Radical Protestant Propaganda of the Thirty Years' War

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their agreements with him by surrendering to Catholic forces. This image of an irate Transylvanian prince, who evidently does not possess the virtue of magnanimity that was required of a Christian ruler, 89 does not reassure the audience that Bethlen Gabor is a friendly figure who they can trust. On the other hand, the letter gives the reader the impression that Bethlen Gabor is a passionate defender of the Protestant faith who is upset that the Moravians have surrendered so easily to Habsburg Catholic authority. This makes the source difficult to classify as either a positive or a negative piece of propaganda. Aside from pamphlets such as this, there are also broadsheets which appear to take the same ambivalent attitude towards Bethlen Gabor. These include Böhmischer Jesuiten Kehrauß (1620) 90 and Contrafactvr Des Hvngarischen Blvtfahnen (1620). 91 Kehrhauß recognizes that the Prince is an ally but seems wary of him at the same time, warning him against an alliance with the Turks and expanding his sphere of power. 92 Contrafactvr Des Hvngarischen Blvtfahnen is a broadsheet which enjoyed a number of re-prints 93 and testifies to a public that was half suspicious, half fascinated by the Prince’s apparently indecipherable policies. 94 Additionally, there are sheets which adopt a neutral attitude towards Bethlen Gabor and include him in metaphorical summaries of the Bohemian conflict. Deß Adlers vnd Löwen 89 See Rainer A. Müller, ‘Die deutschen Fürstenspiegel des 17. Jahrhunderts. Belehrungslehren und politische Pädagogik’, Historische Zeitschrift, 240, 3 (June 1985), 571-97. A list of virtues required of a prince is provided on p. 576. Henceforth Müller. 90 Böhmischer Jesuiten Kehrauß/ und Teutsche WeckUhr. Wunderliche Geheymnussen und nachdenckliche Propheceyungen/ von dem jetzigen Zustand deß Römischen Reichs : Als: I, Jesuiter Pilgramschafft/ so sie zu ihrer suchenden restitution angestellet. II, Böhmischer Lautenklang/ wegen auffgerichter Confoederation. III, Dreyfaches Ungleich/ vom jetzigen Religionstreit/ [et]c. IIII, Türckischer WarnungsBott in Ungarn geschickt; Und V. Auffwecker der Alten Teutschen an ihre Nachkommen/ neulicher zeit Warnungsweise abgefertiget (1620). HAB: IH116. 91 Contrafactvr Des Hvngarischen Blvtfahnen (1620). HAB: IH92. 92 See the image entitled Actus X on the broadsheet and the short comment on Actus X in the text below the images. 93 Adaptations of the sheet include Bethlen Gabors Blutfahnen / Welchen derselbige zu Newsol von rothem Damaschket machen/ mit gegenwertigen Figuren und Worten mahlen/ und Emerico Turczo als Landfenderichen solenniter uberlieffern lassen (1620). Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Preußischer Kulturbesitz: Einbl. YA 5160 kl. 94 Harms, p. 296. 44
Kampff (1621) 95 and Schlaffender Löw (1621) 96 are examples of more or less neutral portrayals. Both present Bethlen as one of a group of Protestant powers supporting Friedrich V who are battling against Catholic figures, and the sheets remain largely matter- of-fact. Curiously, sheets which are not clear in their attitude towards Bethlen Gabor seem to make up at least half of the sources I have located. This could be a reflection of the general public’s own uncertainty regarding the significance of Bethlen Gabor and his intervention. To some people he must have embodied the impossible: he was a Christian prince, defensive of his religion, but also a ruler who was helped to power and supported in his campaigns by the Muslim Sultan, arguably the most feared enemy of the whole