Progress & ImPact serIes - Roll Back Malaria - World Health ...

Map 2.3
Distribution of dominant or potentially important malaria vectors
A wide range of primary vectors exists globally. They are usually the target of most control efforts.
The Americas
An. darlingi
An. aquasalis
An. albitarsis s.l.
An. marajoara
An. nuneztovari s.l.
An. pseudopunctipennis
An. albimanus
An. quadrimaculatus s.l.
An. freeborni
0 1,250 2,500 5,000
Kilometers
Europe & Middle East
An. superpictus
An. sergentii
An. sacharovi
An. messeae
An. labranchiae
An. atroparvus
Africa
An. arabiensis;
An. funestus;
An. gambiae
An. arabiensis;
An. funestus
An. funestus;
An. gambiae
An. gambiae
An. funestus
An. arabiensis
India/Western Asia
An. culicifacies s.l.;
An. stephensi;
An. �uviatilis s.l.
An. �uviatilis s.l.
An. stephensi
An. culicifacies s.l.
The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever
Source: on the part of Malaria the World Health Atlas Organization Project concerning (17, the 18). legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities,
or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines
for which there may not yet be full agreement.
The two most important methods of vector
control are ITNs and IRS. ITNs are particularly
effective against mosquitoes that bite late at
night while people are sleeping under the treated
net and IRS is effective against mosquitoes that
bite and rest indoors. ITNs and IRS are much
less effective against species that bite and rest
outdoors such as the forest vector An. Dirus,
which is widespread in Southern Asia. For
these vectors, alternative strategies such as
insecticide-treated hammocks and the use of
personal repellents are sometimes employed.
Some species with readily identified and accessible
breeding sites, such as the urban vector
in India An. stephensii, can be controlled using
larvicidal technologies (spraying of larvicides or
deploying fish which eat Anopheles larvae). Thus,
South-East Asia & Paci�c
An. farauti s.l.;
An. koliensis;
An. punctulatus s.l.
An. dirus s.l.;
An. minimus s.l.
An. lesteri; An. sinensis
An. balabacensis
An. barbirostris s.l.
An. dirus s.l.
An. farauti s.l.
An. �avirostris
Map Production: Public Health Information
and Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
World Health Organization
An. koliensis
An. lesteri
An. leucosphyrus/latens
An. maculatus
An. minimus s.l.
An. punctulatus s.l.
An. sinensis
An. sundaicus s.l.
Map production: Public Health Information and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) World Health Organization.
© WHO 2012. All rights reserved.
vector control for settings outside of Africa must
be carefully chosen to suit the circumstances
prevalent in a country.
Because there is much variation in the behaviour
of vectors that carry malaria, and because
P. falciparum and P. vivax have different
characteristics, the epidemiology of malaria
is highly variable across the world. This report
examines the epidemiology of malaria, and
progress of malaria control, in four geographical
regions outside of Africa. The four regions
illustrate the diversity of situations in which
malaria is encountered and the challenges
for control but it is acknowledged that the
epidemiology of malaria is still highly variable
within these regions.
DEFEATING MALARIA IN ASIA, THE PACIFIC, AMERICAS, MIDDLE EAST AND EuROPE
31