes but also other habitats Muddy pools often near houses. Also in barrow pits, buffalo wallows and artificial containers Small shady pools mainly in forests and plantations, footprints, stream seepages, wheelruts, gem pits, hollow logs, sometimes wells Streams in forest foothills Urban vector: domestic water tanks and containers, construction sites Rural vector: clean water, river margins, rice fields, man-made pits and pools Rural vector: clean water, river margins, rice fields, man-made pits and pools Grassy edges of slow moving streams, springs, irrigation channels, sometimes in the edges of swamps and lakes DEFEATInG MALARIA In ASIA, THE PAcIFIc, AMERIcAS, MIDDLE EAST AnD EURoPE 29
DEFEATING MALARIA IN ASIA, THE PACIFIC, AMERICAS, MIDDLE EAST AND EuROPE 30 | GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF MALARIA EPIDEMIOLOGY | box 2.3 comparison of some important vectors outside of africa (continued) Region Species Resting location Oceania An. farauti Mainly outside Central and South America An. punctulatus An. albimanus Mainly outside Mainly outside, some inside An. darlingi Inside and outside Source: WHO 2005 (19), Sinka et al 2012 (20). Feeding time Peak 20:00– 21:00 and 23:00– 03:00 hrs. Peak around midnight Late evening Throughout the night but with biting peaks at dusk and dawn Feeding location Mainly outside Mainly inside Host preferences Human and nonhuman Human and nonhuman Inside Domestic animals (cattle, horses) 80%, humans 20% Mainly Inside Breeding sites Emergent, floating and submerged vegetation in heavy shade. Also brackish pools, lagoons, and mangrove swamps in costal areas. Sunny, temporary pools such as road ruts, footprints, margins of streams, and sloughs. Stagnant water, flooded pasture, or water with 25% emergent vegetation coverage Humans Breeding sites and epidemics associated with deforestaiton and mining
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