of Christendom. These contradictory aspects of Bethlen’s identity and rule had the potential to alienate public opinion, which tended to seek clear ‘black and white’ certainties: figures were normally characterized as Christian and against the Turks, or as non-Christian and a threat to the faith. Bethlen Gabor seemed to occupy a grey area in between these positions. Of course, critical Lutheran and Catholic propagandists, who were interested first and foremost in denouncing Bethlen Gabor due to his support of Friedrich V and his disobedience to Habsburg authority, were not interested in depicting these grey areas. Instead, they sought to do away with all ambiguity and to present the Transylvanian as an untrustworthy, greedy crypto-Muslim. One of the most prominent examples of this campaign is the broadsheet Trewhertz warnung. An die gantze werthe Cristenheit (1620). 97 95 Deß Adlers vnd Löwen Kampff (1621). HAB: IH81. 96 Schlaffender Löw (1621). HAB: IH82. 97 Trewhertz warnung. An die gantze werthe Cristenheit, das man sich in gegenwertiger zeit, für den einstbleichenden Türckischen Bluthundt wol vorzusehen hat (1620). Henceforth Warnung Reprinted in John Roger Paas, The German Political Broadsheet 1600-1700, 10 vols, (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 45
Page 1 and 2: Foreign Heroes and Catholic Villain
Page 3 and 4: Abstract My dissertation examines r
Page 5 and 6: Chapter Three: Duke Maximilian of B
Page 7 and 8: The other two figures I examine are
Page 9 and 10: the Edict of Restitution, the moder
Page 11 and 12: territory before Rudolf II and Ferd
Page 13 and 14: een directed at intellectuals and t
Page 15 and 16: carnival, popular forms of festival
Page 17 and 18: From the beginning of the war and u
Page 19 and 20: The third strain of argument eviden
Page 21 and 22: Thirty Years’ War, for Protestant
Page 23 and 24: Particularly important centres of P
Page 25 and 26: Characteristics of Broadsheet and P
Page 27 and 28: educated audience in the Empire. Pa
Page 29 and 30: propaganda and the reason why I hav
Page 31 and 32: The decline of Hungarian power in t
Page 33 and 34: Habsburg. It considered itself to b
Page 35 and 36: Transylvania’s military arm and k
Page 37 and 38: opinion, this is not true. Bethlen
Page 39 and 40: Bethlen was careful to choose a bri
Page 41 and 42: saviour of the Protestant faith and
Page 43: glorify Bethlen Gabor, they advocat
Page 47 and 48: appetite for sensationalist literat
Page 49 and 50: The final reason for a general lack
Page 51 and 52: adly educated Catholic clergy led t
Page 53 and 54: Christian faith through Catholic ed
Page 56 and 57: As Astrid Heyde points out in her i
Page 58 and 59: epeated in the German text below th
Page 60 and 61: among the moderate Protestants by s
Page 62 and 63: Section Two: Bethlen Gabor, The Vir
Page 64 and 65: which will be discussed below. On t
Page 66 and 67: These events of 1619, and the need
Page 68 and 69: Uhraltes Stammes / hoch geziert Von
Page 70 and 71: form of an offensive as long as it
Page 72 and 73: eference to the Prince’s Calvinis
Page 74 and 75: (Text below image cropped) The imag
Page 76 and 77: Insonderheit welche Er vermeint / D
Page 78 and 79: Ists war / was man zu dieser zeit /
Page 80 and 81: Wie daβ der Siebenbürgr zur frist
Page 82 and 83: corrupting its people. They are als
Page 84 and 85: Section Four: In Defence of the Fai
Page 86 and 87: (Text below image cropped) Aside fr
Page 88 and 89: Protestant propagandists throughout
Page 90 and 91: entirely and also draws on the icon
Page 92 and 93: Wies offenbar zu dieser frist / Da
Page 94 and 95:
Schirmen mit ewrer Helden Hand. [..
