REYKJAVÍK, ICELAND AUGUST 11-13, 2008 - Veðurstofa Íslands

More documents

Recommendations

Info

• as individual experts recruited by NGOs, consultancy firms or international organisations; • through institutional cooperation; How did hydrological development cooperation start? There are obvious links between decolonization of the world after 1945 and development cooperation. The UN and its many organizations and programmes soon took up technical assistance projects. Concepts like developing country, least developed countries, North-South axis, humanitarian aid, the 3 rd world, represent a perspective of the rich, industrialized Western world supplying knowledge and technology to the poor, rural peoples of the world. Other driving forces on the same arena were the moral call behind missionary work, and emergency relief assistance, all requiring water-related expertise. Anyway, development projects attracted young hydrologists ready to give technical assistance, designing station networks, organising fieldwork, managing water data, providing design data for dams or irrigation structures and teaching hydrology. Jakob Otnes was a pioneer in this field of work, serving for FAO in the Rufiji basin, Tanganyika 1955-1960, seven years before the Norwegian agency for development aid was established, named Norad since 1968. One emphasis, then and later, in the Nordic hydrological support to developing countries has been development of hydrometric station networks and field work procedures. The immediate purpose has often been to provide design data for use by the hydropower sector, (e.g. Tilrem 1997). Otnes inspired others to follow in his track, and over the next 50 years, some 40 Norwegian hydrologists have served for shorter or longer periods in development projects, predominantly in African countries. Assuming proportionality, this could mean that some 150 Nordic hydrologists have made similar contributions. Prominent names from younger generations include e.g. Torkel Jønch-Clausen (D), Jan Lundquist (S), Kjell Repp (N), and Joakim Harlin (S). Since the early 1990s there has been a shift in international thinking concerning water management from supply-based to demand-based management, being reflected also in international development cooperation. Key words in this new paradigm are river basin management, conflict resolution, water legislation and integrated water resources management. Hydrologists now regularly take part in broad team work involving lawyers, economists, other social scientists, and engineers. In recent years, and particularly since formulation of the Millennium development goals in 2000 and their further elaboration at the WSSD in Johannesburg 2002, the emphasis has grown strong on water supply and sanitation projects, meaning new roles for the hydrologist abroad. It seems that success or failure of waterrelated projects often depend on factors outside the scientific-technological 24
field, like internal or external politics, poor communication, and short-sighted commitment. Success stories often involve strong personal commitment, idealism and enthusiasm, (Tollan and Repp, 2002). Some Northern countries have established national networks for mobilising water-related competence and disseminating knowledge internationally. Examples are the Swedish Waterhouse (http://www.swedishwaterhouse.se/) and the Danish Water Forum http://www.danishwaterforum.dk/ . Although national statistics may be based on varying criteria, some comparison illustrates the importance of Nordic water-related aid. It has not been possible to assess the total support to the water sector from Finland and Iceland. Denmark: Danida, Danish International Development Assistance. In 2006 Danida spent 8,6 % (=672 million DKK) of its bilateral aid on water supply and sanitation projects. http://www.um.dk/da/menu/Udviklingspolitik/ Finland: Ministry for foreign affairs, Department for development policy http://formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=15316&contentlan=2&cu lture=en-US Iceland: ICEIDA, The Icelandic International Development Agency, http://www.iceida.is/english. ICEIDA, in cooperation with Malawian authorities, has initiated a water and sanitation project, which will run until the end of 2010. ICEIDA’s contribution will be 2.6 million dollars. Iceland’s water-related development aid is moreover quite focussed on the fisheries and the geothermal sector. Norway: Norad, The Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation, http://www.norad.no/. In total, aid within water supply and sanitation make up a small proportion of the Norwegian bilateral development cooperation. The average during the period 1999-2003 was nearly 2,4 percent, equivalent to NOK 196 million per year, of a total bilateral development cooperation of NOK 8 240 million per year in average. The proportion of the water aid to Africa has been reduced to one fourth during the same period, (ForUM, 2005). Norad provides considerable support to the energy sector, including hydropower. Sweden: SIDA, Swedish international development cooperation agency, http://www.sida.se/, in 2006 spent 1,25 billion SEK on so-called sector programme support, and 22 % of this (=275 million SEK) went to the natural resources sector, where water-related projects are parts. 88 million SEK went to the water supply and sanitation sector in Kenya and Uganda. CONCLUSIONS Northern hydrologists have played, and continue to play, important roles in global hydrology-related matters. Quantifying such impact through quotation indices etc. is uncertain, but adds support to the statement above. Some such 25
Page 1 and 2: NORTHERN HYDROLOGY AND ITS GLOBAL R
Page 3 and 4: NORTHERN HYDROLOGY AND ITS GLOBAL R
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF CONTENTS VOLUME 1 Preface .
Page 7 and 8: Session 4: Uncertainty And Extremes
Page 9 and 10: Astrid Voksø: Using Gis To Calcula
Page 11: PREFACE This is the fifth Nordic Hy
Page 15 and 16: NORTHERN HYDROLOGISTS AND THEIR GLO
Page 17 and 18: In more recent years, Nordic hydrol
Page 19 and 20: a pioneer in Finland’s ice invest
Page 21 and 22: water that can be withdrawn e.g. fo
Page 23 and 24: initiated through Nordic IHD cooper
Page 25: consolidation of hydrological inves
Page 29 and 30: Bogen, J., Walling, D.E. and Day, T
Page 31 and 32: Tallaksen, L. and van Lanen, H.A.J.
Page 33 and 34: Annex 2 Non-exhaustive list of posi
Page 35 and 36: NORDIC HYDROLOGY IN CLIMATE CHANGE
Page 37 and 38: Lake Urriðavatn is rich on vegetat
Page 39 and 40: under strict requirements on enviro
Page 41 and 42: • The treatment of stormwater is
Page 43 and 44: By using StormTac the concentration
Page 45 and 46: The IKEA lot on the peninsula north
Page 47: SESSION 2: ARCTIC HYDROLOGY AND GLA
Page 50 and 51: INTRODUCTION The problem of the ass
Page 52 and 53: The first approach is based on a co
Page 54 and 55: In accordance with a tendency towar
Page 56 and 57: ARCTIC HYDRA: THE ARCTIC HYDROLOGIC
Page 58 and 59: increases) is affecting natural sys
Page 60 and 61: • To provide feedback to data pro
Page 62 and 63: SPATIAL PATTERNS OF DECLINE IN PAN-
Page 64 and 65: (CGCM2, ECHAM4 and CCSR/NIES) and t
Page 66 and 67: decreasing monitoring density have
Page 68 and 69: 2002. Increasing river discharge to
Page 70 and 71: for glaciated catchments, where hig
Page 72 and 73: from 1996 to 2001, and the model wa
Page 74 and 75: Figure 1. Change in precipitation (
Page 76 and 77:
the other hand, a raise throughout
Page 78 and 79:
Duration of a seasonal snow cover f
Page 80 and 81:
still be snow available during the
Page 82 and 83:
Laternser, M. Schneebeli, M. 2003.
Page 84 and 85:
THERMAL DYNAMICS OF SUB-ARCTIC LAKE
Page 86 and 87:
Figure 1. Lake Lagarfljót site wit
Page 88 and 89:
temperature of maximum density (4°
Page 90 and 91:
Using the observed temperature diff
Page 92 and 93:
temperature of river relative to di
Page 94 and 95:
This analysis suggests that lake in
Page 96 and 97:
THE INITIATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF A
Page 98 and 99:
Figure 1. Discharge measured at Sve
Page 100 and 101:
due to increasing strain in the ice
Page 102 and 103:
DISCUSSION A jökulhlaup from the W
Page 104 and 105:
HYDROLOGIC MODELING OF TWO CANADIAN
Page 106 and 107:
THE SLURP MODEL The SLURP (“Semi-
Page 108 and 109:
The models were calibrated using st
Page 110 and 111:
Monthly runoff Observed and simulat
Page 112 and 113:
Depth [mm] Depth [mm] 1000 800 600
Page 114 and 115:
RADIATION BUDGET IN A SNOW-COVERED
Page 116 and 117:
ICE CONDITIONS IN THE GULF OF RIGA
Page 118 and 119:
Different approach for classificati
Page 120 and 121:
2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999
Page 122 and 123:
REFERENCES Kostjukov J. 2002. Ice c
Page 124 and 125:
Hydrological modelling is represent
Page 126 and 127:
PROCESSES AND MORPHOLOGIES OF ICELA
Page 128 and 129:
induced by a rapid temperature incr
Page 130 and 131:
the elapsed time since the most rec
Page 132 and 133:
debris apron formation and/or debri
Page 134 and 135:
Malin, M.C., Edgett, K.S., Posiolov
Page 136 and 137:
134
Page 138 and 139:
significant increases in atmospheri
Page 140 and 141:
P,mm 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 1
Page 142 and 143:
a days b days c Pmm 30 25 20 15 10
Page 144 and 145:
Libiseller, C., Grimvall, A. 2002.
Page 146 and 147:
Johnsson and Lundin (1991), Baker a
Page 148 and 149:
Figure 2. Conceptual framework for
Page 150 and 151:
Number of days with snow (avg.temp<
Page 152 and 153:
Negative correlation Positive corre
Page 154 and 155:
Soils. U.S. Army Cold Reg. Res. and
Page 156 and 157:
LOW FLOW INDEX MAP FOR NORWAY - INT
Page 158 and 159:
catchments derived automatically fr
Page 160 and 161:
Figure 1. Catchment defined from a
Page 162 and 163:
LONG-TERM CHANGES IN DISCHARGE REGI
Page 164 and 165:
Table 1. Discharge observation peri
Page 166 and 167:
DISCHARGE REGIME IN FINLAND Precipi
Page 168 and 169:
not higher than 10%. Trends at the
Page 170 and 171:
COMPARISON WITH OTHER STUDIES There
Page 172 and 173:
Hyvärinen, V. and Vehviläinen, B.
Page 174 and 175:
Kļaviņš et al. (2004), and river
Page 176 and 177:
Table 1. Distribution of total annu
Page 178 and 179:
and downward trend in 10 of 18 hydr
Page 180 and 181:
Table 2. The results of Mann-Kendal
Page 182 and 183:
Ration Q 30cold / Q annual mean 3 2
Page 184 and 185:
INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING
Page 186 and 187:
Figure 1. