present study

Chpt€r-5 

Presetrt Study 

eordinS ro lh. pcvioB rnd p|tgt li.n$G' |n. folowing p.rlimnr 

pldtr€&E for dF "RoL or E viFmn l G.olosy i! ulh.riatid of de t|hoF City" 

hlrc bcen given onc .rEntion: 

L G@ndpholoey 

2. QaEmry Galo&, 

3. Cor6ilcrib Miter Ro@6 .nd Mdg@dt 

4. Hrdb&olog ed Wltcr Mugmt 

5. Engi@drs cftlo8l.rd LrDd Us Plaiing 

6. GoH.z.ds dd Mitisltion 

7. Solid W.5L Dsp@l dd Pdb!@ ab.hdt 

5,1 Gemrpholo$/ 

Mdy *orkots h.w dom wdt on Cc@orpnobgy of khoE MelroFoutdn Aea 

(LMA) emmp.$ing of bposrapny .nd lmdfoms- Bul dE topoerlphn dd hndlom 

m.pshlEbapED.EdindEpE sndy. 

5.1.1 Topogr.phy 

The toDolnphic mp is useffil ro tn. urbe plad$ dd decisid nater aS.ncieg 

of lh. G.v.mml a wel s prihL.ao*ies for iit!& d.v.lopnal SpangL el.l. 

(1976)'. TIE topognpbic !h.€t of Lnor .B of "S!rv.y of P.lii.n" *6 ued ror lli. 

pEenr soldy. h i. lls ol Ele s diel pL.ni.g bl for pcliniury site .vrlutid of 

dl sorts of engiGirg wdr. 6 w.ll !d lor qlcuLtins slotca. It h.lp. b id.ntj& dE 

v. Dmid& ieilitiG 

Yi. hdar.il .nd @Ei.l tG! 

Yn. Pip.li6 rnd Dow li6 

vni. Ior id.ntitins obviouly n@dou .Fs 

106

It i! .le appnrn.t tu pEdictilg ohd l6d E @flicr mrv {m (Cdl*, 

1976). This mlp m b. Dr.d s s.l6l Dl@ins and qPl@tid grnL bur Dot individul 

lilc amlr€is. Tlrc DFblcn .nd pohntid N@iattd witn Eobiition of nn!.d l4d 

should b. cor6irtdd in th. l@l plmin8 po*. wilh pbF plNiDs, @nlictt cd 

b€ aroid.d .nd dE bo.6ls of mlldPL-equ€nti.l hd w my bc djoyld bv all 

citim. Ir rl$ depicll dc lopoSFDhy imllding Elici, slop. dielion, nNd' drainrgc, 

redlDl md t)f, drBly poPllacd .dr "Sb.lm .t al ll97s) 

Thc sndy of ropogn$ic lne{. e@b rh. hcight of th. L.hoE M.toPoIr.! 

As is ltoul 210 ml* ahove s lcrcl in lh. mr r otsrcn tonion while 200 n |lts in 

the surh se$ed !id.. CEdidt mg. fion 20-30 ce.dbeh pq tiloDer.r) IrE 

g.ffil sloF of a@ i tow.rdc sth b 

souths6l vith rv.6se sEdi.nl rppbnftldy I 3000 Th. pkin oI lh. IlhoE 

MelroFlir.n Cily {l-N4C) to lhe Povi RiH is s€nenlly flal with noutds !l $vdl Ph@s 

c. s. w.lLd City, Rlile.y Coiony na$y Muebh@, StaliM C.rd.'! sninL H 

C.rd.n Tom dd CdroM.Dt (!is. 22). Tta noud. e mdfr.c tisi.g I 5_7 D.LE 

hith abov.lh. greud in lh. walled city Th. nouds voty in sia iion 400_500 qurE 

Thc bolh sides of lh. Rwi Ri.t e @cupi.d with flood plrin ed lGs tLin 

The older nood pl.in it l-r neters lisld $m the you.gd lto.d Dliin. In nt,v plmeE 

shdp bl t *p.sting rh. old.r dd )ounga dood pl.i$ i rcll mtted. The €mtlcd 

lit of lcs pbni h6 thictlB n@ lh& 25-35 hcLts .!d fod @@ siuble ao 

buildins foun

5.1.2 Ledfom 

pnn.ry oDd hsio EquiMcnl in uban 

C@noiphologi. dlli olbnoic DFvida 

plmins dd dp@ion of cily s n .ssrsates infonbo .bout s.din.nt ard sil 

ch.Et risiq Lnd .LErioo, Irndfomr. sNndar.r, lnd [06l brurdt lik no.d ald 

Ltnsfid.s ssptibilily. Elvimnt l g@logi*l 5odi.. roirly coMnrr . @ tlE 

nltting of u d 8!olog/, CMo4holoSic sfidi* providcs dit on dnit.8. !.d 

llndfotu *hich i6 dircctly elat€d to i.und.lion ss./ibilily by flood ud huricaM. 

Urban solosy ns iwrys ha phying Ery etul .nd . d..isire bL in Lld r 

pleing.o elr@ dln hble d€wlop@nt.!d nitisdio otg@h,a&. 

A1 pE$nt d@ 10 opid ircu$ of poplblion, lh. urbs o€ bc dp.rded very 

fan wilhout dy con.id.stim l,o th€ gcomoDbolosy ed latldfom *6rng, Thc l.ndfom 

eninB rbd gemrpholo6, G rL!.liolly ohans.d dE to n.ry frcloG imluding dE 

unpLD.d or lllrdtolLd houins ehcn6 ..d 6. @N[ucti@ of i n*!!cnG of 

i.dusri6; iDce$d lod of t65rdi.tioa 'brinii.d dp.sion of Mds .!d p@r 

s tllion have defmcd 0r lar&.60! of ln. knoE Cit. Th* feto6 my caB 

mny Mtusl Dd od inducd hlzrdr .nd leirl problms, MGt ofl@ lyinB a@ su.t 

s Ald! Iqb.l T@1 Cal P'lq p€n! ofcarda Tos p.diuLrly it B.r*.1 Mart t 

ad Ldr. Rdd.@.is. haE be' LEI.d Nrlool(ing g@orphic ftcbn. Thii aws 

nrny pDblfls in rllc caDibl crty ol thc Punjlb povinE iD non$n s.@n c..h }ld '.e. 

ulban lt@ding !up.r n@ding &d crek in the rcods, CconorPhologic infom.lion ad 

int gn!6d {hta frm ot\q dQsrnncnb will b€ @tuI .!d hclptul in Educils 

6vi@br ie6 wfth blnib@ rirk olli6 oDd ptDFny "Sb.irl d .t. (2000)". 

Accordhg to 'Shci}n.t al. (2002) , h.dfom unib mapp€d in rh. LMA h.v€ 

h.cn 3ru

Ftv.! rgci. dm16 Llds.o,.ad!t of tb rF. G.@.iltobgn l hfrltdo 

.!d bgrLd dltr n@ olld d.Dda!d! wld b. u.tul @il ldCu i! lt ft(n of 

Dd E6 B.!L 11 LDA D4 of 1982 hn od&.6 v!d! id. !.p 2001 L of 

at Ll.dd! M.elpohÊ 

t09

ll 

tI 

n EI 

FICLIRE 22 1OPOCRAPHIC MAP 

(fM Topognlh* d'd N0 { - | 

v/* 

I 

(!4) \ 

di 

Of ]'HE LA}IORE METROPOIITAN AREA 

S{n4 orPrlds 1950. n | ?$,ffi {d. ) 

I l:l 

L] 

|,7) 

=:

Acodirg io preseDt strdy, lh. followins ledfom! lnik e recognized in 

Ilhos M.dopolidn Ae €t. 23): 

r' Fi6-h.d s.d S.d be 

r' MondrFlood Phin 

r' Acliv. flood Plain 

r' Coted Flood Plrin 

r' Bsir.!d CbrDel Fill 

'/ Gully 

s.lj Depo.ltioDd L.rdfo.d! 

s.ri.r Rrver-b.d .rd Sand Bl' 

This unil d.v.lops in low land in bo.d vtl.y botloms thol is s.neally covecd 

!.d qhrprd by flowi.g wlcr lor ! p.nod of @h y€d (Fig. 23), Th. $f@ mtends 

are lsuuy sDd lrd silr vilh lirde $il. Th. .ule. is unsbble dd locts vecptatio! 

depl ror quicl sD*iig 86 d ba. Slot s G lsrho fou FMt. 

5,1J.2 M..!der no.d Plrlr 

Th. M.$d.r Flood Pl.in foms ! lory heft Vilg b.iwd higi b.nb d ml'nl 

ldvee! (Fi8. 2l) ord is pdaUel lo lhe bott !i{t6 oI tne Rlvi Ris oure. Ilis unn 

Ends ilood.d dudns dF sonsoon sa$n lnd is ch.@LriEd by tne fomtion of 

nm@$ b.fst oeldd sblllj bc!, poirt bm ed sq.lcs dd ox-bos. Thee 

fonl6 e.t l*t Epated vhcn rl& riq chdgls its co!e. SloFs e 16 tb.n 6re 

5.1.33 Acdve Flood Pldr 

Thi! DDil ccls in lhe fom of low t nol$ slighdy .bov. lh. !ft.n chm.h iD 

vall.y bonom (Fi& 23). nE Activr Fl@d PbiN G sborc lhc w.r4 lcvel dost or the 

)€ blt ac.ooDonly floodcd wh.ncv.r thc ns mler ownoF ib brDk. fte nvs 

tc.!6 on consbrdy chtusjls i6 chrMli Dudrs sl!@r, tb. c.tiF b.d 6i6 mL. 

blr in wincr it 6nf*s i@lf in oll ch.ml dposing v..y sligil uriuhting $rbe. 

Slop.r e lc$ thd fod p€rcdt.

1S 

.#+z 

FI(JIJRL 23 I-ANi)T'ORV II{APOF THE I, IloRE M}:IRoMLITAN 

E **".""^. 

E 

E I 

d 

\, 

E 

T-t t 

E 

ti 

\+\ 

I:q? 

.+, 

,l 

e\\u 

v9 

112 

AREA. PRliSliN-l sllJDY 

(!_oh I DA VoD. 19132)

5.1.3.4 Covered Flood Plain 

ll3 

DE cowr.d Fl@d Plair G dE iDDoftlt Ltdf@ ui rhd su6 in Inc Ml|| of 

thc R.vi tuvd (Fis. 23).Th. slla.. dLrilh e conp€.d of ift{nimd snd, sih and 

oby wilh liftl€ o8.nic contents. Il is allo fedile lnd for obps. It is pehincndy iaikcd 

by lhE b ercn nd.s ns in h.isht fion tne Acnv. Flood rLin. Litll. itdjalim of 

I.lrnl @o*ing lle ir .omd. Th. 8!rf!e ml.ri.ls of lbe C,wrd Flood Plain e 

podNl of rc!.ated shd nmdins ecompbied by vcriicll rcr.rio.. The €p.!t!d 

lev.ling durLce of llnd for rgricultur ulc h,s annd obliLELd tne rclielpatbm, which 

cxtr.d .r ph.s. SloF. e ld rh.n firc Frat 

5J.3.5LcrPldo 

te$ Plain hls v.ry gmrle slop. wirh nm silr .nd cliy treqoncd by tlF wind in 

sNpcn.id !d an6 !o Esr s bl.rrd [k dcFsiB of l@s. T!. tlcs Phh is nost 

pbmiMr un 6r d. LMA ldd ov.6 plnt mrrt n &d doniEnly surrEm poni@ 

orth. Rlvi Rid(!is, 21). 

Loes Pl.in @npd*s wi.d bloM 6ilt *hich i! highly p@us ed h6 c.prcity to 

frrinbin renic.l o! @ly wrtiol slopa *sa.dy 0976)". h @v6 lll s!rf.o.s 

Eeatdl* ol 6.n lopognphic p.€itioDs BppiDs d.!iMs!. Ies is modc rlt $rt.d 

with nonly 50 perc.nl dcpGits oroisting of sill enins t tw.a 0.01m sd 0.005m in 

diarcleB P.si (1968)". It hs sisnificrd mount of clay (5-30 pcent) md 5J0 

pccn!..nd'RiG (1986) . ftc lddsp. h. .Ls bcn s6dEd by thi. sh*t of 

hinmrc. fl@ing mrcs lnc sur.@. Th. eil i. fcdlc i l is dGsEd bur n tu 6ilt 

cod.d by w.ter ..d wind, sloF !€ l.s rh,n &v.n pcrccnr, 

5.1.4 Emrior.l L.trdform 

5.1.4.1 Br!tu rld Ch.m.l-Fll 

nis lmdfom unit occu6 on tho m€odq bell of Mdal st@n lnd t6s Pl.in 

(Fis. 23). Bain a l|.*D €{be of tn. ndd.r b.lr of rrcirnr 61r.@ rnd ns aboul 2-3 

ncLB .bow thc Actjr Flod fllin wbjL ChrnEl-Fill! e bo.d .nd clons.t d 

d..rftsio6. They .E prcb.bly. IittL r@gd.bd !@!s Plai.. Be6u* ol lh.n low 

position, th* d€pE$ions 6Uecr nn off wrbr and it l.s d@lcilied ine soilr b d.plh 

b€nvcn 2 3n€1eE 'Sh.ib .r .r. (2002) .

5.l.4.2Gully 

Th. tLc! eds6 of Old turcr Tmce (te4! c!c!rpnd9, which ri*s .t ul3-5 

n€tft rbovc the Activc Flood Plais (tig. 23), h.rc b€.n sbjecl€d lo sv€E eDrion of 

d{)Mn ninv!&r $ rhlr disidl sur&@ hs b€n oui.e .n. Ths msior m be 

by @61!r,oting dblrtJr.nr llong nvd coe and omc or trE Lnd cm b€ 

']@spd 

sloinedrhrcu8!oonsadationmauE sh€it]'eral,(200r)'&"shcilder!1.(2002). 

Cororpbolqi. infotutioo .td jnEgatcd drb ton odEr 6ncem.d |gdi.s 

h.s b6oft v.ry villl in r.ducinS lDd couterirg Dtud n!4ds rDd €Nionmot l 

'nc ludfom d.L *ould v.ry h.lpftl ir ldd E plmins, nleg.jml of mb 

Esu@ .nd hiri8ation of lEad. G *cll 6 sLclim of $ir.bL riles fd dilFci ol 

$lid wasi.. Ilis aDprcloh h d edtonia ofhow lsdfom rado$ ire mmsed to lid 

u!€n DlM.6, dsiIks ud public lodc6 fd oPtiMl plmiDS .t r.duc.

Th. len8rh ed dishrrge ol {e kvi Riwr ir ltE small.sl oflhc fiv. miD ..3h 

hibudi.! ofih.lndc. Th. Rlyi Rivd is v€ll-kroM 6 d. dvs of LdDE. ft d6es in 

the ntullid of tlE Bo$hd b*in dihins $. nordEn rloF of lhc Dbol.db.r 

Rango lrd nE sulhem slopes of Ar Prnjal (F,9. 24), 'IXe blsii oi Barsihal ir sixty 

milcs in ciEuma.lEe.l d.lentid oflbout 5000 fet B.lov E!trs.lal, dE R vi 

flo% rhblgh rh. wlley of Chamba h I rcrth-rcst y diEctior p@n l !o t[€ 

Dhlnhdhd sn8. "l(Jisle (1932) . Th€ rivd I*s th. Himlry& .r Bo$li. In lh. 

noulriG ag of 130 nil.! lons th. rot l dop i! 15,000 fel sbout yhich lt5 f@r D€r 

mile.It alerag. slop€ is thoEfore 45 i..r p€r nil.. 

The Rnvi 6E6 P.thlnlol€ .t Chrudh .d lm . bolidary b.rwd bdi! .nd 

rhe Hcld St le of Jalmu and K3shmn lor 23 mil6. An r p$Eing trcush Cudlspr 

Dislrict, it entels Sh.kl a.rh ichsil of sillkot. tut |ftd danns Sh.Irjrs.rh, Ujh Rivq 

joi6 n, Ir b 39 mjles doMs[.m of Mldholu. Blsts rno6.r Nrlh falts inl! rhc 

Ravi a little abov. Ios Brids€ wnih B.in drcr l:lts downlr.m of J!$ei bndg. .bout 

59 n'l.l non Mldlopu "N&ir Annd .nd chuLn Cbrudhry 0 988) . 

India nd now tull s.icr rishtr .ccordhg to Indus Wor.r Trsty of l9(O and hs 

@g.d to dtvcn .ll its bG now rnd coFruorilg ! doD at Th.iD. t6 nit6 DDctqo of 

Madhopu .r\lair Annad dd Otulam Cnaudhry ( 1988),,, SiM. 1939, rh. onptct. nood 

nor inio Plnsnn duing July rd August ns hqr int€rc.pr.d, sloEd rnd used in India. 

Th€ sdilnr of lildy 16 @nFis {rdiMndy sitg r@y ct.y, ctry .{t $ld 

dd lic ovd lhc buried rcck ofthe Indion cmron of E {dbnm !g.. Tie oulciops or 

Eo4dbrirn Ctuor e p'!at in S.lgod!! aid Chinior .@ 6 Kim {d S.rgk Hitb. 

-ft. LMA hls sn Gi& 25) QuaMry g.ol€idl uDils "SlEith & Sh.itl (20031. . 

The tihN Mehotolilj! A6 (LMA) is ! D.n of Uppq lndus ptaitr od lies 

m'nly on ss|-m side and p.rdy d *6rem sid. of rb. tuvi Rjm. k co,priss SiXy 

Les bil of L.E Pleistoo.De in .gc .Atntar.Dd Sh.ikl (1996),,. The flood ptdB 

dlpo.ie of $. Rwi xjw e slbrear b RcEr in .g., "shdr 0974 . llk dzrins of silty 

res n 1,6 millid mD (m r) audin! to ,.Hdt nd d d. (198?)". A}ih@, Sheih md ShrI 

dso cmLql Chue Fmtion wilh sily clay d.posib. 

Trr ciry of ljle ir cl)lfu.ld oG rhc dir r@ of kvi xlvd. iiicl tt@. 

h. 3w.s1vc pcnods of upm dsisrurcd s shrliru rrc, Moang r.me md cutshb_ 

Rlvi tu. E:.h rrc i s.Frc{t 6s rf,e $6iw t@ by . shoul,.ter st jch cr t 

iidrifi.d i, $. lhigEpdic setion in rb. .a Fou mi' ttuvirl f!cj6 cd b. Bogliz.d i.._

t 

,_".ff 

J. 

N 

.+, 

Y 

FIGIJRE 24 L@ATION OF RAVI RIVER WrTi ITS MOUTH IN IHE PAN,'AL RANGE \IITH 

R€FRSNCE TO PHYSIOGRAPHIC AND HYDROLOGIC TAITS MAP 

S.E :H@ Eiei@iry C@!dV l@Mio@j, l'lr't 

E 

E 

a 

LEG'ND 

L. 

E 

6

maluE p6L@6ol dodsil!, ovq b.nk nood plain dcposils, poi.t-bBr ch.ml dcpdils, and 

ch.ml d.F6it 'H!y!l .t .1. (2000f. fte 3EirisBphic eq!c@ of Qut nary 

s.dilMll of rh. LMA ir 8iwn in rh. T.bl. Na 6. 

TABLE No. 6 

TED DESCRIPfiON OT QUATETNATY SEDIMENTS EXPOSED IN TIII LMA 

Youen Flood P|.D D.!.6i8 

Old.r Flo.d Pl.in D€posis 

* r,6 s (Atre. Errhrd .t .[ 1982) 

Tdle 6 ncntim QuEory $diD6l! i.. ot&r &, t!@gd s.qFG. 

5.2.1 Qud.rI ry Geolosicrl Ulltt 

5,2-r.r Srlry Less lhporits (sfty crry, dry.!d cilt) 

.sh.llm cl al. ( I975)" dcsorih€d this tylc of unn of Qqrnary s€diftni. in rhe 

Windsq @ ol Colo$do in lt U.S.A. s (hc lilty les Tlis Adlid sil. fdnFd d€ 

|nicr dcpGits of jos thd @de rh. hndsp. .nn odbuE 0o thc bund of pE- 

A@liu 3il rd inc eld 0a$) d.!Nii.d bt wiid @ioD fion lood ptri6 

.Dd walh.rd b€&ak John(1981)" 

"Rend.ll 09$, p,392f 6nh.r dren rhd tlle lilty lcs cmpri$ 3.dinqtr 

rvng6 7l-74 pa@r sill-sire.rd 15-16 p46t cl|y,size diari.l fd h.r l,rt8 

f 

tt7

p€&..t cdciM cdbon.te, Mimsl oomDosirion is pEdodiMrly qu!r12, but sbordinrre 

MoDnli of f.ldlPr md chy ninedl! e prml och a r.olini& dd illirc. 

lt8

"1 

a Dr !!l 

i. 

* 

fot 0z3l *, 

\$i!^/-jL_ 

xp 

.il 

i( , 

rtl,+ 

\ru 

QIJAIhR\ RY (il.Ol.(Xit( Al. MAt ()t,11llt t. t()Rt M| (OpOt I tAN ARtiA 

PRtSI NTSII r)\ 

aa I ,\,R, id,.N,11{v.,,\ 

Lrl i,lr'"il 

i;r 

\ i \1:R, !,,r{\ 

I .,- 

\3- 

F, 

f "^. ", 

; 

I

Th. fine nircd tusnas in lcs @ in lh. rang. of0.0l b 0.06 nillid.Ls 

(0.0004 !o 0.002ir irn) in dirmt r "Monlsdery (195) . 

120 

Th. aulhtr i.c. "Sheikn @003)' c,xpbiDcd tbe Qutemry S.olosicll eninS of 

rjnoE M.ropolii.n Ad in P.ri$!n r()|ml of Envimtul S.i@ Vol, I No,l. 

2003. Tt dq$iplion ofQulln ry galo$/ is h.cwi.h. 

ftc Silly Les Dcpolirs @npde doEimtly silt silly clsy rnd niror !.nd-(Fig, 

25) The colot or rilty clay and clay t *Irki brcM 10 yclld bDwn, fm in rxnft .nd 

tlsric in Mh|e. t hs inieMl im of lilr dd sd ai My pl@. Thn urir is divisibt 

i o No p.ir i' th. LMA. Tnis uil is wll .xpoed in l(rra Shln K.h, Fibry.r., 

Missr', ChiJr No,42, ed Sh6.q!u (tDrd l@din.s on nghl hnk of rhe Rli Riv.r. 

wltile d th. Lft b.nt of R.vi RiEr, rhis uir hf *ll 6p.suc of Snt Les h Ttulh. 

Dhriwa4 Bh6ii, Dogra, Dial w!gh!, Nlwrr, Biidpu, Kol rslmpur, Hudidd. Hallotc, 

D.vn RG4 Shld M.a J.il R@4 Outba& Mod.t Towtl cn n&r K,L. .!d K.hn 

It upF Fn n do Mdy 3ilrr cLy .(t cLy of bbM llDki cotq, thict 

bedded, hlvi.g oinor sdty lat!6 ynh klntec Thi tiycr G und.il.in by bord haki 

blld 3ilIy clay od foms lo, rde hlvirs totd i! rhe ad. Siriy ra$ dte ! 

si* ofl.tues nrvine gdll. sloFs ro*lrds dolt h sid. ofde R.vi tuE 

TlE lov.r p.!r is @Dped of .ilr oDd .itq ctry wid jrt ut,ti@ or cr.y &d 

lilty clay/snd. IrEe bcd! .E liltle hdd.. .nd conpelod Esistirc ro csio. .nd .xlad 

h.narh dE r.ft6 6 sdd lom t m6 .Sh.ilh & StFiDr (2003). . 

'Ih. Iidologic.l lo8 ol dF b.E hot6 !r Niu B.g Toktlr uD lo a dcptll of t3O0 

f-r !d Mo&i ToM u9 !o. d€prh of 825 f*t my bc hkcn $ t ?. rols ot tb. wA 

([ig, 26). Ihe s.dinmls hrw deposiEq by p@lcDr and old slram (rihtid6) of rlE 

IDda Rild durinS Pldncrc D€.iodJ, r, edd!@ with jls node of deFsitio. by 

l4se sf..m in coGlrndy shiftirs ch.mtq th. ltluvi.t conpLr is h€tereS.@N -d 

llE .nuvi.l @mpl.x Mpris.t nE b n diu gEir.{r $ t, sjlr iRr cray. Th. 

6.m somutu€d! are qud4 nusvit , biorii. lnd chtdiE i. r$4irrion wirt sdll 

P.'wL8. of tav oindb (NrsPAK t991).

5.2.r, Mcuder B.li Depostb of.rcidt stftrD (silty clry- loany cl.y) 

Th. Ms.dd Bclt D€p.6its of dciflr coue conpds donimdy 5il9 cLy 

lm in r.xturc (Fis. 25). The color of l@y cl.y dd cby is l}l.U brom sd left is 

inte6l{.d *j$ snd ud 3ilt Cby.y fihrid b! Lnt G duc b pl@e of elc.l!@ 

ch&crenstica .nd elt.@tari@ i! pFsnt in lh. DpF part vhiL low pd i! 3ilty 

.lay ld lon, Chml.filliDss, chy-fiUin$ od chy plusgins of ooiat slEms m b.st 

.rmpLs of lhis Dnil t '.1i5 kll qpoed jn nonb.m od mrh.n pnE orrhe R vi Riwr 

i... Mubr*pur, Ch.l No,4 |, Pindi Da!, Misio K.lu 6 rieh blnt vhne Basb.rp@, 

Shalinar Cardea Cuja Srmo, Ch.uburji, Fmzpur Rord, Mult n R@4 New Muslin 

TM, Now Clrd€D Tom, Thetlu, {Iig, 25) Bh.pdi&, MdDul lnd PdIEM on E 

lclt blnl or Rlvi Rird, SrDd is lm g a blinS 8niN of f.l&p&, qual' lDd mi€ 

5.2.13 Older nood Pl.h Deposlar (slt, llay cl.y/ro.m cl.y) 

nE Oftl€' Flood Pl.in Depci!! cohptie silr, silly clay Dd lody ctnr Gj& 25). 

'Ihey ae doveloFd I b.ck mmD dcDosils, cul-fillin$ .nd cur{fr nandd rnd 

oxbo$ .long oood chenal d.po!ii! of rh. Rivi Riv.i lle pE*E or dlq cby in lne 

Olrtd Flood Phil D.F!i!s indiFLi &posilion of old chl4l.fill &posils. Thee 

d.posits rle hlv€ firc io nediu gdimd srd al plac.s, .nd .F undertrin by srl1 

etunsblion,ltis uili. well qp.sd in cbrt No. 21, Dhinga4 Pindi Ds, Qii $nar 

Snafi, Ch.l No.l2, Bl..inwlh Krld, Msidl|i., ChdDi A*e lnl bb6&. 

5.2.1,4 Yourger Flood Phh D.poritr (scdd, stlty srrd/ sllr torD) 

Yourger Flood Plrir Deposib e fomEd in thin v€ne! ol clny wi.h tirc 10 

mediu sEin erd, lilr i , snry lom s aielty (Fi& 25). Th. n vi Rivd bls 

fte$&rcd ov€r to resp{tiw .ous in o&ly R(nr Titu .nd d@3 tul obliteEL rh. otd 

leltuH such a chlmlfrlli,8, nddd eu:, leve.s. IXis unit h.! sood exposurcs in 

Sbrr@u, M&n*da Blb.rv chei Krta X!Dl, Klblr, S.dta l(!ha B.bu Srbu, 

Hinj@al, Ni.z B€8 Tolbr, sh.hpur, .n

NIAZ BBG 

BORE HOLE 

DATA 

MODELTOWN 

FIGURE 26 SUBSURFACE CBOL,OGICA]- SECTTONS OF NIAZ BEC 

AND MODEL TOWN LAHORT. (So|@ : WAIDA) 

L:-l 

m 

= 

II(tsND 

tllii:l rm 

ffi,.* 

ffi 

ffi 

= 

ln

5.2.1.5 Merder B€lt Phln Deportb (s!nd, silty s.nd) 

Thc Mo!trdd B€h D€p6iE @ d.rclopcd froD Flaliwly nmw are ilMs the 

b.nk, two !o lhE rnotrEs *id., ch|*r.dad by b{s, swllca, cut{tttrBld6 ard 

dbo* (Fi& 25)- 116€ d€pcsili cmpn& iF ro ncdiu sEin $!d *ith hid p@r.r3 

of lMy cl.y ir ln. fom of cl.y ch.@l.fillirgr Th. lMliti6 ot thi! sit .F Sbah&i!. 

Khudplr, Mahnnl S.$irn lnd Kol Jcst!|. 

5.2.1.6 Rlve.b€d ad Sitrd Brr (i.Dd ard sudy Bilt) 

Th. Riv.$€d sd srnd Brr of R vi tuvd n c@posd of uMMlidlted en4 

sndy lill .Dd lsny cky/cLy (Fis. 25) drt i. subj@Ld to tzs?drllion ofs.dine!6 by 

riw mLr *n yar. T1E clml ol dF Bwi Fjvd is vilhoul rtg.$tion tbar b.3 

co.nmd io pcsr cb,ml of 0E R.vi Ri4i EIFed thicbs of $is unit t u4[|y 

ihe lo fiv. n.i.r. ir rh. LMA, sh.i6 .l !1. (200D" & "sh.i*n & sh.itn G003)". 

5.3 Coniiruction Mat rl.l R.rourc$ rd Mlnrgcmcnl 

5.3.1 lotroductior 

Mtunl l!$lG of dE r,lFc Mcllolonlrn AE e @Ntuclion etairl 

@e6, ut{ e$uG, .E4t Esuls s.d mi@l lMuM. Tb. oGlrualim 

M&.i!l @@.5 of rh. LMA e brtd, snq .nd snry clay of Hdom !s.'z.ti 

Annad (1969) . fte k nker is u!.d fd ligll .ggr€sst, md snd is B.d boih lor 14, 

ag8ft8at! rnd nftr, whils sily clay is for bricts, ril6 cnd poit ry, All ol lheF eardr 

Esulg of the LMA havc lNs! Ew.6 dst hrv€ b.d hcrvily ued. MaF of dF 

cffirructior tuierill Fs.ne!, t n&r t!.@, ed @ec ad lihy clry lsue 

hrE t6 prpdld nd @ !ci!8 D|wnLd 

r2, 

6rsr tioe h.Ew n 'Sn Ln 4 $.il} 

(2001)". Iri Gr@E is'sb.ib & Sh.fi (206)" n. Fn ofdsi.s 3nd lne dF 

pr.sr.d liRr .i@ h.Ewirh. 

In pdlcnl sludn the .b!tl6ct or th. RoL of costuction n.t !i.l @sm.s rd 

su66imbl. d.wlopn.n ol L3hoE crl) P.lis@ wd ac..pEd ! pubushen on l2d 

IntemrioNl C@losiod Cdsss, .t FIom. ITAIY 2004 6 wcll E in lhe abstet 

vol@ .t td P.lirlln Galogiql ConSrss, Isboabod PAKISTAN 2(xX. Tn sumoly 

Th. M.hDolih As of ljhoE Cily iE tie ssd hrB.st city of Pltist ! !n . 

kruhi, Ir hB col@l I!w.s ol slunl Esrc6 i&lud.g w.i.r Dd coslructioD

mtai.l lwul6- TIE FL of cdllcrid nE i.l lre md avillm.nt in 

suslainrblc d.velopmoDt ot ses! cni6 h6 b@omc wry vital. Th. susllimbilily or 

comloclion m.criib lor Drbonizltior of bhorc city has b.oD qeuEd ltuour' 

irre3d.d rludy iD lh. fom ol fiE mrF. Tle spid qnedor of end snv.l lnd silty 

clir c dctdioaliDs 0F ffi of dr.* comoditiB ,nd 16 ben !fi*rin8 

wlnedbility of utuml cDviomeri nc pap€r has ben $nmdzcd in lh€ lofr of five 

Thce e 6 ud6: 

I QDalcniry 96109)l mp, 

II. N.nrBl lsN6 pohi.l mp. 

IIL S.nd au$ po&nrid nrp. 

N, knter lsue poLniirl n.p 

V. Siliy clay sso@e por.ntid tup. 

Sy h.sis of &t film lbe m!6 v@ld .ftli@te dE ulility of 6is st ft fd 

Drbdi,Aior of bnor M.llpolilln City, It wodd b. bcrcncial b Bov.lmdt a w.ll a. 

Dnva& a8lMies. Tnb apprcrcn i d .piionize for utili9 oI msEuclion mLdlls fot 

li-a5t@tucs of LMA .!d oth€r D.s! citi6 of Solrh asiu C@nni6 6 sll $ 

dewlopiDs @urii6 Sn ikn & sheikn P004I . T1E corEriuotim m.iorial E$urc* dd 

nlmseoer! paper wls .ccepred .nd published in P.Lisran tounal of Enyirenrdhl 

s.itu. vol. 3. No. L2m3i th. {teedptior oflb! plFr n .nclos.d h.Ewilh. IIE F.snt 

ltrdy lbo E nh Rsur6 s CoNEucri@ Mltqiel ha ber und.tt l@ (Fis. 2?), 

ftc nost inpono ooDsDclioD m end Esou@s in tne LMA aE end, IoDk€r 

rnd silry cl.y wirh $cn o.pr hay. b€.n F.FEd. Tnca cornnoditi.! hw€ $b.r.ntil 

Effi od h!rc b*n llsdy hayily qploit d. 

5.3.2 Krrker 

K{rc. h* b€n $.d in lidr 83lEgrE 'nd in n8orry .nd ndirg of bcildinF. 

It @ so ue

(Fie.28). 

&.!€r p.tti .!d &pdir3 it io th. top &il in ltE fm (PI-ATE 12) of 

.od!r6 d k[rd. Th. rirt r @t. po€ltid flp i. shM h!wi6 

125

F'crIRE r? coNsTis$i-}ififfil#,scffifroFr1{ElaHorr 

w EI 

= 

E V] 

E1 

\

533 SaDd 

Sdd is used for noitlr tt weu 6 for lislt aggEEEl€. Th.le@ modr is u*d 'n 

building indusny to dno@ . mntue ofDtlr.l snd or othcr fim a$E3ole and bitdtng 

.s@6 ued for joindnB .td rs ! .urf.co E d.rins m.ional. 

Followins rE d. roin suM! of snd in lhe LMA: 

Riv.rb.d .Dd Sand Btc 

Mandd Belt Drposill 

Youn8a flood Pl.in D.porib 

oldcr nood Plain D.losib 

Mand.r B.lt D.p6irs ofeidl si.@ 

LG$ Phin Dep6its 

For sdnl Fdpose tri is qadied id iiv.th.ds' IMnLr bell3 'd )snss 

0oo{t plais. Th€ tivdb.ds, add.ring h.l! flood pritu of tuvi tuYd condt tuse 

E$p6 ol sd shich n mitod undet liceM non tte Gol.lmnt of Pujab, Miftr rnd 

MineEk D€pdtnol. The lftal populalion also .xdacll ,and ior locol e tit 

cd!tulion puaos.s. Fo' rhis purpos, $nd pil! hw ldsd bv MiB lnd Mindls 

LtFnfd( Covd6.in of Anjab, b.rc b.a Ploticd d lh€ nEp (Fb 29) Th' srp 

(Fis. 29) hN pEpodd atd tulo€.d in th. pcl€t of d*sis Tl'e bddrc ffica or sd 

in tn. R.vi tuu lo dcPlh of c8 mtas d €dtut d io b€ 37 nillion ro&t 8 m u 

Tibl. No.7 md sand poc iil mp ofkvi Rivq (Fi& 10) 

B.lLi sxl b b.rty &!Bnd in llF LMA for @ in costuctio ol infia{tutuE 

for buildinss, @&, dnim!!3, bridg6 and nou*3 Tt @p of "Sand Blals i' 

.ncloed in lhe Fcter oflh6is ofT.ble 7. 

t21

q*o4* 

f.$ 

s: 

FIGTJRE 28 KAN(€R RESOURCE POTENTIAL MAP OF THE LAI'OR€ 

MSIROPOLIIAN AREA PRESENI STUDY 

r-a-t 

E 

= 

V' 

Et-v 

+ 

,1, 

t 

124

N,ATI.T2 

rANXB STCIION AT KOT IA]SPAT ATIA 

r29

Ttq,TB 30 SATiDT&IOT'TCEKTAiIIALMAPO TAUIIVBT,q'IIIEIJIFflB 

MEnIDOLIIAI{rIR&! FRSSBNT STUDY 

I 

= 

rAD|D 

a** 

.e@Jrh!rfrE|ds 

N 

Y. 

ndrrtdarDtlllsruor*so 

l!0

TABLE No 7 

SAND RESf,RI'ES OF S ND BTOCXSVPTTS OF RAVI RIWR IN TIIE LMA 

B.l 1000 x 1000 8 2_61 60.31 

4.2 3 7,_61 4t t6 

B-3 2.61 52_!) 

B-4 800 r 1200 3 2.61 

B-5 l0O0 r l20O 3 l.6l 25.05 

8,6 2_61 

8.1 9000 x 1000 2_61 109.62 

B-8 6 7_61 

B-9 2000 r 1500 2_61 

s-10 l80Ox ll00 2_61 11.17 

B.l I 5500 x I100 6 2_61 86.rJ 

B.12 2_61 

B.t3 2('00 x 1200 2_61 t9.46 

B-t4 2_61 117.45 

B-15 2.61 

B-16 2200 x 1500 2.61 6!.0r 

B.l? 2_61 82_21 

BJ3 2.61 56.31 

a-r9 7000 x I100 261 I20.53 

B-20 261 

B.2l 8500 x 55o 2.61 

B-22 3000 x 650 3 261 103.35 

B-21 2.61 137.30 

B-24 8 2.61 

B-25 3 2.61 43.33 

lll

B-26 2500 x 7{X) 8 2.61 

B-27 8 2.61 10963 

B-28 5000 r 2000 8 2.61 203.30 

B-29 5000 r 2000 8 2.61 130.50 

B-30 8 2.61 25055 

B.lt 3 2_61 

s-t2 3 2.61 

B.tl 8 2.6r 5637 

B-.t4 2l)O0 r ,O0O 2.61 

B-t5 2_61 8J.52 

s.J6 JJ00 r 1500 2.61 

2.61 r02.ll 

B.3E 3 2.61 41.69 

B-39 1800x l8()0 3 2.61 61.65 

840 3 2.61 &.91 

B{l 8 2.61 5l.lt 

842 8 2.61 

B4l 8 2.61 t61.55 

3 2.61 2t9.21 

845 .2200 x 1000 8 2.61 

8-16 3 2.61 56.17 

841 10000 x 1000 8 2.6r 78.10 

B-48 3 2,61 167.03 

a"!9 8 2.61 146_13 

B-50 10000 r 800 3 2.61 t61_4r 

B'51 10000 x t50 8 2.61 4_85 

l12

5J.4 Mort r 

A Dor$r a€ u*d fd de bcddins ddjoinnng olbuildirg uniE s.h $ briclc oDd 

bldti (nasry) .nd al$ w.s u*d for cu.fa@ 6ni!l$ E t rins, Pl$Lrin8 b b€i,8 

usd fd inre l foib.q *hil$ lt6r sed Ef6 !o $T€s of Feulii4d n@r srf@c 

io whi.h ! finishcs *r nly b. lpplied "collisl dd fox (1935) 

" NttuBl end ecordins 

b Bntish slon'ldd! rns!t!r. BS 332 (1983) s !&d rd lm ag8Eslt Esltns aom 

dE moBl disiDiosElioD of Ets lti! @ug.toutrds in d& LMA it th. sd pils tt 

nerdenng b.lt of the R.vi tuver. Sand is t€ins exc.v .d fbn dE$ sind pib of th. 

Rlvi Rivd. Th. din c$ti.)dts ol $nd e qurlz ad f.l&r.t It a olto $€n in its 

mtu6l fom or p@e$ed by &@in!, rutiry &d clairyiD8. Sand navif,g Lh€ najor 

corsdue.t is qun - hr ry vdirtiN in ils qutlity w nav. o coGiddblc efiect on 

rh. proFni6 of tte @lting notu'sh€ib & Shcib e003)". B.sy (1966) 

nentio&d thtt {E nlin f.cioE !ff.clins fic quali.y rhal m 6 udcr: 

o Av@ge p.rlicL 3iz€ 

o Tlr. tugp oflqi'clc! i2 

o TlE paiticl€ shipc 

o Inpuiti*, !.fiicuLrly dE cby coDbnt 

By plotring panicld sia lini$ aor snds lMmendcd for Cpndl purPoso 

moriils dd Einfo@n brictwork $ 8iv.n in "BS 1200 (1995)". "Swrllow 

133 

( 1964) nocd 

rtat tlF linn5 *r for ln. gndil8 of end e ft ioo wid. whd corD.ad wiih rhi6 

6chcnc of mdian partiolc sie rnd i.nd.d d.Yiltion, Pdicle 8iz. IiniE ld snd e 

Econbaded for gp*El prQos nons d'd Einf@.d bdcl *ort 6 giwn in Bs 

I200 (19?)', dF F$lrs & a ude. 

!|trpo* 

GRte siz vrrialior for nonlB sfeed io BS l20o snding for sdr ror geftral 

rDd EirfuEcd norL6 & 6 ud.r:. 

Fir. rlar.ge (uo (Bs I200,I997): 

M.Enal b b. usd for conoEting

L184.75 

0.Gl.l3 

0,3{,6 

(ACI2ll,9l 0997) 

r9-2n 

12.519_0 

9,5-12.5 

30 

25 

30 

30 

35 

25 

Ttk bbl. hd ils om layoul. 

l5 

M.l€rirl ro b. q!.d for comEling 

Pmcl. lhF rnd surf.@ ktuF, *hilst 6ily as.n in d for c@ aggt8'L, 

e n@ dimcu! t(l &r.min fq 6nd SDin d panicl6 MicEsopic study will show 

particlc shrp. (&ch r 6uded lrd .nguld) but ihc lurle l.rot (it., glt59 $@lh 

etc.) 6 d.fincd in Bs 312 (19?5) my tul bc & sy io &sribc Nin@l wd! h.v. 

bul}der, ffiolh.r pinicles rtan 'nlf.clurd snds, 

t..onlid.dng ln. quliry ofstuh,'Bs tl93 and ll99 0976)" indiete dDl 

sards shdl c6i!t ofdnel erd, cdh.d SDwl etrd. They ddl b. h6d dubL, d{ 

lDd ie fioD .dhaat @rin85 such 6 cl.y, !d ftd dy .t?@i!ble mNt of cbt in 

p€nd fom. Gndin8 of sads fd toni.ulr E (@odin8 to BS ll93 .nd 1199) .E 

deicminod by si.e am!*. Th.6iEs used b€ins s follow: 5 00m'l. 2.16f,h, 

Ll3m, 60oun, 100tn, l50tm, th.t e cljMdy used for msonry, prasEnng oDd 

ThcE .E lo'g ben codnE{t wit[ inpunns in building sds Britiln 

stcr.ldds ll98 .nd ll99 (19?6) lll Efer lo lh€ posibL @ures oI lufttul 

mitedak su.h s ion ptrLs, slt, c@l or o4enic nnpuritid niot, sh,l€ and linillr 

loi@t d ml.rials or flaty or elonglt d p.nicles. 

20 

20 

l5 

t0 

t34 

Pritr to tlE wision of Bs 812 in 1975, tbe ptts€e of ognic iopuili* wa 

assBs€d by lsinS q!.lic soda.ftthod of ehicb w$ quiclg sinplc dd wid.ly u.d Al 

pEssrr td, ih.E i. n.d fd a roE srisf&bry hed of.LLding ll'e q@ti$tiv. 

efals ofprdlB i. snd for bDildin8 moitau.

Mie is cmsid.Ed a r dcl.i.riou tul.rial &cordin8lo BS 312 (1975) md ltl 

wncn uled ir E ldiDs ir cm pbvi& ! v.ry .cc.pbbl€ sp.rkl€. In mlrudd 

'n 

LMA wh€€ n ha ben !&4 thc qutity pEst in ruh ni,G do€s rct ar!.a! io htv. 

cau$dpFblm w6$tFt (1980) , 

ft€ @ of.Drs6 gld ir LMA h! m norisblc cfet oo ltE dumbility of d. 

filis[ed w*. In Mc orctg countid uo6l nio@u sa.dr !5ed i, prodoclion of 

nortrr for nasofly mr* @ l@m b n vc givd lie !o . nmber of prcbld! rrch u 

poor sodCrb p@r boDd, dd p@sny of nott a; for ffide dDt EDori.n ty F@Lcr 

and Rivie (1982)' in astem Napll, Tcsts caicd oll to dekmine oplimm nix.s for ! 

sies ol nic! contlrts in sd confomins 10 ! fire BS de 2/are 4 sndins si.G 

2-6% 

Tb* nna g.rc dE 43ie innnl ftnslh rln todilg p.oFrii6 for lq sndc 

norrd. Mi6 irclw tlE urc quftftnt of dE norir. Equilltld of ln l|funt 

.nd fii G ibolghr !o b. d@ ro w.r.r.beatio t kinS pkE by rne nio crysr,b in 3 

*!ys "F@ker & Rcvi. (1932)". 

Mix 

o Ab$ption bltwen dF abnic litrE of thc crt€hls 

o Ab$pdon on tho surf.c. of rhc cl)4Ll.l.ym 

o Additioml ab$rplion by rh. patu oforysLls (e,s, Biotite ro Cl oril€) 

In plistering, rcndaiDg r sinil.r woil lh. pe&me of $lubl€ slB i. dc*.iv. 

q!.ntiti6 is lik ly b innudc. ih. moEn.nl of wal€r within lll€ natenars. 

A bjs!tr linit for crulEd @t fiF itr 'BS 882 (1983I'Eflars dF rrlically 

c@ dEdre. of rhcs fE th.t linits ds NimDn lo 7% povid.d |I. fiM MLr 

mislsofdE"dudof filctrs'wirhchyq3t lcb.in8Md.ny.b* .Oidu,ni! 

geenlV n@ pddcnr to asure d|r dF prtu ol cLys, sir ed olhq firly divid.d 

Mteriak aa por.ntialv dcFinaitl lo $rgl\ dunbilily rd 61 unr6 n nu4 b. 16 

lhs7107.itrdFa33&8rL"r,{.tlle(l98l). 

3rl 

2tl 

ll5 

lh.

5J.5 T'".l ofDortrn 

5.3.5.1 M$oDry (brick worl or g.mrrl purp6e) mort!$ 

To frdj@ a a bordiu Dl.ri.l fd bricr! or odEr Mnry ui$ m stlln8rn 

is rcesry, bul lhe norrar nusl als h. able io yield $trci.ndy b !@odo

53.6 Sftcrgth ofnonrr' 

53.6.1Ory.dcn tter 

Indn*t indiqti@ of hrfrtul orgeic iE,|nirid would t obrti!.d by 

@nt6hriw rMgrh .rd dinS rift ic!r., si!8 Gifid c|)mte d ndilr nn6. 

Howd, st Pla€du6 d rely irclud.d in Dulim lgcegare ess|@l pbgM 

nnr.s d. sinple old 6r "ASTM (l9l-92) h$.lrady indi€icd a lcsiblc d8.tric 

impunly. Orsoic moedrl oust bc lcs lhr. 0.2% in lhe lotur th,l is being !..d in 

coretuction in Ldr@ CitY. 

5.3.6.2 Mic. 

Mi@ nost comnmly in lh. fom of Mulcovit or biotil€ od Elotively oonnon 

conpoert is end of uE Rrvi Rivo .i . ErDft ol h.yin8 b..n EL$ed non rh. poml 

mk. Ih. min .fi.d dEn p@cc is b inctle th. wr.r denard of @ncEtc moilr 

(9.3.4.), uslly wid adw .trelJ or ellt d 6rcEt poFiti€s suh 6 stdgh .nd 

dnbilily (Lew&, 1963) Nciftr Brithh SLld.td (BS 882, 1933) tu'ASTM O93l_ 

82)' +eifis limiE for di$Elc niq in rh. .ssPe!l.. Bul . n4inm dred or l% 

nid ba ba oggestd hr @ .u0FB f6 6& |ggEgr1|'Kea (1979) a'sbirl.y, 

(1931)". Ssd ofR.vi tuM brs rus. of I % nic! Lnt tiwt lh.t is heils u€d ia horor 

5.3.63 water rb6orpdor 

warer ob$rDlion is e i.diEol 'l@N of lhc Fm.lbilily ol& asepsti. tbtl in 

tun co &bE to olh€r thydical tep.ni.5 Mn s non!.ical snEnsd\ 8ll;nli8., 

sudrcs a to its ss@l durabilily polcntial. T1E nirinm lDlE ofwLr absrptiot 

wlue vlri€s 0.704,80% 8nd tuxinur vilD. Mses 6on 2.7-1.5% for a@eplable 

accEerte thai is h€ins usd in tbo LMA. wlt r rbsoation has followiDs vllu€s for 

% 

131

53.7 Stlty t ..r brlck clry 

53,t 1 Sour. 

Tt silty !6 cLy !..d fd aliiS brict h!. ttict bl&ld ofwiid d.?..iEd 

dd tt r h.. &tLd ."d u@uLlcd o€ ddr rof y4.!rt.06rdrof |[. 

rrnd! M.tr?olib! AE. It i. wltly qF..d."d 6vw.h.ot 6G?i, FMt ol dE 

!or.l G .!n @Drna .i[y cLy' rih .rd Eim eid, TIF silry cLy porddrl d4 ls 

h6 pEFld (Fi& l!). Edcb Fod&lid i, 12 oilli@ oq {E lif. of lit G ir 

dariodd .tur dn 6ir vi6 olE of Brnt (iba Bri.I (ib. of Bu*i, khr!' 

Chulg. Sh.lqE.!d W.g!. loq|ni. c 6s.n6 th brs coopo.irid of rift dn 

53,7.2 Chy pL 

lta! L D $ld for &guhiDS d LuiDg n|ry ls cly pit . Wh.!!q dlty 

l@ cty d.tdiL e otrFian lri g@d ii q!.lity, l|ic o*c of th. Lnd dig. . Dn .t'd 

cd!E$. ttrict tjh E$h lih rn l[. rdldilg cLt pi!. @4py d .E of oor 

I0,OOO nt wbl.4h o?.ilid h...vE!g. FldEtid lif. of.bd l0 y{. Brict e 

Fo

:_ - -.-' 

._._._'J 

NGI)'RE 3I SII;IY CTNY RFSOURCE POTENTIAL MAP OF THE i'{HORE METROPOLITAN 

PRESENT STUDY 

L=l 

m 

= 

^RTA 

E 

V] 

t 

l]9

5.3.?.4 Typ6 of b.tck 

Arl dt8irg oI silly chy piL aql @lding, .[cti.g ..d friDs ofhrick @ qri.d 

st by nan- Tbe Mb6 ol lils i s Ltg. ed d.ir FodDa@ ! $6oie!t fd th. 

sbrurid Eqri|mars ol tt L.noF M.tlpolib! AF (LMA).6ffiUx r*! siz6 of 

biicts N @ufr.tue.L For w.lls, dE bricl tiz. is 22 6ti!.teB r ll@!tid.!.n 

*.tti,a .!.ot 2.5 tilor,@. Fd eilin3, lh. bticl 3iz€ is 25 corimI.rs x 30 

cntiEt iE reiehins.tdt 3 tjlost@ 'Sh.it]|.trl. (l9l)- 

Tn€E e two sia of lDeill bricl lh.t c alL{t \]utt!" which e ud fd 

rtecmrid of buildin$. Fo! w6llq th. Gutk 3ia ir 25 cenn@te6 x ll6iiGc6, .nd 

2loentineteE x tcenlimotcE $.1w.id 2 Elognns. ror milil8; 60 brict sia is 15 

oqtinetes x 25 mlinel€B, w.iShiDg lboul 2,5-3 ldlor@s in the LohoE Meltlpolitb 

AF.. 

53.7.5 Brick ldb 

Ih@ t b tgll.ling rysLm lor bick tilns oDqdion in dle tds! Mellpoliib 

A@ Atout 257 brict hltE .E ethd in .'U of IjhE cig whE r!. silly cl.y i. 

e*'ei.llr 6E ard ich h qu.lity. Th. lo.rliN of bdct lilDs re li$al ir lh. LbL No. 

3lb.r FrdG liglirF t qutilid of brict fd lMA. NMbd of Briok Kih ii dddy 

entie.d .Dd rt ir prcdldid oa bricb ir om Dillid F clcl.. Bricr Kibs G .my 

fion t,noF D€Elopmnt Auihodty |lw. 8Dt o.jdity of rn$ e slighdy.my n@ 

TABLE No 8 

NUMBER OF BRIC( KILNS OTERATING IN MAJOR SITTY CI-AY MINTNG 

AREAS IN TIIE IMA 

2l 2l 

t7 

21 ll 

3l 23 

t7 25 

2l 20 

140

h 

titO\tr Bl\rh.\vtkt lko-lPRlllllltl nRlr rkll \

5.3.7.6 Sourc. ofemrs/ 

Prcslly, brick kilm !E 6Ei with 6lDEl 34. Cs lat6 twenty iwo &yB fot 

b.kin8 of bdck for Drcduolion cyoL. Tftdiliondly, noweveq bnck kilro (PLATEn lA) 

ar. 6rtd ab! * , suLbitnni@ls corl, lilck d lo dE I-MA iilm Qued! (Bduchisbn 

Prcvir@) .rd sindn. Een tui citri.! rbo 2G25 lores @l tnd 13-15 tsuck! @ 

'lquiEd fd plducton *h clrlc. E ch kib pEpffi abdt 275, 000 brict! i.c. I 

kitoSim ol c..l Fr brict'Brir KlB Asildon of knoF City (2000) . About 310, 

OOO roc of dl e 6r.d F rd in dt tt@ M.iroD.liro! Au fo. bricl ptodEdo 

'Sh.ib, & sb.itn (2003)'. 

53.?,7 Ut lty ofabrdoocd chy plLr 

Tle land ofchy plB i. not ioblly l@l io olher puposs. Tne ab0Ddoncd silty clay 

pits s@ os.d fm ftsid.ntid u5e i,.. Johrr Tom, md Allam lqbll To*tr. Th.F .E 

loc.lilies whee r nunb€r of brick lrlN v@ pE@l in I %71930 Now, lh.sc l@.lili.s 

hrv. bam. ci&ntial ou of !DA, B.sd€ $is, dF clay pib n.y h.. u!.d ror 

diqosl of $lid wa51e .Dd follow.d &qulidly by aErr€ulte, .gcloEctry !d 

dEdoBl Fd. @ in th. t hoE Mftpoliltn Aq Sb.I\ & sn h (2003)'. 

5.3.8 M$|.gcm.bt of colrir||ctlo! Er&dd. 

MMC!@!I of @6tu tion m.bills (t ntd, s.nd, sill &d silty chy) intly 

*ienti6. and olonar uirliz.tion wilh miniduo w$ie in oFn Dn ninj4 of krnlcr, sd 

and silry chy vith judicious ploDnitg to 8d lhe 'Win@ e or 0E cotstsuolion 

niteri6lteard Eotre. vrldiy6 0987)". Ihc otJl.r inporbnt &oioN e the re.d for 

r.stiction of opeD nining of *hlcr, snd outsido de D@deri4 and f,ood plaiB of lh€ 

R|ri Riv€r. Pffi{x brld ns han r@h€d by dluvial sBv€l !d ctuh.d lituston. 

Th. op.n ninirs of lh€ silty lB chy pit! dy b€ ceied or ddtt dE liDill of tll 

LhoE M€nqolila! AF. 

t. lh. LMA, pl€tt t rld ir ml utilizd fd @tuii6 wb.us {!d 

.onsunEd od Foduc€d by deDosition of QuGtEry sdindb i . ..nd &PGit d by 

floodwdcr of Rlvi Riwr durins no@D l.!s e&h ,s. Aboul 37 ndl!$ (0.5 

tilomcE of ldd Fr '€a. 

i6 consun.d for poduclion or brickt

53.9 Polhtror corarol 

Abour 310,0(x) iotra of cql F rr @ rls burDd i! LMA fd bricb 

podrction, Tnc dpholM h.t er.AIEllB) dir&d by tb. mry plibitirc hlM 

.td e@!din8.@ i.d inFndw i* for d.gndnion of d.6vibmc . 

h @ld h. idvirbL to incrll lmL .bdna! .t dt l.E ol bri.h Eb to tldE 

tlE Dut of loric 8|s *h a CO COr SO!, It 6ud h. Dd!!t ro Wotld tialtb 

oliEiad@.tud.nL.Ibi. m, qe d.tLli6 ofqtrsr haltt ba.d., d..lEtioo 

of fGq @rui6 ofm*tE url M@In b dF lr!.6leLt rolitb Ad. 

33.10 Conmrb 

L t h.€ M.tllolibn Aq h8 ot tltid Eew ol c@nr.td uLol 

E$||E io b. ur.

5.4 Hydrogeolog .rd Witer MrMgemtrt 

Mlry vo*eF hlvc dorc wort d w!i.r Esulg ol kbm M.lDpoliL! As 

(LMA). Ih. tub€ wens ner*oll of rh. LMA h6 to be contolled by the w.t r ed 

S.nitltion AsEncy (wAsA). wat.r rvailabiuty; waler qulity tup! md flow nod.l of 

undcrSourd wlEI nave beeD pEpamd in prest stody. 

5.4.1G.mrd 

LrnoE Melropolihn City (LMC) b spEd oM m @ or 2306 squG 

tjloBcct, @inry abns d'€ *t.td ponly on rh. wd of rhe lilvi Pjs. TIE LMC is 

San.mlly lllr !d sloF 1owad3 $rh $d sulnwd *ith d avds. @di.nr of abolt 

I:1,000 tilone&B crd is dnired by thc Plvi Rivd, ibe IdoE B6nch Caml and dE 

Bambawrl. R3vi B.die D.pllpur (BRBD) UIt Crul, 

'Ihc climic of rhe tlhor b Erical of lo*-lyiry inicrior of tho IndeP8ldsr.u 

Sub{onlinenl. ,um is lh. hofielt nonth *nh.v€ose l€mDeEture of40.3 'C, wh@.s 

l.Durry is dE cold.sl no h wirh av.Es! l€mD@tuE oI5,2'C. longr.m iwoSe 

.nnul p@ipil:ariM i. 615 millihccG of thll noE |nm 70 Flmt ac8 durine 

mons wn (Neaals 2004). 

5.4.2 Hyd.og@log/ 

L3hoE Melropolilan Aq iLMA) is a pan of tne wid€ fl@d pllin wilh the 

duvial dcposits of Qutemry rg.. Th. allDvi.l snd md silt oonniluio lhc aquifd 

n.tcrill, The iquifer is conpoed of urconsolidaled aluvid cmpGx fom.d by the 

conlmlolr@E fillins of a sDbsiding iolgh. In fore deep rdj.ccnt to th. ns'Ds 

Himhyd Egio6 llluvial conphr hs 8'v.n d& to m exle$ivc sdimntdy codpld 

ol mN thD 400 n len/lloor..t ir thictEs. tlE sdinqls h!v. d.posiLd by dt 

ta6r dd old ribfrid of ri. Ind$ tuw duri4 PLislm Fiod!. In @rd!c 

wi$ its bo

assirtid win . sdl Feolig. ol havy 6imls Sie @lysis dtti or L4! 

.ub.rof&ill hol6 6os wi@ p.rL ollh. @ h.e idic.r.d 6!l dE erd lG h y 

h spite of ncioos.@s dn& of.ltuv @plq of Stoudwater lh€ oquifer is 

hjslJy nlmi$ir with @fncilnt of Fidbiliry aging lion 17.2 10 ?3.4 dd d rh. 

b6is or aqnird 1*l' p.rfom.d in tht t!ho& ciry of LMA. The ldue or sp*i6c i.ld 

hs ba esliMted 6 tugin8 0.1 ro 0.25. Howcvcr, vllu.s &temin€d 6ougn N.ld 

noistu€ pobc in vdio6 tlrl' ollhc Punjlb phiro indiole [d'.r valu$ applicabL for 

lds- ted punDins, Aquifd lnder LMA is 6 Dan of aluvi.l deposils lrMsported by 

hibubries of Indus Rjvor, Tho Esional !rcundwrtr nowadt w.t iion ndh4110 

stnwest followins senehl !€rd! of {f&. wft! tow NesP.r ( l99l) . fte oquifd 

is higrny llmisirc and psrio.lly sl! Iik e lqlr rquitd. vtlue. of v{iou 

5.4J Aqurcr 

0.0842t 

Amrdiry ro 'Stlinolhh .dl Sh.ib (2000)" iqlifd unda bhm M€llopoliL! 

AH il r Fn of .lluvi.l daposil! lrorFri.d by the RlYi Riei Tb. Egiodl 

sDuldmtcr hd.lMt is liofr nonh4rl io sulhwGt followinS s. g.ndl lEndr of 

$Iface ,ater flom. Thc rqDifd is Umonfitud dld i! diviliblc inio snalbw atd d.€p 

5.4J.1 Sh8low rqdf.r 

'Ihc 8rcundwltd l.v.l undd hho& lqDif.r Enses, on !tag! 6on 13 lo 

4lne&'V60ll7f*t below ground l.v.l. CrcundMto wil llmin tne $urce of w er 

supply rd bhoE ruftl rErs in rhc ftd foturc, Clry ad silt fomaliom aN !s lalt6 

witn lniLd lateol .xcnr md thiclrc$ vdi.t 8trBlly hett@ l0-34nel€rl/]r- 

I l2f*i Tle *iinied 6jclr.5s ofdrllow 4uifd i! .bout l346meretg6+152f€i 

5.431 Dep iqdfer 

It D..p lquifd F nigDly m@idE a.d Fetielly d ljl€ "N liya 

aqricr ..d Mo.nr.n". T!. d..? .4uil6 i! . p.n of rh. ri& PLi! vith tt .lluvi.l

d.posits of qucn.ry depciL ol nore dBn 4{0 neErrl3oo fel iD diclE$ Thc 

.lluvial dcp.6iE c sDy io slyi.n hdB in cold, le io tudi@ gdined end firc ir 

lextire, vin siL 3ilty clry ad .Ly. ll h.5 Dinor dNt of Snval ltd cdclM6 

comlion of md.ry odsin le.lly tnoM $ kdl(@. Th. chy,lmy ohy.nl3ill 

fom l!r€6 wilh liniEd extent md thc dicbes wri€s scncdlly L5-l0meM/5-l3rel. 

The gbundwaler level ud.r LMA tu8!s. m.!€63. fiom 1.0 to 4On t rrl0l33fer 

b.low !@nd l4.l ft€ tobl thick!6 of "lquifcl lndd LIVIA i .pporim& 

1235-1500f8 37645?Eel.6. 

Gnrdwaior will mail prinary surce of wLr sptly fot t,noE in thc rc! 

tubN. Althoush lhc &cp .quifer is ! part of husp soudw.cr @!.floir lndtrlying lhc 

Indu Pl.in, iDt siw pupina af gbundwrGr dE 10 rpid iMBs of pogrldtion hr! 

fom.d r cG of&pwion il tb. sou!d*.d leh .b,r it sDdully dTedi!& 

IDtroducdon of wen @nhllcd iri8rlion srsidtr EsulEd it lh. i* of*E nbk 

bul il did not ch$Bc ttu Egioml morcnnl ind llw dietion. 

Trre dtr Frr.inirs !o Uie {t v.loDDer od turgpn nt of gbundwrt r od 

ilnu@ing tlE oDy 6nqo*nl! of ebrs. ald di$h!rs. n w ben 6lle.r€d N.+.k 

0991)'. 

5.4,4 Col.cdoo of dlt3 Mrorgemsdt 

Conpshc6ivc {d eliable d!i. provides a sound blsc fot pope. dd ftlhbl. 

studi6. A tri.fd.$liption ofd. d.t! oollecd md Eviewd is siv€. t lov: 

5.{:Ll Eydell tologl 

'It@ e rwo sir.s in Lrh@ wncE hydF{linatolo8icaly dah m b.ing 

collsr€d. Che sbtion is in d. cmlonhent aq and oln.r rl 6llbcr3 R@d wlich i! 

knoM .s lilor Bdloon obsddory eBO). ABibbk clinai. drll hrw b€en collet d 

for borh th€ surioB, P.! .r€ponrion drh of cbunlltl led.d .t . ddasc of .bour 

50 tn hls !l$ ben @lkcr.n b sDDlc@r d:h @llcld filD liloE stltioE 

Dcrriprid oflhc d!l! @ller.d is giwn h rhc lppendn-2. 

5.4.4.2 Temp€nture 

Muinud .nd niriau r.nFntuM &l! or both lhe slrtiN i... PBO in 

CetoMqt hlr be. @Uet d ld 22 y{s i.c. 1965J936. Md Minm, mo

mininb &d nonlhly d!l. of 3l yo6 (19101960) h!v. bc€n coll4l€d. Botl de 

mdinun .od nininM ten!€Btuft! ar. low durins Jduary md hi$ dunng lune. 

TnFnie gnduUy sr.tG risirg 6od td!.rt ril Jw,.na *tich Lmp@tlB s|jrt 

faling. The Etio of mqinh &d friDinM tdtcdi@3 vdi.lid drnng $. y.d is 

aboul 2,05 .rd 4,95 Gp€ctively- D.*npdon of .he dih colL.Ed is sim in th€ 

R.hfdl dlt of suti6 at rdr@ brv! b@ 6llet d ftr 28 y.!u i.e., 1960- 

193? n. w€isl .d.veag! rainr.n olbo1h d. strlios v&ie non 333m (l1l ircheo 

b I l05m (41.5 inch6)- A@s. mi .lt for 28 )4s i! 6l5m (24.2 imh6) wbil€ 

lme tem awnge is 575fto (22.6 iichct. blil of &t! is siven in de.pp.ndix.-2 

Ausnst b th€ Do n of Minun ainfiU (!y. 145@) whilc Novdb.r is rh€ nonlh or 

5.4.4.4 Rehdve hunldlty \rlnd !pc.d, ruorhin€ &d .vrpontior 

Mm nondrly dl|' o El.dw nmidity dd *ind sF€d collcded nom $e 

Meboelogiel &p.rtndt .F nm of kdin8! .l 0300 .nd 1700 hl PST. AwEAe 

Ekric hhidity is low il dE nonlh ol Mry (32 pcr@t, ehiL IMioM Eh&, of ihe 

order of ?2 p€oe4 i! for thc no h of D.cmb.r, wilh e asag. of rbout 67 p.rcdt 

WiId a..d wdcs betwcD 2ztniby. dui4 No!embd-D.@b.r !d l24ltlihy 

dunry fic nonlt ol July. Wind sped is h@&d *jl@c|er p€r d.y. It is ubil for 

meedng wiDd sled. Surnirc hous nge h€rw@ 6.9 hour/ d:y in the notlh of 

Jdury b 10.2 hoE / {tay dwing rhe lrmdr of Mry, 

Monurly p3n evrpoBtio! d.t! of t lor li.tion r B O tuv. b..n colebd for 32 

rrs i.c,, 1953 ro 1984. Mond y p6 d.Doanion d.b fd Chuhartd p.n for 26 yds 

viz 1962-1987 hos als ben coll.c@d lnd is sivcn i. the .Dp€ndix-2, Th. pd faclft i3 

ue€d b 6nd rh. chunrtri Fn .v!Fdi6 irto porentill .vlpo-tlrrpiBtio 

estimates fd dE LMA, Chuh&l|M slalion, rbout 50 k mcEB wdl or bhoE €ily have 

b.€n elat d b supplmr rh. .hb olrihoE sntion. PoLnd.r rapoFdEpintion fd 

LMA ha b6n caitubd s l?53m (69i&h!0. Tlbl€ No. 9 list dE ma frondly 

clnb.e drh ofbhoE M.tropolitln As.

ec) 

TAEIE No 9 

I,ABORf, MEAN MONIELY CLIMATE DATA 

t0 20 l0 t45 95 l0 5 l5 

t2.2 15.! x).4 26.6 31.9 J.].9 l2.l J2.Z l0 25.5 18.? 1.1,8 

7\ 5l l? 32 l9 63 6l J5 6l 72 

34 93 r07 t20 124 22 

8.5 9.5 r0.2 8.3 7.1 8.9 9.1 8,9 1,9 

l/a 

86 2J6 34! 3n 286 2t6 209 t63 102 61 2l0t 

l4l l9l 2A0 2!1 20t 178 t70 l3t 76 175.1 

L Rainf.ll ir .teriit

5,t1.5.2 Sarge Dd dlrch$gc 

Idigltion ud Power D.partndl Govemnt of P@j.b, ob&fle5 dish4! Md 

d.g. of Rlvi Rid .l Sh.!d.n R.ilmy Brilgc. D.tr c .v.iLhh nm 1962-2000. 

Me.n mmthly vlluor htw b€n smmiizd il dD apD€ndix_2 

TIF d!.r indio6 rb.r oE b.,t tloodinS oes in July, Ausls ord S+r.nb.r 

To pollcr th. cily ftom iNnddor! wriou. bun& rnd sDuF h!rc been conllucled A! ! 

l@h of $e $wor6, rbe riE it.hini4 ioq.lds *ctt i....sy nw the ciry.!d 

only rgrioultuol l.nd b.lw€en thc riw .Dd the bund i! pcriodidly nooded 

5.4.53 Suney of R.vi Rlver 

Rlvi tuE i! Dad.rins ct ftl.nd iE Posirio hlr h.@ ch."gi4 duing dE 

Fnod 196087, h orda io !t!dy ldiodio ciog.! i. th. coue of riwr, followins na!6 

. Rivq sutuy mp6 prior l970byNdpak, 

. Ri6 s|My ut for pod | 971 Ilood by N.{.t 

. Topoglphic aw.y cnied out dudng 1985 bv th. Ht!*.v Diviti@ 

slfty D,!. indic{r. ds1 $brlotirl chrng6 il tl* altffid or liE chftl 

h!v. @red duing | 9701985. I is a,ued thli fljor cht4d io.t phs duing tn. 

s.jd fl@d of luly ind Aleut l9?3, accordindy, codpu!.. nod.l st)did h!rc b6n 

brsd on t*! l.y d|, oftL Rrvi tuwr i,e,, orc nm ,lnudy l96G.tuly 1973 and ln. 

othcr Auslct 1971 to Dcerb.r 1987. Sl ey pLn ( 1985) 3ho$ nininDm h.ds lewh .t 

rt N.w Pivi Bridgc lrd al pDpo!.d brids. M dE Clu.8 203.63? &d 197.600 ncr.a 

e3peliv.ly. AveEs. sndidl of lhe iivq €hsrcl in lhis E@h is l:5500 "lle.Pal 

09tr. 

s.4.5.4 Cird rrd Dnir flo' d.lr 

Cmlr &d niir (hais, widir d !4ircont b tn€ city, @ .ls inpon nt suEG 

of €brg.. C.nalr .Id ddr cmida.d fd 4.ldiog q@t|E of dnrg. G s 

Lnd! Blun Crdl (Uptd Bri Dab C,nl) 

BmbrMh &vi Bcdi4 Dcrdlpu (BRBD) Linl Cdd

- BDcher I

Clidr. d.ri iEludilg icnpcbtla, ELtirc hunidity, wind {ccd alxl s 

sh jtu, pr-.vrp@tioA darctrD$iBtid. 

t5l 

P@.nbg! of srda N. in city, popo6.d privlte nouing soictics ed 

Dld ofl,lu! Dbrrict city fd d!rclopmrt ofcily i! fttuE. 

To *dur. ctjfut ristic! of eil !o td.nii {rf@ w.t r lo rrcud *!Fr 

To 

'!6 

tu otrFetrrrg. ofni.fil, djlcb.rg. dd! ofMrin O fll td 

Shldh6gl 3bdon! h.re b@ colLct d for Jul, to Augur 1936. Ddiy 

Einf.ll &r. ofboth dE srorios in LdoE hrrc .ls t6. coll{ted for the 

Monthly dirchdsd and si.ge dd. of Rrvi tuvd sd U €l€wboc (lutcy 

Mdthly dirt Ia.., opa.tin $t dur. .dl d..i8! &L of wiN csl.. 

R.ruh to 8rundw.6 dw waLr llpply i.€. n$. mll b 6p, b4 b.er 

R.$D lo goud*.t r ioo sElgc srll n is $out 5n0 !d.6t 

Ct l b.rdi kl@ u of sr€r) ple hlE b€m col.ct d to Ltw th. !M 

u Lr @l 6rs1eD.. Rahrap fi.6 cdl rpplielion qtimlld ar 15-20 

o Rainf.ll and dishdg. rLrr ofrh. Mlir Oud.lled lh. StadbS! sbliom 

h!* ben coUsrcd drdng 6iny !€.s 10 s Eh!'r. of IE iEa 

'NdFI (2004)"- 

Relcht d.u on w.te. 6u!9ly .r

. t]€rclopm.l.d $t[rg 

5.4.7 Qurrtitrtlvestrdy 

Ac.ddin8 10'sdinull.h & Sh.i*n, e00O)'tha 

t52 

w.ier EquitllMl! of LMA e 

on tE imEs with inpoddl of siosn@ic ondrtroc of lhc p.opk. WASA is 

sptlybg w.t r to mid p.ru of th. netoDolk but @ririn otha aglncis sh B 

R.ilmls, UniveBitie, privlt nosinS sci.1i6 .tc., e de sturins dis Eaodbility 

wdLr h ln. city is ur.d for lh. touowing pup

5.4.7J Other tubewellr 

Apan fion wAsA h|bc w.lls c liAc nmb.r oa lub€ ftlb e b€ing opdaed by 

v$i.$ asaci.r induslrial .!d drinking purpG.s. Th€ Nesplt cei.d out . .Lbil sw.y 

of tub. v€lls fd rbe €hlu.i@ or smund*lrer ab3lt crid fim lte LMA, Dring th. 

sumcy derailed infomtion of 1237 lube w€lls e3 colleted, on do blsis of th* 

slMys il is e3tini.d thd $our 733 tub. wells e b.in8 op.ELd by tdios.gFmt6 

5.4.?.4 lrdg.dor trbe $eI! 

A Lrs. numb.r oftub. *.Is d bcing 8.d for cultivrdon ioud tl& ciry, on th. 

dsr.n si& b€yond the CMbmenr as, b€tw*n BDnd Rord bd lh. river, on thc 

non Eh sidc .!d q dE !l@8 Hudid DGin up lo KduE. Thc aw68c d./h orlbes 

tubc wcls is !bo!i 4&n *h.Es .he Dunping dpr.ity oltEs w.lls e obout 0.014 n'/3 

wnh r nel .bst$ction ol L36mrA, (25,85ngd) tbrousl 7OO tub€ wclls e b.in8 op.sLd 

by fm6. I is cslimI.d thrt th€ wst r &qDimot fd idi8.rion pup6. in .nd mund 

r,hoE wilt b. FdB.d io h.lf or evd L$ by the y{r 2010 (T.bL No.lo). 

5.4.7.5 Holllng .chemc! lube f,.llt 

A numb€r of p.ivole houing elEnd rE being @nststcd wilhin lh. 

n Eopolir.n as .6d ihen Nnbd k inc@ing wiih line. Mod ofl,lts sh€mes tu l 

t||ir w.h Equitfttrt |bosh pivst @lts iNbn d rl dcn slrc. 

As the oity is €xpandins €very dly tnrcusl sovmmcnl a wU a privolc 

*na.s. tlE nuba or rnv.l. w€lh will ale i*oe lh.t *ill ulti@&ly incrte $. 

sFlndmier obtF.ctioE nu! .quif€r !nd.. khoE city. 

153 

The tutlc expdiior of the ciry ir €xF.&d towrds mrth and sulh. ln the tudr 

dpeEd 

rhe Fpulatim vill iN@ lilc Malnood Beti, D.l! Nasr .L, .I rhi. !A 

'6 

to b. aq of hish dmsi9. ID the south, nost of thc rt* ffi boilg devclo!.d by pnue 

!smi6. Ite it6 @ t(| be cdid.Ed for m.diu d.ntig Duitg ln. PhDjrs 

hdan\ the !6 @ Muidlc nd ynhE h!v. cxpeLd io b. .LElop.d whicn would 

be mcdim ddity @r 'NosD* €004) , Accodins to lhe ooent w! {April 200s) 

i urti.l dft will b. rLclat d d lrb@-/@ Rod.

5.4.7.6 AbrtrrctioD 

Wai.r's $pply of LMA hls olwiys been Won the rbd4ction of SroMdwiber. 

Tn .usb.rof Els.rdsrcurd*.arrbsbclionhab€niDcEainsinccordlMwnn 

Ac.ddins io "sdinl|h & Sh.ib (2000)' lt priody E ol *.rd spply of 

bhoE ciry i6 fd don6iic 

for LMA in lh. foEs€€.bL '|rDo*s. tun|ft. Alihoud th. aquifd md.r LMA is a p6n or hue. 

t9 

Gondw.ier will !!min lhc eu@ or ur.r e4ply 

sDundwat r Etuir of the Indu! Bdir/Phin, TIE wier $pply ir primdily dep.nd.n1 

m grwd w.Er .b!h&tio& by siDlirS tub€ welb of difrc@t ..t cities ircludiDs 

2-4.rs' with@r por,ble wI.r stply WASA @ld rcr n&don DoFrly to f..d up 

6. ciry. Ir i! inloti$t dD. il€r tuy bc id.adn d .rd d.rcloFd fa lrh€n e'Ddwa 

(1978)". Ar ptt@l .tl? i]h. v.lk e h opcntiotr ro spgly *!ts 1o lhc public ol 

t lm M.ropolili Cit (rie.l2), A.olding 10 N6pal (2004) rhc fi6t Municipal 

wdl6 w@ buill at Badani BaCh *ilh ld qpeily w.lL wi{r.n rv.n8. 6p&ity of 

O.ll7 b or (2,?() nsd). WASA cdld not fuclion proFrly io n*t ths d.D.nds of 

dri irs wltd of th. cily- It h inDotr.d $lt {tn.y) i... (ob. wllr of WASA) 3ica @t 

b. irtdtificd .nl da$Itr

iM in i!du6d.,l uill rld cr.tDi!8 itrLsily i! .nd lbdr|d LhoF citv Tt€ 

!.?d|rio iD@ t r .tu t lnirqt h lt ld G* y{t, *tih sotdw.6 

$!t&riod hre lw.tbiFd aldbn optidtl lcsl. &.e.rly' lhc Er. or ie'.' 

'! 

p@uLti@ .!d godqtd ftq!&rid wld b. .I64t .ioil,r' T$L No. 10 8iE lhe 

diniFd iFax irD.?'rldiD.ld &lNDdftl*.ldt ftufdr! tiGtdidrpto 

mlc2(Do.I! do n d 25 yatr,lt po?ottde s.ll bc@ diSndy m@ 60 r*i4, &. 

155

J/ 

{q 

Y:;.;; 

-'..' "sft1 

FIGI'I! 32 TOCAIIONMAPOAqIABLEWAITR!tr'IllLYOFWA&ITi'EE 

WEILS OF IIIE I,AIIOIRB METROF('IXTAN ATEA. 

(fron IWIPAK 2000) 

E 

a 

= 

II@ND 

E 

= 

IE 

t5

lbsd.ctio. nE will imEs by aboul t t6,4 pe&@i Slidrlly hiCler ot would b€ &e lo 

€x@sive Fr apit coBunption lDd itl.!!e i! mE wlLr c@ming indMi.l uils. 

Abt.ctim for inisrnon purFs would, hoNevd, d.ctrc bea@ noc rM will 

come under urbrniAtid .nd industry, Tnis would dchieve by i$l.lling lboul 200 

lddnioml hish sp@ity w.lls e&h ol0.I 12 n'A (4 ru!@t) capa.ity. 

TIEpote.t ti.ld 

of r *.ll bppins of e Mfii.d t{uicr d.Fnds likc aquif.r 

of LMA Ely 0F hrdEuucs ondrctivity (|he ability !o tlnmit ml.r) iid siDLd 

$ick@s of th. lquifer, "Shehod.l !1, (1975)". The gDundwalq avlil.bility mp h.s 

b€.D pEp.Ed in pFe study (Fig, l3), on tne bsis of th. yi€ld. of WASA weus $ 

wll c olhcr lgcrciB h tl'. LMA. A|inou3h gNDd v.lcr it .t ilrbk rhbuahour $rdy 

@, 6p.cin leld will diif.r signifielly due to hci.ogp@u oluvill n!&ti!l of 

aqDifd. The pl€ml absl$orion lrom the lquifd is aboul 595,6 nillion 8!llo. F {t y 

(nsd). Th. dcMnd in 2010 will he 693 million 3tI6 F d.y (ngd) Tlblc No l0 

5.4.8 Qurlitrliv. !tudy 

t57 

woler qulity Dllys a vitrl olc i. ddigning ! sell 6€ld, elpeiilly rd wrM 

supply purpG. Nofr.l slandd

fIGI,RE 33 dOIJNT'WATRAVAII!|BIIIIYMAPtr'IIIBI,AIIAEMEIA@q]TAN 

ARAI" IRE,&IT STUDY 

I 

m 

= 

= 

laca{D 

tE[/tl,&lDl!r.ll gEaaE 

I 

E a| :-l 

ll

Forbvhg m pdn nn ofcn dcn A!.lyt& 

- Torl Dislwd Salc 

TABLENo ll 

INIIRNATIONAI, SIANDARDS FOT DTINKINC WATER 

7_G8_5 

CHf,MICAL QUALITI 

t59

Ch.d..l hdieton of P.llutlo! 

Ch.Dic.l orrtsd D.mnd (COD) 

BiFhdicol oryeo D.n.rd (BOD) 

Tonl Nib8.n Erclu.iYr of Nor 

I1l qlaliry of wrEr in n\. .quii.r of LMA is s€mnlly etilfadoiy vtlm or !n 

d. prnna.E e within aUowabL limi6 *t by lh. world Hsldr O4.niatio. '!vHO 

T!..hanic.l quality of sFunde.t.l b ric r,IoE fllir is sffiUy good.l@g 

dE R vi Nvd, due io d&n nusning .ffd ir noMn wn bur wlgc *at6 of 

bnoft Ciiy nom €sr ofFiod..d d.ierioEios towaids the $ n 6pdof lhcLMA. 

A3 Llhorc .quifer k . D6n of Blri lnd Reohm Doabs, E oh€mical q@lig of 

gouid*der is liood i!@e drer rDd gndudly {t t€nm|es b*nds euih md $ulh*est. 

In thc casi.o p.lt orihe LMA, BRBD lirk Cml hrs b€m @lins $ ! su@ of EchdcF 

lnd th.cby l|usning |nc grcund*rcr in it3 !@ of infllwq 

Wsler qulily delerioEias in socdl, bur noE belrdr su$ rnd sdwcsl of 

LMA. IssMs of 1,500 G, !a.e5 lt@uri tlF vilbes &r, Crrn 'tlot, TlFthlr it rh. 

.6t-w6t dietion .d then tuhs b!.k trow.rd! vil|li TlElla. I! dr. ndlh.h !trd csicm 

parls oflhc LMA, *!ter quliry i! go.n due to dE inflMe ofthe Rlvi Rivcr, ihe bho€ 

BraMb cmd, and tne BRBD Linl CaDol, Fot rhe co.lmcton of dy h.w w.lls in lhe 

oull.nd ellh we6t orrh€ LlnoE Mcrotolitn AF, m.sry sn inv.sli8 lioos io 

d.rcmin lh. qwrily ofgrcud*lt r up b 200msd would te EquiEd in funlE, 

5.4.&l C.rd wrlcr 

Thc ch.niel .n rysit of l||. bnG Blwh C@l .nd d. BRBD Li.r Cdl 

woior Ev.il lnlt *!ler of ln* asls is fr6h b.vins l?0-230ppn G.bl. No. 12) dd 

woLr is otcalcim biodboD c clHCOr tr?c.Ir... b. D&d for drinking.Dd iDduslid 

use! .ftcr cloninS iion filtitid tlant

TABLI No.r2 

CANAL WATER CIIEMICAL AIIALTSIS OF RTJNNING W.{TER LAEOXX 

BRANCII CANAL 

5.4.E.2 Shilolr rqdfer 

'nr. ch.nicrl elyft of Mt r of ndbw aquit r @.b thll TDS hlw or walEr 

@s6 1065-l650Dpn in T.bL No, 13. fi.r smpl.r *eE Lt€n trm pnB& tuh€ 

IAILE NOJ3 

SEALI,OW AQUTFER CTIEMICAL AI\AYSIS OF WArlR OF 

SgALrc* AQT'TFER OF TgI LAI|OTE METNOPOLITAN ANEA 

l6l

L NO, (NiFat!) h$ nil @lu€ iD th. hble, 

2. Im (F.) hn nil hl@ in rh6 LbL, 

3. Pot&rjd (K) h.r nn Etu i! th. Lbl.. 

a. AMn (NH, hd Dn trle in d'. bbl.. 

5.4.83 lr..p quife. 

WASA c.ried out oh.mical drl'.i6 of 43 wder rmpLr of rube wels oI d..p 

aquif.r. !r de&nbcd in lh. Table No,14. 

"S.liEulhb & Sh.ih (20@)" tud.r dpLimd 0!t wAS,{ d$ che.Led 

chdiql qulit of4l *.ier sDpks i*lldilg nrhewll5 trnd p!nF, drdB !d asb 

b, @ing clcrric @dutiviry (F.) ol thc w.&r quliry, 9F of th. individuil 

caulitu.!d dims, eist me dwclopcd by lbc l@:l p@ph 1o th. t?G of*der t ins 

IDEmlioml rhdaid! for p.di$iblc ed meirc coMnfitios ol vdious 

@n$it!dr!, .long wnn cndi.l in

t6l

l. Nor(NiF ic) lu! !l ulue in dF r.bL. 

2. Irotr {r.) hls .il wlw iI the r.bl., 

3. Poulsium (K) h.! nil \Elue in $e bbh, 

4. Amnn (NHt hs dl vde in d* !.blc- 

a. rh. LMA li* i! clG Fqidity of rb. Rrvi tuE, lll ch.ni6l quliry of 

grcmdw.ld in d*p lquif€r is sood rnd viiur Fmj$ibh liDil! of lee|lbL *.t t a 

p€r world Hcall' Organizltion Sl.nd.d!, "wllo (1993)". Th. chdicd ealtes of 

N.nry six wrter smpl6 t ye los lhin tootpn \Eluc of lolal dislved $lidr indic.t 

rbar dF Er.r of rh* lulilid e .rc.lknt lidit ninen s.i.r mpl* indiet lhlt 

th. bii dishrd .lls Ms. h.Nd 501 ..d l000ppd lhi !E willir dE libil .nd 

fqr qEr {npL6 paEinidg to tlF ohewlls b LMA h.e lobl dituIv.d mli& 

msins l00l -l JIDDpD ddbush lta* ul$! c .bo unda llloq.ble lihits but G d 

hislEr side (T.bl. No,l4). Tubrw.llr b.iDg opend by WASA .re @n@t d io 

comon di.EibulioD syslcn .rd h€e, lh€ sl conre 6 of nix.d micr !E wnnin ef. 

limil! "Salitulh,h& Sbolh(2000), 

TL nrbawllr witb l|e rh.r l;oooppn of ioLl disl$

lh. goldn! r qldity i. io b. d.biontiir in th. otta!.bd stbcEd D.!t of 

t!. I-MA lia! TDS vdc dc..d lofipr@ Ti. TDS rtlc tu8! ir 8.61 fi6 

2(x!77ortn |b.1i. dlc b dE ntd! r@!ds.ld ch!4c !o dF.q!i&t tlm th. Rrvi 

Ri6 u.l tt BRBD Linl C.!.1 flowi4 in t!. Fripldy of troodw.Lr 

t65 

hodr, ft. 

wtcr qdiry Mrp h! h6 prE Ed in F*ol |ndy d b.!ir of .lFnic.l dlj/.i. 

6na d. glftLlis oftr.nd.d fd dlirrioS F!!cl 

hr in \{dld Halt! or8&iad@ 

'WllO (1991)" ol rrlm 4!i&r a( .lo6ti. a wll ! ndultil e i! tt LMA 

Ci&x) 

TAILE Ndl! 

WA&{ NJDE WELIS CIIEMTCAL ANALY$S OT UNDERGIOTJND WATER 

OF TEI T,^XORE MEIIOPOI TAN AII.{

L S.diln (N.) ha nil vdue in the uble. 

2. Poreiuh (K) tui nil i. $c bbl.. 

l. C.tbo t (COr) h.s 'dE nn de in rh. obl.. 

It i! fa$d lhlr sunlv.tlr q@liiy n .L. d.mi4 ir .g iFhding wdLd 

city 6 Bia.d fton rhe dil! of dF wAsA dE TDs f,lG dc..d r,ooopDr! ir lhc 

Mochi Calc, Bbni Clie. od M@n Ro.n. Th. tDb€-rclb slbuld h. caEtully ind.n d 

in lhc aror m.rtioed above by sealing shauow elire aquifs. 

Alhoud ln..quGr i! r pd of th! hlge gohdmln l!6crcir hiDs lne ldu 

Phit! int dt gFurdullr vitMrMl lIs fod.d ! ce of d.pEsim in lb. gmnd 

ldwls, which b sndualt ex!.ndi.g. Thc WASA died out dif@t !n di6 vnn lElp 

of cdsultnb lor tlE b.ilEr IluusoeDr of rhc lquifer of th€ LMC. 

In l9?5 cmDlt nl,! Me!e! Canp Dres ald Met+ (CDM) USA conduclcd a 

deiail.d ldy rbout withdn*rl of*rllr frcm dE aquifq uder bnoE. Th.y predicicd . 

modcl on dc b6i, oflGtn rid otgoudMrd du! the vder rablc in rlF khoE will so 

&y in 1936. Th.y lstimated lowing of goDdmr€r s l30n !o 270fe0!9-83@ts 

''ft. N&ii Ahn€d (198r" (a w.ll kbh Hrdrclogit) sbnin d I epm i! rh€ 

NatioD.l pr.s |lEr by 1996 aquifq of LdDE Mctopolitor AEq (LMA) will dry. 

K..pi4 in view tne a'ruifer behavios and on rhe basb of nonitorins dd!, WASA 

com.nt d at tul tin€ lh rh.e will b. no aLnni.g situ.iion in 1996 !s th€ av@gc 

low.dng 0r{.Lr tible Dd6 LMA i3 .nviescd ro be l-2fel0.34.6D.u pd ta. 

"WASA O99D"!bo ag.gcd dF @nenrdts MS N.!p.l .!d Bimi. A rdD€6 

Ior llc rnrdy Grcund*arc. RmuE6 Evllutim ed study ol.quif.r un&. LMA'. A5 a 

pan of thie udy M/s Bimi€ & P.nM, Londoa podued . lrouDdw.r.r nod.l lor 

LMA. Th. model w us€d to pEdict ! nDnbs of tutG mdc iftludirs the effect ot 

4

th. tuE d'tldd W !o y!( 2Ol0 do doe ib.t Ni@r !6htL ld.dbg 

ofiictldhb n @ Ftn dy t lood t2od2Ea.cc., od iflbi!. sr.ddllE 

of q o!.rdt i dc.oFd&,t (ddl n&!rt |br6n bEiladtdd|f,E 

LEl@bt .dde|PbobSecro.tb-3.hdhelHbo000r. 

r.?doaD-l&rtHh.Frdi@ 

ta

c 

1 -""e 

/o a 

J 

7o' . 

\"q 

V 

fiqnE L wrx4QuarrrY rrP ollttE LrHola rcrrorourrN ArE 

sc 'RBsElfrSrlJDY 

: wro 199 I u. I tt BUC HEAIjIU l9l9 

E E 

a 

= 

ETAND 

fol *'!.d@ 

fol ,ot*.d""* 

E*" 

E**"*'

TADT,E No.r6 

DRAW DOWN OT WA.s{ TUBE WELISTtr AVERAGE DR WDO\{N OF 

GROTJNDWAfiR LEVELS IN TgD AQT]IFER TJNDTR LMC 

n999 DrN dor! 

16 8tff (1977) 1.71fi 

2. 40.75n(19?7) 88.4rn 2.t6ii 

3. ]}7tft(t978) 73.43ff t.89ft 

,r2.7tR098) $.66n 1.94n 

5. lo.8jn098r) 6.6& 

l4 97n (r9?9) 2.00n 

Bntiwl 33 42n(r973) 63.56n 1,68n 

8. 4r.4oR(1981) 3435n 

21.(DRfl981) 29_52n 

10, 20,66R(l98D ll.rJn 

ll 29,52frfl98D 6528n r.98n 

12, ,r,6?n o9?8) ?5.28n 2.27n 

t3. 10.8Jn0980) 54.0611 1.22fr 

24.9it197t) 49.21fr l.2tn 

15, 62ltn0979) 

5.4.9,1Plm ry for rcw tut.-wclls 

Mo.t suitrble rits for.ddltloD ofb.w tuDc'*elb !re: 

t 

AlonS &.IdoE B@h Cml lrd th. BiBD LiDkCsl 

ii) Thc i|@ to dF w61oft,'. Rlvi Ris 

iii) Alons dr c$rm sil otrlE R.vi tuv6 

iv) T!. hal oibrtL @ is nl dE s$ wnd E!$a- *a&r F.d! G b.in8 blilt 

Two oplios c rot cordp.tibk. Hwccr, tuhew!! could bo nsnLd for 

keping a disr.m. of aloul oM LiloftEI liom pDposd pond. 

v) In die cily irielf @ nw tub.-wolk will he .dded. Ihe Dffitly oMing tub.- 

w.lls my onry be epli@d (qh.E Desslry sd wneE siL t asil.blc), 

169

vi) And mt imlotLlt h lh.t dE uatul lifc of |ha uilg tuhevdb my b. 

..t&ed th@S! tDF di'rcMc.r r.d.tlop@d.trd Eb.bilir0rion 

Dring lMt Fni, npid .rid.t h.w ban md. in ftld of cepde. sinulrtim 

of souldw.&r ilow E5t 6, n6 {lw ntv. h.d for Echil8 .f.cls o de 

techriques of grc@dw.t r irwnig.tid !d on dF ,o€nli.l for 6.rk Mg!|@t of 

gbunilmter @les. Bn 0y siDulnion Efd t lt. FGE by vhich rhe htd:dic 

chanctedstics ofdF dw syEt n iE E eell.d by d ol.qulions lh3t cs be lolved 

d digitrl mputer "Bffft (1978)". 

5.4.10 Model Flow 

'Ite d.6 p.rtaining io thc dd.lopndl ard dorgemd of gblndwaLr and 

itriuacine wiou! .onpoB$ of rchrg. rnd dishlr8p hove bd collected. Tt 

d€veloprc of! Esiodl sDudq.i'r nodcl fd l4oE fgion is lnc dd. pr€pamtid, 

nod.l c.Lanrio.nl dnulrrio of 6)IuF &vclotnFnt opiid. Tte mi. aim of 

{Lrelopitrg $c sFuldwll.r bod.l tuy h. mir.d a follows: 

Modcl Fld @Mpr of gour

t h@ city dillnt area, rt oquifd *B latcd 6 a d.eL @fircd LF. Th. nod.l 

cp@nrs a @ of aquifd- Tn mnlEtr nd sthsr bound,ri.s p.mn |6i hod - 

d.FnLnr flow Am dllid. th. nod.l .u. Tne w6red tound!ry wls LIGn 6 a 

rcch.rg. boDftLry arong dc Rovi Rivcr, Th. wesLm pdid of tle Rnvi Riu w 

tEalcd 6 non-active. ft. now cmponenls wr sinulred udnl lhc wiour 

MODFLOW pdLge. 6 fouows: 

P.c*,ger Flow @np@@r rD&lqd 

C.rcmlHadBou r.y(GHB) sd.ddynos 

Dain (DRN) 

l7l 

Floe b or fim ;€ .!d qdl tcd!. 

R@trrc noE riv€r ov.Ft nl oo.din& 

R*hxg. fton 6inf.U .nd ifti8rtion. 

takCE frcn ln€ wrGr suptly/&vde. 

Systens and seooD.hry/Eni.ry irisrlion 

krgtu MODFLOW wa Dodi6.d io povid. a !@ @!6jdt fod ot ouFur. 

Th. Bo

E!E 

€;6 

P 

I 

8E 

AQT'FER THICKNESS 

5 

EE 

ES 

SE 

act 

67 

n2 

.ra 

t 

tsE 

FE 

3d 

Ee 

9e 

fs 

FIGURE ]5 !I,OW MODEL OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCE OF 

IIiBI-AIIORTMETROPOLII N AREA. ( Fm NlSPAlClgl ) 

! 

R 

a 

t 

tz 

I 

172

Tn olibBtioa pdiod w diviLd into mo y sts Fionc .nd tinc n€ps. h 

pogm NEWMOD . st6 Friod it d.fled x . Fnod ovd which lll th€ aquifer 

173 

inllow .'d oudtow 64dsE lflin coNblt. Sonc of lhe 0ow @mpondls luch.s 

n6 b.d brrge {d EiDfdl @hr'8 hrc a 3ubst nlill wl wi io.. To l,lc 

iccou ofrhi!, . !i6s Friod ofoDe nonih wrs &iopLd. Th. nodel ha5lh. feilily for 

sub-dividing slrEs Fiods inio lev.sl lina sleps. For a r€siond nodcl, this povid$ a 

m.rgin.l incEe ii cmpur.doul ecuEcy al the qFDse of incM&d conpuia m 

dtu' A ind. tin€ step F( ste, pcnod {.r !d.pLd. 

Thc city b.s .r96ided frm { dtimtcd 63tD? i. 1937. Soe ol dE Ew '@ 

!E lcs derely dewlop€i md e Efctrd b 6 $buhs! fd mplting nbf.I 

ochlrgc, Thc cig hls l65hn':ub.n in 2OOO dd ,2 knr 4 subfban e! in 1987. 

For lhe khc M.troDolitrn AE. tfi. rcplistio of Flow Modcl om nrlfill the 

r.quiFm.Dii of the peQle, when th. lquif|r wd tlatcd as r singL umonfincd liy€r 

Prcsnh of Model flow *!s modifi.d io povide r noE mqi€nt fom of output. Th. 

nodificd f@ of lhe pFsBm h qll.d NEWMOD. S.v@l eilhry FoSas w@ 

dftl@ io IElp tb. rlrb qlirin! d wnh lnc plstltiotr of ouFut inforulion 

''S.limull4 & Sheir! e000)". 

Al the sr.it of tne mlibntion Fiod iD 1960, dE lot l sDDdwltcr .bshclios 

ovcr 0E mod.l .h wft 6tiharcd to b. 1.25 nr h. I1EE wls o sr.ldy iMEse in the 

early I960's and a noE r+id incre@ siM 196?. By 1987, tolll sbslrelioDs bd nm 

b .n cdim.cd 16.8 n% witn lne lollowil8 bft.tdoMl 

wAsA 11.70 

kihr. 3.11 

Irigtio. 1.36 

Tonl: l6.33nr 

Flows in the model b.tw€n th. lquifcr &d dE nwr or oaml b.ds !E dcFdent 

@ thc ditf.hlicl head betw@n the .quifcr rnd lh. riE d c.ml. Thc chamcb weE 

divid.d i o reehes wnnin elch nodol node and nonthly st0s€s wco .flimand tilm 

lirrdic to* dlt and nm ch.ml sw.y' Allowe wls md. lor tt ificdt sllitu it 

l,E Rjv.r Rlvi dui.A rhe c.libotion pc.iod- Co.duc.iviti6 ofdE ch.ml b.d! w

elimEd 6on inf|n.tio t6rs. Th. siiivily of lne nod.l to chrngB in b.d 

cdirctivity w lacd duirg rh€ mod.l c.libEtio pE@d@. 

Thc Rjv.r Ravi ov.iropp.d ir! b€rr. in abo|l 37 n6lii of th. 28-y.6 

cllibntion Friod. Addiliml @h.rgc frm ovd bml( loodins 6 itt.rcd s had- 

dcDcndol in a sinil,r *.y to $e riwr ch.Nb. 

Croundwlter reol'fse Esulling fton ailau 16 dtimled ftom epuc 

ronrhly sil noi.tft br,l@cs for F runl and $buh€! alw. Th. bdues 

itudDod.d irig.tiq apDliqrid lrd cqpcl,$pintid b.sd or w.il,'Ld cmp 

f.do6. Awn$ diif.ll rt4. *s BtidLd a l3m/y.r i. onl .qs a.d 

2lnr/y.r i. sh{rbd .@. for u!i.r .!a. Ele of l6on/y.r ws dopLd. Th. 

$il rddlc br|'r6 irdior.d tnd vhcn Ddl Bingll B 16 rhln 400 n4 

vinuuy m ehd€€ wd 

R infsll @hatge wlr $pplcrcrtcd ir lml a@s by r€pant .s!m.bts of 

l..Lg. fion nimr iftig.do, 6dl. sd fi.ld ippliation lces. In Drh.D .nd sDburbM 

adq lllowlMcs *m nad. for lolng. non dE w.ier $pply lnd *s.69. tyllctu, 

Th. Hudid .!d s!u.t{L drliN w.E imrpoEr.d ifto lhc sFudwlr.r n d.l. 

S€Fg. tm rt :quiftr to tlF &!id w$ @'r+u&d Am $€ ditr M. had in eb 

nod.l twh lrd lhc oDductivity of dE i .rf.cc b€tlq tne dnin dd dE rquifd. 

SaFs. nDn dE sFu.dwlt.r trbl. iDlo ln. prdy liled cily {trid wls cdidcEd 

niritul $d thcy w@ ml irolud.d in thc nodcl "N.rp.k O 991) . 

Reh{s. spa.ity or lquifd u{t r klm city an h. inpowd threr8,t 

l. GH bell o, b. ir@.Gd for w.t r ib.ddiq..d will itru BIErse 

oflh. lquifs ofr.hoe Ciq. 

2. Chakd dans .nd w.i6 my b. buill up along R.vi Rjv?r lid aMls. 

3. Ttal.d pknts my b. iDrbllcd it diil€Ent diQosl3to16. 

4. G@.n belt vill brins more prccipirtim in bhm cily 

5. Minimiz 6. w ofga h..q to l.s drrm$.

6. To .sa M otr pdcdrry of difll di.cb.!e rld. of M.i! Ouf.tl .d 

sh.$.gl .rrid h.s ha co0ei.d fo. ,uly b S.d.ot6 *h yd. 

t15 

All tls !8g6rid wld D.limr. nl of Ehrgi.g .rp..ity of |!. r4uifd 

5.4.t03 TL c.Ibr.lhr p]! cdl]! 

Tt gloldsrr Eod.l d o[h.t d t'y cdqii.g lFdcl iod.l LElr wi6 th. 

1960 G!i@l Diadic dp .!d t!. OcroD.r, Novaha 1987 &.' @qii8 dF mod.l 

c. TIE Dod.l EJlr rw.l& @F!d ridr nnmdid. pi@lic Dr 6si!g 

F L of lh. cily @ .!d wid 'r.dc' ra. hElr @e&d in 15 n|bc rclL .!d 7 oFt 

wlt os tb .dibr.tiD D.rio

A cmplic.lim aisL with dk cutut popdb f@ dev.lopDat pods for lhe 

[dE e of*aie qid. Thc D. ls !t Shldh.gh lnd Nic B.s will h€ deElop.d in M 

pt *s. It w6 .$un d $.1 dE pE*nt w.ll .bstlcdm nm lnc pod @6 vill t€ 

Eldal€

TL Fopoen d.v.lqnerF of !ond! fs th. terast of ,.51e w{.r w@ 

ItEld in Nd Mod s.ddiri@l nE !.dd Tti! has 6rr laLsc aoo .h. pondr 

wil be dcp.ntdt on rho difleE .ial hc.d b€twd thc p@d .nd 0F lr&rllDs .quifd. Ir 

win rbo b. d.F"defi on the "*.-.i co Etivityofin Fnd b.d! wnich will b. hig!, 

initiilly, b will d-lif s . hF of slude. builds up. A los,l.m b.d ondsriviry or 

0.01 dd w sa.d for hcl Ds. Smitiyity t 3l! d b€d ondlctiviry .nd pond r@ 

wee odicd out "N.5p.t 

( l99l) , 

5.4,113 Sludy of.qdf.r dwelopnent opttons 

Tct prediclirc sinulation! w@ ceied out lo dMim I msc ol d*lopndr 

optim (TrbL lT). Rs Fl, ir wnicn lh. 1937 qmtig .rd didih{rion of wll 

.l,e..rioa l@ held miLtr! i+@nb . b.*li@ .imr!d@ |! i!.1 which li. tafts 

or oth€r .ioulaliom n.y b. conprdd, It sbows lbir . 6t€dy sr.t would be rc.ch.d by 

.bonl 1995 Dd th,r lh. mdiou nodrl @ {nrwdoM Aon l9EE io t995 eoutd b€ 

.tot ln. Th@ drw dows @ @mF.ble ro dF '.r.dd q mn-DuqiDg ur.r lcEl 

which nisnt bc obsred in I w[ Tn. nodel do.c DoI pEdic. {E pobpus wLr lewl 

i! m iDdividu.l rcll which aisht h. iboul 9n lowd thd E ttiiic' Lvel in I ry?ic.l 

F2 

T DLE No.l? 

SUMMARY OF FUTURD SIMUI" TIONS 

1988-2010 

nl

F8 

F9 

L{,01 

Rln F lcosid.n th. silu.lioD in whicn Th€i! llln is connisimd TIF .trft1 of 

'Ihcin d.m *ill edse ty?ic.l Rnvi dieh.rges by rbout 40 perc.nt, Th€re €tfecti oE 

i$lud.d iD nm Fl bu e mlud.d tm M F2 (T!bl.l?)- Cmpuisn oflu Fl ud 

F2 dcnodr es tnll th in[u@ of tq,!.€d Rrvi di&|!rg6 d th llhoE grcund 

wats @!e6 *ould b. mrll. 

RutuF3,F4! F7 erdine ihc cfre.rs of dF popc€d wst 1!|r pon& on rhc 

soundw.t r 'wulw. ln L@ of @!c. dr cfeB ril hc dnl dd t€tizcd, 

HMvcr, |IE ril or grcundwatcr Fllutid win b. no& .(nlm, t .kg€ non rhc 

shth&6 sd Nie Bes poftb wiu bc 6ri€d towd& dE cit @!. A bufer lra *jll 

h.w io b. dinr,incd b.l*m 6. po&.nd rh. ||Gct *ars $pply etrs io Dahn 

.d€qol. monitod.3 or goEdeatd quliq. 

RDDs F5 lo F9 oumift th. .ffccll ol corcerlltils addiliml sblndwatq 

.b3tr&iios to Del tutuE dcMd i! dilllEDl r.del tl*. lLy slbw thrr dd*dow of 

lnc EAidl g@dd*itd rlblc win b. of rlF ord6 of 30 ro 4 b owr rlE !€!iod | 988 io 

Fi8!e 3? !x! 38 &od.!!i! th. tpi€l Dod.l oq lor d. F? in which wcu 

absh.tiod to Der irc@ils d.m!d e cME r.d b rh. w .iry @ .!d in rlE 

euln s.r nd lh. R.yi tuE Tlc mirins grcundw.tcr conioun woutd b€ l88n ir 

yed 2000 falli4 io l76m by yer 2010. Mdinum dowdoq of stuudwlcr r.btc 

b€tscn 1988 rtrd 20t0 qold be lboul 288. 

Simuldjo$ F5 ro F7 &no|ma rhd tune dd*don m h. minini4! by 

developins rew irb. wcu fi.lds tud Rrvi tuvd and by mectins snc of the in@r$d 

t78

:l 

s 

d 

{ a 

t 

FICTJRB 35 ANIICIPAT@ CPMPARIIION 08 IdODBLANDA'BLL21 OI I.AIIOiRB 

MEIT@OIIIA}IAXAI 

(sot cNBsAr,20@) 

=E 

LEGBND 

hadEdtLS,rd 

'* 

\ 

a 

lE0

tnvcsrigitioN lrd &v€l@Mr of goudvaLr ebu@3 fd *aler $pply 

€$entially &c detcmiDtion ofdF followingl 

L Past md.nsdry sroudwdr.r.xploilation ud rsDonrc ofwier lerl. 

2. Fuuc mrer @quiMonq 

3. Quuti|'tirc dei.min tid of soDnmter leG6 ed i|5 milability @ 

long tem b6iis. 

4 Av.ilability of requied q@lily ol w.tcr for lhe culMl d?ftmd 

5 Economic 6p*t! to bc onsuFd for dE sDpply or waLr.t E'lmble dt 

5.5 Etrgltrarllg G€olory lrd L|rd U3. Plmirg 

55.1G.a.rd 

The pEsDt stldy irclu&s *orl .bout dgiRdng gology ol dE IjIDE 

M€tlopolilln AEa. bnoE City ha.niered lhc stolus of Mc8! City lm tne h.l y€ir 

i20{|c). Sin€ clo in@6ins pogulatoD od phyli{l qpacion will equid 

dcvelopMr ot irfr{llDt& rd hou6ing, L.r5portitioA 8E ud Ml.i tuppl, *wr8. 

a.d elid *aEs di4€l .d avitlmdrrl poEcrion "SlitulLn {1993}. AI lncs 

dev.lopndbl stiviti6 ftuld b€ i!nl@.d !'d $n 6 .xhr @ntiolled by $nf!4 

rnd suLsurf.cc coDdirim by QuLdry 3@lqy of ln€ @, 

Ttc g+tcchnical dail is suiLble for 96 lupply. Thi! diri i6 elewt to lilc 

coDdilioB of th. Lhm cily. Ihis 3iurty .xhibib noE qulity drol pnctie should b. 

into{tuc.d in.xplontio vo* md c@tucdon qulity @nEol in hullistory buildi4s. 

TIEE is ! ury6l n .d for &vcloprnmi ol w cml.ti6 @mid61 ro lMl eil 

.onditioa. $rdgli pmneteF h.rc b.a issd fd suF inpos.d stucluFl ldd! i! 

the new .!w. Tn pltgl d.t Ef.n !o thiiy $E€ sites in lnd loud the Lrnor 

MetropoliLn 4re., This dlta is pEseDtod in fi€ tabuld fom i. lhe T$le No. 13. Ttk 

Es@h study ii ! Fn of so-technicll ch.nciedslics ofdc tilDE $il. 

l8t

a -. 

a 

H 

- uoodo-z

I -. 

F 

' 

; 

6 

- (J00co*z

5,5,2 Nrlrre of rvlilrbl€ drti 

The iv.iad. soil dall is in tho fom of epeLclhical Epons on thc otsmil 

cslulior ed teslins for the efe-bqiig capacig for ditreMl Foj*b by lvts PuDjlb 

Enginarins D€pstne4 N.spdr, .!t G*&ill. Th€ pDj*ts .E sn Ed ovd Ltloc 

McllopoUh A@ dd p€rLins b nulti{loEy tnd inft.-$ucnrs of buildi!$, @t15, 

ov.rnqd bndses, unds D.ss, qcr ffiis, $prly of s.k.rxt a.! wrs. !*l 

$lid v.r! disposl sir6. Tn pE .d@ .dotcd wu !o drill EiN bodslB rt . siE 

vitt q@utid of sLndltd,.et li6 Ls1(SP'T) lt Egdfd€prh ficdd lId 10 wry oll 

hboitory t 3L, on sle.Ld snpl.r |!k r nm o.ry liL duilg drillins. Bdilg lo$ ad 

EsulB oa sPI, noisift co . , ndd &ruiry, psrticl€ sia mlysh, ucotfin d 

conp&sion Bl! and diet shc.r r*E ar. rondet d foi ercry siL. Al pl€s! 6ultr of 

Anc6.rgs linib, hi,rial conpe$io. L3t .Dd cmlidali@ t3b a€ als 8iM in fi. 

Trblec No. 13, l9 md 2l. Thc dcplh.xDloed in ditr@.t bmnol6 is 34lmekts hort 

olth€ sites. A bnef deeriplron of rv.iLbl. d!l! is 3uffii4d in TabL Ndt 3 

5.5.3 So|l pretrle 

Th. led@ or difi@nt !it6 e bnntiv.t m*ed on the 4p of blm 

M.rrlrolibn As 0J'lA). Th. boEholc d.u rnilrbL $sscds two mjd $il cl.s 

i.c. Coh6i4 Son dd M4olEliv. Soil. Th. @lEiE $il rb.l i. 8@lly tEsnl .l 

rh. rop l€d wnicn irctud.s cl.y, !ill, wirt .dditi$ of mll dount ol 6m io n diu 

snin ud The n@h6iv. oil is tuldng dr sond loy6 hovils $nd of ddiun b 

6Do s$iD wirh silty oby and cby, Thc coh..iv. iop lryd of sEsoil is semnlly in lh. 

fom of hhimlide while lhe @nd sdy lay.E hrvc inle@laiion or 3ilt dd silty clry. 

The b.rcnob dlta along with lh. sbtic witci ribL al didftnl l@tions is eiven in th. 

134

ir 

A 

'RIIF 

TAILE No. 18 

DISCAIPI|ON OF AVAILAELE DAT OT ENGIIIEERINC TESTS ls 

SUMMATIiZEI' IN IA'T'LII IORM OF IBE T,MA 

t85 

!{ b{ 

ri E ? !; !t 

i 

ia 

- 

i; 

- 

- 

: 

_ 

_ 

_ 

l0 

I 

_ 

;

TABLE NG 19 

rl|E IOXE IIOLE DATA AI-ONGWTIII Tgt STATTC WATER TADLE AI 

UFTETENT I-oCATIOIJII IN TEE LMA 

2 

l 

5 

1 

3 

t0 

l2 

t3 

t5 

t6 

t7 

t8 

N 

2l 

22 

24 

25 

26 

21 

2a 

29 

l0 

3l 

l3 

0,0.-20 n 

04'-21 n 

o.0-2t n 

0.0-22 n 

04'-21 n 

o.0-r9 i 

04-21 n 

0-o-2t h 

0.0-22 i 

04-t5 n 

0.o-r7n 

0.o,-t5 n 

0,0-l?n 

0.0-l5i 

0.G-19 n 

0,0-20 n 

0.0-t9i 

0.0-20 n 

0,G-17 R 

o.tt-D n 

0.G-12 n 

0_0*13 n 

o0-l9i 

0.G-17 n 

o0-l I n 

0.G-13 n 

0.0-14 n 

0.0-15 n 

0,G-20 n 

0.0-lti 

0.G-12 n 

o,G-l? n 

20-55 R 

2l-57n 

2t---60 n 

2r-10h 

2l-5En 

19-55 n 

2t--411r 

2l----4 n 

2t-5t n 

l5-3? n 

l7---{5 n 

l5---40 n 

t7-50ft 

15--48 n 

r9-ll A 

20-50 h 

19--48 n 

20-{o fi 

t7---45 ft 

t3-J9 i 

l2----4 n 

t3-37i 

19-51n 

t7--{o fr 

l5-3?n 

I l*30 n 

l3-3?n 

la-14 n 

l5-3?n 

20-4t n 

2t--63 n 

r9--57 ft 

t7---43 n 

136

Th. city of th. L!d! i! c.nrrolhd oE thte flin !.!t|s of Rrvi RiG whbh 

&.ig[la the !||@!is pdiodr of ldin ! $.|itu Eld., Moalg bm@ .d 

Gul.lu lrvi la@'H!r.r dd Nrw (20{O)". Ttc.it lcrdN e orchilgsidr. 

hDq groud lsli@r. To.bL.8carl i!.. of.!b.o .rLM .fN-ilFDfk e 

cdt*cd dodg wirl tur ..bitr!y .d r!! oriDLly pcrpadicuLt liE A . BB' 

rdC!,.!d DD Drt d 6 l[. loc.rib dp (Fi& 3t). 

It ir ccidLd tur s Doik & Di.rDLnr dNh p@i.id. Sdll L|g of 

$dy .ils e uslfy p!!gt i! dE top otdirc siL, At ph4!, colsiw eil. @ 

pF!.rn in OF sdrl m{.68irc FiL Lyd, TIF sil tDfihl norcs, &pic t!.t th. 

rop @lFirc LF irl@ in lhicbEs s s go nm ..lw.d 6m lh R vi Ri6 to 

$. crnbnMr Ao irhdiog rb D.vi! Ra4 !E Sh.h!|i+{oi.dGAd, dF shni 

Rd4 rlr J.il Ro.4 rlF M.in Bobnd rtc Grlhag R .4 crc., .rEg lh. &il p@fL 

liG AA' .nd BB'. Th. Doflc ddg aE d dE otnd h.nd dFa6 Sdludly (1.3- 

L5*86) iNluding th. IlfcF .tt , dE AM S.dn!, d* G@d HocpiLl, th. Mu.lim 

Torrl tb. Whlrhr Col6y.nd dE N.*On4{. @ (Fig. 4{,), Tl* Soil AofiL.lonl 

CC' .!d DD' 116 Fi& 4 | ) .Lo iidi.ra Irdully r.d!.int lcEl of@lEiE bil LF, 

vryiig !i6 ( lj-2rtB) b 0-34dr} Tte 'tr6l6 

t87 

brrc dE t,w Mdl, dE D.6. 

Dtb.t, th. Mo4g tL lqb.l To*r! l[. Shddt , d! An TqA tt |(rL Sn|t Xrhr 

dd rlE S.!d., tlF Gllrt ! Prvi, |n. M.tnood B@ri. 6. Ni.z B.3 ToOt, lh. Ch!!C 

!d dr SLlou roliti6, B@rb thn .oh6iE Fil l.yq .!dy 3t|fi it Fen !p b 

2Fl5 D.i.n d.!rn *ba. e$6 cdE s oil l.r&r of.boot l-7 tEi.n d.dn n 

cn@ricFd. Th. bo! t le.rd Fil066L. G.hoM i! dr FiSus t9,.o ud 4l. TIF 

!t iiSrphy of 6. rrlm M.nqolii.r Ad i. 8i@ in $. T.bL No, 20. 

TrALE Nc t0 

TEE GENERALTZAD STIATTGNATSI OF TE LASORE IGTROPIOLITAN 

AXDA 

rj@ u4 .ilty s!4 nly cLy .rd 

S.n4 .ilr lo.by cLr, .Dd lm 

M-"d.rE h D.F.iu of @i!r lrE 6 SiL nlty Ed .!d lo.6y cLy

FlsJ9 Mlp Shoirng ft. lr..tlo! ol Eorc r|ol€t ud soil In0l6 of the Irlo.. 

M€hopolittr Aft., Pre Stqty 

133

\6 

Yll.. I + 

i/ 

'rG@ 

FmrRE 39 filP $lOtVUG .t}IE IOC TIOII OF IORE lnrs AID SOIL PROf,IrIS 

of lHE UflORE TCnOPOIIT I AREA AIollG l ', 8E CC ||lD D(/ LlllEs, 

MEEflT STUDT 

a 

n 

= 

LA(BTD 

=*" 

la

solPEdleuneA'rF.lcdorn Flo, 

'9 

srtt Mt Lir Ba ntrtt4d d dE F9. 39 

FIA'RE 40 SOIL PROFIIES OF THE I.AHORE I'IETROPOIJTAN 

AREA AIOIIG AA'AI{D BA' LINES PRESEI{T STUOY 

(SOURG: NESPA( 2000) 

16E.4

5or hdl| ttl cc dsrad d |ne F9, !0 

soll ftrlL ttE Dlt mdad o dE tlt, !9 

FIG.4t SOIL PROFILES OfTTIE LA}ORE EIROPOUTA'{ AREA AOI']G CC 

AI{D DT'/ UNES, P8ESEI{T SIUDY 

(so{rRcEr NESPA( 2m2) 

16&8

TlEs srficnd &DGiE @ cmDccd of sn4 3niy s!td, silty cl.y, sill cl.y€y 

sill, ldFy cLy @d cLr B.low lhi5 cdaiw sil, se slrdy moi.riol t Flet itr i[. 

!s, Fon the .laLble dd! of haDy b@holc5 drillcd b.'ond 30 hcLis in d.pu it i. 

iDdic.lad thrr oother loy€r of @h.siw loil k pffilb€low 3oneiers in d.pth. Below 

tbis cohdive layq sndy sfirL is presDt uD !o about 30-50 mel€n depth wheE anodE 

con sive l.yd of.boul l0 nc&B is dountlEd. 

5.5,4 Engbeerlng te.ts 

Follovins tesls e co.drct d to d.lut @gjMinS pbFnid oa srfici.l 

dcpooic or Lno@ MeEopolir.n AE (LMA). 

5.5.4.1 PeNt ltior sirte.. 

sbndlrd p€netalior Ld (SPT) L m inporh fi€ld 6! p..rom.d dDnng 

dnlirg fol g*techrical s&di6, Th. Flulb e dpEssd N N-*lu. oi p.ncbtirm 

Eli.tanc. of en. Tne N-value i! (F numb.r of blows of l40lb! drile wci8hi Soinches 

li* frll r.qDn d lo &ive a 2 irch6 shn Lrd $lit sD@D sDpld itlo th. loil lhough 

o.3mcte.. The N-v.lue or eil i! &Mlly a nw of cGis&Ny of @h6iw sib dd 

of Eldirc d.Nily of mnshctiw $ils, N@6u .opiri€l @Lritu or N-vllues 

rd badrg qF.ity of bil ercuhcd. Th. bceirg c{poity lsIE 6 olcd.r.d tior 

coEl.rim oI N+Elu @ codid.rd io h. n@ !@@ie fd end .nd 16 for @h.5iv. 

eils, Mdidu Dd aininm N.v!lu6 of &il !E g€n€6lt cmid.Ed in thc b.ding 

catacity e!.lurios. Howevs, $e hiln rd bw N-values naw b€er coiputed ror 

bearins o.plciv or@nelire lDd non-cohccile bils. Tn lest €sult Evd filt N-volues 

in ooh€sive $ils of L.hore M.ropolihn AE v.ry 5-19 bu a1 nost of dE cit!,, it is 

rlmolt 10--13.In sndy sik, th€ N-vdu.s are aoundto be 5 31.On$.whol.,th.Nvd!. 

is lisbd in m{h6iv. sils tho th€ @h€tie $i1.. Nm.bq .mpinc.l 

corcl.ti@ of N valc .d estidLd b.rMB cr9..ity of $il of bnoE M.tbpolir.n 

Ae. m .v.ilrbL in tb. soil Mehldg licntrE, th€ N iElnfic,@ of which s 

'',tunfiii (1962) , "S.ot (1963) , 50*6 (19?9) , "T.usni (1967) , TcDs, 80*16, 

Trylor, "B.ll (2004)'Md Ds Bnjr (2004) 

5,5,4,2 UncortredcoDpr€.rlvertreDglb 

Th. lDcoDin d mpEsiE sE ns!l| is . vit r pDp€dy of cohcliv. $ils. fie 

&slt! ir dE rvlihbl. &b rcbt d ro uftonfiEd oonFesiv€ st!rurt c!!e crdi.n out 

139

or l.5inch6 dimeter x 1imh.5 long uDdi5tu6cd cylin&ical @F sFdhm sol wilh 

shcll-by rDb€s duirg drilling. Ih. t6r *a oonducrld with r Brib3h Sbndard, h.nd 

openred su?in o@fol€d 6cld opomrcd @him thal draws gmDhs a se.$ Md rmtn 

cDne olsil !o failuE in uconfine! sl!t!. Thes vduer & used to €vrlu.& tn. b.lrirg 

captcity of@h€siw eils Dd lll. Esult!.c coNidd.d !o b. nost suittbl.. Fbm dd!, 

th. mqinDn lnd ninimn vrl!6 of mon6n d compBiw stqsli of cohcairc !oil! 

v.ry aon 1.7lb6 F !q@ f@t (nr), L 0.67 ion€ D.r sque f@t (|!0. Trr 

mqinM cdfr.d stasd v!lu6 Ftuin io M.h BouleErd Gulbclg Rdd, p.nly 

Fdo4u lo.4 StehEn Quid+azn, Divb R@4 Jail Rdd.nd D.&@ *hiL rh. 

minimum Elu6 b€long 10 GDlrba tuvi, s.nrh ltd Sh,nd@ 

5.5.4.3 DeDsiay ofsoll 

!. g*Echnical oomputorim, lhc bulk ddBity or 6oil is a vital paamctcr for 

n.rsuring slr€E$ of my .ed. I hu! lh. v.lu.s ol hi8n and low density for cohdiv. .Dd 

enrohesiw soils hlv€ b€eD oalcul.t d d dififtnt l@atft. TIE @ipltcd v.luc! e 

5.5.4.d Cohsior {it rrgle of Intcmrl friclior 

Thc irt doleulir cobdion od .n8lc of inictul tiction of lh. $ils w.E 

c.lculrcd by

N 

TABLE NO 

TEE COMPUIIRIZED DATA OF VAIIOUS 1ESTS OI TIiE LMA 

l15.t0 ll I16.l 03 32.f 

8 0.3? 

8 115.,0 1t2.5 l0.r 

o.3l I l5:t) 

lt7_52 

2.5 2t.1. 

I t3.0 

1.05 l2_1.30 t.5 2l,f J2.OF 

I13.00 

0.31 

It9.to 

25.0' 

22.2. 25 

Ll0l l2l.l0 I20.1 31,0' 

t5 

ll 

t.t 

x,r 

l5 

l? 

120.1 

l0€.1 

ll.f 

lo.r 

l.5t 2ltv 

r9.l. l3 

tl.1. 

ll,r 

1.23 

1.1 

)a_7 

I 

l) 

l3 

95.l 

121.0 1.673 25.0p r20.2 0,3 

Clvsi t cuhic Dourt P6 tqle rd 

5.5.5 Bsdnrt d b.rrlng crPr.lty [nltt 

On lh€ bstu oft@btical d.l! lrtilrble fton g@_t*hti€l Fporll and PFsd 

wodq finoliz.d twnmd:rim !to!i lh. fo$d'rion &sign p'lrmc6' 

A su@ry or 6vo unill ol eiMrcd b'ri'8 @F€'ig is giM in lhc T'bL 

No.22. F@ tbje |bb, n is p6iblc io htrc ' 6ir picnlE 'ho!r ln' erimticd r*ing 

€lFcityofdE lrhocM.ttutolilnAF. Tnls nv b' oicr b w lbow vrl6 ror I 

nuge int$tub& ol plniculd .isnBiDS wt at 'ry pr"' It i3 dd ii@ orxd 

Sct cbnjc.l d.l! s(l P!ts1 sdq tne etridt d h'ai'g qptcitv deFtdr upot s 

'T 

12 

l7 

r9t

tuy hcton including .m lin . rhc @il is heLoeaMus mt rial l.id doM 

golosiel pt@s of hie Pleisletr de. H.tr, th* @luer e only ror a sFmbl 

.Elurtion ofr sir. ed .h. Fdne.ded EIE nay nol be aPpli.d lo . Fn'ould 

pojer, For qct poj4! .m iD dE clos vioinity of de inv€llig.Ld Aol, nlsh loil 

invcsligdjoN .nd Lsling should be cdi.d out ,nd the fou ltigh csidE

'ffi#w rltlND 

E maL_il 

a 

ffiffi#- ll ffiffi 

I x 

=

I! covd thole .E.r qhicn hF qelLDt *fm.Ld hean.g clpooitv Units 2 - 5 re 

5.5.5.2 Urlt-2 

The fluvi.l s.dincnts comDolcd ofn.diur conPeicd siltv cl'v ed l@nv cliv 

wnn thin lffis of silly s(l Ilc €ltiMted b€tiDs gpeilv !t wlld llble d'plh 

lGl5ner€6 .nd d€Dl! of hoE hole up ro 25-30mcn is I l-1 30 lst TlF $il poliL 

litu sB r.lls in rh. uit 2 ag. D.ftu', Cltomcn! Mozn& Sh'dtttL rnd Gdden 

Toq e Min l@litid of inis uil. 

5.5.53 Urtt-3 

ftis uDn b$ nish to iedim 6tim!'d b'{ing eFcitv But mjd P'fr oflhis is 

u!d.r cullivlM Tni, b $Folrl aB! of lb. !:hoE M'lopolibn A@ '!d is b'ng 

ui€d !o @wn iDto ubu @ This @ @ be dtwlo!'d lot hulti tbEv buildinss 

*b.esr ir is ned.d for i!i! putF& Kih Sh'h Ki!u' Mui{t'' Shlndi$ !i 

SlEi*lDpuo Rold & dit lc'!iti6 oflhir unit 

5.5.5.4 Urlt-4 

nE ouv edind|l oopos€d of siltv cLv tt siltv 3tnd sith little dsaic 

@u!i. 1} 6nn!l..l banng c'Fotv Ei6 fi@ 0 75--4'99 llf on 'ard l3blc dtpn 

l?-23ncldt lnd bu€ not6 at dcplh ol U-27ftr6 TIs sit Doil' ljE CC dal' 

*t ."" *t-* * "tO "tt * cLv' '!d ctly'v $lt dd sit! Th' Mjd ioctlitiG or 

t" ".i.. ,-. *[ -* **t lqb'l TM; Ntw CdDu' wthd't Ror4 New 

Muslin TM, R d Ton; GM Tos ud TM ShiP' 

555.5 Ullt-s 

Tli6 unit Mpf,s dep|si6 sd 'bdtl@it ch.NL of rhc nad Riva Thc 

doninttts $diienls 'E strv ctln l@v cltv' tld sittv sd dd dv 3in siih orstoc 

."n* t* ",*t" -*t hlt ttt pbdic Ele The 61ituLd baring ctpDitv of lhi3 

; h 0 55- { 70 ttf on Yater Lbt' dcfln ?-l5h't'6 dd b6 hoLs ar d'pdr ot 1?i:odrn 

fti" uit lre cql"is Rlvi B'bu Sab!' B$d Road Niu scs' chug dd 

prnly lui*ind R@d ds 

Th. dMti6 ot @AlFms gdlodc'l nap oits n b'ed otr €tiMted b'rnn8 

capociy ofdE LboF M.t'!olit'n As lt it 9@ i! Tlbl' No 22 in uhid fom-

5.5.6 R€commend.tloDt 

L M.jor l@aliti6 ol un e pailv w.u.d citv, D.vi! Rd4 Sb€hra'h{'Qoi!t{- 

Aan, CdlonMr, D.lirc., Qld Rdd, ',.il R@d M'in Bo dlid Culb€ts 

Rotd, p.rdy Feeaw Ro!4 clry, cbv and silt Thar i! th' l{s clrv d'losils lls 

.neiMins cbELristics minlv noE .tabL siEtus in *bict p'niLs & 

tisbtly !..!.d Posnv of d. menrc is .nh@'d hv p@G of fNib tur 

hol6. tt sko is ti..d *it! clrt ntr. eMt *nich lElD3 it bildi'g dE 8n'E 

1ocplb.r. Thi! b!5 itue!.n .mn ted b.en8 c4tciv of liltv cl0y' cl'v 8d dlr 

ut ro optidl Lvel Tl@ !@oli!6 @tl bc cGi&td 'dr 

inftat$t|e !'d 

mu|n-sioEy buildinS! tlvitrs (3G15) 51oGv A nt' svnd tuv b' @!mn&d 

ftli Rril{y slltid to D.rt R@4 Mlb Bouldttd GulbcA i6dr F ozpur 

R@d to G*nl Hoaittl lsliti's io id@ tlftr ||B in dE LMA ding b 

dFi I'j8h c.lidEd barilg c.p*ity 

2. Thc surfic,ials d.pGils ol wil' @npii* tilg cllv lo lMv olo, wilh ld&s of 

,ilrsnd Tnc lo.s 6oil d@se' in lhe unn-2 l@aliti's wrv linlc This tonion 

hs sod@tc 10 high esli@Ld baing clp&itv H@ infi{lructtEs forbuildisg 

@d enmercial $t uP nusl be l@f,me'M !p 10 15-20 stdv buildinctplu3 

6 *dl $ rtig slruottfts for nulripl€ puipo&t 

3. T!. d of sn-3 @rdpdet siltv 10 l6v cLt wiih ldss of silt or silty snd- 

'IIn $ff,i.l d.Podb 61 lc 'bwlv Dod'oE io bgt 'srimitd hc&'!s opeilv 

bt bul ojq pln or rhjs u'n t b'ing us'd fd tsnculne w Tni! rand wiU 

@sr inio 'rhd d in td tunN owing io ils nod€ni' to hien b'!ri!8 

4. Th. fluvi.l deposiit of unit4 aE sillv crav !o silg md wilh litrle pot'15 or 

dseic Dlhiol ftb tillv $uf h4 low 10 nodcErt "titubd bqrins c4ic'rv 

Th. l@.litict oa lhit un aE @tsidcred io iulri_doFv t{ildinSI havins lo_!s 

sloFy lpdrtnenl! and orhet @ll scbEs 

5. This @of uni!5l$ lilg oLv &d tiltv snd wilh o4tsic n!n!r' IIE ecriMt'd 

be!.iry ctp.cilv is lo* to nod'd' du' io orsdic @l€ri'l- ll nust b' l'rs ihn 

O 2 D€rc61. Ih. @ of unit5 dust b' @tuid€rcd for mmd ltrucluFs od small

TABLE NO. 22 

TBE VAI,UES OF ESTIM TED BBARING CATACITY FOR ENCINEERI]IG 

CEOLOGICAI, MAI LNITS 

1,0n 

5.ofr 

5,0n 

5.0n 

t.0h 

5.0ft 

5,0n 

3,off 

5.0ii 

t.0n 

3.0n 

1,off 

1.3fi 

5.0fi 

5.0n 

3,0n 

!.oii 

3.oii 

3.0n 

15.0i 

15_0n 

11.0i 

r3.0t! 

t5.oii 

lo.on 

5.0^ 

t0.0n 

to.on 

3.ofi 

10.0i 

10.0n 

lton 

13.0n 

15n 

t2lft 

I11ffl 

l0liil 

55t 

l5n 

2tn 

55n 

l2tfi 

IN 

125 fi 

43ll 

23't 

21ft 

23n 

3l it

tutfE-L 

EOTUOIYIAL VIRI', Ot l^rl MIJLfl aT0lEY 'Unotxc 

tv,

n tu-rt 

8[E VtEiv or ran iarrlrt crDlt..v tutr,D!{G Al'Ot{G luD 

r98

55.A LmdUs.Pbr rg 

Lrnd us. plreing &f.6 to E of L!d, whi. led niy b. &f@d 4lb. $Ud 

oovcr of lbe .ar1h. Il h uled by nuM nce for puning on il all u1iliti6 "R.klE rd 

Ch.(aje (2004)'. M.ny eov@t.d !@ piEL ag.eix lurc *fit d d !rb6 

plmids ol ibc lrloE M.tDpoln n AE But tIE hd w @p of tlE ljnd. 

M.!.polrb AE h.r pcpt td fid tu tbdgh pffil sMt 

The ltDd ulc plMing i5 u iDte8nl pan of! bo.

5.5, Ar Lrnd Ure Mrp UDlts 

'Ihi6 lnil is @inly for ciop€ th.l !s ltoq 6 tn 1o@6 dd fl@d pLitr of the 

dwr, IF lEfmd @il i! pf,@rily sill, l@ny clay.nd cl.y. Thc sil6 & tl'ick hrving 

m Lrnka. Aboul SO p.rc.nr of th. fickb s iftiSriod by surfacc w.i.r ed tlbe wls 

lnd the othes ely on nin. Thi! hnd h b€ing u&d fd u6.n uss. This land nust be 

pe@.d for .gri@ltDnl @ lo m..t thc Fdr of dc uboa Deoplc, 

Tlli! on c@_ple biS !ho0s, plu!, thoppi.g eDt E, slFppine Mdl, ed 

Libeny Mstct, D.f.@ Mr*.q offies, i*hditg oN ad.'ni!l uill. 

Irrd rlds D{.Lpdcnt 

bld urdd d.wlooMr n tut lqn oahld of th. t tbc M.toFlinn AB rhar 

bls io hc d.wlop.d b, th. t-DA. 

ftn ui mDris s c of lud wlEE &.d poplc e boricd. 

lr iNIu&3 @rv!d &16r ...., utd fd *!o

Krt.bl Abtdi 

It unil imlu.ks rhe *nLenil .E ill.srl ard p€.plc h6 bdll $cn bo@5 on il. 

Ho*€q, in gc16l ssc dE Lm is w |pplied ro squtl.r M ud sboly 106. 

LDA n6 ch$i6.d 97 eld@nts s Kdcni Abrdi6, 

M.diud D.o.lty R8ld.nli.l 

PriMily ho$ins .M e wilh civic M@itB .rtd @ll rhoppins mtlB. 

Lr D.r.ity R6lddd.l wlth v.g.Ldo! 

nis unir his dE std€nqr virh plirFd say ircludinS Sood hol$ with sEa 

beli lxh ponion b ,oli6h le.lfty of the Llhore cily (lLATEl6), 

Mrjd public blildirgs &d @mpo!.d. for Elisioc, D.dicd !d cd@timl 

201 

Tlis sn coriilb ormi of dD!..r lI r @ inrmdrcly ed *teE Eulriplc of 

frcililid, for childcn, 

'otb 

ad .dullr e tEquiEd. 

U&d aor Erc.tid, wale6hed, .nd .rsim ontlol, 

Ld Ddsily R6ld..d.l 

T[is uit h$ g[[ noug win hs civil mditi6 ud mll 3hoppinS enLB.. 

Tnisu t conDosd of a ei of lod iaving 0oodw.i.i 

AB dmiDtad by ridt h.rd My of diving or mljd b.ds 6ilw.y! or 

tuq t ds, slqs ud do.dmys @ usd fo! s..$ul Srlznlg and srd ninin& 

!o €r.y ofi de$ s.ta duri.s Einy l..s. 

blt frerio! Fi@il,

Otd Ettoilol EllXbS 

242 

Tni. uit iFlurL. Fiuit on hildic toillilr' *iO ciric @iti.. rtrd 

rh.ptilg 6la! i3 rrnd! Fq! Brbrli Mdqe, D.Lli O.r. .!rl Puj.b Uni6ily 

.L,,Tl[i097t",11 . hi.rdi. boirbgr @ ii |n. (PL TESi,2,3,5.!dIl). 

Urb.!ugMut !crh.r[.. fiEdivirid i.a giCDo tyR nd.nri.l 

.c., MGdiM Ddiry R.idoritl r!., Lo{ Da.ity lididqd.l with ESct do! @, 

ft! 6n ir h.i!g d.hiqdlr u..d fd c@at Ld d'6piog of ddFdc .ad 

irduril e.ra Tln @n h! d.Mqr.d b t'o h..Uri.. i.e M.hood 8@ri rld d@i 

ll,ilsy Ln.8i@ b elid ua di+d.l E+, 

'nhr 

Th. Lln cLrinedd dp i. t[. han of. Lld e pL!. lt gq ! . r!l6..t 

of Lde Flicy.!rl h. 6E.id "IGll6 (l9E2f. 

r To &ni* .rd .Esrt .ddiati6 .!d 6rd.Et b.tws hdl .rd 

.r.t Llde dlti* 

r To rnwi&. auid. &r Fblic iod@r b ltil 

r To Fovi'b . ctu nr@rdt fo. t{d8cd!g.!d duilc @dte6on oa 

n iliic* s.f a si@lr oda .d -E .!d trd ryid8 

r To ddiLi r!8lltldy polici.. Dd d.ciii6, 

' To b.b Fovi& grid.lis ftr d.Eloto@l of.{dtrbL hnd r.r

!.{/ 

I 

IJr 

,?. 

tl'l 

-a' ' 

:01

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

m Iz 

T 

I 

E 

I 

I 

I ffi 

IIOUR.E ,I4 LEGEND OT LAAD U5€ MAP O! LAHORE ML TAOPOT I TAN ARLA 

I 

b4

PL/\Tfl15 

IIORIZONTAI VIEW OI EDEN C-ENTER 

205

5.6 ceologicrl Hrtrrd! aDd MtdgrIoD 

5.6.1Geftrrl 

m6 

N.tlEl cv.nti Mirs sddaly ind $ifty, .nd @n*qcdy duiag hm to 

th. p.ople and dct inlri$noc, @ c.llcd En|nl lEards. To tnc (r,md ns lsh 

evenL my bc dlc !o Mllnnrl pow.r of llE uture, over which lheE m be no coDlrol. 

Nolbly, tne pcopl. of the tndu pllin in the Pujab .nd yd. Sindh lurc b..n ifdins 

Sri.Gly 

rnd emndy frm n@d hrztds be.e dEy lit in old ltandoDcd 3tte 

chsmls or in dE p@nt low lying tlood {.ys. All dviomoLl h.zrd5 !c mt 

nessny s&Lr Th. slow nMif6brioD of tun@l b.4rd5 i5 lh. diut consqu.m 

of hunr. rctiviri.s The hrzards ton luch natuBl pknoncoi s @n\u,k s, rcl€nic 

.ruptiom 6d cyclorc @ iw.prbl., nd 6D he coob€i.d wi$ p€pedms pl.m. 

Tn@ d nny mGin

M.dhopu in Indir .nd cnEing Pltit n uFft{ ofrlE Kor NdM. It tos p.8ll.l lo 

IndcP.k M.r up !o rh. RlvistlhoD. cri${Fsing dc boidd !l . nuobq or 

ldtions. nB brids.s span lh. R.vi Rivor ned Lrhor, while two noE bridg.s e 

under @61!!ctid b.tv4n dE klbE .nd tIE Bdron B.ms!, *bjcn j3 lhc Lminu of 

dE pojd !B On its w.y, ir leircr tribubry iril@s 6!n thc ridr blne (Fi& 45). 

The Rrvi &vcr hls a tor.l archn nk !E ol40,lJO murE tjlon l€B (15,500 

!qu.E niLs) up lo ik onnlme wnh the Cnemb Rivei and h!! ! lorl lcn$h or 395 

ulomccF (560 nilca). Th! !ppe! €tchnoll .ls.stins io 9,065 squ@ kjlom€teE 

(3,500 squd bil6) & hilly u6i4 lying i. ln. leg Hituhym Pi.tuolt in Indja. 

Only 25 p@nt ol dis .g is cultivlr.d vnik 4jo! p.n or lb. m.ininS c. is 

cov.ed with r@8t. Tle low oltclncn$ of 11.030 sque kilonelers (12,000 squre 

mil6) .ft . pln of dE AllDvial rriin of sub-cotindt Dd .e luiLbL fo. agricull'nl 

207 

'IIr. .e coDpris llo.d pl|in ol rr Rlvi Riva fM d'e x.t N.im to th. 

Bluoti. In its upFr carclmcnts rE!, it p6sss l@ D.lhouli. lom and dt r. thc prdm 

tu& Madhopu in hdia, The river n6 a silcp 3loF il the upD

Lr{l:- 

=a 

= 

\i f/, 

i 

1 

ItGEtlD 

\&. 

E 

N 

.+. 

Y 

rIGUIB at.DRNNAGEOPRAVIRTERAIOUiiDI.|I|OREMSIROPIoLIT NAREa" 

G@ Fql.(d ndd Cdnitid l9zl & IcrO 

o 

N

5.6,3 Tbetn Drm 

N9 

Th. TlEin D.i has t@n c@t@icd lFteo thl M.dlopa Ba@gc o! lhc R|vi 

Riq in rh. Ldi.. It i3. Ldge @l 6[ lnn, 147 n r.s (482 G.r) bigL Inigdion ud 

pow smrio !E il! trc prim objedwr Lirc sloEs. c.pocity of ln. drD ir 0,23 

nhn' O.9 m.0". Crt laMb @.b@ Thcin k 6000 qu.rc kilmeh (2,314 qu.G 

nil6). Table No.23 d.Mibe ihDoltint ftltle! of the d!D. 

L 

T ALt No. 23 

IMMRIANT FEATURF,S OF TSEN DAM 

5, 4 of 12 E (,O n) dilm&B Nh ld 

oow flr.ntid .!d ftr iristlid. 

L 0J5RFBh.086mo@t 

' bnn - Millid h.or.E @Er 

'Mt=Milid.@fd 

. cfs=cubicfrqsodl 

In ! epinio 3tudy cuicd oul by NosFI (N.tiot.l EDsiDqins Sdio.s of 

P*bl,n) for Llhorc by.pa Bridee on tuvi R1@, tn. ctr .t of Tnenr Dai! on tuh|re 

floods Es er.lur.d. ftis study loot inlo .@ul dF v&i@ p,t@G6 sst 6 

@nchcciltic., ncr lit ly oFntid $l|d!r6..d Friods or lrood @utt!@3 

.tc. R6dts of lni! rtudy hrrc be! snlruizld in d. followiq T.bL No. 24. 

TABLE No.24 

EFFECTS OT flIEIN DAM ON FLOOD OF RAVI RIVER AT I,AEORE 

542,000 l0

2t0 

Ldir hrs mw tull wal€r nghls ecording to lDdur Wal.r TF.ly of 1960 ed hd 

rlreldt lmnged to div€n all itl b.e now lnd hls conltrlci.d ! Th.in.lm, ft 16 nil€s 

upseQn ofthe Madhupur, Now-!-dryr oc conpLt flow oflh€ Rlvi Riv€r he ben 

sior€d a wU s u*d in India Nazn Ann.d and Ghulam Chudhry ( 1933) . 

5.63.1 Mldhopur Brrlg€ 

Il @y b€ @lcd th. !!0D8. doc! nor lppsiobly Educe the U@d pe.k! or8@Lr 

thd.bout 15,000 cu@s (s00,000 cf!). Acqdingly, floo& lik. tut of 1955 and 1988 

roDld contiNc b rhwl dowr..n io P!ti!6n !a!.iro.i6 with moE or less lhe $@ 

I is l@l!d aboul 38 tilonct s (24 nil6) updtqn ofih. P.lGtrn-lrdi. bordd. 

ft dilerb w.l!r ro K8hnir Bnrch LinI Cdl .nd Uppq Bd Do.b C@1. D6isn 

diehrlg. of dE {cir is 19,824 cmr (1700,000 cf.) rtd ruinun di6io qp&ity is 

623 cubic dtift&t {22,ooo cfr). 

s.6J,2 kvl Syphor 

Thi! oc$E csi€ dE BABD Lint CDI !td.e$ tl'. Pivi Ri6 12 

rnmd.6 (20 nil6) uFnqd ol t l@. Th. qistins di$h.4p eFcily of lb. riq 

oq rh. rypb.n $ .b.or I2. 035 obi. erriD.|.n (425.000 cft) 

5.633 Brid86 

Th@ e lou ttridgq th.r 3p.r tn. riwr in thc LMA .g. Tb.s e ,ag 

Railway Bndgc {mw &@li!h.d), Sh.Md Prilmy Bndg., Snand.n Old HiShw.v 

B;d8! dd Sh.Hln N.w Bridg., 

5,6.4 Bundr 

ThE. "bu.ds" tlw b€en codtdc!.d lor pobolion of th. LMA iion lh. Ravi 

5.6.4.1 Sh.hdrn Flood Prot€.ilor BuDd 

Thi3 bud, .meli,s Sh.hdiB Dbbibut ry's .nd Flood lmlonlcnent io 

Rlilway Bndsc is tcraomin8 .n inpolin1 olc for the slety of th. lhicldy popultled 

m. olshaMaB ToB, LrhoE4ujrmw.h CT Roadi bhoFRnwrlpindi Railway Linei 

6ev.ftl i&lories ond a nunb€r ofviua!.! wilh f.nil. osticultuF h.d Ii k 4,755 nele6 

(15,600 ii) Ions ind h!! lh. lop widrh ol7,t net s (2s feel) win rive$id€ slope or3:1

.nd tb. coDtFide llop€ of2rl. Th. bund lop b 1.5 neias (6 fe€D above l9?3 HiSt 

21\ 

Flood lr.l (IIFL). Firc rps h& b*n .d.Ld for th. potectioo of dE bond. fti bunn 

got b@b€d .l t*b pL.6 duing dF 1988 nood, tE rqrn wo* of *nich b!. sic b€r 

5.5,,1.2 M.hmood B.otl Burd 

Mrrmood Beti Eud is ldr.d 6 dE *t of Rrvi Rivd utcdsh of Ih. 

R.ilwly Brida.. Ir i. 3,319 D.L6 (29,000 fer) lons !.d @nn*rs $,ndm Rlilmy 

Bndg€ wjth th€ higt banl nod dE M.lh@d B@d vnlage. Il *a oshcGd ir 1950. 

'Ihis bDnd ws bech.d dftin8 lhc .xc.ptioElly ligt flood of 1955. It ws dra 

Emo

A Binfcl of lO osDrihekrs or onc a4u!e hlon t r n1ds IOO,OOOnT of eLi 

2t2 

Tne iEbilily ol the sroud to lhdorb a siarbl. pan of 6is @oml ol waLr woDld 

Ehmly caw q6s oBlod flow or dmtt Eresiv. EiD vithi! a 3hon paiod i3 

crll€d ! \l@rlb6r. Cloudbw N Ery ffim in lne Hirol,ytu ft8rm 'n monsd 

!.er IrE bu61ilg of dlN qls orr3Eophic troodl Ml6 thc Musl. D.d in 

*nicn !@!€d iloodv a ltoo

th. Mrnnood Booti, fo! cx.npl., rh. omfi jr 50-9{ FE.nt ld tbm dE r..ldr op.t 

..r.h@rb @ in th. LMA. 

5.6.5.4 S.dlncrt lo.d .Id cbrrylDS cour'. of Rr*l Rlve] 

2t3 

T!. !m6r of &ditMt cui.d by tuvi wrcr i! sulFdion or by t ciiom is 

sowd by rh. foduL thlt if th. wlciry ddbl6, l!. s.din nt lqd would ircus 64 

tift* b n@

Rjvcr v.lLy tlooding 

5.5.61 River vdl.y loodlng 

2t4 

fte R yi Ri6 si6lq wLr ldnost of rhe,@ bur dqins noDsn &!sor, 

il b€con6 d$gmu tu noodins ofdF Rrvc. vrlley. bnoE Dev.lopneDt Auihori9 i3 

n.kin8 a nodel .tudy to pol€cr the oity fron sorious no.dins vitn inoEos oa 

D.pulation to ovd 6.5 million Gon. of dE Par'l1.! 0993)". BDnds hr. b@r built b 

pDbl ih civ 6 iE nonbd ald sulhd bourddi:. Cuftdr a projal is DDd.r wly 

lo .xLnd dE w.5h bud ii r Soulndly didctid LDA (2000)". 

The Rivd vtll.y hls ttE h lfom unils irclurliDg i) Riveibed md Sdd Brm, ii) 

M..D.hr Plair, iit Acnv. Fl@d Phin, (Fi&46) rr!!t e inun&Gd by 0oods.b. of 

non!6 w 4h yd. liw4r, dE Cowlmr iblld mr h. dlow.d ro build,ing 

ho!&i indutid and E inils a .duc.lioMl irslit]t s in lne Riu wl€y .8., bed& 

of d.nger io liws hd Drcpeny. In 1930 .Dd 1990, nmdwrbr inmdr|d rhc houling 

sh.m6 iD Sn ndda and ldj&ent lds Gulthg in hdry 16 or lir€ &d pbp.rly, 

5.6.6.2 Sop€r noodltr8 

Du€ ro il@sd dh now during oolMn e@ni iod rles of .x!! *arer 

foh "Thein Dm" DpsFem by the lddi., th€ brid8e! b.iweer $e rdoe and the 

Sh!M@ 6Licl now ad ltmdins t t€ pla.. up6t m. A! rhc fl@d seB cont i.ed 

within de bund of dE rh.u-q dislrihr.ry to the Nor$ ol city, lhc buli is bEclEd in 

dFpldEd 16 itu jut @51ofd. ShlhdrE io awid ovcrfl@ing fim brnk. Only a 

v.ry !@ll er of fic Sh!M@ ToM t hid mugh 10 .void nmding Cig, 46). 

To pbyidc for th. sh€l flN, flood el* & .@i&rcd lo b€ cons[ut€d unds 

n'lw.x GI Ro.4 .nd tlE SbdtnuIm Rod. HwM, unphocd dftlopnar of Mry 

itdsda b6 tot n pLe dons GT R@d .Id Sh.ir|iupln Rdd rhat *ill $riouv 

iDD€de lood flow sho it occuE ir tutuE. In fact, d.v.lopmeDt hs talm pl&c.vc. in 

th. beds ofvlt€EoDrss. Kepi,g in vicw to drh ra.iot, rc indNbial unit should b€ ser 

up in .Ea arIai.

5,6,6,3 UrbrD floodltrg 

215 

Ulb&i,itid r.!rd5 10 Ephe Bhnl dlidgc *ilh 8!tiar$ tom wE !!n 

dfin d chrmlc Urh{ p.vils.rd dddg. cblDliztid @ldL .rd i!(i!e tlE 

uodof EinmLr Flood Frk te@6 o@ inl65. in niny smn Eds.1.l 

(1975)". It is quiio c,beou. thrt &foEsLtioD dtibnLs cNid.Ebly lo dE 

.usMbtjo of fb.nr "K.Ud 

(1932)"; Fig 4O. IrF rpid p@ orubeitltim aLiling 

@fin& rd clFr.n utb .rd nod.n cfu[lc6d h& @Nidqlbv sduc.d inflhdd 

lnd ausneDied surfacc orcfi, @uing loc.l noodr in tnctiouy tll bi8 citid lit , th. 

blore, the Kjruhi, thc RryalpiDdi, Oc IskDrb.d dd th. Muhn. Tti. c.lg utb6 

flddin! in citi6 vin 40 Deent inFRiou slrn c .!d a bkh srcd by srdn 

src6. Thc Mum of [o.ds is mw dE. iimd hi8i.r dun wh.n ltboniz.tion htd 

ml ovon leD n "Shcildr, cl d. ( 1999)". For in$oroe, in Au$si of I996-97, herry nitflu 

hls c.ed !.l@ ub! noodins n tlE LMA (Fi& 46), D{. lo dis nuire, noodwd.f 

€trtcFd ino Drry lM trd otre buildinlF. AmtdinS to t ndfoft M.p orrb. IJ\.A. 

dE B$in ed Cha@l'Fill unil b etl dDosd in the NodEm .nd soDtnon p€rts of tIE 

Rlvi Riv.r includins lov Mng .&s st plac.s in tho Ctn.l Pdk, th. AlkM lqbol Toq, 

rhc Gllbd& th. Glnt nTo*n,lt s.db.d. th. t t R@d, dF sud., cd!:l Frl of 

city ud !.tal lslioE of tlE CsionMt .r4 wha! dF cb6IB ol Uthd flooding 

ar moE. Slod d8idgc tuy be brilt in th* lo.aliti* a @di.l n.rres "Sneikn, .i 

al.(2001) . Ihc uhs flood s?ols h!v. tu l@.tion in Fis. 46 b6!@ it ft imposible lo 

n0* tnc& l@rim d dE m.p bul n is si@ i. $€ tql. 

'n mjor dood. ccut@ ofdE Rrvi tuu c a follows: 

1950 Fl@d. l9t5 Flood. 1973 Fl@d. l9?5 Flood, 19?6 Flood, 1983 nood ad 

5. 6.7 Mtdgrtior phG for trood h.z.rd. 

Nrunl dab camt b€ Drv.DLd non ec$iDg bul dEi inpact!, fr€qwy 

rnd Fsibly siz qn b. edued if cfaijrc MG e bkd. Tn h@tds coping 

ncNds iNlurte plbing ld di,.!r.r F!Fr!&es bt d o. alslit l ol the ro9itud. 

orrisLi in the plst lnd lh@ dricrp{t

.hi!, bot .&o & eriiulid of ..rd &ngd lo dr. &ltLned3, .@!Misti@ ryd.n 

2t6 

n !fu 6r .nri@!dl €uily eqotq lb@qn rtorlds. of (t & 

lloloei€l conditi@ (D hDost|9hic Lrlul ofrh. 68iod (iD d.mrnlhic d.L .rd hd 

4 Fhn qodddiF 4toid{n 68!itd. of ri&.dniFb.l (co.Lx l98l),

2 

: 

lN 

Frc{rx8 .6 FLpoD tlvARDf zON!{il'{r-9f.1*Yli*TR IN ntE laIloRE 

** fi,'m,ruffimffi"""^*,o-- 

'-' rib nrwn perrmons Ltro*e 

DB@ID 

E ntq 

= 

E E7 

a 

^., 

I 

217

lh€ Mmg.nmt of noods imDlics @t l.lti4 .xcs omfi waEI flow $ddc'Jv 

and wilh iDLosit in the dr.ims. n lwo& Th. nd6uFs t ka nosllv iG idtd to 

r€du@ tb€ ponim of rumr by ilMils infitntioi, ttBdins 

213 

muscs lo gpl itrto dE oh.mk dd &FndinS it thrcu8t 'h'in'ls or 'rtuk lt 's 

bi$@@tion th,l d.ming or . rivd d ab.E nood !.ztns Aeoding b 'voldit? 

(1997) , ev.n il all posibl. d.ns ww !o h. co.stucl.d in lhe PakisLm and the Indi4 

aly !bo!1 8-lo p.rcf ofiol,l tlow mDld b€ ibE4 whiL dE Eminins 30 p'rcdt dil 

be nd (l flow dd nsle flo.d! duins dc6iE disb.lse Ttus' il i! ! tuns @ for 

consefling lood flows bt nearo ofolhs lhd 6urft@ ltoEs6 t'hind dlN in tne rivet 

5.6.E Conbltitr8 nood PDblens 

5.6.8.1 Tn.tDert of w.tenh.ds 

'I}c no61 .drctirc 6@ of flood mdad'nl involv6 ftiuctio or IlMft bv 

inducing .nd incdsing iniiltdlion into !rcund 

in t]te cdcb6'nl5 46 A dcnse !'settt 

cord not dly poool6 @i&nbtc itfil!.lim if p6sible in P'*ist!a but tl$ su6 ' 

l.tse amunt of w.r.r lo b. djtposd onbv cvrpcE tupintiM TlF b€st ms!rc or 

flood tunig.trd is thus lo bring lhe cdohn"ts et under foEsttlion silh lEes on1 

geml€ ldg.r mouns ol liu Ac snd aolvp$ e ml in lnis et.8dv ort€ 

'nrc R.vi Ritd h 0owins .lons lndiln bords !p b tbe Rrvi Stlhon Th'ft is m cnlDce 

of foEsblion in lnc LMA d l}is sltc

s.6.83 Wrler rpredtns 

2t9 

Flood*ai.r c& b. didrib{r.d lo opa snd ptddy n ld. vls. i pan ot Mb is 

losl due to .v.poEtion dd quile prcDorrion infilrates iDro sil floodwlteN cln litewie 

be @Ed 

in MBhcr hr6 .id &t6im. FloodMd € b. 5?!6d only !ft.t dE Illvi 

sy?hon e. that t d Fn 

of ln. LMA, 

5.6.E.4 Ground*der ret&ge 

Th. sinpLsq cn !p.st md p6ei6ly nolt cd.ctit a.rhod of Eduing flow oD 

$. gFurd wouLc h. b snifritllt indr hflrr iod tbbuSb.latEe Nmbdofdu8 w.Is 

along lh. bods of .phd@l st dE md monlm Kilnf ch.Dcls. Punpins co 

ausnqt dd qDict n iDfilt ltion of dB norc. lf d!d4 tt drv @ inhrrc 

pumpins is cari€

eobmknMb ms constlcled l-2 kilonelm d lne banls of the tuvi tuvet frcn tE 

M noodB@ti Mulbn Ro.d. 

220 

Fiising d. nood tr@ @ .tove tlF prot bL hid wLr leEl bv pho'ng 

anincial lmdfiI ir rmrh.r My of prolotion .rrnst 0oodq but lhis is v.ry cddv 

5. 6.9 H.r.rd! toDtrg ed lrrd !t. regslltio! 

llood nitignr@ '€quic infomtion oi ltedplas' p3niclLdv $F 

idenrituand of fl@dways in Fl.tid 10 hnd ue (Fig 47). This maP slDws (i) @! d 

belE e dlldtly inund.t 4 (ii) 'E EIE conltlcno! or buildi4s bulr be 

prenibik4 (iii) ags vheE ehlrse of sFund*d.r k lddng p!'c' iI ordd lh'l no 

potbl.d no.dwlLt is .llov€d ro i.nlti€ h i! imp€dlriE b d.mpa$ ur* 

noodpbis zoG .nd enloG @ntol on c@lrw'tion of bujlding or 'i3ooa r'gukli@ 

for &3igr. .nd ilood proofihs and eqlhition bv tn€ govebtdt of sltuEble lttd ror 

dey.lopitrs itio g@b€ll for eitd-liG sftt dt "valditr O97)" 

rn |n. iddtiliodon ol nood.'Ios .sE the EluBl w'td E&rc of tlE riwr rnl 

{rc hiltory of pasl o@mD@s of no.& lhould b' clo&lv s'rudi'd Notrblv' a 0ood N'v 

G ituidd.

. holcc! w.t nhedr 6m foEst oDd gri$ fi6 

. C.ntot or .lininoL l[g. sdc .ld cdrins of l@tLnd 6 in ot* &Gls 

in u!|Eem ridc. 

. MadlE wdcBneds io niniot .cid (.-s bv pffnl'ts ovd grdh9' 

721 

. D6ign and cotutlct ftw utbd as !! lo povid. hpwry on 5i€ woler 

. courrua otcbmrs tnria fd &bds (dc@ Fal flo{ of dovrotu 

.nd thc sedii@l). 

. C€.c wrrer holdins d! (i e. tt't[ br.s) 

. Cldr dcttG.ld *diEdll ftm wsts 

. R€sioE dpt!*e 4Ml d.L.lio! .E sh s slouS!& s*!rdp6' tull 

. cdsnuci .nd MiDoin cn Nl inpovdotl io irc6* flow apacitv 

' 

. fsllblilb ddlprcv flood @nltol €rtss (d bltis of nub6 ol 

Cor6tnd fftl d,s atd Eso's to tioE @Lr 

3tuch|B l tE Pel.tr€{t). 

5.6.10.2 H€id rlt€r llood 

To conlrol4F.d e.ar fld

\? 

ncURE 4?Tt-ooD !,sncAfloN M^P o!1Mry'.8r oF THE t'AlloRE 

*o'1. ffi^ffi.'ffioHff"t IRrucAnoN PowER 

DBT}\IIMBIT I.ATIORB 

^ND 

IB(E{D 

I 

tl 

= 

= 

a a\r1

223 

Th.rc i. .n urBmt rce

t' , 

2Ltift-t1 

orgo|-D wrsT! aY gouD wasrE lvaNAGlMErl 

D!'ABIUENT O' CIIY DISTNrcI GOVERNN'IENT LAIIOf,E IN TIIE 

noBrf,Etr $DE Of CflY 

-uroorc 

nl

H@do$ cheriol wsi. tutug.n nl mry b. th. Do6r !eno, eDvibmdbl 

225 

pobhn Dowdry. lludEd5 oi cv.n iholsd! of uMlirollcd dilp@l snes my b€ 

tifte bombs lhlt.EDtully will c.De publi. hcllih prcbld!, Being Mlistio, w€ krw 

uBt we aE Soing ro continuc to prcduF hrardou, wrrlo. nFEfoE, it is inp.6riv. rhni 

c@frlly eDsinddnng suE hftlfill! lnd olhd !.fc diBpoel nethod! nay be derclop.d 

Disposll of loxic or otlcMisc h.ardou! qal. by &.p well injectio inio m 

lppopiiltc solosic .nvibDdl c!r, in onc iMt sc!, bc . wis decision. Smn 

dirposl .holld not b. pFF&

syslerrtic disposl Tne o B najo! wistc s!rc. is th€ nindl indu.try. In lddilion, 

c.rr.in ch.micals us.d io exc&l n tih durirs p@sing !E toxic cnd reqDn€ s!€cid 

lu.dling in diQ@l lik€ othq indurill *rsE. Much of lnc lcntion iD $lid-taL 

dispo$l i. ddoGn b rne mbFndrcly sdll @6ul of muriciprl w.i.. Ir i5 

@I6E .d ir ciri6, is bjshly visible, !d nGr be onEr.4 ruson d, sDd diqo*d 

wlilc indutsial m3c. n.y lupply tne krsest volunq! of loxio mteri.ls, 

nuhiciprl vale i! tu non h,ml.s, Asid. ftom ths orCrinic mtenft lite food wL 

226 

and !€p.r, widc rdieg ol poim i. !&d in .y.ry holFholdr @rcdlc d@ning .epnb, 

dbilferntd, slv.nts $.h 6 Fi tbinM &n .ky{l@ins nui{'s, iDslicides bd 

iMt EFlk ., .id s m. 

'M!&k .t al. (196)', st'a. .b.{r olid w$t , *hich 6 h. d.auEd v.ry 6r@dly 

as wail! mt.rill tn|t mol be qlily pssd lnousn . pip., @npdlds . very eid. 

range of moLrials dEl con€ liDm a van ty of $ees. Ihe pnmrry s!rc.s of slid 

vstc rE .gicultuE ud Dining, follow.d by indNlrial ed hunioipll soucs. The 

elrc of 6olid wosic, lhe mounl cln.dtcd r @h individul &!G, ed ib phydcal 

dd clEniol chrtui.ristict e inpoltlrt f&ios in d.rcminiDr how lb. {Estc is 

Althoush the difl€Em b.tw..D r solid ed a liqurd ctu .lqr en@eh ih. 

dislinclion b.twd slid ed liqDid wct is not alMys qunc s obvio6. wnn solid 

w.rcs rccumula|, wat€r Day pass lnough 6d pich up elublc conpoMts; 6 ! esul! 

0E dbliNtid b.tss elid ed liquid wale my b.cm. 6lurEd. On olha h.nd, a 

wdt thrr ii FinciFlly ir &uid l@, och $ *mse or 6E supad.d sdina! My 

beonc @cntlFd into a noE u le$ elid 6 a E$x of dab&ft p@.du6 d 

"Pavly ct al 0999) ' 3t!G. tnal $. wl.s e dl dE @las dising nm ltunn 

iDd mim.l lctiyilies lhat e. mmlly slid md dBl e diearded cs usl€$ o! 

u*aoad, TIE lem 6 us€d is clliDoluriw, ed it eDcoiipas &c hdeoscmE ne 

ol dwsq.yc frm si&M! lrd comdi.r !.tiviti6 a wcll a rh. boE 

bonos.nou smd.rioB or. singl. indatri.l lcrivity. Min purpoe ofrnjs strdy is 

lbErold: (l) io i&narrr rh. wios typ6 of elid v&dds $d $cn $ulc, (2) to

erinire lhe ph'sical and cndiol conDosilion of wistd, (3) !o consider in ga.rl 

ms [E .lmb bvolvld In !h€ nMepnd ol d4 wsu 

5.7,2 Typs ofrolld wat6 

Th. trTes, $utcs ol slid wrlbs dd dE phyliorl and clEmicrl conFdilion of 

$lid wBi.5 e.ouid@d. 7h€ te i olid @t i! .ll'inoluive and eDoompas lll 

sll@3r DFs orcl!*iftlrids, cdFsiliotr, lrd pr.Fni6. 

Ttles ofelid wat s rE givcn b.los: 

. Mlnicip.l u31e! 

. lnduEi.l*at s 

. HazrdsEB 

. H69ill wan g 

PLAITI8A r.@l! rbd duntins and buhing of $lid eslc by Solid W$r. 

Mtug.@d DepdrEdl of cily Di.ticr Cdclmdt hhoE in rh. bnos Merlpolirr 

As vhil. PI-ATE-I3B indi@tca rhout dutntilg of $lid *!sl. by Solid wsc 

Mln.godt DeFitndt of Cily Dil'icl Cov.m.nt hhoE in M.hnood B@ri l.ndfiU 

ThcE e two rSat vho alaldr *orl.d on elid rut dis?@l sd 

@8ddt of knoE Ciry ieludiig Envi@r.l Pbi.ctiE D.p.tmnr .nd L.no& 

Tn h.dlil sic .l MaluDood B@d is nol desisn d Dording b its po@ers in 

th. LMA. The ladfill hE io be &eigncd i! sh ! d@ rhlr dMv.lrt F @tLrid 

ofwlcidlechlt nows orly in one diedon md @nd out tom ooF Doinlsvhft n 

can b. ooll*led ..d potr y lraEd. TIE *rsE i3 sprc.d lylrenrtiolly iD thic* hycE. Il 

h 6v.rd ach day wilh 15 cn dict Ly.6 of eil .nd lh.n c6p.ct d. llE Lndill has 

d iaDcmdbl€ @u 8r'd inm liMr oa cby d pLllic d llphdt io pcrcnr infilE ri6 

of Ein or 3ub6ur&.e w!|.r. 

221

ft ft ta 

r|" DUMPTNG AND II'TNING OI SOLTD WASTE AT MA.EMOOD E{XYN 

srTE GrG' 5l) 

!. DT'MflNG OF SOI,ID WASTI AT MAEM@I' E('OTT DT]MIING SITE 

(nG 5D 

224

5.7.3 Solid W.!te Dtuposrl lnd Manrgenenl by Envl.oDmental 

Proleuotr D.p.nth.rt 

229 

AcordibS ld ervimnenlrl prolile oi rjhoE Cfty of Envioomor.l Prclstion 

D.p€rtcnt Purj!6 pmviM, 'T0nn (199)" sr.ies drr rlE mb cily is cronsibtc fd 

pod@lion of w$ies ir rll strg.6 oI dcv€lopm.nt srning ton lhe h.simiIg. In sm.l 

agricultlnl connuiti.$ MtuE &ccpt! .tl rhc w.sr. inio rtr Etunl cycl. blr dlc ro 

indei.l polulioa p.puLtion splosioa dsins living si..da&, ches* in r.iril 

dktihurim nethod. dd iEl r.chmloo/. ft i ifrpo$iblc to econmod.E .I tn€ w!sr! 

13 sh. L.loE Metotolibr CldDndor ha b dish..g. itc *ove Ddtiod hmtioN 

wnh iti sl!trof I 7,155 pcrsons $lt is nor sflicidr for $is whole cell of 6e nd.genenl 

5.73.1 SoId wst. g.nen.lon 

L.l$E Medpolitar ciry with ! population oi 5,063 nillior i! snomring oler 

2500 ion6 of elid wdl! drily d ! 6& of 0.5 tito3nn F Fen {,!ity Ardosh rjncty 

coustim ed efe dkpo.it ot solid rsie i! one of lh. mpul$y tumtioG of tjhoe 

Melropolibn Coipontio (LMC) yd n fitu 7s-e0 F@nr garbag. dDe ro iE linild 

rcsw.! *hilc dE &Dinins 2c25 p.Emt {550 toD6) u@[ed w.jr€ s!.s in the 

.nyienDdl ard dcompo$s. The @oll@tdd slid w!6t€ oE.t s Dnlysi€nic cddirim 

.nd pos.. -@ tbBt b p{blic h€trh. 

The ldysis of w4c sa.ation lnd sto8e€ olplcily with dE LrnoE 

Metopolibn Ciry, T.bt. No .25 !ho*s dE shod f.ll of 7t 5 bn6 ud EquiM.nl of I42 

.ontlincB io @t lh. plMed rlrser. Simnldy rh€ Ntsis of Tabl. No. 25 (Astlb of 

wate gcn@tior 8nd [ni.e capa.ity) dilcl€s a shon fall of lo4 lonos ed aluime,t 

of 14 m @lLE for th. Trble No. 25. 

AltlbuSh rin@ Meropotiun Corrmtion h!, dsa8.d ils 52.2 peral (8950 

FNom.l s) sl!fi fd rtr b.&r hmsftd of stid *.* but dE 8rbas. i, dilr . big 

$me ol envibMenbl deEDd.tid in rte ciry. Tr. $lid w.6l! rhovat fDh de ciq 

(22501orc6) n mt dispose

TABLE No. t5 

ANAI,YSIS OF SOT,ID WASTi CONERATION AND DOSNNG STOR GE 

CAPACITY 

Rate olgaatio of elid slsL 0.5 tilogtm Fr teen D€, dry 

Qmriry of $lid usic s!ffii.d 2251 toE. t6 day 

CapocityofltjF 0.6 0onet 

C.p.cirr of 6iri6 6.0 ile 

Cd@ hh.r.d 'Torrl nlcs T.@r ofeort 

Populdbn !or.t is oq d 450. iJ24 .h!r 6 poputarid of.igh zoftr ot lhe L.hw 

.iry. 

Shon e0 rG le iD w.igh. 

Qwtity of wste De5@3 in 1oG. 

IABLE No,26 

ANALYST$ OF SOIID iYASIE EXISTtr{C LIFTT G C } C|-IY 

230

TABLE Nd 2? 

TYPES Oi ITANSP'ORT 

1.75 2 

z ,0 

6 

l 

5 6 

oT: OlcnT@l TT: Tdclor TDllcys 

AR:AmRoUcr Cr Conp3 ror 

D: Dhp€r 

231 

'Ihe solid 6r. tu b.ir8 dunpcd indierinidr.ly in d.pBsioB4o* Mns !relt 

wb* eE fou.d eidi! q .oud rlP ci9. S@rrica rh. t I@ Mc[opolirD 

Corpdtion l.Nk e fo@d dunping tne did w.!t inro Rrvi Riva tbrt j6 highly 

deld'mhl erion. Tt uinry d.f oflrlu. MerlFliii. Colldda hs.t$ b6 

obsery.d buming of slid wa$c in lh. Esidenli.l l@liries th.r s€n@r! injlriouvloxic 

sDolc.rd4g'tircb fer ft public hal6. 

5,73.2 Nrture ofloud w.!re 

'Ite $Ud wastc conscd iion tb.

5.7.3.4 ErvirulD.trtrl rnd h..lth h.ardt 

A wiery of dliom.ntrl h.a'& aDd heoth ridc a$ociaE wft impbp4 

b.dlins snd F.r tuegmat of $tid "{r.. 

Thc oosr obyios aviedcrr.l d.gn&don ..u*d by $tid *nsic in !. 

_uccslhetic look , The un6 rolld du6pin! ofurb.n wale is ousina ddrucrion of 

tlE bauty ol th. murylid4 utb.r '|w .nt Mrjort hor.s.. 

For ltE s.n.ml public, rlE Din rtr6 io hdlth !E irdi@r dd dis Aoo lh. 

bEeding of the die@ lecbn, luct s fli6, nequir@s qnd oden6. 

Dbe.$ c.r*d by ni.! 

Ily brEdiD8 ie@ bt umrcrei pitcs ofDftajnS Sdt S.. ni6 pLy a bt. in 

n4hdiql tlMisio of fat dircs lit dieh.a {ryslory, cbote,a, rcbnitu, 

solmoell.s, snig.ll6is, .Draic fqer, g?noid, p@D?noid, poriohr€litie, h€prjlis, and 

Di.e c.N.d by DGqutrod 

Under moi.l coftlitionq noquilo.. Aelca eFpti is HDonlibte fd th. 

trnmision oI my rypd of i.teio. ritc m.bria ylllry f.vd, fihrjsis, .jrc, 

bliin.s!, &neE dd ott6. 

Db..*r c.u*d by t.tt 

R lr a&o livc in rnd 0ound riie Efis. ed ponot or l$nmn , variely ot 

digB imhding pl.gu., Icaio6tid4 ntbit t.€, st ,mncj. &d na bon faa. 

30 

72 

6.5 

2)2

Sorf.e s.t.r pollu0o! 

Morc lerioN ed onq u@oFized is thc t@i.r of the polludd ro surbce 

Mrer by washing tl.!c &b.is and tnd pollurins sreud 

He.llh dsk ro th. work F 

w6Lr in ln. fom of l@h,rq 

D@t I'eallh n*s @n@ mainly th. wolk6 €ng.gc

Ady.|! ol '.nr e.trn.lo! Dd |lftbg 

o Gantid of elid *8i. 

6 Avmg. sl'd *!sre g4atd 0 t5 ljloeM p.rp.M 

o Actutlly [n d Fd day 

o solid wGte bcin8 [n€d 

hhore M.hpoliL. CoDoBlion hr5 giwn &lzil ltout sr€pins and slonsr 

c.p!oi9 aFvi& @ of t loE city i! dF Tlblc No28 and 29. 

TABLE No. 2t 

ZI}NE WISE DETAILA Ot STTAEPING AND STOR GE OF S{'LID WASTE 

T!6lc 28: rh. popul.d@ rot.l is 5h.w 5]73m. tt i! rhe popuhrio of .ighr zB. 

Tte d€[il of sir.tim I*l ol Lrnor M€ropolir.n Corpodlim h siv@ in rh. Tsble 

No.29, 

TAELE Na29 

SANITATTON FLEET OF LAIIORE METROIOLITAN COPRAIION 

234

5.7.4.2 Rem€dld iieFt trtetr r€trtly (1999) by the Lahore 

Metrcpolitu Corporrdor for lmproying the iyrtem 

L DmpiDe at .utnoriud sii.s only hs ben esLblish.d. 

2. bhoE M.hpolih CotDo:rjon bx $!0.d bning g,rd.. wac. b[ P.rr 

Honicnlte A(honty (PEA) lnd pnvde g&deneB c snll indulsing in lhis 

pnotie. However, LMC .utlbrities & tlkin8 t@ssry st@s 10 sllp it. 

L An .tt clivc mmibrine syslem is b€ins sl up fd nonitonq ol &ily sdpir& 

liftjrS, !n disrosl ol ws& at rhe Fasl€r st doN Dd tu l$dnl sie. 

4. Pl&ins ud @rgDizing of &y op.nrid! of *61€ collction ro inpove tbe 

D.rfom@c at ndddr ha ben inniod. 

5 Solid lvst M@g.mdr (SwM) is soins io nn r rfish.r @Dê/ rdidng of 

$Fdi$ry $alt s w.ll s {nillry *dt.6. Tnis poSm *jU .Dbre rhe 

aloremenrion d sl!fflo un&nrlnd th. use ot lhe moden te hniqu€! esading 

elid w.s mMsmr. 

o H.lp io bndg. $. g.' b.r*eD pubtic lnd 'lmgmr. 

o Heb io d.Elop civic 9e dons thc cirjzc, vnh de IEIp of Non_covclucnt 

or8lniatioDs (NGOS) / Ioool Mialiors ensaged io suilltion &tiviti.!. 

6. A public lw.lw cepaign h.s b€a e.mty launch.d by swM of LMC. Ir 

shall mw rl$ b. !p@d eugh daMic rcdia .nd rhDusb pldic nording / 

7. rfiort8 hav. ben lou,chcd to bticn luppo,r of 250 NCOS for sviomeDljl 

o Tr@ush door - dd @ atid of otid *da 

o Edumtins tne sbfrlbout inporr,* of hysi@. 

o DeveloDing berohh.rts tor clqnlires shnd.rd!. 

8, On. tDck hs b€q d€pulcd for fte collerion ofhlardou! hospild @rc GMC, 

2000).

5.75 S,olid w$re dkpocrl 

236 

Acording Prcml st]dy ln. sold wsL of6€ tihoE Mcttopolitrn cily th.t vill 

d.sdt i) lrT. of solid wasre .nd ill @ug of s*dtioi, ii) b cxrDiE ph)€icd t d 

involv.d in lne tuMseMt or sf. 

chedi€l cdp6ido!, iii) 10 oBider lhc Dodtutd 

di+dl of $lid ia* (Pe*y cr al. 1999). 

Md ir Egooibk rq tF poddio of *st al .ll stlsps of d.rclopb.nt 

lr,rting lsn binh to d..th. In Paldsrr4 DituE ec.pll all E w6re inro thc nituhl cyclc 

but du. lo indusfirl &wlopm.nt, ilid gwlh of pop{Llio', dsins livins stlD{brd. 

ch.n8!s in rcllil di.tribulion ftdod! dd tuel techndloSy, il i! imperdiv€ 10 

.@mnodai. .u tb. *crd .s swn. b!@ Mudcip8l Camitt€e M ce.dtu d in 

l9ll, which w6 upsBded 10 l,lo& Muicir6l Corrodrion in dD ydr 1941. Fimr 

d@nr.rlizrion hor d@ in rh. r{r 1975 *lE td. LMC w .tivii.d inio fou aG. 

kler on in 1980 the srrh:s oi tF .ity yls furlhm upgndcd b r4o& Mcnopolitrt 

corpntid (LMc, 2000), Now{nlF n hrs n.rged i o Sotid \t6r. Mdiglnhr 

D.parllmi 6f City Digfjcr coEtl@l ljhoE (CDGL). rt d.flh for frnder st 

zms (Fig. 48) au olleiion inl dirpoel ol solid w.!8, Crhp otre of Solid W6l! 

M!r!8d@t D.?artndr of CDCL is r Md]md B&ri sit rh.I h.s @D{r.rizd 

conrol for niMgdqt ol dunping of solid wsr! (pt_ATEr 9), col*tim and dispo,ol 

of $lid atc is priMily ubsn plbbtci. 

SWM D.poftn.nt has io p€rfom dE iollowing woft. with it slllf of 17,558 

p€Mr s slltf giv.i i, rhc Tlblc No, 10, 

TABLE NO. !O 

SWM CI1Y DTSTRICT GO}'ERNMENT INHORf, STAllF POSITION 

92t0 52.2.4 

2 24.3V/. 

l t355 

913 

5 561 

0.25% 

3 TOIAI r7.603

Tt 6 of old {$te ln tle CDGL rhlt foloe: 

' 

! Hospihl elid *Br. 

. lndusti.l rolid vaste 

. HMrdou $lid wBe 

Municipll $Ud wr. 

5.7.5.1 Murl.lpd iold wr|&s 

Msicipdl v6i. is soNmlly @mil€sd io ielude dy Bolid s6te gncEted by 

nocnol.k, smll co@i.l insriilrid!, rd lighr $dur!l.s. 

A@.dhg ro P.wEy .1 d. (1,99), tb. bhicipd slid @t is linLd wirh 

dodiont @npmls ind it3

,/\ 

/-- 

-\-/ jv 

') 

-/"1 

'\,'l I 

"l 

'( 

\./ 

\ 

,/ .-^ 

w 

( 

I 

tl 

I/' 

L_-J 

I 

N 

+ 

FTGUTB /A XIP STOWNG SdrD WASre @II!CM!N Zo{ES OF SqlDW SlE 

MANAGEMBIiIT OI CITY DISIRICT GOVqNMENT LAIIdE 

(Frm gwM2nD 

II@D 

E 

EJ ^D*"-"ilN'dc4 

-**"*

tL,r{TDt9 

C/IMP OFTICE OF SOLID WASTI MANAGEMENT OP CITY DISIRICT 

GOVENMEI{T I,,/\SOTD AT M EM(IOD I{IOII I!\NI'flLL SITD 

(ftc.5l). 

2J9

3.7.55 D.mlido! &d co8trucdotr w.!t 

w.ct s iiDm nz€d builcinss ed olnq 3luctE .€ ch$ifi.d 4 d.molitio 

v.51d wrs* t6 th€ .d!!otioo, mod€ling .rd Eplidns of 6i&ntitr, itdstid 

.nd cmnmial huildings ud linilnr rftclu€ e cl^$i6.d s @n tuction w!51es. 

ft6e wcEs tuy iDolude di4 slo6, c@ftq brickr, plilq luba, snillls, and 

pldbil8, hatirg md eh.ri{l FR 

5.7.5.6 Specl.l w.!te 

Wlstes such G sltrct rr..?ingr o.d!id. litLr, c.lch-ba3in, d..d inin ls and 

.bDdon n v€bicl* e chsili.! a 4ei.l waslet 

5,7.5.7 Sorrc.! of muDlctpd cold wrst 

Knaledg. of tbc &uB !d itF of &lid wsLs along with rbt| oD the 

conp6itid r'd ncs of lpmtiotr t b.!b b tn. pllgl aBi@rir8 t@sddl- Th€ 

noir sMr of nuDicipal $lid wet esivenindET.bleNo,3l, 

IAALE No,31. 

GNNEML SOURCTS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES 

5.?.5J Hospltll tolid w.rte 

TtDlc.l f*ud6 ..lndtL. 

or l@60d rheE r.nor 

Sl@s, ft .i.uranb, barkcrs, Fo.d wlsre, Ebbis\ alhca, 

w$rc mroctio *3!. & 

Spccill wat r and robbhn 

Hurdor wa4e of ho€pibls 8.mEt6 l5l? b@s !e. d.y. Shdimd, Sn ib 

z.i4 ItLfrq .n

6& incirehtion .@Bdal!. CDGL tructs ooller dF bolpirrl v'2.,1c ilon3 wnn 06.r 

5.7.5.9 Indusrrhl rolid wrtte 

Itrdstlial ble! s lh$€ weca lblt e &ising ton indultlal &livin.3 

includ. rubbisl .!her, dqmlitio!, &d @n [uctid wr.r, s?..i.1 m51ei !d 

s.7.5.10 tlr"rrdous solld P.!& 

w.sLs lhlt p* a sDb*dial d6!s imcdiaLt 10 humn, pl&t, or mio.l life 

@ clBificd s h.zrdou *rn*. a *e is tctu d s n!4td@ if idnibitsdy of lt 

Toricity in rh. pln hrzrddr wGtes a ond elbuFd iDto following c.l!gdi6: 

o Ridioctive tubsbMs 

o Biological wL. 

o Fl@bk *!sr.s 

Th. clEnic.l dLgoty includ.. easl€s tl.t.t e @Giv€, @tir or roxic. T1E 

p.ieip.l s@s of hratdous biolo8i6l wosLs e b.slihk dd biological ctuh 

f&ilni.5 Ha{tous wsGs e serent d in lihicd mounls tnrcushoDt in ind$Eid 

.ctiviti6 in Lboe Mdopolir.n AE UnfortuELly, vlry lnu. i.fom.i6 ir .sil.l'le 

on 6. qumtitics ofhnaflto!! wlstds lpmcd 

5.7.6 M.ugen !i of.olld rste dlrpos.l 

in wi@ indultnes, 

Th€ b.n.8.mnt of elid wasto ir . primry urban pbblm of @h cou.try. Thc 

kn@ M.tr.Dolid As in P*nb! with a popubrioD of ?.2 mittid is gmrin8 3,1 16 

n Lic roG of $lid *Er€ &ily dmp.*bg municilal wa@, iddlei.l lnd ll,ardou 

was&. Th. solid wlrb Minlsffnl is dE deprrrn nt ol City Di rict cdvdment 

I:n c (CDGL) tor slid w.sr. di9dl. Tb. City Dilrict Civ@cnr L.!oE (CmL) 

ul

is dispGins 6ly ?0-80 pcrcerf of slid wlsh dlily by bndlill felhoq open dumping 

u2 

.rd irindtiod, *hib $. lEdirils 20.25 p.@l ol olid *at ir nol b€in8 dlnp.d 

de to lct of whicLs lld std. Ir bs D .dv@ effdr on cnvitut Th. orgeic lrd 

imrsaic Fllllinrs t n indlei.r *.!r! e dnp.d hdi$rimio|ly &d h.w .dvw 

.trecls oD $il dG ro lh€ lsoh.to film dE hDd6ll, gmc dE CDCL is sking 

infomlio. m d6i8ning tle lddfrll litc to lvoid pouulion fron the indultri.l w.!tc, The 

eond vihl I&toE of nMgeMr @ @ycling of *..c 6.!a!i.l inio @ p@duc6 ..d 

@rqy of @rO, fin elid qcc Thi. study iml'd6 riou nrF ud pLt6 of elid 

v0$. di+o6.1 !d n:ds.ft.1 in dE LMA, "$.tu d . (200D". 

ft. lctivitic! involwd wirh dc m@ge@lof elid w8re! fron rllc loinr of 

gcndtid to 6Ml .li!F6al poin& havc be! eroup.d into dr nsdoml .leMb (Fig. 

49) rh,r @ follos (Pdvey er al. l9r9): 

Tb. mb l.lnft fd ||@gtrir of $lil s.r!. dilpoel G a udd 

o Solid W.r!. gelmtion 

o On 4iL hndling, stoegc lnd pmding 

6 TaSr .nd hnspdt 

o P@@ing lxl !@vay 

fte iDLml.lidship b€las 0!c 6&lis md .ld.nts c &sib€d in (Fi& 

a9). By 6si&rin8 .&h nDdml clffit sprncly it ir pdible to idcdtit rhc 

tu |!@nl rE di .nd FhtidrdiF inwlwd in @h cLMt .!d to 'l€rclop wh.E 

p.sible. qDlinabb Ehdo.ship ror th. purpos ol mting .n8|Fru8 conFnsn. 

5.7.6.1 Solid w.|t! gdendor 

s.lid e..Ls c iElDd.d lrl olid d mirolid mi.ri.l dE ir m ldg6 

c@id.r.d of sficidr v.l@ !o rrlii in ! gl@ &!ing. The acwirio of $n 

mtlrials @ id.nlifi..t a m longcr b.ing or v.lu. .rd .E .ilhd thmm .w!y or 

g,lnqEd loellhq for dirD.sl purF€.t. 

RcpEsdiw d.b d q6tiri4 of &lid *&, .h. otimtid of qwtili6 !n 

f..roE .trering lnc g.mdo of slid wBr. @ si@ h.lo*:

Btim.don of ro[d-wl6 qu.ldlie 

243 

'Pqwy et .l. o99) imltr 3r.t!r $r1 rh. quDtity ord scmdl conposition of 

th. raL mLrial soeElcd is ofcrilic.l inFru@ in tn. d6ign r.d oFntim ofFlid 

wa51e mmg461 sys1d6. unfotndtcly, cli.bl. qtrtity lnd cmlosition dlt e 

dificul to obhin td.w ndl masuEm.Drs e oirtF qutiti€s collecd or di3pGd 

of ar . Iandfill e not rcclnE. AlrhouS! rny m.dod ad.stimarion of slid qsE is 

sDbjeled lo linitalions of @irain di@tioDs for disp6.l, 

Lo.d coull u.ly8b 

In thh stody, th. qurtity !d conpodition ol slid wrsles e€ de&mbed by 

acoding the erii@t d volunc and gcrcral @npeinon of @n l@d ofvsl€ deliveEd 

b hndnl or rrdsad siilion dlnng I rp..ifi.d period ol line. The total ms distdbuton 

by onFsitim is dctcmircd uing amg! dcEity

Ucplt.l v$le g.!€r.tlo. 

Hsrdous *st of 4 hoopiuk h!! g@r.d l7 nctic toG rlid *lne F &y. 

Only ShdiM H6titil, Sheib zrid Ho*iLl Iriifu H6pir,l dd Unircd CMtiu 

Holpi|l h.rc ircinodtid flciliti6. Sonc hoends ir t !o@ als cr$gc Shrlitur iod 

244 

UniLd CMstim nospitllr fd irctFodon of $en hlardous wL. They also imimEL 

othd lF6pihk w4rc on !.t@t But.U ot[.r h6pat k rE witholt.1!y pbp€r rsia 

icitunti@ a@g.ftnt!. CDGL dcli @lkct dE hoair.l v.51c llmg vin othcr 

Tt€ elid *@ @ll@r.d iioD dE sn aEs of Solid \{d. M@sddr 

Dep.dtr nl ol clrcl- md .djoi.jng !F. i! . cmbimrion of fonowing c.i.8ori.s:. 

o Dm6ric w@ (R6i&'ni.l + ct'@@id wr*) 

o IndusEi.l trisl€ 

o Cmstruclion !n l deiolilion mLrial 

6 G.il€n{$l. 

o H.zr&6 w.dc (Sp€irl lbdpft.r wuE) 

o De.d dinils 

o Nishl sil (in 3m p!tu) 

o Sld scpiig! 

o Mi*. (Extilc,IadE lrd dbbq) 

Conpdldor of Mllrl w.it€ 

Th. g.lml onrlsiti@ of Flid *n5. (Moisnr Codeft 6ryl6) e Fr stdy 

cdi.d ou! b, EPD "Pujib (2000)" i 6 lolos: 

W.rtc itp. P.rcenr4e of noktrr. colt.rtj 

60% 

P.F 15.00 

Plastic 07.00 

Mcdr 00.50 

Ck$ 01.50 

Or8oic Mner 60.00 

Storchdcby 06.00 

R4r 05.00 

Aan6edfiG 05.00

Iq,RBlgINrBRRs.arIq$EIPtrffi#',rffit-'""trtr"":tr 

2$

Solld nrlle g€nenlior orLrlor€ CltJ 

246 

Tbe tihoE Menqolilan City *it't . populalon of6 14 nillio n 8!n@lttg orcr 

3012 n Eic rdc. ol slid w5L dlily at rh. mre of O.t5 kilqBi p€t d.v F ptrs. Tb. 

plan for olt@tio. . sfc dist@l or solid @i. is m of dF !.rv vibl fuclids or 

sorid v.s& MdgplMr of clicl, 

AlIoDgh cnCL hit dsas.d 5?7' sl!fl td ih€ t ttet @Bsc@ of solid *aL 

but lhe g'lblg€ is 3ti[ . big i$u. fd &graddion ol eDYi@mdt in rh' citv Th' $l'd 

w4te dispoel tm the cily is mt od.d out eidtiliollv 

5.7.6.2 E.ndlin& Slot.ge .nd Prcc'$ing or site 

a@rditg 1o Patev €t al. (1999), th's &tivnh rsiated widr ln' b'!dlin& 

srorase, rnd p@silg ol eli{t *$i.s ar or @ ln' post of Edalion 

it lh' LMA 

leloB dEl md bc cmid.cd in rh' on{ilc sblse or slid wsLs itulude (l) 

fie ItT. of @nbircr to h. ue! (2) the dldn'! l@lioA 13) public healb ad 

!.nnedc!, rd (4) tne co[4ti6 mthod6 io b' $G{t Elch en' of SwM D€part'lent h65 

i|s 3ron8. silc ior elid w.5r. in the LMA' 

To, lese exFnq dE D1€s r l crprcilies oftu 6 liners u&d d€t€nd on tne 

cb.Boi.ristica of $e $lid was&e to b' oon{&d, ln' colleotiod fi€qudcv and lh' spt€ 

anil.bL ror th€ pladdl of co lircG Ih' tvF dd sptcili€s of conbffi now 

c@only us€d fd on{il s()ngt of $lid vrsLs 

The ttFs .nd .i6 of @ttni,B us.d for rh' d_sirc !bFg' 'f stid 6b in rtt LMA

M.diuD ctF.aty 

h new Eljdenlid 'M, rn cont in6 for $lid @G3 oll'onon Bullv e 

phed by th€ 5id. or Ed of lh. hous ln otder lo coUecl slid w6t' fon E iieitial 

ldan cdrlituts.E loco!.d it.lLvs ln low-n* Eullislory aFrtne'r! lnse contliffi 

dc oR€n plsed llong oads s *cll t! n ltbv shoPping @nte6 i e Gardd Town Mtrl€r 

N.w Muslin Toq M.&€t Mtin Culb€rg n!*.t3 !s wll !s on MDI{ Rord Feozplr 

Road, Snldmn M.rkel ud tail Red Mdkel eL 

O!{tL Ptoc.ahg 

of olid w..ts 

Th. iod @mon d_tib pllcsi'ie oFr{i$ irclu& @nd sning 

@nDrdio'! .nl iFancr.rid Th* ttrd odd p@sins op'6rim @ .dftlccd ltLr' 

Th. slonsc ctpacir, of SWM of CDCL has 3358 nclric !onc! sd SwM tins 

only 75 80 pcF.nt (2346 neEic bftO olid wa51c du' to ib linitd EsuEes whilo lhe 

@.inins 20-25 p.rc. {666 nedc tod) mollociod vsio (Ii& 50) dcsndts dF 

.rvircdcnt &d d€@pos6. Ilis uoolleLd slid 

condition! md posd wrv d&8.ss tdr b public halth Th' odvsis of slid wtsL 

5bB8c copr€ily *ith slvM '!@k llF shon fdl of 666 i'tric bca "d EquiEmett of 

130 coniDd lo 'El th. cu@t larg'ls of CDGL Atywly F slvis of '$! 

s.nmlion and inilg epocitv of SwM of CDGL dielo*s I sl'dd lrll of 666 s'tric 

ioB and r E9!iE@nt of I l0 m ol.d Tn' d'bil of $lid wslc s@t'd !'d lining 

opocity by cDcL n si6 i. dF Tlblc No 32 

-' 

AABLE Na 32 

ANALISTS OF W STE GENEIATION AND STOR GE CAPACITY 

ffiiit.p6"iG@=il 4%. tr15 '*'l'i' 6 ! Dopur'rid or ir ,*s 

t!

irle of g@!.tion olslid w6t : 

Qwrity of slid *s!a s.mtcd drjly: 

C.pacity ofcont iM: 

5.7.6i ConecdoD of toltd wcte 

0.55 lilogrlm pet dry !d Fen 

TtEs erivitid .!si!l.d *nb $e erlbding ol stid w!51c5 rh! hrulirg ol 

"d 

wd6 atur @llelio b dE ldti@ *b.E @u"don ol whicl* e dpti'd in ih' 

IDfomrtion on collecnm, onc ollhe nosl cos{v tumtiml eldcnls is pEsancn 

in four prrls daling wnn {l) lne tt?er of col@tion sdic6' {2) d$ q?cs or couec|lm 

sysEms, (3) d dlycis oa@ll@tion sFr'ni and (4) r}' senml 

i. sning u! col@tior oE3 (P.!rev et rl 1999) 

mthodoloEv involved 

Tne v.rious tW€5 of coll*tion *ryic's now ued lor nuiciPal t'd o@nd''ti 

lu.Eill euGs in lne LMA * desnh.d 6 b€lowr 

Mu.klprl olecdor '€rvis 

Althoush ln. vdi.des ol colLdion wioet aE !s'd threushoul rhe oilv dblful 

|oq zoc, ltF lhF. iotl @l!mn e cub' tllev' abd b&lrv'd colldtioD CDrb 

colelon td sain€d Flubdtv b43@ l'bd @!is for @U4rion sn br minioiz'd 

ConD.rci.l-itrdo.ln.l.oUeclior *nicd 

nle @Ucclion snie povid'd |o lrtsc rp|tu@l blildings' tsid'nod 

q?icollv is enteEd M tne l{se 

conplqcs,.!d @n@Eitl rDd i'dstnal &livities 

rovrbL $.tiodry conriin F Md hg. sblioflrv @ptcios Co(4oios !E of th' 

tt?. tbll d be u6€d !o @mpB mLritr dnedv inio l'4F 6nt'i@ or io foo h'rcs 

ort pla@d in Ltse @!iIEB 

Typ.! of coltction sYttent 

Bted on tlen nod6 of oFntio! @Ue'ti@ 3)€rcs ft cL$ilicd inlo two ddn 

c.Florns: hruLd{ntriffi svshs ,nd sbtioorv-@lliM s'Bl€ns

Elul.d{olirlner tytt B 

!i i! ml to b. u.Gd by Solid w.e. Mdgpndr Dlp.rlbdi or CDGL 

Stotlo!..y cont.he. lYrl.G 

coll@tion 5ysLro i. *nich dt coD|aind uscd fd dF !ioq! or q!@s Mr't 

.r dE poi.t of v.sE g.ndti@ oxocfl *lEn noved for coll4iion 'E denn'd 33 

stltioory-colriisr sy$eG bbor r.quid.nt for @nsicallv l@&d slltioorv- 

mtoi@ l}lletu N sd.llv the se s rd h.ul.dsuild sv$'!s TheE c two 

n in trp* of sotionrry mto&r 9*edr: 

But lh€ *lf-lo&libg mDp.cloE e u*d in $ndEd m of Lhoa 

5.7.6.4 TnBLr ud lI BPort 

Th.s efvnid sleirt d vilh s) $c rasid of waslca fbm $e sUer 

@lle.lrm whlclB io t brrF. lrttDon equiDo@r dd b) dF suh6'quar1 nnnsport of 

tlE v.sl€s,6ully oftt long disr.Ms tolh. d*posl sit'! (Paev 't 31 1999) 

Tlc tumdod .lffit of trBf{ an

17o.4%l 

COTLIErID 

{29.50%) 

L\COII.II I LL) 

FIGLIRE JO GMPHICAL SIIOWING DMSION BETWEEN C{}LI.BCTED 

AND UNCOI'ECIED SOLID WASIB OF IIIE L{rIORE 

MBTROPOLIIAN ARBA BY CITY DISIRrcT CO!'BRNMBNT 

I.AHORE. 

tt0

Loqtion of lr...I€r nrdo!3 

251 

\therev.r p66ibl., hBfo shtionr should bc loc.Ld (l) a M $ po$ibl€ to 

dF rcid cd 6ler of d€ individul olid wrcF pFdudon dr .o b. meA (2) witlir 

easy !*$ of oajd higlwry o!ic! rb w.U !s ncat &cord!ry or suDplemeDLl llm of 

n n6?onrdm, (r) wh@ lh6 will t ! iinimus ofpuhlic md qvnonnenlll obj*lon 

b ln€ Ea6lcr opedtions, lnd (4) wh.rc constuotion tnd opeoiion will b. 6ost 

eco@icdl. Addition.lly, if lh. trnsf.r srdiion sitc i5 lo be u*d for p@essins 

opeEtioro involving niFn.ls @ovcry .nd or .n w prcdutior! the ftquiMsls for 

rh@ oteatroG n$r b. @id.rd (Po.v.y ct al. 1999). solid wrsL Mms€meDt 

Dep,rmdt of CDGL €5tlblilhcd rnufer stltids in $.n zorcs for taGfer tne solid 

6le to dumpiDs sir.s. Tnd e six dulf.r shtioN i. th€ t lbe Distict Ci9. 

Tr.trrfer tMo..!d n.ltodt 

MobB rcnich, lub e rh. FimiFl nes m* us.d 10 !a6!ort $lid 

Tm.h vehicb rnnrp.rl 

Trucl whil6 led b mn@n slid sr.Ls d city @d. shorld edsry tbe 

. Th! v.nicLa 66t ttuston elid wts .l siniml cosr 

. wa$is nur b. ov.nd dlring dE oFnrion 

. v.hicl6 null b. d.liCn diohishwlyldfic 

. Vcnicb clpqcity mul bc Mh lh.t .llomblc wcisl't linitc G nol dce€d€d 

. Metlod! led for ml@ding nult b..inpL. d.p€Ddlble. 

'IrE ftdinm volun. rh.t tu t hlulcd iI f'rspon vlhicld delen& on the 

frlfic ftSulariom in which rh.y s op€ELd. 

Aiotler q?€ of . teloFmil.r conbitution t backcd up onto on. ol ln. 

dmpins raspq lh. hoioFElilers conbioiion b back d up onto ! snd mp. The 

det il or liiiin! up opacity of $lid w!!tc by SwM is Siven in lh€ Tabl€ No. 33 ud d€tail 

of trmpon v.nicGs t m*.d in $. T.bl. No,14,

tl 

a 

PLATD2O 

III.ANSFf,R OF SOLID W STE FROM SIORAGE TO DISPIOSAI POINT BY 

CDGL ITUC|< IO DTSFOS L SITE AT MAEMOOD BOOTT EAI'ING NO 

COVI]R ON SOLID WASTE. 

252

IABLE NO 33 

LTFTING CAIACITY OT SOLTD WASII OF SWM FLEET 

O. Tr OFnTtocl T T: Tr.aiorTFlLy 

A. R: Amnolo C: Coi!o..!ot 

TAEl,aNcI. 

TYPI.S OF TR NSPiOIT 

t,15 z 5 

0,?5 2 20 

6 6 

4,8 I 

6 

25.]

5.?,6.5 ProcgdrS rlit r€cov.ry 

M.cnmhd volun r.ducdo! 

254 

M@h.nic.l blm. Edrction i! p.rhlpr tF mo'l inlorLnt f&tor in th. 

d.wlopdEnl rnd oFrltion ofelid wL dMg.m.nr 3yr.m, V€hicl*.qripD€d with 

@rn!..tio, @hrnim e !!.d for rh! @llcctid of lo€t nuicip.l $lid waca, To 

imEe dF u&tuI lif. ofhndfilk, wallt e @inp.cl.d, P.td fo! FrlinS is b.Ld fd 

3nippi4 b Fs.sin, mt a (Pav.y .t .1. 1999). 

CoDp.dlt ud r*ycllng 

SiE. orgdc *sL i. M inpdunt c@to&nt of muicip.l olid warc, ir 0*6 

r.@ tr, Ey io t!d@ it! volumc a mlch 6 p$ibL. ConFsting lnlt ir f&ilit lirg t[. 

br.ldM of org|nic EfiE Eh a food w!5L. lawr, .!d yltd .lippiryr by tl'. sti6 

or b&E n .nd orha mldllt ccuEing Eicer8|ni.fu I! tbc @poniig of td$tol,a 

qn6, d..mp6itih in hbic coditi@ (i..,, h dr ptt@ of oxysd) ii m51 

.ffrinr. Tb. nhnl Ln .i.. &compGirioa rb. @n!6! ! r da4 sil latc orai.l 

$!r is ricn i! or8eic D!n. CL Tt2l & 22). Sdrc cdMuidd mw h.w 

cosrFding pogtm in wnich food &d yrd Er6 e @ll*r.d filn ry.ci.l curt€i& 

bi8 rld corqosr..l in r SwM ft.iliry, 

R6r.lin& whict h.r g.i..d F !lri9 in t*al y.G, h Mlnd w.y of &dwiog 

tIE slm. of elid *rr., TIE mr.ri.L tur & tust @trlMly @lbcr.d h curn6i|. 

erl$a Fq@s c E!!FF., 8La boiL4 @dg.Ld c!rd!o.d6, cs, 

(.lmirm .nd rL.l), .rxl plrdic. of tuiou ty!6, P@rding tu @u iD indutirl 

sttins, $ sll6 ir muicip.l Fo3ttd (PLATE-23). SoD. i'xlu.ri6 sch ! rb. sral 

lDd sft pl.51ica ii.luti6 hrrc . log tr.ditior of@ycli.! nEur' 

R-yclig @tibor.6 to 3ignifiont Educrim i. oud si!, a eU a {ving 

tolt tulcrnb .!d aME/. Hd.wr, il i! mr a .fiedrc e EuinS . pod4! So@ti@! 

@rcLd di.rnk G m& inlo pod@$ 0d .E .@ntnlly thc sft a dF orisi!.l; to 

.rdpL, gL$ boftlo N ctulFd rd ftlrod, rhcn fo@d inro N sl6s bordc,. 

Atultd tT. of Ey n& c.llod @oda.y @ycling, inrclv.! uinr F}IIGd tu16irl! 

1o ot a mpLtcly ditrdqr product for cImpL, plari. botd6 cu bc @yclcd inlo 

p.tr &mna, hM nrhituE, b.thtun brct l!, od b.rcn6. ror EcrlinS pogEn! io 

b. efr@dw, tlFE hlr !o h. . Drkcr fd ts

Mrnu.l @Dp.&nt 3.p.hdon 

Th. 'mul ep@lior of elid wdc coDporenr. L^ M@!lbh.d d ue 

primry s!rce wh€€ sli{t wlrcs .E g.'ml.n, ol a tlnsfer sbrion 6 *cll s ir .he 

zml dhp.sl sile. Mrul sorting !t lh. sou@ of gd@tion is the nsl podlivo wly lo 

lohicv. the l@wy and ee of m.tcti.ls. Tte rumt€r and qs ol oompoftnt! 

!.lsg.d 6 en d dep€id d rh. loqrion, rhe opFrtuniti€s for @ycling ind the Fsle 

5.7,6.6 Dbpo6.l 

Th.* etivilies e @iar.d wirh ddmL di+oer or $lid ran.3' imluding 

thcs coll*cd tr€slrs; eniFlid wsr.s Gluds€) fion *iste*r!c. dubldt tldt! lnd 

ind!fiitl !ni!, from hoQi|!l, @np6l, or othd subslles lion dE vdious sld w$l. 

pdcdrinspla s tnol @ of no tudEr uF E Dspon d diEcdy to r landill5ir. 

Solid w& dis!@l is prim.rily Drbo poblen of SwM of Ciiy Di.tict 

Govffint bboE. D+c.l of $lid *8!c is dE o y viable nctlEd for thc 168-icm 

lqxling of Pavey €r d. (194t) : 

o Solid *e6 ttlt E @lkcEd rnd e of m ndEu 

o T1E €sidud dtt r FminilB .i.r slid *a!t . Irw b.cn p@$.d 

o Th€ 6idul miLr EmiDinS lnd $. eovery oI convcsion prcdu.ts 

.nd or eftr3y ha her &cooplislEd, 

'Ihe n*d of$lid w.ste dipo$l riros b incpsilg vilh the ns in both poplLtion 

md blid r6L smtion !.r clpir "Shcllon (1980)'. The elid sar disroel sop of 

solid we ofln LMA haDr€!.t diD rt Dtrsr$dy 

255 

(Fi& 5t) dlrlid! r@lrion of 

sl!n8. .rd 6ndi@ poims of$lid val., UltjErre ds!@l r.tc pba nm de rpob 

by SwM to hr

PI'IIT.2I 

COMTOSTTNG OF OTGAXIC MATERIA|- ENCOMPASI]\G ANI AL 

DUNG Al{D LEAVES 

256

lLaTf-22 

COMIOSTING OI OTGAI{IC MATDBIAL AT DUMPINC STE 

PI,1irD2a 

xf,cyc NG oF sct Pal\rDqrE riGT l-gM rDRraIJ Or 

BI'I{D RO D OPTIOSITE IO MAEM(X'D D(X'T SITE 

t57

258 

. Abiliq b isolde lhc popo6.d d. fiDn btD yi€ld gDutd *al.r lquif.r lrd 

.@ of st@d aL. @hl'8.. 

. lluiDiry of sir. io bodi6 oa 3uf&. mr.. lhat nry b.com. @|rniErrt 

by eub$rf@ spas. or duriDg Friod ofnooding 

Orcn dumps, L.nd fflling & th. n tnods of dislosol naw us.d no c@6or y 

for disposrl of solid wdr.s MandSercnt D.partidt ofCDCLi but surc land lillins 

$d d.cp'ell injedon would bc usd for hlzidou iidulial *$16 ir nqr tutft in 

ay lh. flr nEt @mon rc1hod ir lh. LlvrA is open .bhpir8. OF dmping k 

lh. old$t {.y of diaositrg of elid rrL. In My css, tboy d l@rt d wheE6 land 

tu avril.bl. widroui egdd io efety, h6lth h.ad and edhetic deg.darid. Th. wsL is 

ofi.n piled es list as equipncnt rlloM it 'my ld im sch I Mlhn@d B@ti, 

Sllgd Bndse, Bu Rod, Hldi.n DEin, MulLn ReC (PI-ATE-1AJ, el-ATE-zs), 

..d iPr-ATE-26 &27) and n@r!y K,!M Rlilmy slltid. 

In Ddy iNtrc€n in ene h ignit d ud allo*cd io bw d lddfill sites 

(PIATE -28 & PTATE-29). I. odE! p.rt! of M.hnood Borj rcs th. ane is 

p.nodi.ally lftL

259 

To lun the pce*, a ponion of lh. tlDoh is dus vith . bdldffi lnd $. dirt h 

sio.tpiLd 10 fom e enb.rlncnt b.hiDd d. fist t mh. wlsies e ds pkc.d in tho 

tMch, spBd itrio thi! hyoF md oonplclcd, Itc op€mtid conn B util tb.

Pl"A'lE.'1 

qJMIING OT IOIID W^6TE BY 8WM trr M ,SMOOD EOOTI SIIf, 

2tu

*ra', 

I 

.€ 

"v 

.Y. 

Z 

: 

'Gw 

-ffi 

fa.**% 

t; 

iN t 

T 

,,f! 

IIIGIJREsT SOIJDWAI'IBDISP('SALt,APOFITIELAHOIBMEIIOFUJTANAIIEI 

IRESaNTSTI DY (SO( CE: ns CEOIOGICAL StnvEY 

= 

trZ 

LAGEND 

E*-^"* a 

[-: l m 

riri'#"r*F" 

=

l,/\Ttr 15 

OPEN DUMPING OT SOLTD W STE BY SWM OT CDGL ON DOWNSTruA 

SIDE OT R VT RIVTf, AT SAGGTAN BAIDGE, 

fIAfF.N 

OIIN DUM?ING OT SOLID WASTE ON UPSTRTAM SIDE OT 

RAVI IIVER AT SAGGIAN EIIIDGE. 

262

PL['[E27 

UNSCTD{T|IIC DUU?ING OF SOI.ID WASIT ON MI'LTAI{ ROAX' IY 

S/\NII RY STATF OF SWM OT CDGL 

flrTx-rt 

DOlllING OT SOLTD W ITE AT LAI{DTILL SITI AT MI.EMOOD IOOII 

WEENE f,EFUST XI II'INING EY S,UNIAIY STAIT OI sWM OT CDGL 

26t

n)\fE D 

EITNING OT SO|ID WASIT 'Y SWM OF CDGL SANITAIY TAtr' 

oN ottosrrE srDE or MÊ ooDE(XtnLUIDA&rsrrD 

tl/\Tl-ta 

C{)MPACTTOII OT SOLID WAATX [I 8Y IT'IJ,DOZII TX 

MAEMOOD E(X'II A4T.{ 

264

lttTr.m 

(E'lN DUMIING OT MT'NICIPAL SOIID WASTE IN 

TXENCf, IOAD IN 

Î.oITG 

.IEE MA.EMOOD E(X)TI A3IA 

265

ulTD-3t 

^ I,/\YER OT CIAY LINIIIG Od NOP OT MOMCIPAL 

SOLD WASTI Is EUNG SInTAD 

ru\TI.JO 

DUMUNG OA Cry SOLTD WASTE IN TS' III AJ:OITG EUND RoID 

26

?LAI[.J4 

DUMPIIiC OT CITY SOUI' WASrl rl.oIIG 

DRÎN T'SULTINC LEACEATE 

tlr\TE-:t6 

DTJIiIPING OF CITY S{'LTD SASIE AIIII' INDUSTTIAL 

WASTT AI.oI{G SEWAGE DNAM AT SXIAf,DANI. 

)67

264 

A@ording ro NISPAK (2004) $. ef.clirenes of the ciiy Didict Govm.nl 

Solid wa6t Mmgm.,t D.pari$.rt h$ imEa!€d sisniddndy utd.r lhe p€ent ldal 

go1€llllMi !y!!ch. Mrhno.d Bdti bndfill 3ic ir plaDed to eryc Nollhen klBE. An 

!6 of I l()0 Lltdr il b.i4 ..quind E &!D I(!chn! Rdl*ly Sbtio. for dr+oel or 

elid w.i. of Souln n rinoE. M6r of tlF hlritid do not h8rc inn!{euctlE fd 

Solid W.d. MNsffit ir d.ir dle1iw .6. 

5.7.6.7 Qu.rdty of sltd w.ste 8.rerit.d 

Municip.l slid wste 8@nt!d ir hh@ District city consisb ofher.ogdou 

trcs of wst 5 lit dom.stic, indsEi.l, d.nolitioa cstuodon, hosPillt4ozdou, 

@irl, diml d!trs .d lum d@L. Atot 1644 romt pd d.y olelid w61e re 

ScmdLd BridEd ar a 6c of glennon of 0.55 Lnogturvepiuud.t (Solid Wac 

M6d Plin rr rjhoE, 1991), ToM si* pop{htion and 8.ndt d ysG is Bircn in 

T.blc No.l5, ,Atout om toDe hdpili wad. EDhB de sit .v.ry {tiy ardg wit} 

IABL! No35 

TOWN WISE POPUI.ATION A!{D GENEMTED WASTE 

t,3?.,D8 755.13 

2. 1,029,462 J66.20 

3. 584,207 321.3t 

2.947.307 1.6,13.,29 

{soDE: SoUd wlne Mels.ftnr D.Frtuen! Dcemb.r 2003) 

5.7.64 SoUd Wate Chtrctclildc! 

IDsntlE or Envi@Dbl EryitHirg dd R@h, Univc6iry of EnsiFrins 

Md T*hnolos LrhoE d.temi..d rhc phy.ical @nposition oimunicipal $lid *.sE of 

Llhore City during Seprsbd€.lobd 1990. Tne icclniqE of r.tuton lanpliDs Nas 

lollowd lor @lleline lh€ EpreeDllliv. smpl6. TrE erlr .c giwr iD Table No.36

TADLE NoJ6 

luY$cA|-ANA|.YslsotSOLIDwAflton gorEclTv(s.ta4.t t9it) 

2, 

L 

3032 

2.10 

5.63 

20.12 

5. 1r.5 

t.2a 

7, t.03 

8, 2.t1 

L 0,70 

10. 

Dutr, &r. .rLn rh." hd.L 

o.t2 

21.4t 

ll 

2.Vt 

rolto 

N..p.t d.t fri6d Dhyritl coqo.idd of ruiciFl -lid q.t by Llootory 

z, C@bllritL@ nirludina 1t.(w. 

3, 

tt8* 

(So@: Solid W.r. D4dl Pbr l9l) 

269 

r61itrg oitrg | 0 .EpL. r !q l.bdtiorr T*tt Ralt! (LTR), Amg. nt4L sigDr 

(10,31 18) E bl6 6 D@$d 20()3 td lt dlqiDr.it , Tt dd.n @pddo 

oa&Ud w..b i. i@ i. T|bla No37. 

ADthd rDDk of DuiciD.l blid EL sighiig .DDoxidEl, l0 rg @ 

i.!dfdd.Eoi!.doof mi.!s.dN,P..drna .GsiEintlETrllaNo. 

r^l|,t N.37 

sollD f,,asrE AIiALI15IS (x l,^f,oxE (s.tta.n r9o)

TADLI No. ,8 

PFYSICAI, ANAIYSIS OF SOLID WAST! IN DUMPING SITE (2I'I'4) 

Vq.6bl., ttrjt rsid*.,loE!, gEt stsrs crc. 11.10 

2. PlDa (brod.rdd.blc) dd cottd 

L Plolahc@ Boss md WEDD.R 24.74 

|.62 

5. Plctic, Rubb.r, Gb6 lr.lh6.nd M.6L 2_42 

6, 809 

1, 5.19 

3. 2.91 

100.00 

IABLD Nol9 

$O|.ID WASTE ANALYSIS ON DRY DAYTN DUMPTNG SITE OI'O') 

20.0 

2, 61.0 

L 0.06r 

22,01 

B3rfu M.uel liait d 6i.d dt EbpliDg .nd udylir of dr IMiciFl slid 

*!!te in Augut .ql Novenhei 1994. Th. twts of. wa dly (S.prlobq 50 1994) 

snpL dd ! dry &y Novdbd 29d, 1994) $npl€! !E livcr in Tabl6 No.4o .Dd 4l 

TABLE N.1) 

SOI,ID WASIT NALYSIS ON A WET DAY 0994) 

l2 73 

2. 2 2l 65 

3. 62 l7 

6, 

33 I3 

'12 62 2\ 

210

IABLE NO..T 

SOLID WASTE ANALYSIS ON A DRY DAY (T994) 

l6 69 22 7l 

2. .t9 3l 

.13 21 

0 23 3l 

5. x9 l8 

6. .]3 2l 

Toul @i!n& cont rt 34% ofwct {eigbt 

Tor.l vollrilc eli& 27% ofvcrftictl 

TodlvohriL 4l% ofd.y wislt 

(SM.: LDA,NESPAIq I .sE!.d MBtd Pb! fd LhoE, 1993) 

5.7.6.9 Mldgrtlotr M.ulr6 

Potrdiq of.@iiFl ixt ind$llnl .mud odd b. 3to4.d uirg sitlbL 

$idtific nanod6, WASA/LDA rb.old b. .ppo.b.d fu mrsirs lh€ tsrDelt of 

n$iciFlfnd6ri.l cmMt oi lriority betir (N.e€lq 2004). 

271 

Po$ibility ol 0oodinS by tn! kvi tuE o\6toe 6bolrd b. @tullad hy 

c6tuctioD of Foioclio burddykd. 

PmYiiion or lrop€r drd.rge .rrt n 

Prcp€r dlidsp 6t3t h nurl b. ttovid.d 

in lh. dupi.g 8ile. 

Fercing al6g wilh proD.r monilodng *ould iipov. ef.ty of lhe dmplng die 

aerinrl p6due nre h.ard.

InproveDeot of rile/ ss r6th.lht 

212 

Aeslh€tios ollbo lEo om h. impovcd by h. pLnlllion. Trc.s will ako n h in 

conlrolli4 odor, dud ed noi&. 

F€qut noDilodrs slDuld b. ceicd our fo. g&r semDtid, $il 

c@r.aidti@ ad wEr qulity. 

Dlrp6.l by .pproprirt .lbpord relbod 

The $lid slde should b. dirDosd by usilg lppFFial€ od DDp€r.ngi@ring 

n thodsrtehnolosi.s lik conpoldng dlong with tsNc l@veiy ed sillry lcDdfiU. 

TFidns oD Solid w$te Mdgd.nt syllan should be inplrred to public 

mp'€sr.dw md th. d€p.rrrndr.l .lrtf. 

5.7.7 Errtmnnert l brlelne 

Itrd$ar /Dodq(ic Elllr.lr .t Mrhdood Bo.rt 

ln oFn s*?s. d.!in qtnins tlE a$.o 3i

Odor 

213 

Due to lm.obic &{onF€itio ind 6e!h oFn dumpinS or th€ $lid wt , odd 

is Foduccd. This odor o@tca ! pbbld duins sreifc Frio& of lhe dly .{c.i.lly in 

the wly monin8 .,i ld. ching. 

S6v€,9i.8 etiliti.s iroi& lh. durping ea e b.i.8 qni.d out by thc humM 

Irdutrri.l .trd @6@rdd.ctiv t . 

FlourisliDg Induslrial md connRirl rclivilies e D'!qI alon8 rh. Bund Rord 

5.7J ReconE nd.alos 

To impDv. dF silary conditioB of MelI politrD Cily md to Biw il r Flire 

look, CDGL nusl t Lc necossuy scp6: 

> To.linir& oFn pil6 ofrhc 8.rb.g€ by povidir8.xEa .b6g..quip6.nl 

> Todd brcuoge of grnq..!d p|tad tunc @lnur.doD of tll 3@. 

> To arcnd @ice io lh@ e6 wnioh m cumdy vilhout sy alcility? 

> To d3uF dF mngdmti of nan$ottotion md dunping of all sldigc .t 

lh. d.5i8rt d dmpins !ii! d Mrnnood Bmd. 

> Clding otlll dE Mi. Fln !d bE ofrh. city.r lc.stt'i@ ! d.t 

> To dlilt Dublic co.!€Elim ud suDpon lnoud conii.ts vilh NGOg, 

hdea as6ilrio6 !r w.ll 6 public aw@e$ campligns 

> v.hicLs t Dsroni.g th. elid wre should b. @v.r!d to avoid AillaS! oD 

> OFn buning ofdE Etus wn iDthei rbi.deaslDuldb.pohibit d. 

> Oten duhting dl@uld b€ sroppcd rld tlE n€thod of lrnillry bnd lilulg 

nul b. adogr.d without fdh.r HNry d.l.y. 

> D.Glot6c.r 6r dE l.ldfiU sir€s, t'o nqtlcnt pLnE, thr aie 

shd@ $d two wi*rhoF oE r€€

274 

> C.tr.ir AE / l@liri.. .E ior bciDs c@tly &ryod by Cig Drticl 

Gommt L!or. d!. to m- Nlibbility of nquiliac d.n RcojtMr of 

.dditionl tuii.ry 'l.f i. rlqdEd. Ilir ir drc ro dE nd tltt siF 199?-98 

s@ lbr !()0 @lod4 trE s!ag.{t i. LloE M.t!polil!! AE, 

> Cig Dslrict GoMr h[oc 3holld obiit! t4hdel $rid.r fd 

bringing mund im.di.E inpbvonal in de srden. 

> tunldid oftwo eigh bn.bo5 .t th€ Tmfer Slitidt trnddu Silo for 

bri.gi.g i. . D.rr B$cd omgdii @ftd s,6M 

> Pdnb iry of |njg-'don ot S$rM .!d w SA. Ce.idd Fiv.rizins 

sn&r'. of SwM tuFriN ir lfu / dl 6. juildictiodl @ of CDGL 

'Nq+€I & CDGL (2dX)". 

tr4. numb€r oI cndb6 mult b. iapc.d lraimt th. lin4ing dcflulteE 

rccodiDg !o B & D pe€ediD$, Po,lli.r e phc.d lsainst pqnrm.l at .nt .s $ rcll 

.. on ihct Door p€rf@ in thc d.r.rtndt.

present study

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