Page 96 and 97:
Dann daß er sich zum Feinde kehr /
Page 98 and 99:
Drumb laßt ers nit ohngstrafft hin
Page 100 and 101:
Conclusion The goal of the radical
Page 102 and 103:
Jesuits and their expulsion from Hu
Page 104 and 105:
of its dominance over much of the B
Page 106 and 107:
Polish crown, generated periodic co
Page 108 and 109:
did not outlaw Protestantism, and i
Page 110 and 111:
successful conquests of Sweden’s
Page 112 and 113:
including at the Battle of Breitenf
Page 114 and 115:
Primary Materials My intention is n
Page 116 and 117:
epresentative of an argument used a
Page 118 and 119:
State of Research This section is d
Page 120 and 121:
ways in which the King was made to
Page 122 and 123:
of the Empire and worthy of their s
Page 124 and 125:
figures was not always intended to
Page 126 and 127:
studies into the propaganda of Gust
Page 128 and 129:
of direct relevance. This includes
Page 130 and 131:
Section One: The Benefits of Swedis
Page 132 and 133:
Ursachen exploits the turmoil in th
Page 134 and 135:
stirring up animosity against the P
Page 136 and 137:
Commercien denselbigen allein zusch
Page 138 and 139:
welchem vor diesem Kriege die gantz
Page 140 and 141:
Adolphus’s concern for the safety
Page 142 and 143:
heroes. All of these sheets claim t
Page 144 and 145:
Section Two: A Divine Mission This
Page 146 and 147:
morale in the Protestant camp was l
Page 148 and 149:
This interpretation reflects the ar
Page 150 and 151:
According to this portrayal, prayer
Page 152 and 153:
propaganda was designed to encourag
Page 154 and 155:
defend the principles of the Protes
Page 156 and 157:
Section Four: Foreigners of Pedigre
Page 158 and 159:
them. 283 Whatever the case, radica
Page 160 and 161:
thousand arrived at the mouth of th
Page 162 and 163:
to figures of the Bible. These port
Page 164 and 165:
Die ihrländer thun lauffen baβ, o
Page 166 and 167:
Below the image and the introductor
Page 168 and 169:
Lapp [...] Ich weiβ zum Hencker se
Page 170 and 171:
We see in Wahre Contrafactur, Ursac
Page 172 and 173:
Despite the different kinds of Musl
Page 174 and 175:
Conclusion The radical propagandist
Page 176 and 177:
audience plausible reasons to belie
Page 178 and 179:
pressure to place themselves under
Page 180 and 181:
Albrecht V’s son and Maximilian
Page 182 and 183:
Maximilian. 309 His efforts to bett
Page 184 and 185:
that the Jesuits were able to dicta
Page 186 and 187:
not only gain more influence in the
Page 188 and 189:
dragged into the war due to the non
Page 190 and 191:
Sweden and France allied themselves
Page 192 and 193:
Palatine territory. It is still dif
Page 194 and 195:
The same campaign compared Maximili
Page 196 and 197:
own analysis of broadsheets and oth
Page 198 and 199:
equestrian portraits. 364 This spat
Page 200 and 201:
Section One: Duke Maximilian, a Bea
Page 202 and 203:
In Comedia, the tragedy Pickelherin
Page 204 and 205:
sympathizers of Gustavus Adolphus
Page 206 and 207:
Habsburg side against Friedrich V.
Page 208 and 209:
characteristics was a common techni
Page 210 and 211:
Philipp Melanchthon, and Jean Calvi
Page 212 and 213:
Vnd ob dichs schon im Hertzen krän
Page 214 and 215:
justice (due to theft of possession
Page 216 and 217:
Section Two: The Foolish and Sinful
Page 218 and 219:
The Jesuits have only small speakin
Page 220 and 221:
advisors of a ruler was also design
Page 222 and 223:
alluding to the meaning(s) of the h
Page 224 and 225:
could be endowed with different qua
Page 226 and 227:
The effect of these portrayals is t
Page 228 and 229:
Bavaria in 1632, after which his Ba
Page 230 and 231:
not the Swedish state but rather th
Page 232 and 233:
(Remaining text cropped) Most of th
Page 234 and 235:
Gott selbsten ist darbey der Lew [G
Page 236 and 237:
Bon Aviso justifies this superiorit
Page 238 and 239:
power who seeks to exploit Imperial
Page 240 and 241:
Section Four: A Sinner Receiving Tr
Page 242 and 243:
illustration. It contains thirty-fo
Page 244 and 245:
It does this by honing in on the im
Page 246 and 247:
short but substantial wave of broad
Page 248 and 249:
image as a doctor to Maximilian, th
Page 250 and 251:
forces, the latter sheet even portr
Page 252 and 253:
Kälber-Artzet / Der das Kalb ins A
Page 254 and 255:
epresentatives of foreign Catholic
Page 256 and 257:
(Title page of Bayrische Kranckheit
Page 258 and 259:
uildings and objects such as the Ca
Page 260 and 261:
D. noch einmal / da kamen ein gantz
Page 262 and 263:
which is echoed in the horn on the
Page 264 and 265:
the German Catholics as a whole, si
Page 266 and 267:
authority was challenged several ti
Page 268 and 269:
only way to ensure unity and obedie
Page 270 and 271:
Protestant and Catholic princes ali
Page 272 and 273:
on a single plan of action and both
Page 274 and 275:
Possibly the most comprehensive stu
Page 276 and 277:
Nevertheless despite its usefulness
Page 278 and 279:
discussed was through pamphlets kno
Page 280 and 281:
loyalty but at the same a defence o
Page 282 and 283:
London, Paris, Amsterdam, Stockholm
Page 284 and 285:
It can thus be concluded that while
Page 286 and 287:
Section One: Warning, Imperial Jesu
Page 288 and 289:
was still relevant several years af
Page 290 and 291:
Ferdinand gave him the territory of
Page 292 and 293:
Catholic Counter-Reformation in Eur
Page 294 and 295:
position will help to stop the Cath
Page 296 and 297:
described offensive, it reveals tha
Page 298 and 299:
This passage argues that the Protes
Page 300 and 301:
GoldWage (1633), 538 all present Fe
Page 302 and 303:
Section Two: The Fruits of Spain, F
Page 304 and 305:
Printed in 1634, this radical piece
Page 306 and 307:
nach) erst recht gelungen. denn der
Page 308 and 309:
a host of foreign Catholic powers w
Page 310 and 311:
growth of the Jesuit Order. Shortly
Page 312 and 313:
Majesty, 557 and their support in i
Page 314 and 315:
Spain: A Fearsome Catholic Power In
Page 316 and 317:
France was not alone in its hostili
Page 318 and 319:
other wing of the dynasty’s local
Page 320 and 321:
arbitrariness of the Spanish Inquis
Page 322 and 323:
War, it was able to portray the bat
Page 324 and 325:
obbery. This exposed the accused mo
Page 326 and 327:
Catholisch worden (1630), 607 which
Page 328 and 329:
In late 1631 and in early 1632, Kin
Page 330 and 331:
[...] Spanien. Allerheiligster Vatt
Page 332 and 333:
the latter, despite the ‘echoes
Page 334 and 335:
universal monarchy and informed the
Page 336 and 337:
Derohalben thut mit ewern Vnderthan
Page 338 and 339:
Spannische Kappe creates a link bet
Page 340 and 341:
the foundation of a Universal Monar
Page 342 and 343:
would lead to the withdrawal of pri
Page 344 and 345:
This builds on Ferdinand’s portra
Page 346 and 347:
goes much further in inflicting dam
Page 348 and 349:
Conclusion In a similar way to the
Page 350 and 351:
Protestants of the Empire were more
Page 352 and 353:
influence over him, 625 the radical
Page 354 and 355:
foolishness. Indeed, in one broadsh
Page 356 and 357:
This two-pronged campaign, designed
Page 358 and 359:
In fact, descriptions of Catholic a
Page 360 and 361:
undecided, and as crucial to the fu
Page 362 and 363:
Protestants. In short, this one eve
Page 364 and 365:
Primary Sources Bibliography Articu
Page 366 and 367:
Copia Eines Sendschreibens / So von
Page 368 and 369:
Ein warhafftige Newe Zeitung. Vnd g
Page 370 and 371:
Deßgleichen was sich mit den Ungar
Page 372 and 373:
Kurtzweilige Comedia allen Lustsüc
Page 374 and 375:
Schwedischer Beruff/ Das ist: Abtre
Page 376 and 377:
zwischen demselben vnd der Religion
Page 378 and 379:
Brendle, Franz, ‘Der Westfälisch
Page 380 and 381:
Haberkamm, Klaus, ‘”vff rechtem
Page 382 and 383:
Kroener, Bernhard R., ‘Gustav II.
Page 384 and 385:
Pollmann, Judith, ‘Eine natürlic
Page 386:
Tschopp, Silvia Serena, ‘Argument
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Radical Protestant Propaganda of the Thirty Years' War

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