Authoritarianism and Undsdevdopmenl

Chaptor Five 

Authoritarianism and Undsdevdopmenl 

In Chapler Four, *€ have dieuscd the desrruclion of d.moc@y &d 

@Nlidatior of d aulhonrliq siare in P&i5re W. hlw inv$rigar€d *hy ed 

how Pakbi@ attain d lhe st ius ofa .cti.nr stare, ofrlE Unit d Slar6. We hlve 

ha.€d the linlagc b€tBen Dcf.N P&ls dd AudDnhrioisn in pslist n in rhe 

conlext ofAnsice Powd Systen. In this chapter, w. rjU exein rhe foms ot 

A nodtariais od tn@rica of Devclopn€nl f@Ging on djvagoe i, 

dewlophmt Wc have atgu.d rhal .Dep.ndflcy pdadign can explai. rhe 

*irrirg underdev.lopDor in Paljst.. and Ifuy orhcr Ttird Wodd 6utri.' 

we hav. suege$.d a .Dep.nddcy Moddl' lhal @ b. apptic.bt to patisle. A 

o4@i'!€ alrlysis of India dd Patisr4 in lhe @Dtqr of N@colod.t si.Ls 

ed cconomic d€v€lopm€nt Ev€als O. simildili€s dd dif.r€ncs in hlo 

i.nsio6 ofBnrish @tonialish_ Hoftvd, .tn€ bae fion rtich dh sl&tld &d 

signjfcmt ditrercnc6 in political, €co.ohic, ed s@isl circunlsldes mdc 

direcl @Dpqrie6 dilficull'. I 

1. Foms of Authoritarianism and Theories of Development 

DivcrgeM in lhc d.vclopmcfl of Est Asid tud tjti! Ansico NIC5 

(Nwly Induhializ.d Nariond h6 risg.rld d€b.r. owr the lh.ory berlth 

ady6.i!s of node@iztion ed deFndcncy alpoehcs in &couring for |he 

*1"f"; f-* 

*t " "."0,n 

4d LrMis Kux, !.dh and Po 

'te: 

fh. Fna Fttlt v.us, 

240

EgioDl divdgen@. lnflre@d by thc neN Americd dcvelopnenl of 

dd€lopDor th@ry b€sed on Ami@ pdgnarin dd dpincisr! . l&ee 

setion of th€ @s4h sing lhe modenizaiion apFalch on div.iged 

d.Elopmcfl f(rcs on eononic dw.lopndf'] rl[t ha tccome .cqut.d de 

/acb of not /eJrr? with 4ononic sro*rh. Ir in nn ws nesur.d by tn. gbs,rl 

of GNP F @pira. t Wnnq rh. wile6 of d€pen.Lncy app&lch iGist on a 

brcadq 'concept of d.v€lopn nf haviry dtre dFcts: grc$,rh (the eonomic 

6peD, cquality (1h. $ci.t apc.t) dd tib.ny (ll!e poliljcd AFci) I I'ii. brcad 

dcfinition then includ$ thos iocierat ondilioB rhai prcmor. pcMal grcMlL 

.conomi. ere*rh,.q!.liry in rhc disiribution of*e5lrh, ed poliricgl tib.ny. .TL 

dcge of.qu,lity i! th€ diliribution of qlatlh my tF rFlyztd alone a ihb€, 

of etiotul dim.tuioror ub.n-ml, labo.{apiral. ed along inda{ls 

dinmio6: ldg€-smatt idNti.s, brsc{n[ll ra,ns, ski ed-eskilt.d labor., J 

Libeny i3 m es* ial €l€nenr of d.m@r&y, atonS wrn a $.t€ cx@ur'v€ 

.@utablc io d eleled pqtillMt aad rcgdd, fai. eledod 6 M@ 

/^!@ Alhmd od C. BinChm powtL aarp@de poti d a Dtutop ad ^wo*^ 

f lfu. bnfc B'l[4 le66). Aid D.trt t t N, tk pN6eotr\dthod 3*,i|,0.ri* vcr 

:1r.dE F31. .r.h. ps.roehod 

_o-ujlgn 

or und.rd.4ropm.nr 

n.Mdd ?6 rd. ?001 < ib / miadrbba* pfo rlfanr - p 

u@ 

7 

R. aktud, ,Div.lgd cEEtofcnr, ft. pblir ot L,heny E{uj,ry d Gbrib 

h Argd6 dn $. R.pubh d Km . rfu,,t { porjd svttu Rspoth j (t,iz), IIr.r07. 

^N w t w' D.p

s!@ifically. liberty includ.s both political gbfi &d civil libenies. 7 Frcm lhis 

FBpetiv., d.t miMl f-toB ir @t@ic d.wlopMr w@ 6lly sial 

ed sial chdgc', th€Fforc, sed€d rh. key lo botn soci.l ed donomic 

dw.lopmdr I Ihh pdsp@tivc &gH for inrrodwing .quiry dd ctrcimy in 

eonohic.levelopnent. e 

1.1 Modernization Theoriesand Neo+vlodemizataon 

Cmnt denGrariarion th@ry is indebr€d !o 6 g@r€r d.8@ to th. 

nodtuization rhery of 0!c I950s ard l96os llar .vEtualcd ln. Eqlisil6 of 

d.ncradarion in developing cowies It @ .!d.d lhfl b€yond cenain 

th$hol.ls of e.ononic ttcv.lopo€nl, s@ieties be@ne lm complex, ed 

sitlly mbilt d ro bc solh.d by ludront ri4 m.d '0 Tne mjor 

4gmer! the nod€reni4lion lh6ry pl.s.red ss rlEt high incode @uni.is 

gF nosl litcly b b. dej@ndc ed rhar iiclaing |nctuy' ulldzlrio4 and 

non-agriculural .nploym€nl wde tinLd wilh gtuwing lendency ro polilical 

ptniciMon, by inlding rh.t elnoriralioih n€€d @r be dvjall. ,1 tosr 

ldcls of modercnialion drd my fl6 b. quile hmonios wirh th. featuFs to 

isry pE-nod6n si€rics. Th@ @ tw maior 0a*! wirh lhc mod.Miatior 

tl@ry. IiBl, it dc @t idd{ry the rbi.shotd beyond whi.h.dtro.it tiditu is 

I tuynod adil T1'. cmFdiE sn4 or FE don Err.6iN d sussddJ, s*rd u 

.:o pedtu tdmto,at t)dpr@ 25. tr r990r )r50 

'Atrdrr"cmder Fdk, ,Tre D.v.tQn. ofUid.rd.v.lopno. An 

urobjosruphi..t Esy,, op. 

'q G.ki.l Abm-nd .nd c. ainshrn Pokt\ c@ttuit. porittu: ,t dadopd.l /nrw^ 6c. 

.ir , p9. 25trr2 Aid .l$ s Ddil 1.ffi, n psins {f.rdi,id,.I s;ii!. q, ci 

242

m 6oE viable. " Tne hiel! ldels of ircon. and sial nobilizarion in Ddy 

omuist @uhi€s in E@pc ed .urhorir.rim regimes in E sr Asia indic& 

tlEr a quiic hig! ldel is qujtld fd uvi.bility of elhorirad&lm. Horcwr, 

th€ €xpedence of demmacy in Indio ol s v.ry low l.vel of incohc ed low 

lercls of nod.Fniz,rioi !G6 a pbbld to rlis ptoposirion aid r*6 il 

sppe.ni ihal nodeqiation l.v.ls e not dctemieL md bftly codiitut n 

aviDmdr dal may b€ d$E or ts fccutladvc of eftain ti.dr of egin., 

rulin8 oul demochcy o.ly ar rh€ v€ry lowcsl leveh &d authoiiffieism only ar 

Funh@orc, noddianioh O@ries sr veietj of rh. origiDl 

sitg$ of gre$th i&a pbpos.d by Rciow, r, nis .pp@h of dcv.l@mdt 

dploys . najor probl€n: how ro ercougc ftdilional @nom'€s !o !.ach rhe 

sLgq of 'laldlf into sElain d @rcmic grewlh. Thc ldvie fo. iftMire 

gosnh r€quir.d n.w invesrh.nB in indusLy: eilhq inpon suhtiruring, G M 

tne Dod€ in Palisih ed majo.ily of L.rin Andi@ @utri6, o, expori 

odd.d in E6t tuia wilh rh. purp@ of S.dcdrins hplo}td and inpovi.g 

labc pbdndiviiy. This developn€nl nodcl psM.s rhar s go*d @8, 

thc posirivc etr€cr ofimFs.d p'odudon filt .nickl.{o*A' to rho* slioB 

ofp.ople wbo e nol di@rly involyed in ihe dt@ic sloB, Ilft nodct 

' FoirhBlod d cias S,lm.. i.d I Denoda.r, dD.qapd, th? R.Ehd ot 

utn Munn ydd (L6dil.| B.tr!rc, poh,iB 

t9941 

" E oMic rh.ory of hod.hiad k b.e.d d rh. fir uC6 of d.vdAnor tm R@*r 

I udy, p.@ndfroD ff utofi. rh. Erofr 

dr FlB $. 

b mrtdy. d I'i3h 

'B 6BMpr;d ro rhi!.rpo{,o4 Rotu irs buM 

psro. sh 

r 

o b' s. pomdid of Tn.d wo ^csdds d n(l@,,ron tf h. prcbt.m hcmg t h,rd 

word @ub6 6'd.! m rieu brk or pmdu.r.t. ,n\..mnq un lh. eturion hB ,n fi. 

. fm or..prbt, krn-toly, ,nd .rFn,* \l R@w. 

)41

le.& lowards a lin@ devclopmenl path ending in W4lem-slyle' nd*ci 

onoled sieri*. Th€ ud€rlying b€lief b $al the culr@l ditrlsion of W.sto 

econohid techlologi.al prcccses and $c .ohpatibility of scial sruclms witl 

fore lhe dev.loping @utri.s i. rhe long M to ado ln. cnar&Lristi6 ofile 

.lcv€loFd oG, ln this lim{ prcglK, the pcdiction is fia1 r.adniotul si€ri.t 

wiu ev€nrully advace thrcud thc slaees tnai hlve b€€n schiwed by 

d.v.loFd si.tie. h is au.d $ar let of hUtM skilts ed inverndr 

@piid m $e m6jor prebl.ns, th.rcfor, rhe srslem of beks dd d€v.lopnent 

Nrsr.ne !g@i.s swh 6 lhc IMF &d rlE Vodd Bant e d6jgn

impaded a false view ot Abericd history, suhtituting *lf{arisfelion 

The failu€ of @ly mod.hizdion $oryt €xp€.r.tioB fot 

dcmocnij?,tior in th€ devcloping coutries of thc Thjrd Wodd dendded 

@Ni&olion of the tn@ry. .xdplili.d by Hurin$on\ pohical Ordq in 

Chdging S@ieties.') His.ont hrio. ps lo show ihat socjat mobiljsarion io 

.Lv.loping @brds nighl l.ad, not ro doo@riedon hft ro $tw hc csllcd 

'Fetorieisi.' H. bsrted fiat il muld h6pp€n b€@us€ mobiliaiion .x@dcd 

inc @nomic daelopboi rnd potiridt iNriftnion building EquiEd ro sdisry 

rad !.6lmodatc it. His eghml M rhar m €xp..lcd odcom. of r.sdlirg 

austradon of d.nhdr euld be dierdd ,ad ch@s, in rmr givinS ri* to 

nilit,ty int€rcrtion. rt Hutingtont &8mdn o. ord€r building is being 

oiii.ized for advocaling dicralobhip s a stltion 10 pnetoriaisd, lhoueh he 

B &rually qun. .xplicir $.t milihy diclaloBhiAe only Epticared padoridish 

ed stability rcquii€d ln6t padicipation d€meds be sathfi.d rhrough i.sdnrtion 

bujlding. Red.tuing @ly hodd &6ry, Hutingion ee!.d dl,l lhrcu8h aowh 

panhipdtior md orgdising a consinEcy for the rtgim€, panicutarty mong 

pflioNly nd-panicipant Ms.r singtc plrry synm m b. a vi.bte dd 

mod.m fom of aulhodidiaftm dd slabitis slal6 in rhc tresidoo ro modfrity, 

H. b.li€ved th.. sine mi6 @d bl@ucsi6 e eptble of inpcing odd 

'fron lhe oubi& md cli@ralisr n tw*s do nol hrv. rhc Lgni@y ro buy $c 

'' Elic vdLEwp.aatte pcopt *ttudr(r@ {B. etq. unjsRiry of c:hfmh hs! 

re32l D B. 

" Ssu.l P. HuringoD. p,/,.ar ald- ,n ah.nahs Sacdta, q cr Fd rh. dirdid

loFlry ol ldge m.s of p@ple, lb€y l&k tuh inrnituiion buildine rlBl s 

€snlial if€Cim.s wee to 'penchale' ecicry md incorpomc consuruencEs. 

Anoiho barir lo d.n@Etielion F.poed by rhe kir6 of nod.m 

theorica m thrr .apit list ecmulation ih nodmking cou n.s d.Danded 

tjd prefits fo. i$!sro6 *hil. sqrzins wort6 ed parers Fsulting jn 

inq€a.d iftqudny in the developne po@s. '7 Tn y tholehl 1hEt d€noda{c 

iEriturions wE Dable ro .ontlin lhir stinulared clN onflict qfiich irvit d 

aulttodbdm elurions. T1l€ other de@€.t pFsred ir fiat tn€ dhpdiry b.iwcen 

srlr. &d idddry gddted Aom dE diergaized iFposnion by iFFdatim of 

lerilorjal bouddics m€mt rhat majonly of te Thid World @{olonial sraies 

laled lhc tundmcnr.l on$A6 on polidcd @muity, sbar.d nadodood. 

EnldSed @nomic inequliry se.dard by unconlolidated poliiical identity 

prenolas.

faidy piinitive foms, sncb s pcMrdisric dictatoBhips dd miliLry jums dd 

moG iNtitution lis€d' authod&ie egih6, wilh single pany/@rpoarisi 

sysl€m .nd bwalcnlic,1|chnochli€ insfiulioB. Ir dgues thlr a[hontario 

tdms of peMn.listic di.rabrshitc ad nilirlry julls t&k instiiuiion l abliry io 

ircludc s(49oniv. wial foMs md inpl.ncnr poli€y ed G ooly likely lo b. 

viabl. ar lower l.vcls of development. On ih. onlrary, more .inslirurionalisd' 

d$onlari& Gdms, wi$ singl. p{iyl@rponrin sysrems ard 

b@ucEiidtahrocratic iEriiulio6 @ cotuid€r€d Flatively hoE ,hodeh,' 

[wirg tlF Dcsibliiy to be e@ irctEiv. dd dl@! rhe @pa.iry ro pllls 

delelopnent goals md rhe.bility !o be duble ar oDid@bly highc, leveh of 

dq.lopmot This $h@l $8as1s r!,t rh@ is nc.d b $parre .populisl 

authori&rid Egim€s liom buEauqaric authoritnio. iesines, althols} both 

cplBdi OE dcvelopoi fom ol althoriI{riais. Fbn Ois point of vi.e, Jaldr 

is coNidded s cpre*ntatirc of .bwud.tic au{@.iririeisD sd Chim a m 

€wplc of populisl aurhonbri&isD'. A@rdirg to rhis ei.w, populin 

sulhoril&im Egincs @ iniriat d duinS.dy-middl. pdiods of dd€lopl@t s 

a e$lr of tui.ldlc class Gbcltioro agaiosl old oligefiB tud thcy int€nd io 

&livde md irclude la€d s4tim of poputarion in th. Ime of .cdisributiv. 

Etdm. o.1h. oth.' ha4 bl@@nric authorirlrid rsiD6 e.bs.riH s a 

ph4onhoo of rl| rasition to nN politics in which ertdir''i& pow€r is 

ucd by th€ nilitary ding o0 behalf of rlF bourgeohie ed toEig. capilal io 

exctud. me mbilising elting clN in rlF nm of epir.t dMuhri@. Som 

Micts clain $al populist auihorit rieism h successtut fom of .uihoriarimiu 

241

e.e it .o$titot s a fomul. for coBtrudins quhe dMbL cgims th.1 

n]mg.d !o ov.rcom. th! 'pr&lorisis" 'e Tn y sule.st 0ui rh. dubiliiy of 

populkt e$oitarimisn d.p.nd. on sd.El f&!o6 s'ttich @ intcrl@kiog, ro 

It should not b. 3urprtuing, whci hr.d-liM sugg.ns th.t th. Elst Ade 

modcl.'eonomic gtoMh first. d.nbcdy l.tci, hold! moF.n!&tton. Withir 

th. nodmization pd!di8n, it hls b..i !8Ed thal coutli$ Nl.d by 

dthorirsriois €sp@ially in E$t od Souo..!t Asi. d mrc likcly 10 b. 

..@micdly 3l@stul rh{ do@6ric coutrid. Exdpl6 q@Ld in f!rcr of 

lhis tlais @ Sollh Ko@. Singlpoc, M.bysi..nd Tajwtr which gw urlcr 

sdnorir.rid agim duing thch Fiod of grosrh. This th€sis is bo*d d the 

@F.!t of &i.n v.l*s. Thc con cpt of A$e vdB mirlriB thrl .ulhori&ie 

sov.ffir 

tu ultin.r.lt sup.rior to d@d@y, aldbugh n sutrcrcd r gnlt blow 

.n6 thc A5h fimirl qbis of 198. Il 3rss6!i tllll thc @nmn Co!tucid 

h6itgg. pmvidcs th. crpllrnion for tllc dcrclopmdLl $rc.s of J.!ai &d d& 

Es3r Asis NlEs, " 

Th. tFmodstia$o lircr.lm vics ihrt rhc cn rs of 

cdnrieis ircluding 6per fd cd!.ni@, dii.iplitu, h.!d b* atd 

cooFdjon *fr .l thc lklt of oldiriodl s'd pFtices ir Chirc$ sicti6, 

hDdr &d Souti Korll, dd conEibut d loelrd! @.stitutiry thc bah of a rcw 

'' sbM 8.rd.nm, ,rdrat didrrr i, syia: lerdiE ud l$ial cdlltd llt@ ut 

Lddm: cdn.ll Uii6it PB!, 1999), pp. l-29. 

n Rrynod Hiffibsh, /raddrc, t ltti6 oI tk Mind. EN

mmmic culiue." Howev€r, rh@ hav. b.o shining positioG on thc b.nefits 

of Confucim hdi.ge. Th. nost signifiMl is Hu ingron\ innlHd.l srudy on 

de@y. *nich p$hs a fudddtd incompalibiliry b.rwd rh€ Conircie 

hedrage .d modem denodaric pleiices. At th€ sdn. rime, Huringron is 

tqp.d to &rno*t dgc thai CotrnEid hcrft.ge dy hrv. .$me dturrs thlr 

e mDpaliblc with d€m6r&y'.! Exisrine lnotogies clsiry nost E4t Aiio 

@utrie! a.uthorirdri&. ! ,apdl th. Philippir6. Taiw, Thailed dd South 

Kou G @nsid.Ed d.nerui*; hdonesia is @Biddr

F@ic derelop@r ir NodlEsr Asi& c@ti6 ircludirg Taiea. taFn dd 

sodh Kos sN ro harc aeLrd a taidon [o danetuy, $tile ns a!st@ 

in Moqoli. od Nonn KoE pMibcd a e ob6alclc in t€ 'parh to 

'! 

den6@y'. nrc Southerst Asie @Mtrics illusnc a Evce ce 6 shom ir 

I.bl. 4: ItrdietoB of Potriql rradoE .rd E@noDic Crurtt (Un-f@ 

7.5 UmEilabl. 

T.Dle 5: hdi@lo6 of Polddl Fr..dod .nd EcoloDi. Gnlt (P.ntlr fu 

250

Trble 6: Iulic.loE of Polilic.l FrudoD ud E@loDic Grorvtl lTr.. 

so@: cod{.diE Se!, ol Fr.ddr F lqron ir d, Vdkl PoliriEl RiBtr r.d 

Civil Rigic . Yd 20m. fBbcttol!!, Rdi.v.d to Mry 20o.. 

< ldp://w,6cdonnow.o4fr dmtiidd hh> 

Emti.icillt thc @jity of politicd rtgimd i! Esi Asia povid€s 

mladictory cvid.ncc b th. qxmnic dcrcmids of m.tcni$rion d@dd 

As di$lscd .bovc, nodmislrio rhdisrs e lbmidB rrc of lh6. 

wak@es at'd hltr bem indulg.d b e .tlon io €p6ir rh. rory wilhoui 

rclinquishirg thc cas ial paDdign o. cst goies, Confionied wil]l mituutou 

@ioEic p.ogB in E$i Aiia duing rhc t9E0s ed edy t990s,lhc rt@ry B 

ttlicwd lo sugS€l l[6l dtho.nsrieis b.efiLd lwly irdurriatisirg 

@utde a lh.y ki.k*t ned lhet .comni* &d rbat ana rh. iniriat phe of 

8bwlh, @nr.adiciioi! b.iw.6 alrho.itari.nim ed @iialisn lvoutd tdssd ihe 

tlvoluli@ 10 d.bocey. wllr is signindt b note is thd qtuld modmj&tid 

odisrs do @t d.vi!r. sisnif@dy fiom O. modctdsalion p.r.disE; dEy 

n.tly Edefi!. authorirl.ieim 6 . srcppinS{oN !ows& th. 6d-poin1 of 

251

d.n@d.y. :t F€nt obsFes lhat '$.lik€s ofRonos, Pye, Pml &d HDlingon 

mte ed &t€d lo inpo* "deD@lacy'und.r lh. miulary boo1. Evo l,\e Qud.d 

Blnoit clained to have slatistically d€mo.strated lhat noe nilitarr = moe 

ddclopmqr Political nodmiaB likc Aprcr, Almond ed Colm condoncd 

th. Third world nehi wing authodbrie dgiics in the Im€ of loliti.al 

'!mo.dy" md @@mic "dslopmcni".'r' 

Anofi.r anmF b evi$ modmierion rh@iy b the nod.m 

audroiit{iflisn' th6is. Pnor to Ois rcvhion, au$oritaridtn had h.o thought 

ofas a pre-modm phe dd it ws b.lieved tnal sith modemisalion, socielies 

eith€r develop inlo lolalitarid or dem@rslic politis. Rejeting this tt?ology, 

LiM\ obseryalion of Spain led hib io sgu.lh.t r.8ihes @dd b€ snthoritsim 

ud dod.m. u' His dennif@ of&thoriLriuism bs bdome cBE: 

Ardbftaia Egim6 e polidcd synms *irh linit€4 ftl 6!oEibL, 

pohical pluralin; withour clabobc tud suidins id6lo6/ Gul with 

distirctiE m.nlalitis); without int 6iv. no. .xtc8ivc poliricd 

mobiliadon (ei.epr sde poinb in rlE d€vclopn€nrs); ed in shich a 

lodei (or ocdioiilly a snall gtup) cxcrcies powr wirhh fomally ill 

defined linils but rlu.lly quitc !rediciabk o.es. " 

The concept of Asie values, which {gued for a uiqE Ft of A5ian 

imtitutions tud politcal id@logi6, involving aurhoriiarid govemdr w6 

c.b.lloged by So\ w* tnli hebed d.finc th. .DaSing field ofsocial Choi@, 

TIE thcory ofs@ial Choie wd Fopos.d fiEt by tt An d@@nohinKd 

ia. Rol,/,, potr@r.hexrtu h t"d@'.tinrz,rria (London, Rdd.dsq teer). 

_ AndF cundd Fmk, .Tn ftEtopn. of lid.rdodopnar: Ai Aurobaoentth.t Esy., 

'J.Liii an aurhoriEiu R.einr r[. c4 of sp!jr,, in E A[.rd dd s. Rouln Gdg ) 16r 

l otitt*: studi* k P otiuca! sadotos) (x.w Yo*: rE. P:.s, I e70). 

252

A@w, elD agued thal all voling tules, bc th€ dajonty vorinS or rwo- thidr 

najomy or slalu q@, dusr indirably confli€:r sn€ basic dem@raric ftn. 

Scn's wort shov€d uder what .ondilioDs Arow's Impossibility of T!@rcm 

wuld @Dc ro DB, rr His 6nt ibution tut only dr.ndcd ad tuichcd rn lictd 

of S@ial Choicc il also innuen€ed the ma of eonobic m4wnenr ofporedy 

.rd ircqu.lrty. S6's @rccln of .caprbitily' is rhc dosr Evotution ry 

coalribution kl &vel@n6r €@noni6 and s€ial indica!06, which dg6 lhai 

govcmdb should b€ n a$red againrt the @.cEic @pdtiliri.s of lhen 

c'1i4s. It is up !o the individu.l si.ry ro nEke lhe ljsr ofoinimM cap.bititis 

g@et€ed by ibat sciery. tn his ituisr€nce on dking quesrions of vatue. long 

moved rbm s.rios €dohic @6id.ndon, s€tr pos€d a mjor chdl.nge !o rb€ 

.&nomic nod.l thal porrayed self.inlei.sr s rhe prime notivating falo. of 

hhtu rtjvity. r'1 Simil&ly, FErl &gu6 rhrl .da€lop@at mut itutude mor 

d.n@Ecy. (MoE) dmocracy bust irclude (noe) Bpet for hwd nghts. 

ftce riehs oust includc (hoE) polnicat fFedom of sp€lr dsdizrrion dd 

.toie. H@rcr,lhe hl|!m ddts musl d$ incbd. Ms 

ed $cial b6ic hwo n€eds rce$aty lo cxe'cise s@h potilical choie'. 

' 

1.2 The Dependency Theory and Neo-Colonialism 

The d.po.lency lh@ry p@vides a ben€r urd.sidding fo. diverg€nce 

i 

Sa Amdt! s.n, Cr,r4 r dr,4 ,id y.6rc4,r ro\rm. O\tord I fllo,ry phi tou) 

:',sc annrta *1, o1 EhB ud E@@ra ro)rord o\ford urtr6i9 pEr t9!7) 

- Andr Gu.d.' Ftut flE Untadqdtorcfl of O.Etopnd: Ar Autub,osFphst E3j.y.. op 

253

in thc development in East AsiA Latin Ameri@ ed Imy Third Vorld 

sut i6 ircluding Palisra, f@Biig on thc egional !ei!do6 of U.S- policy 

duing d€ coEtrucdon of U.S. heg€nony or Aidicd Sysr€D of Powo ano 

World Ws Ir. It argls lhdl lhe develophdt p@dign @ rhe chjld of @- 

joFrialisn dd n€G@lonialifr. .t d4.lopcd s p6n dd pdcet iGrnbdt of 

tn. rcw postBa An€ncd h.gmony. Am.d@ mbirioG dr.dcd old th. 

d

This pltoFnlmi cd b. crrmincd in $e FBFctiy. of d.Fdfty 

paadigrr which explai$ th€ inlcrd.Fnd.nt natw of the wdd capinlht 

sylt d in itl hi$oncal dincaion focuirs on rh. lotal rcrmrk oI s@ial 

El.lioN a they aolv€d in difl@i @ni.xts d.r tift, Depoddcy Thory 

heavily bqrew A@ thc Vdld-Syn@ Thdy n rhal prepos a mdudly 

cinf4inE sy$.,n of mtioFsr.re ard . mel(.r synd ofcapinlis cddged 

in Euope het86 1450 dd | 620. Th. 3yno, drcud proes of bbad€ning 

and d..poine, h6 .levelop€d ovo tim. ad now mompdes vinu.lly all 

aFa of1h. world, It is dilided, ir d ini.hational division oflabor, into rcrcs 

of.@nonic &tivity il which th. core st t6. through ueq@l exclmge, exploil 

pcnph.ral .M &rd siaI6. nE udqlying pdrciple upon which exploitano. is 

b$.d is a.flon bt the c4it listds itr ih. mdd6yslcn to prcfit im rbit 

Elrtio8bip, by ddivilg sulDlu @piol ltd .rf.nditr8 dn ts. B.t@r lhc 

@fts of @E ed Fdphery is tla si-pcriphcry. A simild rclalionship cisrs 

b.twa cc ed @i-pqiphery. In this cs., cspit l dqiv.d by thc ce fton 

0E smi-Friphery coms tom comodiri.! thal Equirc moE advmed 

iechnolosid-indusiial 6ther t& .Eiculiual. Fi6t inorposiion dd rhen 

in!.gfllion o@N. fte sni-Friphqd srltc! wort to 8sdd roMidr tbe coE 

- l'WEl W!U*i4 TL P'er Se of ft D.5.r. o tydld rer-Iiy, i. Mich.d A. 

S.ligs(.d.)opcn rwrrlc*iG tt t/,J', ,yf/qddr or. ci. t. wrtrdei'\ lt. 

OpjdinwaldE.dm'(CdhridgcC.rbid!.Uii6iryPB,tcr9)- t- wiUei4 

'D.Elor.MarllBim? E ffiir dd r,rri.dl ,r'rt, vot.21, No r9 G.r6b..) t9t3: 

2017-2rD1. L vdr.ddA Tn ColhF. ofuhqdis1. fk S6i.lij Rqnt@ t99t,t926: 

96|r0. A r. w!lk&i4 a.,prlrr8 tidA.eale EsaFutkchrtEirErrdt*srd.n 

255

y oglging in @Eli*. &.riviri6. it Th. @E ilslf.larpte !o Nitrhir ilt 

position cl.dE !o lhc otls arci. TIF p@6s hvolvcs r s.rnls of cdMic 

crcl.s, ir $tich th@ c alldr.tiiS Fdo& of 8lob.l @imic grevth r of 

@Dmic sraeDtiotvMt&lior4Eg@ni.. 

wltd n Ld d€F ddEy F|?disE e po$trtul is ilr holbtic &d birtori.rt 

lppl@ll It vi* sid l!3liy B e int snt d *nok. Ftlo i!! FBpetiE, 

polilidl &d cco!@ic p!!.c!g i. a si.ty h!rc m indcpsdsn qincci dEy 

int grd. nno. sinSL wb offi|rctEl rcl.tione D@cd@y p.ndigE slg 

thc impoturtc of llE uy inLnrlt ard .xtdDrl 3tanrd @mponcDl3 c 

c.6Ft d in clabditiis fi.3detu l cont rr of ud..dcvclopMl. tu slr 

lid.d.wlopftnl is not julr lh. our.lm of 'qr.Brl coutlrnll' ok FiplMl 

siai6 litc Prltuillr mr o dcFdcey b. 'oFr iotrli5s' cxcluriw9 wi0r 

rcfettlr. to cxr.rDsl vltirbl6. A@tdhg to Vsla|'u.b .nd Vd.|t4lt: 

DcFdcy in . 8ircn si.ty ir . cdpld s.l of in enich 

dtc cxt€rI.l direBioB N d!:rdnin lirc i. vrying 'ssi.li@ degt*s, &d iid.cd, 

int nal wiatioN my vcry wll Einfoc ilE Fltm of ql.n'l 

linhg6. HBbdcrlly, ii ha b€.n rcry @ for led iDrdBB [o &Fl@ 

or tr FdplEy, *nich.r. c{plblc of chrgi.8. stE.dfitl policy of 

*lf*u$.in d dcEloprn.it. Donii&n le5l int Esrs, givm th. n t@ of 

ds .tmgcmDrs odsinC fim lhc cb.eLdsri€ of p6ipha.l 

@nomi4 h.vc tadcd lo frvor drc DM.lion of Fsli.uldior of 

p.tktu of d.?.fttary in lEn i ct9] 

TI|c Cold Wa id ttlc AtlErio Po*!f of Syliqn bdgl|t dccF@Ld 

@nmic &d polilicd chasd in Elst A!h. h ire vit[ cotrs.dtriw .lir6 

'Cfrri6rtacb&-Dda C/or.r'Fdrrr S,'l@a 41,. Ydla E on t Ol.qfdll 

! S.ffl V*|eh an Atu V.L@|{ Mo& djd .rd D.rEsr: AIEujE 

Prrdtic ir dE sndy of lrh AEtu Udsd.dorMr', in Mnh.ll. A. sclige, (.d.), 

Ik Gq tM Rtt.td P@ CN.'di'E P.Btdt'a d Polurrd Edo" q 

^L 

255

of Ean Asia ir wa ecwd $ar $€ @lales of capir.lism in China, KoEa, and 

lnd@hiE r@ wll p€$dcd. As a cds.qme of Andtu in!.Bmiioq atl 

lh.s. coudri* wre 10 be paniioned. To toaintain irs hegenonic hoE, n was 

Mtial fo. the United Slaie th,r it pGetucd a @piolist eMonic sph@ i. 

Ari., for dBl il foughl tujor ws in E$t tuia an6 f.iling h atrlnpls b do e 

by mn-milillry &d politicat ne4. The gEl sftngrh of idigooB 

comndism in Ea.r Asia forccd th. U.S, !o opl for w in Kod &d Vie[m. 

CoMtis lik€ thc Philippin€s md rndorcsia 'wr corlained widroul le6e 

lo tull-sale U.S- milirary ircretrtioa r! 

Th€ pioretioo of c.pilalisn in Esr Asia by politicalhilirary mtus 

Mt lhe iit gnl p6n of rh. lsrgq p@s of @hmodating a elrucluld 

hpd€s coE ifio tne Clobal capitllisl coE, Japan rls the key i. An€d6 

d6igN ro dinrlin slabiliiy in Asia &d to plesdc as much of rh. cgion 6 

po$ible for panicipatioo in wold cdpj&lisn &d btoc&Dg oy @mnus 

irllEne- Ir 6 fclt {1ar ihc d€fed of Japd! in rhe ll|md of l94j c@t d a 

va.um. $iich €@unscd lhe s?...d of @munim in Els tuia dd 

subsquenl milii.ry m!flicls lpoNEd by rhe U.S. a0 nrftfoG, th€ U.S, 

ntlasts foud ir occeery to ptlsdc rapoee caliratin, wnic! eb6.qu..{y 

r.qun€d & Asi.l p€riphery, pdtu y kepr uda Amcri6 poliiical pDh.tion, 

'' Bar-c'rr\ 'n 

.H.g.mmir 

Tmrid n Lrr 4r, A H,tuiot po{aa,E, r nqhen citl 

qilERiry Ptu, leerr, p. :01 

251

ui later taten ovd by Japan.s. c.pital, 'r A@odingly, Jape$e coE @pilal 

dtl indulrt wa rived for the @nrtrudion of Jsp6n 4 r\. fteion l 

wrklbp of Asia" Ir $rs ey ro .lo so bcqe .Japd *s n q 

unnddavelop.d, preiely bMue it ws nder 4onomicatly or poliijcally 

@lonidiad',d In addilion, rh€ U.S. ssh.d rh€ Bpotuibility ofmetidg rbc 

suuy requircn4rs of Japm, It M esofially consideEd lor lrc pu!os.; 

f6ily, b el|amtcc Fliliclt @flror .nd s@nd ro @ nitir.r, ,id for 

sfegurdiog the sb:ategic ini.r€srs of the U.S. policy nakeB. nris penod 

wioEsed Jrtan\ delend€nc. on l[. U.S, rEtcG .d r€lDoto$/ fd rlE 

p'od@tion of ik expolts dd 'upgddine. rhes 8oo& wiih infusions of 

adv!tu€d te.hrolo$,. { Itu qpir.tia ctil..s i! Soulh KoEj. Taiwe &d Slurh 

Vi.inm ree pan of rhe posr.Wr .guid€d capilalism,, ed ns ne-meIwrilist 

sia&stnal .lliae. IlEEfoE, they wrc @mitt:d 1o (he Ie world, dcspii! 

of rh.ir tulid.mocrlric ch&acl{. As noLd klier, rhis model of luthoft..ie 

devclopmdr w nor EFaicd h odd,lsjoB of{E wdl4 inctuding rltir 

Aodio, whjch did nor enjoy rhe s@ st a&gic posirion in Andis pok 

' Bre Cmhg! r9e0 Anb6to&/, Deoq En+!@. l@d m Bdi+ Ardi6 

H.sdoy l4{X}rc50, DMdoM'y6i| dn{ D H,'lfulsGds.r.Jopu 6th. trod4 

r|JlIlM: le uflG'ry PB+ r990I 8.79.I 14. 

",Rdr|d M(Glorh.n. CnrdlDs d? 

.rw w Notu & comPony, reer. ee.r0r-92 

" andr chH ftuL Th. undc'detopftnr of D*dopftnr. an Atubirylph,4t Es) 

,. 

q 

re E H.a r,Dvrh 66 sll.4. /|rdrr E€Dmtr potry in H,tuor p.Rpdk.. in 

@$Dadd kd.). P4^a ,,r,, d lrd@. rE tut.) uii(B,D or Ltifon,;pB, 

258

The eladve suc€ss ofEdr Asia wN bsed o. a conpl€x inLNcaving 

ofveiabls such a wild hjslonc€l ald e@political fa.io6, r€opont flcros 

like b@hing wdld ira& in th. 19503 .nd 1960s, thc rcl€ of int mation l 

mrponiion tud inslitution& p€fiial&ly lh.lMF, the u.s, nili|!ry ed ditilary 

fiDding aFcially duing th. Kol@ ud Vi.r,Dm v6, rhc blc of elariw sr.& 

auto@my md etre.tiv. st r€ inlwdtion in $e €@.omy, ed spiltovs eftccrs 

swh d ih. irs-bord€r .xpesion ofthe Japd€F sub.ooilsciing sysl€h. 

HcE, ou o@m is b dra* plrall.ts b.t$cn S.utb E$t tuid 

tlelelopmdt mod€l ed Paki$mi developmenl model, Likc Sourh E4r Asia 

@utn.r Patislar w$ al$ lo@ted on $e .front tirc' of posl-S@nd Wdld 

wa glob.l poliri6, adjear ro rle Comsjst Asja. B€ing tbe ndb.r of 

SEATO dd CENTO, Pskish m rhe k.y pdtnd in U.S. srraresic desigs in 

ft w aeenst @muism. TheE alpqr.d mdy sinilsririG belw@ p.kisL4 

South Kor€ &d Tdwd In ,ll th€$ 0rcc .es, dE rolc of rhe sratc in .Elting 

clds dd capilal goups bc@m€s very appd€rt. Thc bn m .flctiv.ly 

*iped out in aI lne @utri.s, l1E iale Dilirary eliq supported by rhc U.S., 

M lI. domiMr do6.sric ador in Sourh Korca aier the @cuparion by de 

U,S. ed in Tdw an ! rhc KMT fled tlE€ fotlowing rhc Chin e Rcvoludon 

in 1949 and in Palisna an r rhe Rlqdpindi consli@y ce i! r9Jt. In &sr 

Asia, KoG! md Tai]m both re@iv€d bigh l€veh ofU.S. aid ed benefired laref 

&oD lhe ablitdilg of l.prn 6 1h€ rcgio.al wrkshop of Easr Asia a pl@s 

b€lFd imm.Mly bo$ by rh. KoE& ed rhd rh€ Vi.|nm \vd ard by 

Japd€s FDI. trade, lechnology ttusfer and the rm-bod{ qp&sion of 

259

Japms sub@nll4ting fims, !5 Like East Asia, Palisbn also eceiv€d @sive 

U,S. aid in lhe 1950s Dd l96os. In spik of rhe fmt thal P.kishn ws tmed inlo 

a cu.nl statc' of U.S., n did not exFri.re rhe .nitul. in irs @nomic 

Frfomece. Expla,utioo ior lhis diverS.nce in d€velop@t c& b€ found by 

cohp&ing th€ 4ononic srareei.s followcd in lhse coutri6. If w &te 

.mplc of fou TiAd'or'DagoG in Ed Asia rtm..xpon I.d govrh hA 

bcn.frici6r-.., n is.le Od*s b lh. Fior ia(lle in rh. equiry of t. 

dhtiibldon of incone dd lhe domestc nrkel. Thee imptuven.nls wft due 

lo thc ldd refom forcibly iDposd rhe@ [in Taiw. South Ko@ ed Jap&j 

by th. Unircd Stal6 afi.r rh. e . { nlc is a need !o ,rrt. a@ur of rh* 

€x€ptional polilical ed srrtegic I&loE. tr is argued llut rh6c f&bn .hat 

il6e NIC m@ of a unique expeno@ $m a copy-lble mod.l dd ,then hardly 

.quil!u. polirical EprBsio! ceo1 b. t@m€d€d a a modet. a7 U.litc, 

South Ko@ ard Taiyb, rhc aulhdi&i.r clie in palisr.d only N.d he. pow€r 

io pltluc the goals of mililary srength ai ih. cosi ofoatioMl €conomic w€allh. 

No led afms w@ cdicd out in p.tisnn ed larded .titc in alliee with 

civil ed m'lir.ry buEauctuy doninard rhc n,tionrt poticics Esndng in 

w.qual dist ibutioo of rcsowe' Wlile, in Sourh KoEa dd T6iw&, b.@ue of 

ihd 3euit, dft from Chjm ad Nonh Korca land Ftoms *rc c@es our 

.ffetircly d€stoyirg rh. poE oflhe lodtord clN 

" Giovdni arishi, s. llcd!, md A. rNin, fic Ri!. ofEdAsia..on! Mn!.h orMdv?, ir 

RI' {^ 'tu 

Pard kd ,, Pal../r,r' d I ttp } 

"tr4 

oJ ttu ||aad F. oa6y \\\ eitpnn. 

GHvood PE$, 1992), rp.4 t,66. 

_ A'dEGund Fm! ft. Ud.'d.Et p,n.nr of D.vdortrdr tu Aebiognphiol r$y., a. 

260

Funhmo€, i[. hphais on cdkaliod stoi phycd tbe key ol. in 

@tunic deelopmml ol E$l Asid .oDEics. .Of dt fi. ltcm.rns rtur cEt d 

ilE E6t Asie mir&le, basic €ducador for.ll and Eleval t4hnical skills EE 

by f& thc nosl inponoi f!cro6. R*dt world Bot sludi.s have eslinaicd rhd 

ova 7t p.r c.d of dB rat wal.h oa Eln Asie out ica is ficn hme dd 

sociol capiial'. 43 olr thc condnry. rhe edu.adon slot was nol given $e du€ 

Fdity in Palistrn onrribuling in gDBlt of Mkilt.4 uraincd &d 

uEdeal.d lmpo@r. In .ddilio., agi.ultua s€ctor w ignor.d itr plllll|ae 

oI stablhbins irdustrial bde. which in tum ba.kfired b@aus of nonamilability 

or tzined dd skilled t.toi Ts najor ets of E$um; popualon 

and l.tor, dd ldd dd @rr plsy e imFndr rotc in th€ eorcmic 

dev€lopnenl ofey counry. Populalion ed labor force, how. 

only in a lDEndal qy,lhcn udtizdoD dd etrativms d.F.d on rlE 

auihlilily of onpLmcnnry inputs s well a suilabt. tcchnolo$/ ed 

orSeiaiioi'. '" t w invdtn€ in edu.aiiob &d agriculiu€ rc$rltqj in a vcry 

low lcrcl of lit@y Mp€ni.d by high f.fiility 6rc &d high tcwt of 

u.nploFdt in Pak&e. 

PaList$ no1 o.1y &iled b tmlgc th€ {olonjes of $al. expdieic.d 

by South KoM ed Tai*.I thal 6. ilm &riry in a wid. @nomic sD@c &d 

thc imovations induced by compelitions, bur also the adr6nrag6 ofprorcction 

md el*tirc indBrrial pronodon. Alrhough, prlistan opted b ri.te the w.ve of 

' Iltahlo.b ur H'q Dd Ki.d'j! Hr{. Irwfl D^.toped n sout a!.. toes. w lt ., tl 

- s. M ren. uhn tda.topn.^t, p\en Md t^i4tdt' h p.rsh4, oe. !1.,e u 

261

trdsnalioMlizing capiblisn, bu1 unlikc South KoEa dd Taiqan, @ uable 10 

impo* at lhe suc rinc shong onirols ovq lsuru .U@!rion withi. ih. 

nalion l !flitory for @Ntaining ihc @nnoll6 of calird ro openre wirhin e 

uco$tt imd logi€ of global prcfil @imiation. TIF lact oI eme butr R 

bet@n the iolemtio.sl e@nomy ed $e naliohal @onomy not only rcsuhed in 

slow pae ot idegbdng ed eafoming th. prod@don srrurE, bln ale 

failcd b pnrel Foplc fiom lh. dimpfiod of market votitility, s,iicn in tun 

h€lp.d to generab thc hdsh eci6l and pohical i$tabilty thal rnds to 

ch{*tcrire sictics shlggli4 for nadodl inleeBtion wiiiour ! hifi.d culiw 

dd oeted qnh Egion l incqu,lili6_ Parjsrd .oMutar.d & mlmNty 

ldge fftign debt withour hiving develoFd rhe $cic4ononic iifizsrtEtE 

n4sdy 10 suslai! a IroFll! pr@6s . ro 

2. A Neocolonial Capitatist Mod€land Pakistan 

Using th€ d€p.ndency ln@ry, a ne-alonial capirrlilr mod€l6at 6 

b€ temed 6 a dep.ndency model baed on the following deilnilion of 

d.pcndcncy @.xplain bd.rd.velopdcDi in the Third World @uhis dd @ 

b. lpplicd lo Patistrnl firsl dec.d€ of d.lctop|Ml rh4l FBisr€

In $n model5?. ach of the mdy ldnds of .xch6ee inctuding t a

(4) Food De!€nd€@: Food dcFtrd€tr@ is hig! *t n the patrD.nr 

lor food impons lo mat niridm caloric arandlrds dedv!! 

tom rhe cxpon ofagdcultu"t @sh mpr fidnq s$ftijs 160 

u* away noh subshr€@ crops. 

(5) 

Dlh Dep.rd4e D.bt d.FndeM *itl b. bigh whs ir ond 

to @nlin@ debl edie palm.nis on pst lom, nd 

intm.lional t@s e EquirEd bc.!N ot rhe ill{l*mg 

int rcs1 ral€s md app@iation of the dolld. 

(6) Sftdiry D.Fndde: Seuiry d€p.ndence h high wh€i 

cshblish ldg. miliirry .sbblishm.nis, ditir.ry ssisls,e 

Tbis mo.lcl f@B* on hod. of pbduclio., pstre@ of ir,l€rMlionsl 

tratL, poliric.l ed eonomic liDtlgq b.rred elir6 in Fdphdt dd cmrEl 

ou'l6, dd group ed clds dlial6. This nodet giv6 folloeing dplo@tio, 

lbr th€ failE of detopmot. 

'D.veloF[at' is .lt s dultimrionat qpir.tin $hene !o mlaw &. 

eorld, saddling l@y lrid Wodd coulii.s with int€darioiit d.bG 

dippling conomic Sros1h o@npdied by the .bFdoM, app@h 

propo*d by heharional aid rnd advie givjrg .8cncid. This 

qpraunon quesriou thc Mprion tb,t dp.rls, @lablc .@rcnbr!, 

@ diaer$. FobtcE3 &d d€vie pb,s for gov.lr@lns to imptmdr 

!o mprcve p@plet tiv6. 

264

TIE fftt dc..d. of P.tisrsnt hisrory ir rh€ b.gimine of [q ps6ce 

of a &o-colodst c.pitllin nodel- ba*d on clpirni$ exploitation ,a cycl. of 

develophmlal dep.nd.ncy. I! d dvircMc of .@nlaim.nf. rh€ altid@ of 

blll@c6cy, any ed f€udd .lite BB .bh 10 entralize lhe authodry in rhek 

htuds by mFstirg with rh. foE6 of capiratist world sysrem und.r th€ 

heg@ony ofU.S. 'Soon anr indep€n&ne ihe rute8 ofpalisr.n b.gm io yictd 

lo all t?$ of indrcdflrs to drer inro o@lonial tunonjc and bilirary 

dlie@s in or.la to p@we 0E int rDl sysr.ms of privilege dd F*er, and dle 

€neEal @nFol of rhc cn ap labo. &d dw maLrial ofine @uhy'. 5r Th. fiBl 

dead€ is ch@r.riz.d wid! the isttuliotul iDb.lec€ rhal in the fonowinS 

y6 shin.d in favor of @n-dcho@ric iNlitulioB t eping thc Epcscnradv. 

iatitulioB ar their dooEleps_ This B icd in @nenratid of .dhdiry in noF 

r€pEenra$v€ istitutions dd pm@ce of ftonodic poftid in line wirh ilE 

noqlonid calitalisiic mo

Duing $e fi6t tivc. yed pld (1955{0), Palistar Feiv€d ovd US$ I 

billion in foEigr dsislace thll me io US$ 3 billion in ihc k@nd fivr-yee pl& 

0960{5). tr Prri$n gEw i@ingty d.Fd€ on th. U.S. lid ard *6 

consequently draM inlo a d4Endency Elstjo.ship with rh. Unired Srdes md ihe 

pincip6l Ep@ntaliv* ofilcmalidiliz€d capilal i! ih. mdd roday, ll!. Vdld 

Barl &d th€ IMF . The firn inlcmation t cFdit ag@.nt ws sigrcd bct*@n 

Pqkislan ard ihe United States on 25 Mat 1948, wh€n the Minisry of Finmce 

uept d a ll0 million 106.. The cEdit 6 povi.ted lndq the u.s. wlr Asrs 

Admidsiation for puchlsing $ors dd equipn€nr fon irs sutptu*s. The 

Fim@ Mini$r on his way to Vashinglor in Jlty 1950, Mouc€d rhlt .duing 

,,.[tis] sty in Unir.d Slal6 h. wuid eri.inly Lt dlc opPorruily ofn..dng 

Die.tors of ihe Lr@tional Mon€t2ry tud, mdy of shon ...twrcl ve,r 

Fsonal Ai.ndr',']! Otr ll July 1950, rhc Unjled Sratca apFov€d a m oft 

600,000 for t chnicsl Nisrace b Palislrn und.r pcsi.tcnr Tlms s poinr Fou 

Progrd. Along wilh thh rchnical $sisunc.. g@rs dd crcdic we& or.Gd by 

ndy odq U.S.5F@Ed finociat lg.ncis inctDdin8 a J t.6 mjlion Ford 

Foudation granr od a g 50- nitlion l@ fom the wo,ld Bek in 195t.5? .tn 

ordd 10 b!@gc rb# iFd.. aid &d niliLry Flolioships, lh. U.S. Covc@enr 

rd Fiwl. foundltiou st+p.d W rte r"inirg ofpatd$a adminisrdors, $cial 

sci€nlists dd Diliiary offi@s, The Ford Foudation piclurd ils nle in l95l 6 

'@ating &d nMsrhmi.g insiiiuiiom n .d.d ro rnin nbpow .nd dcvclop rhe 

'.:^!:!':,". E:-.!r \!4e ,!---s ,r mm. Dnrnn. cov.nn.d or p,L\q rlhmbd 

. 7?. Sdtruc|| Anm\I( 

266

knowledg. sd apprc&h.s rcquiEd fof @nomic attd sial pro8Bs.. s T!bt.7 

giv* a picrrE of bd&e of tnd. md foEigr *kaie in rle 1950s (1947{_ 

1959{0) dd rh€ 1960s. 

T.Db 7: E{Drt, Ibport , rd FoidSn 

.d{'a.!e h txt} rld 1960r 

(Yely wq!s6, US $ hiuiotr) 

Sdm rc&rro s.e,;ii'6-iFT F'Ep Divtria 

r ,ebr4 

cM;Aiofl6 

t973. T.bt.9, p It7rdllbk2s.d. 

TIE 'aolMic d si.t Fog6!' i, liE eirt ihs n oqroni.t nodel 

'))fur s iic@sld d.Fnd€@ 6 Oe U.S. tcchnicrl, nitit ry &d oModity 

!id. I! a glvituEor of wat poliricd csthft, blBkr!!, ed g66.t3 DtE 

hon ut rrn d b buildiry . ddc$e glrbtirlred r.rh.. tb.! inE*ing in si.l 

scc16. Hory indBri$ ti.Ld eith Ditirary nad! h!.1 b@n rtr. priorny of 

0F 6ud g0r.@6r rceleritrg th. agicdr!,I srd rld th. hct of *ilt of 

lll. @td 8ovm.fi ro iDptmd dy tand @foms Thc piogr.$ivc or teft 

Ei.d.d dm s i! ilE MBtiin La$E (tt tutir8 Frty) evdiDg tad cfoc 

$d *nlinoa 6t mt"4mi v.ft foE€d io v!c!r. th.ir pctnoft io iavor of 

'P.ho !d.Fd... Itdy ud pE* of pohiqt 

267

@IB€mtiE l'!d.d da paniculady bclonsing b rhc PDjab. Th. vdy lisr 

c6ud1y wa Mi& Iftikhanddin. the Minisl.r fd Rctugees dd Rehabilira$on in 

lle W6t Puja! ebine! vho @ forc.d to cig! du. ro noFimptdcnr.do. of 

ageie Efom including thc tenmcy Gfons and r€dislribution of l&d. whi.h 

v@ io he p6u.d in lhe enlemr prcgm in Eln Irniah. Tle pmpos.ls 

*E o. pan of th€ 1945 dd& pte of tc A[ tndia Muslim L.agE pl@ing 

Co@itre ed l.r.r irclud.d in rte Mudin rsgE.s agtuie Ehm Epon 

apFd.d in July 1949, stich ws nder altowed ro b€ inpt.ndted in W.n 

Patisl$ by th€ pow.nlt t.dcd lobby.st Howvd, i. Easl Bosat, th. wial 

landsF q6 difi.Mr stEc rh€ majoriiy of led lo!d! w Hi.du l,tro 0.d ro 

Wesl Bef,gal in 1947. ile l!roining orcs \@ .*.*aEd by thc Ean B.ngd 

Stale Acquisniotr ed Tod.y Acr of 1950. Under rhis act, all r.l-Eceiving 

idcar b.t@n rhe cultivadng |.nrjr ad ihe sld€ *s aboljsh.d md ! eilirg of 

3l &B B plac.d o individul owship of lmd,,& T!€ Bi B pNGd by 

lb€ PDvi&ial Aebly in Febost t950, br,t its idplmdlljon M blet d 

fd ov€r a yd by rlre conlt govtuenr m rhc .ssMptioi dllt n @ukt 

joplrdia Paris&'s c[@3 of an a.dng forcigr inv.srrhor, 6' F@a Klq 

N@n Fp|lgrilg 0E tadcd ctic of rh. lsger pbvir@ of Wes! paki$a4 fi. 

Pujab u*d this argMe for thc rear of irs improcnrriion in th. pujdb dso. 

'IlF land€d lobby in Wesr r&isrin od p.nicllely i! pujab ws tuIy spponcd 

by ihe linecid '@ag6 

of rh. new sr.tc who lr@ rdiBd in @loni,l aadirion 

'" tu T.trBt- p"r'tu, , n"dqn Hbt@,q !\..o tz2. 

_ Ki.r'd B. srye4 pdl/o , pcrlrd. ri" \e; ,d D*., q ch."B,,ol.,^..e L 

268

of safeguddilg ihe inteesls of th. lmded clas. Arhibald Rowleds, th€ fi6t 

Fineci.l Advi$r to th€ covment of Paidsta, re againsl thc abolition of 

zo,lrdar, since thb nieh l€ad to ! Eduction in st te €venue.6: In d agtuid 

si.tr. whff mionty of th€ Fopl. urc dcFDdet WoD agtuiar @non). 

lhtu policy mimrcd tte shiftiq b.la@ of po6 *ittin l[c slate !pp.nns. 

Aid.d by tlE U.S. mnic exFn . in 1951. ihc enral gov@nt lwH e 

mbniou six-y@ dwelopmml plalr which *s supplemcnl€d by & €v.n n@ 

loud-mouih.d rwo-y6 pnonty pmgru! Thc six.ycd d€lelopn€nt pbgrd 

pbpo$d aid implenenbd d6h ddelopidt of industry ihal Bulled in rapidly 

ino.$.d indEFial odpul (th@{old in fou y.a!o b .gncuhs had lo suf€r. 

F@d s"in ouFul

@id the eomnic sir@riordr Showirs $e distribution of lesoNes. ih. 

@mtue highlight d Oat hetlM rh. pdiod l9t?,48 ed 1952-53. rb€ tdgc 

ponion of th6 qt6l gov€mor's lotal EvmE ws sp.d oo d.fcN mgi.g 

betweq 5l to7l pd cent of rhe totalcv.nuc, ne orhd DEjo!.xpddit& wa 

th. sh@ ofde civil adninisrlt@. which @ from 16 pd.eDr lo 20 p€M of 

lhc totdl I€ME dp.nttitus of rbe 6r.dj g@dmenl. ftG imb€taM b.ten 

.xpcnditw on d.f.G. sd.ivil adninisrariv€ srwftEs ard ddctopm.nl w6 

lhc nain csNe of.@nonic diffcultis frced by rhe mjoity of pakist ni Fople. 

'Il)e cport l@modcd thd to &hiac a @re1 b61de, niniDM *padifiE 

d def.@ @cisrdt with suiry .nd dE MnnM dFndir4 d 

d.rclopMt @dkidt wirh Eeuet qs esenrial, It w6 €nphsiant ihir 

'ddelopnat alone lcould] susl,in ihe erpcndilue on defe.s€'. peposins a cui 

in ihe qpsdirw on lne civil dmiliseldoa it w ob6@cd rlEr 

.no 

oq4iatior louldl afiod to sped such a l.r8e Fopolrion of ns in@ne on 

ldninistation...at a $me when in@me t{asl declining,.a nEse 

'&mendatioN could noi be give. a sedou @Bid€6io. by rhe deisio! 

rurirg .|nc ir rtc @wEy d a linc wn n patis|.n 6 beinS e.scd up to b. 

indud€d h tllc d.fde .llid6 againsl lhe st@ding Mv€ of comuih. A 

larSc nilitary dgbtishmcit @ the p@Equisitc ofth€s def€B. dllieH. 

ffi'{':f 

**' 

"*"* 

c*"a KGhi: FiMe Divilioi G.*'i or 

210

A5 a con*quence of fie rcpon of rhe appdiel coDhirr€, in May 1953, 

$e enLal gov.1mmr !|mmc.d ro abddo! rhc six-yd ple along with thc 

two-y.d priority pnsm lawhcd wirh loud ch.6 of .pplaN dd dwh 

publicig, Anotho eononic ple 'd nor Edhiic eonodi. d.velopnenl 

pFglu fd thc dr fiv. y6 w6 to be oreivd by ln. lwly $llblished 

Pldins Bodd ahled by a brisad. ofU.S. expeti dd advi*s rcrking ud.r 

lhc mh{.lla of Tehnicd A$isr..e Ptugm. Duing thc ye 1953-54, rh@ 

Ire moF thd 100 U.S..xFtls ed advis in Pakjsl!4 *ho P@ in conEol of 

the finadcial e.choism, Pa*islln\ emnohy w6 d.d Mth $e U.S. aid dd the 

@mmic lolico d6irn d by th.se qFr$ &d advis.E. Aid s b.i.g u*d to 

'€xeis a najor influ.ie oi ...[Parisllnt] liMcial developnent'."' By 

sftnllhcning public ldministltioi md dcfde *fliq of Pltislr', tlE U.S. 

Gotfu.nr wa h.lpirS ro bltrss polilicd &d *oNmic sr.clilrty dsrg thc 

im.diaie pdiod of cd*s- The Unitcd Srd.s ws aimils to '.ssM. 

EloBibiliy fq th. succ6snn adFDisllrioll, dlcnd nrei.8 and l@briq! 

etr@tiv€nes of sm€ 3540 ptr @nr of Pakbrsn's lold ttewlopmot pFEm', 61 

In DeDbd 1953, Govment of Palislan sis!.d m sgrdcnr wnh 

lhe Fod Fourdalion to e.d e intcmtional te,n of expqa for aidi.C lbe 

- Aturio EnbBy b n D.p:tu of sac. ll Augsr 1951, NDD,342909, Bd 5542, 

211

PlMing Bodd pEpes the lid nvey.d pld.6r Under ihb agren.n! th€ 

H.R.rd Advi$ry ctulp llaltcd mrting on dE pEp&&,lion of tle firsr fi!+yd 

pl& ir AFil 1954, which wa mde public in May 1956, cvisd in April 1957 

ad findizd in M.y 1958. KnoM 6 the mdieslroke ofcconomic plming, 

David Bell, ! k y adviF. of $c HAG Eveal€d thlr it *6 b6ed on 'b6:r 

gu.$es, idle sp€culation and {ishfin thinking a tadendk of €pit lis." 

ICnodrg dc Fal prcblm of 'l@ 

lovcny, 'tlE pnesllmd of dw.lopmot 

plm.rs w€re nor coftm.d with eomoelric mod€ls' and ls *i1h 

'econonic policy fomulatior or &@r prcjccl apprdsd'.to P.ople ofPakislan 

had to pay a h6vy pri@ for tbeir .ligmdr with th. erld dd ils 

'Elklodd 

M.onic nod€I. Slo*ly @d gr.dually th. mjor politrcd pany, lh. MElio 

Leguc staied loGing iis crip over si!|. polic'.s Ed b€.de hostlge b 

coMative fo@s of n o{olonialkm. 

Despit the *vcrc shoflagc in fdd.eraim s a rcaull of th. six-yed 

dewlopnert Fogtm lawb€d in l95l a.d abddoncd in 1951, polici6 drd Nt 

chege in tavor ofag'icultur duinS th€ FiEt FiveYed Pld prcpaGd wilh su€h 

athui@. Th. draft ple of de fiEt ficy6 pbFs.d lad .tfolm including 

eilings of 150 acr€s, 300 &6 dd 450 er.s Esp@tiwly for iri8A':d, mi. 

iri8atcd ed .on.irigatcd ldds, it, how€vd, left ils final appreval subj.cl to 

nmhr srudy. ?r b this pl6 paiod rbe food-gain outpul ircBls€d ar d Mud 

I Sc Cars. Rcn, rd" E Mr6 dz E$tm Sridia: ,198 dchase b Soat ,li4 

trJrlr 970 (o:ford Orfo.d U i ivdit P!.$, l93t 

tr 

M$6Db ui Hq, t . PMr cdaia cr@i.a lq r^. nud ,utd, or .n.. n. tl tt. 

1' 

*a Pntu, Rcpn ol h tand R.li*h .N^tnu n * cffinh Prshsrl* 

1959) 9 21 

2i2

aveEa. dl€ of 0.1 pe c.ni whq lhe popuLtion in@d by 1.5 pd ccnt. Thc 

tuu,! food-erain inpoi5 duine th. s@nd hrlf of rhc t95os amg€d dbour 

&0,000 tom. To l)jd8. sc@ f@d supplies, th€ govemdr had to inbduc. 

'rtioning' a.d conpulsory plr)l:l)m€nr'.t, Tbis cmputery pt@m B 

al b.low aket pnas ih.t prcduced ! 3rrclg disindliv. Einforcing qisdng 

@neLainF ofa feu.lal l.rd i.nu€ sys!.n. usatisf&bry dedil f&ilities. sd poor 

aEihbilny of inlDrl&l .gricdo8l inputs, iDdequre irigaion suppti6, ed 

non-mrnddve r.chnoloSy. Thee f@ts w€ Efleted in thc fouln five-yd 

plm ltEt slaied ill!.re M a considnible tresfer of savings froE the dgri.ultw 

to ih. industtial s..tor,.,$ r.m of lr.de I@ delibcFrcly $h.d lgailst 

agdcultus thrcugh s@h policid 6 li@tuing of scaM foEign qchmee elmd 

pri@ily by agricdl@ 10 the induslrial stor, .onpulery Cov.mm.ni 

p@llllmnl of fod-gniN at low Fies to ebsidie rhc @sl of living in llE 

citi6, indui.ial in@tvcs for com@id agricultMt inv6menf.'r 11 Ns 

righdy obs€rved tha! dr€ five-y@ developrnent pl@ l€ndcd ro ignoE poblcms 

of wmployncd, flnnl povcny, u66n l!G! sd p@r si.l eryiG si@ rh.E 

m e liil. q@tihlive infomatiotr avail.bl. i! ihce d6 .z 

Equippd with tl€ theontical conc.pr of th€ qpit list ddv€lopnent 08. 

advis of HAG bn rh. has of P*.i$an 'noF &ur€ly !9@ of rhc 

inidcq@id of rhc wlrds of gre*1! od of ilE sialy di!rupriE natus of ihc 

" n FNth Fiw-yeo FIe: ,r/e7J 0sLmrrd: Pbfins connrsDn, 

t\id.Ih! Fouh FN.r.t Ptaa lo.n 

" Lt\td.bd Ptjtr'nsconn,smj 

271

eotir. p@ss of d€vclophcnf.tJ 'n€ irr.*oven Elalionship of lod.d clss. 

@y, civil bl@ucr&y dd indigcnou bowCeoi3ie in rh. qpitalistic wrld 

@mny.nforc€d lh. n@lonial sraF to &quiE & aulhorit rie cbu&rer.ln 

0ris dihotudrid cullE thft ws litd€ r@n for de6oc6t1c fo@s to oFate. 

Unfonomtely, ihe polili.al insiituliotu wrc nol sirong oough to sh€d away de 

@loni.l p.e.rd we nad. wln@ble lo 1he contol of ih. bu@uolic €liL 

tlined ir a @lonial .dDinisFatiE tldition of eto.Ey, qlich pFf.dld l,o 6i.. 

inlo all typ6 of n@-@loni.l €@nomic .nd nilinty alliares, ed opLd ror e 

€cotunic nodcl, which @uld not aliena& rho* grcups in sciely $lDse supporl 

w vital for lh. smooth frr(om8 of$e nco-@lonial slat . 

This d.vclopmnt nod.l I nor what Jinnal ihou8hl *6 suihbl€ for 

Pali.{!n. ttc madc it v.ry .xplicil lbn Patisutr sbould be a pogr*iv. 

d€noctuy ba5.d on ilE @Mpls of ttofien@4 frElenitv and .quliilv, 

Amouncing tlle econonic policies of Pald!|!4 Jimah in his imugual spech al 

rh. op.Ding of Siale Bmk in K.@hi stated; 

The @Nmic system of llc wer hs cHlcd alnosl insoluble problm 

for hulmi9. dd lo ddy of u n apFds ihat only a mincle cd sav. i! 

fron th. dist* that is now f&ing 0r wo d, Ii bs fail€d to do lh. juslicc 

be$en me md l@ hd lo.Edi€dc ftrdion fion $e int hadoMlt.ld. 

On lh€ conady. il es la€ely Espotuible fo. the l*o qotld wds in thc 

hst hdf.@iuty. TIF W6t.n mrl4 in slitc of iB ad@it86, of 

m@hmialion .nd induoial efiicidcy, n bday in a wde nss lhe €v.r 

b.f@ in hjslory. Ite adoptio! ofw.stdn @nohi. th@ry erd petie 

will nor help s in &tn€vilg ou soal of cranine a b4py dd @n&.Ld 

Fopl.. We dust wort ou d.siiny in ou on wv, dd prffini to thc 

mdd e @rcnic sysicm ts!.d on lh. rrw klmic @rept of €qulitv or 

m!'tind md 6@ial jlsiice. " 

i 3,*-11,* *,*.,,.*," cr.@ orpoti"q o,..n. tu.211-t3. 

214

,iu@['s rcjdion of rhe w6rem @n@ic mod.l ad hi5 .nphasis on th. 

@..ept oi€quality of manlind od social juslice on the ocasio! of th€ op€ni.8 

c@nony of the Ssre Ba* of Prtblm w6 the rsLr.n.nl of his fsirh in 

cE{inB a ftw slale for dE MBlims of Indi! for $.ir @rcnic dd sid 

beilm.ni dd his ssue@ for all f.ddaling unils of Prlist n of lhet equal 

panj.jFtion in lhc Slacrs rcsows in ecodae with th. p.inciple of eqony, 

lib.ny !!d sial justie. tulir, in his imwlral .ddGs to llc Co6tiruor 

Asnbly of Pakisiar, Jimah had delarcd, 'lf E lm1 10 mal. thh gre.l slale of 

Palbtan happy ad presFros w€ should wholly ed slely conentral€ on rh€ 

wll b.ing of dE p€ople, ud *peially ofd. nl.s dd lhe poor'. tt 

3. Center vs. Provinces- L,n€quel Distribution of Resources 

and unequal development 

Thc n€c@lonial capilalist md.l p6ucd by the dly poli€y Dnt6 of 

Paldst ., posed *nou chrllmSd for .qul dbiribudon of sr.rc'! Etu dd 

€sbblhhing @ equal rconomic i.filsttucnrc for wery fed.nliig ui1 of th. 

oulry. As eelid di$!se4 th. @ntinution of the @lori.l legacy of . 

'Seuiry Si.&' tu rhe @nt€xt of Cold Wd cnforc€d th. onddllim of 

auilority inlo tu auia@ of bl@uc@y, any and f.udal clss qhich ws 

wo*ing in clo* @llaboBtion wilh |h€ forc.s ofn€kolo.ialish. Iris alio@, 

qnich m non-EpE*nadvc dd authoritde in ch@ra, ws itr ortrol of tnc 

sialet rcsw6 ad thcir distriburio. rpr.*niing the inr€r.sts of lhe W.st 

Paktut n only. fte thG panneF of thjs.lli&c., the bl@rc@y, the my dd 

lbe fsdal dN bad lhch bts in Wd Pltiste ud Fnicuhny only in on. 

275

prcvince, lhe Pujab. 'nE Amy Hesdquan€r w6 in Rawalpindi. Th. Civil 

Scpi@ Acadeny e$ablished in 1949 foi th. iraining of.ivil blMuctuy, was ir 

Lahore. Ile Adrninisirdive sraf collcg. .siablish.d in 1957 with r.\e h€lp of 

An€ri@ aistale B agdn loalcd in L6hoE. Th€ fi6l National bnin& of 

Plblic Adminisrrarion w.srablish.d io D&€ in !%t, ehd rm simite 

istitui.s qft als d.ablishcd in Karuhi ed bnorc. E€lr Bdgal lack d 

ctrcctive rtltgt rion in thc n4 sllL .pp.,atus . tr As late 6 t956, no omer 

abov. th. nnk ofjoini ecElary in thc crral ecreiaiiar M jiom Esl Palisro. 

Oui ofthe ?41 topjobs in th€ fedenl govchnent,93 pd enr we h.ld by West 

Palisklh *ith dr Pujabis dd Udu{peaking nigtuk claiminS th€ plums. D 

Ou f@6 is o. th€ uden pattlm of d.velopmdr &d mequal 

diritibudoi ofl*ltc b.tw€6 Elsr dd W€sr Pakistln. Ilis my cloud rhe Ell 

isG ofdisribution b€t@n all Fovin@r ol Palislrn on th. basis of equiry, bu! 

lhis i"dc@* of dd'sis is Nfli.l b@w of ihc anificial diry !d 

hhog.rcity of inte€sts afmsd by thc ruling clii. in \v€st Palisr2! in irs 

baryainine posilion agai.sl E351 Patind, 'ItE qesiion ofpdity m disd by rhe 

p63re gDup cerd in .!d oubide thc Comrii@.r AsMbly a rhe bsis of 

ey otutirutionrl fomula 10 fight rlE hajority stalus of East Pakisran. The 

fomalion ol On€ UDit tu 1955 inpos.d th. dificial uny dd honoga.ity of 

i a6t b€hlcn the prcvi@s of \vcat Palis|'n. As di$us€d €dliq, rhe facl 

1h4 Ean Patjslaa had rbe mjony of popularion a.d thu had lhe dghr to sovd 

irH$]ffiil;ifl *#'4'?"'ldc,(L$oE: PmsEsiE.,e3ei.pz3 276

s troi @ptable io dr Pujab. If Puj.b @uld 6i$ dE Fiiciple 

of pefty in 

thc Codnuent Asmbly, th€n, the qu€slio. dis6 wby th€ FincipL of pdity in 

@mmic dcvelopMl @ e thMtding. h apFaEd obvioN thlt rhe n4 scr. 

st.n€d its *orking wirh a bia$d .nitude rh.t w inlFrcnl in irr c@tion .nd its 

D€spile the mjodiy of P.rierni lDpulalion hoed in Esn Patbrd! ilE 

C.nral Golcme w6 $aled in Kd&hi, It ws nor jul d hsue of 

g.ognphical loc.lion of O. 6|ral goremd! lh. dblane b.twd dE 6td 

golcmenl and lh. caslem pDline of the couniry wa aho electiv. in 

allclli@ ot rcelres !d srarc's @@mic polici6- Aam@ing lhe indusrrial 

policy of thc rcw st!t., Roqlands del@d 'whai 0t ir sr.t !4d.d w d 

itrdusilial be built eud @notr' jul. dd hide6, nor seial weltu eh.n6 

r€quiti!8 tdge opil4l ourla)ts'.lo Thc tl!d. ald i"dlstnal policA inlodued by 

Rowlands, which w@ v.ry faithtully folloqld by nnane m€n affd hin, udd 

rh. ldvie of tl{G, gd@ted &cMuLtion of pofil in fcw hedr pnholing d 

indiSdou bougcoisie. B€tween Seprenb.r 1949 md Jme 1950 aloDe, M.A. 

IsphrtrDi '{|€ brgEsr ju|! dal.l encd rlF prcft dour.d ro RS. 20 miUio.. 

M.A. Isphrlei @ rh. d.nbq ot rbc Jut Bosr4 *hi.h wd $Lblbhed by lh. 

entd govcmc tosuppodrh. grcw6'pri@s.!r listcldof povidingEli.f io 

smdljub nad6, rhe jur€ bold b.tu d exploitatioa tool, b.fttuirg ldge 

t!d. deal.s like M.A. hphrndi, who whil. sinins in K@chi wc @ntolline 

! slhm,ry of archibald RN|Idt rcpd e 6. gov.mm.d of Prtjsbi, Do/152716, Ixa: 

't 

Aydnr ldrJ.Th2 stde al otiolRl.,op.ciL,p.l0J. 

2t7

jute tnde of Ear Bctrg.l. 'fte boa.d w..! urd€' rh. supryirion of chdm 

Fasq-lhe non-B€ngali sEiary of iidu3lry, who lat€. bc{rft rhc chaiM of 

P.l&ta. lndBfid Dcv.lopMr coDo€ti@ dd sM meed s a njor 

indaiririisl in ihe @u$y by nisBing hs high omc6. tl. EFlFd.d the.ls 

of qiof civil dd nilit ry blMucEt of W.sr Pa&istar who 

13@n 

luned oul ro 

b. oq|6 of som of lh leg.s bBtujs ardpris i! 0F cMEy.. Vith 

.b!om. b@r.dc co lolsa @l@irl Flcrie, tt d.lcloFmd of bdurid 

crDit lin fsvo@d only big businBmcn .g6insr th€ rnall dd @lted in 

cmno. @n@tr.rion of wdth. A high ar. of gmM! M thc rui! @mbic 

obj€ctirc, wilt r c.rdid disEgdd fo. difihnional quc.rioB. The q6too of 

dilp€iity *a oi$d mainly in the @nrxt of th. Egio.d dislribudon. 

Table 5 shows th. budedary all@atioB betw€d rhc c.ord ed rh. 

ptoviB sib in lN. 6t9 fE-y€d ptd. 

T.bL E: Elda.ary Alldai@ b.ard ti. Cdte. dd O. Pdi!6 

ir t[. Flnt FlveYqr Pltu. 

C.&(iEftdiis 

Ki&ti) 

2nr 

Sov@: 1L Fid Fte. r* PtM (19trd0), oui ll* ofrh. plm (din) Keehi, M,y 

27E

h lddition !o tbi! dl@rion of rseca, rlE dphsis B .g.i! d dE 

idutti.l &rcloFtunr to b. pl@r.d h W.s P.ttt r igMiry mE rh!! E0 F 

€n ofthc polulatio rlDr *r! &Fndd otr.griculr$ ud tiving in nlrB, 

It e.5 dw dclpir. dc hcr thar b€rwc.! I94F50 ud 195+5, rh. .glicuttunl 

se|d me $lgmt, |6ding . dis.l r!.dgc $Nd grcerh Frc of | .1. 

Vc hrlc eliq dies.d, th.l rh. rcglcr of Oc lgricu|ne sio. hrd 

Gl||d i, ffi 3horugG of food-gr.iB, which ould Fublic rwd !d 

dcooBflri@. Wc hrE .l$ cn how this 3itudion B aptoi&'(| !d Fbtic 

urGd.griEr mn-ihpld.nbrioD of rabcy llw ed lDd Ffom B rlrEd 

irto Eligiols.ioB !d viol.ncc.sliNr . nimrhy s.cr in puj.b h Meh 1953 

Foviding ih. rdion lc io 'powr h!kd' 3i[iEs i, K.Eli .d n Mlpindio lo 

dknBs thc B.ngrli P.iDc Minisllr n wj. Nezimdin rd frili!&d 

P.tilbr's 6n&xc inro dcftr po.re Prlistrn's .nrc.ecM 5! ! .ctie6r' s||c of 

U.S.A. ed i. rlsrB s dE 'buledrr' .g!iM Comuhn dqordcd I d.fds 

dlbliltl|t@t wNch w! b.yood rhc scjrcc n.jru of lh Eqly{Er.d r!l..td 

.t6dt d m31 of i!! foEign aclulSc on d fion mdt iB jur! aFd!, 

A ladg catd adninilintd ed. dcfas .srjblirln|c l@ two 

mjd ilqrir.tEnls io d.livcr i. rcod&rc aih rt .x!@tsrid of fta. 

d.f@ paB. llris BpoBibiliy @uld ml bc ncr by dr. U.S. Bbrac onty. 

P*&t . B o(p.ct4l 10 dl&gc il3 c@nic bce dd nhing dm60c 

Fuc for hilir&r dpcndin!!. Amd6 ldvic w 6@ in foon of llAG. 

' 

nrmbnai w d* ArEry H{dqllG, *tE casrl Ay!b, dr c.i..c of hlitu . rny 

279

'Ird a th. Plinsrt |!.9 for 5 l.!g. rlby of Ahqi6 @nmic dFts 

q!.tin8 on findirs elutiN for ilrodBios d.EloFndr in Prris&. hdustd.l 

d*loFn6l of w6l Pltht n ecs p.n !d plet of lhis lhinFDs. Thb tunt€! 

.ggdtlt d tlE grid.|B of dF Fdc of E n B.nglt eto vw &Di.d tlEir dr 

3bE of llF lrlrc ls!|w A5 ! r.sult of thc @trd Aotlmdr polici6, rh.E 

I viflud no d.Eloplml in Erd Prli3r.n. A fo.r @rd.d vhitc srling rhc 

objEtiv6 of th. 6lsl fvFyd pbn.ts TIEF qG nrc min objccdvG ofth. pbt 

Fiod includiig 10 quictly in(as. rlE r.t ofdcrcloFnor in Esr P.lisua {td 

othd la dcwlop.d Ggi@ in t||. @utry . s Howwr, thc pt& @utd mr nEl 

Utu t!rg4 EfleLd itr l!. 1868. aDu.l go$rh dc of tlE sre do'mic 

prcdn.l in Ern ruist n, shich wB ! re 0.2 F ent cmrs.d *irh 3.6 F 

ent in w.!t lhl&lo 'Th. E!!r Pltbrar i.dsdidialion @6 r.rtly loot on 

a Fi!.r! irv6trndt r. bd io co@n[ir. .lno$ eiclNivlty i. W6r 

Prtistrn'.r' Thc w.y rhc inrd6| of Esr Prtdnd w giM rlE s.c!!d!!y 

Fiori9 a ffidif.d in tlF policy rh't r.F 6. tup.c ov.dltu.d i! ordd io 

loF tbc imporl bill of nilil.ry ictE. Threlgh this policy, sndl cxportas of 

juG (0F rbrjor ssricultnl produce of Etn Pddrr4) telm rlE priBipl. aicritL 

lvlE could .d t|m ttNlgb 6.irju& dpoi! d ! dn. *t n food *!s !.llins d 

atwnicd Ficcs. h addition, rh. imlond ir E n P.Iisr.n wd ordy abtc ro 

s.cn r 35 F @t of tbc ro|rl iEFrt licns iserd by rlr. ccnmt gos|rErt iD 

It Fiod b.lw.cn | 95Gl !d 195?-E. As ! |!$lr, Eln PlEsru hrd to ouch.e. 

ifrtflP Fidt Fb. r.o Ptq |etffi. q. cn 

a 

s.M,tls \ u,tMotdd, po'at.d h,qtdttt in p.tid',6p..it., c.29t. 

240

@'lsmq illns fioD the mduhcnlm of Wcsl Patisrar, fl a prie 40 F 61 

higher lbd fic vorld sek€i & .TtE d.t.r.noE €ft@rs of rlE pn-irdusirial 

polici€s on sgriclnt@,..hi1 E{sl Patista. harda s ir. d.pddoe on re.i.ult@ 

m gr€aler dd s il consislcd lar!.ly of snall fm€s prcdwing cash c@ps wilh 

low bdgaini.g pomr ytr a ,ir dr. inrcm.di&i6 ndy of Bhon were ensased ir 

trugslins jule &b$ lhe bo.da'.3t Th. incquality in disrribulion of E$uc6 

wd nor $€ @jor con@m of HAG for trc tundddnl,l l!e61 6rs1, Es1 

lakisran did nor hav€ iLs she in buEucocy Md d.fense .shblishmo! son4 

equjty an dbtribulion B ml lh.8o.l of$e.dvoca@s of nodemizaion rh@ry. 

Voicirg ihe @rcm ovo ucquat di$iibution of rh. i2te reetes sd Wesr 

Pslista! h.gmod', the B.ngal Mslim Llagoc s 6ty 6 De4nber t949 

i.m,ni.d tull auomny in all nEtr.6 cxepr dcfce ed foGisi .ffai6 6 wll 

6 inc@sal €ptuLtior in dE @nsrirutiord a!6.nbty. Ihe B.ngat MNIiD 

tag@ .lso FDDoFd mrio!.liadon ofjuc indBry, wbich E Ej@Ld our of 

hdd br ri. @Fal aovcmdt. nlb ddsnd w loon fotlosld by rhe fanou 

lh6is of'tm @nonies , whi.h &gucd lhar Esr rd W€sl patisi.n slbuld b. 

trEsted I olircly *paatc 4onohi€s, s 

ir Ah.dc& cmsd& ro fie D.pm.d ot s@, 

NND.'429O9. RG 59, Box 55sq 390D. t9r.29J t, t{A. 

Dnpd.h No 45, rr D..mbs ro5r, 

281

4. Neo-Colonial States and Economic Developmenl- 

Comperative Analysis of underdevelopment in Pakistan and 

lndia 

'Ih. conc.pt of 'lib@ting lh. govcm€nts in €snomicdly b&Lwrd 

@uniri€s 4d d!.n loe rha ro lalc p.rl in a omFtilive wld st cn h o.dd 

io develop dononically M the ledn&l of ihc posl S@nd Wo.ld W& p€nod_ 

This id€a of 6ononic dev€lopn€d inposed a *l ofn* md sp6i.l cheges of 

scirl dd ldiinhlralive conatizalion, in addition to qptoitive eorl .tisiplires, 

siai nmoil, dd rcvolutioB in th€e si€ti.r. IrF* @ disiptircs Fov.d ro 

be equ.ly *o6e th6 ttos forc€d by th. fom6 @lonial rul6, for nct oflh. 

.ewly lib@t d @uFi€s of rhe nird World, becaw ndional lib.Erion M 

equled wilh compeiitio. i. the capndfisr wodd econony.!' In lhis qpilalisl 

w.ld @nony, the bdl@e of irade is dctfinined by the relalioNhip of a Mrion 

sr!r. *ilh $. for* of dE wld @kds. 'I1E wodd mkcrs da.mire rhG 

crpaciiy of a Etion*rate b @mp.t. b rhis calillti$ Mrld @tuhy sld dsid. 

1ne sia of its cxpons dd inpotu. D.vclopncnt h6 ben natted by a sttuggle 

betwn tBo opposing foMs: one that is comnmsMte with self-rclide 

pr€di€led upon d id6log:/ of mtioDrlis, &d mlhd tnar posiriotu th. ndrd 

Wodd 6utri6 wirhin global qpi|rlhn. The two innqitoB of rh. B.irbh 

@loiatis, India dd P.riea borh inlrri.d povciy and udcrdev.lopmcni at 

3NiC.lHdb, Shts, Eenonh D.v.topmcilsdri.Asi,n PscificRin,, itrRiciard 

At elbrun ud J.fiq.y H.nd.6on (eds .) Std6 add Dtuldpned jn tie Asjan pac Ae Rh, 

(x*tury k*r s.3. Publhhdq 1992), p 76. 

242

ibe frd ofthe €olooial rulc. nrc @lonial rulc .ndcd ii d€stoyir8 lhc iradniotul 

md in lignob institrrioos atd a l.gey of @lonial capir.lisn. fte followire 

table d.6oNtra16 the iatus ot u.L.d.v.lopm.ni in thc lltst lew yed of th.it 

T.ble 9. Stttu of Und.rde.loDDent i. I!di. .nd P.thtrtr h th€ FiFa 

1952-1954 

($ us) 0953- 

1956\v" 

sdM: Gitil a. arrond md ,.m s. cot.nD (.d ). Th. Potirt t ofrh. D.Etopirs 

a6 (ftiMonr ftirroi u 6ny &*, tt60.). p t?t. 

P.liitar ed India folloeld $o ditfcEDr rtDoehd of dcvclopndr. bdis 

crDe thc pldr of elf-Eliee Fdiorcd upon & idotosy ofnaiioirlisD, *tjtc 

Pali$o E sforccd into tcu4. of a tucolonid qpitalin model. 

Eolqa. at6 fiv€ d.qdes of d.vclopment, rh! ob€w4 fild srikiog paFltets 

in lhe &hid€nenrs ed rhc failings of India &d PatisGn' .tespib thet di{f@t 

nodels of d.velopmenr 'l.fdl moft2liry h6 decli.ed Ead ljte cxpdlmy hs 

ri$n along rising nles of inoculaton against dis4e. Aduh liidey h6 

inpoled, paniculoly in Indi4 bul g6$ih k lc$ impE$ive thd id tuy oth€r 

Asie @uriei Bp.cially for rcn n. AlthouSh binl 6r.s hav. fallq in bottr 

.281

co@Lies, Paki$an s emin more rhc highd in rhc qorld. In borh €ouFi6, 

dEG ontinue to b. wide dispdiri€s i! scial indicaroB be|qed difr@ srar6 

(orpblidet md betwen ubd dd ruEl es.' s 

Sai€bl chege in India md lalisid do not narch rhc spinliotr of p@ple 

who fought a lons slruggl. agaiGt B.itish €olonialism ro gel lneh indepeodence. 

The goals of €ndin8 or even rducing pov.ny, poviding adequar€ h.ddr @, 

ofrenng eduational opponMilies for all, dd rcdkin8 regio.at, ubartml. &d 

g€nd.r inequaliiy Main targ.rs for $e fulur€ ar th€ ehd oi$e fist half entury 

of ideFndoe .'r There e inc@ing dispuities of wealrh dd living 

@ndidos in bolh mutics. Allhoud!, ! npidly grcwing middle cl6s in India 

shae the ber61s ofrhe @aomic gre$1h bul h@dcd ofmilliotu of Iidi6, ejll 

e depl} inpovdi5h.4 having N res ro rh. b.tcr lifc ofd€

B€@d rh. sfiLins sinilarni.s of u etd.velopmor in lndia .nd 

Patistsr. tle diff.@c€s @ al$ vdy vkiblc. Th.e dif.rcnes @ in $en 

appma.h6 10 d*€lopmsnl. Pa&isld b.gm its joumey pirh a Eslre 

disadvebSe in €onpsi$n Mth thc physi.al and hmd capnal availabl€ ro 

Indic But, smn aA.r ils binh. being thc .buffci lrare' b.rwe.h rhe Soviet Union 

and lhe lEe Mrld', il sd cajoled b cni.r inio a d.pcndent reldrionship wid ihe 

U.S. md ils @pitalist model of dcvelophent. As €rlier discussd the €@nonic 

plminS in P.kisra wd inilialcd u.ld the influence of HAO itlar Oonokd th€ 

rctior of @nonic grcs1h feuing on indurdal d.rclopne dd €rcomging 

catiirr @wularion dtuE8alding the .@nomic ed ecial Neds of rh€ Fople. 

'Itis go91b bodel @ a@mplni.d by m aulhodidi& clite of bulll|lllruy, 

my dd feudal rhd I bolsr.Ed by ih. c6lodie of rhe .fiE wrld' ltE Unit d 

$!re b .Ne Palisr.r's eiarior wilh D.fee Per. agaiftr Colmuiu. 

fuainsl l[. mrc of edorrlisD sp@din8 in ns ieighbon.S @ud6 lilc India 

kda IndoBia dd tmy Abb srarB, d. ruling .lir. in Prtbr.n ch6c 10 be rhe 

'climl' stale of &e U.S. ignoing th. spiEtios of tnc Fopl.. Aurhodlarieis 

anl eorcoac sb*lh wF bl.ndcd togerho ald prsdb.d a rhc bcsr e@nomic 

model lor Parisre. 'By 1959, the nst sisgc of Paldst n's induslrialialior b6sed 

or inpon subsiitutio. w.s ov..,'nr€ p€riod followed ew th€ ufolding oI dE 

stund ph4 ol Patistln\ industrialization based prineily on expofl-ori€nled 

gtu*th fld fineed i.lbugir ldgc dff.! of forcign aid','y4 In the tuly 1960s 

* 

HM C'rdei ed ,Mil RA!6d, P4l t!tu: rh. t xbth Je, np..11..9 t74. 

285

udq thc nilir.ry dl. of C46l Ayub, P.rbbn vd b€bg p@j€cr.d s 'a bener 

bet to succeed cco.omically thd Koe5, Indonesia or Malaysia' ed .to cbs 

over into thc r&rk of middl.- incone' 6utri.s'- '5 But, il did lot happen. IrE 

daldc of dcvclopmdt 6 pmFa.d by nMr Mite6 of hod@iarion ih6ry 

€ded in e dli{ryclopmdt mov@cnr agaitur the on@ nliotr ot walIh inlo 

few hands, which fo@d C6dal Atlb to Gign dd .pelude !o the.vcnrs of1h€ 

civil wa od dr. delinting of the Estdn povine,. A a Gsrlt of rhe 

lulldita'i&is inidabd i. i$ fir$ d.c!d., .P.ki$d is srill in th. maling, nill 

iriving to 6rd . silblc ed .trarivc fom of govcmdt'.$ 

On the olh.r h&d India t cotuid.Ed .th€ mrld.s l{e$r dcmdEy. &d 

is Faied for i6 succcs h building 6 solid constiuional srucim whq€ civil 

ethondes havc ndd bm the&n d by chaltenges ton rhe milirsry. India 

urlite Pali$an hls nevd *Fri4.d nilinry rule or 4q a siou mot by 

rhc mnibry 10 int F6c in rhe politic.l pm.s &d enio. mililary officcs have 

nd€t held hinb&rial omce ed have nev.r cndbnged lhe audoriry of lle 

civilie Dinhtcr of defeme.e Regul& trsf.6 of po@ hlvc t!ke, ple 

lhsugh &e &d go.nlly fan cbto6 ii strich participrion h6 bc.n saong. 

Ard rew politicd foB hrv. ben 6bt€ lo ocre€ rcpKnring pFviouly eBL 

&|d ud€Eprcent.d 8reups in si.ry dcapn. opposnion Aom tllditioml pow 

elji6. But lDlitical d.moc@y wilhour includi.S the Firciplc of economic 

* MNir G w.ut u4 P.[l@ Ml'tred r.imra m'sd oppotui'i6 : in r.d.) s.hg s 

rn'ia Per H xELh.'!_ an D.rN r\u r.d.) 4. c,! D. 39 

!(dfrE 'nd 

D.nik Kur r.l.r a .ir, o 15 

- Pa' R BN. Indi' Ctm(mrl prcgEs d pro5kft in Sdig s Hmo4 plrt H 

KnBb.r& ad D.unj! xur (.d ) op or p 2t. 

246

equality cmot address the isue of uderdevelopmor, Alrhoud! 1n. 

a.hnv@nt of @nomic.qlslrty B dclared Io be th€ l&g.r of d. torg-kd 

€corcmic dcv.lopn polici€s based on sdidin idmlogy o|d rhe nehdism of 

enfatitd plming,'in ptaalice, in rcaliry, ed 4d in ihc adnissior ofthos 

f,to d.rclop.n th6e @ly .ttmnic pl.,E rhe &ruat eoats 9d diffeqa.{ 

And ind.Fndenc., India deded 10 folow rh. Scialisl D6r.m of 

$iery in@rporahng lhe dcdne d4 tndB $outd Ett on p.n6n e gov.menl 

owBhip ad sfoDs-hedcd public din lion of fic indusrrial, fiiaftiat, 

comunicatioN, ed raNpon *dos . ,t A Nalional plmine Coonjssion of 

Intlia udd rhe chaiMhip of the pdmc Mitrisler Nclu! B glabtishcd in 

M@h 1950 ard had b€ln d.fi'.d s the EcoNmic Cabitur", mr mftly for rhe 

Union but als for tlr Slaics,, r@ Tle Cobhission re enpowaed !o invcstigare 

ad l@nD.nd policie for dmosl elery sFcr of narional lif.. 11r Comi$ion 

had lb€ control ovq rlE dblribudon of€cdomic rcew.s mong th€ 5la16,rl 

ws b a position to dictaie thc fom of individul Starfs, developmert,r0r ltrdie 

tunic gods enbited aliding the sElctw of @nony from pldomiMrty 

.ericuh&l b @Gpicuoully indu$riat, rtircldnS povcny ed jEquljry, sd 

&hiBing d a@plau€ r.t of €@oDic grce1h, Connind 

povidc fi. @uEyt 5550,000 v hgd wirh b6ic @nics srrch s Fjoey 

cPalrR 86. indu- Dmdflr pbgEs qd ptubjrm mrod.,sd,g\ b,s, pu NsmryodlfuB H 

Ku,op.dr, p r5. 

.. ,*" a&T: 1!9 Mu.I *hFEd nuch ro xhEE.. D i.d.) s.ri8 s. H||114 p.ur 

imer 

H 

nd Do/nn xE oo. rn. 

';t!gt:trr4.!y: ' 65 

otr p!d! A p,/d,,/ !4on,r mdo..p. Mr pl* r06?r. p 45. 

1\. Pr .\ aJ ptddtnS 4 stu4 ot t^do, t E? ftt pt^ t9r0- 

/eff rrondon. or rord Unr *rir) prs. tobor ccoq. Roie D.q,r,o ,, d LdMt. Charye 

247

ehools, clinics, polable wter, sirary fa.iliieq dd eldrriciiy., 'm nte 

@nlinuity in Indim @rcmi. plroing (t95G1964) is tnom a Nehovid 

Plmins. Nehavid Mode of Pltuing ws differ fom Gmdlie Seiatis, 

Thc @dihnio! ofltrdi! p8!.d jr t950 rhll bomsld h.ality tn t9l5 A.! 

M co@ined lo pdlid€nlary d.6ocrey dd @nlained no n ntion of 

Oedhi& onsritutiotr. 'A Oe.thio @nsdlulion sB iot to havc b6n giv.n a 

noDots' ihouglr'. '@ Tic consirurioo of lrdia dfl.cled N.hN,s. tine of 

thitliq tbat belicved lhal ldia rceded a e ralizd @tudtulion io Bubtish th. 

stability and rh€ uiry n*s6ry b de so.i.t Evolurion. Undd lhe innlE@ of 

socialjsm, Nehru b€li.ved thar cenrnlizld alilbriry md enlrslized ptmiDg we€ 

t*o Mtirl f&ro6 for €.onmi" pregB. '" 

tn on[a,l to lalii,a $al 

bdcMrl eononic bodehiation rhrcueh haph@d elimce upon pnvate 

. .Dri*,!d th. D.*ct 3ys1eq IrdirD @mmic pl.ljlB i!&.d.d io Ely 

purpc'vely or govmdr.l inirjative io cEate e irrcsBted indulr.ial *ctor 

Howvd, ldopling for & indsrT-ist dd.lopnor progm like patistan B 

rsociar.d wiri rhe idea of inGrhrcn Ellriodhip of induJrriatjzario! Mlh 

ubeiztio! Md modmiarion in mosl of 1he posi-colonial stares. Tlis 

d.wlopn m nodel % h tinc with rh. p.6digD of dd€topnot rhlr lsuned 

1hal srd€ pow shodd supen de harkers. Tt. najor thcme of this paadigm B 

r r,cr, (Edr.k : untrs't) orGt,tqDi, p@ 1966r rm,ft R ttukt, tndh! potrcd 

hTI? .ty :tr:-..th..9,?dw!RAd d,piMd pnmdLtum,D pr$. reE. 

,. ,1. *"11 MJd ehr.!rd, 

"-l: 

h4h b rhJt.. r i.d, sd,s s HMib4 prur 

M'!cc 

H. 

ed huh Kqop c'l" p 6r. 

'*Gtuqik n /drucd,tu@ cm!@ola Nd@ ,tu\t 

^6in. 

\p34 

288

coqiol or itpp(llsion ofnu*€t foB. TltN d|c i .ll.ctusi inr,anerc of0c 

&Eloping @utria in tl* pdltoloi.l Fnod be.m oic ofe oE tElniig 

npbris @ lh. rel. of tlE adc. 

I. thb @nGxt il is h&dly suprtuing dd cxtm. lionns of c@mic 

ulioodis b€m. .ltFsr uilasl doE pGtolonial i.r6, Tlr fom 

@plEiz.d imDon @ndok, o!.rv.lEd .rch69! n&+ hig6*.1. public 

ov!.BhiD rd ilstmt imotiv.n direr inrc3torart wirh mE gcd 

'!tGr 

rrI.+ Fica ond ergls, crc.rc Ar 0F od of colonid Friod, mnic 

otioorlis M db6..d r!8!rtl6 of poliricd idoloSy in tlE @nP.tiriE 

$orld conaxt rd r?rs &iv€o by thc Flciv.d impon nc. of s(t.tnrl 

.mFririon Frha rhlr dotrtBric so.[l pndiri6, In lrdis qt xt, tt goglh of 

cc rliz.d slt lnd tt politicd *@my 9..6.t 

Indi4 litE Patistaa ignorcd its agncullurrl slor at th. p@f@ne of 

indBtrialiation, but, in @ni.st ro Palisrd, ihe exploirive colonjal 6mibg 

syst n domimkd by big lmdlo.ds dd princd w6 abolisb€d im€dialely.ftd 

ind.p.nddce 10 giv. a lip wie ro candhid i&al. A coulrywide sydem oI 

Flst proFi.toEhip B 6tablish.d in qbich rirle lo land {r.fi€.rive @nrrcl 

B Ferf.drd b rhe fomd, culdv.ring tcMc. Thi5 bc.jc tle bsis of lonSt 

m sidist *bdEs fo. @redinn! Indid lgriclltur rbmush I'd rcfoms! 

led edislribution. md c@pmriv€ fming. In th€ finl file ycr-plm 10 

apFe Od

this r€alialion v€ry loud that th. neglect of agicultml sclor ai the cost of 

industialiation in *ly yeo! &d c.ntmlizd plmihS €snlt d in bceed 

pov..ty nihr ihe al*iaIing it. Thc Frcmtaec of ubo ed tu dl poor 

inc@ld emevlEl in itc @ly 1950! dd mincd mE or l* cmrd fd rb. 

rcxt fi&nty y.m. rrr Mdy wirds ob!.ryc rhar lndi. mighl have a.hiev€d dr 

8o.k 

of Seial Rwolution dvisiomd in Osdhis @Nfnnbn if n h.d follo$rd 

! palh of deqtraliatior focusine on th. villag. €codomy instead of oFing for 

centnlied plming &d indusr'ialiarion. TIF n w @Btiluiion outlined seial 

and @nonic policies 10 rctiry in qurliti.s md shift po@ to lhe wakq 

.l@ents. Five d@ad6' wonh of u.ndm.nt! dd laws mnrinre the seull 

arrinst urouchabiny dd bo.ded ad child l.bq. And in a cruial wy, rh. 

bdi& civil Fnie, pide of tb. Btjtish Empir., took d pddey BFnsibility for 

|!.ul!line aI lnes n$ plG inro Edity'. rD 

And th. firsl @tuy of rb€ir in&pcrdae, Pakind dd India @ d.d 

!tM8 rhc host d.pdved rcgion of rhc wo d. 'rr 

The prefilc of hlllM 

dcprisdo' in Pakisla! dd India show a sombq picnE. 'fte foUowinc Table 

sho{s rhe pofil€ of sDerding on bealth, .ducarion, def€ne ed p@nrage of 

population living in poveny. It Gv.als rh in 1995, l5 pr enr of bial 

population b India ad 29 F *ni of roi.l populaiion in Paldstar ws living in 

polaty. Public qFndine on educalion ald h.dth *B ls tbe 5 p6 Bt of 

rr' S. MolErbr D.r a.d Ajn R!d., PoEny !n hbtj. Poticy: A Mix.d R@nl', h {.d) X. 

ry$. tndin Dodop@ R.tn1 t0i7, (D.lhr Orlod Un'EE'ry Plq lo93) 

''' Smld. D.s' u.r K,rhrft F SEdhr, .rnd'.: atoqh rd mqn tny . r r.d I s.|a S 

Heis4 Prnl H. Krisb.'€ rnd D.unn Kux, op. cir , ,, t03 

'" M.lboob !l Haq and Kidij. H.9, Hth.h Dd.topr.to iD sodh trio (x@hi Oxto.d 

291

ONP b 6. 

'E 

1990. h od|4 ll. d.esc orpeodirr. (s % of cdd 

lor@d.ry(,dib.) r'.30 6 F..dil| htda! d t4.5 Fo.{r h hfr 

h &. t.& 1995. Slnihly, rt Arb( i..vh. rdo (d!ba !.wt u X ofc{!ot! of 

Sood! &d sviq) i! rh. ,* t99t tu't 35 ta i! hbrbt jt 27 r h hir 

tn

T.blG l0: Pntll. ol SpodhS ir t.d. .!d Prt tuhn 

Td|l GDP (Us t b'llior t995 

Public cxpddi@ of.d@riotr sd h.trhi;t--f:i 

D.ftr qrqd'@ (s \ ;a;t;i 

D.f.&.rpadhu (a % du.!d; lrn h;;i 

sdc B5d d r$16 3dd e n rd;@;;67;..? 

f'ii62.1 & 2 a n Hh@ D.vtqa.nt n s.tuh ho ,Clt, @. cn.. o t, 

293

Authoritarianism and Undsdevdopmenl

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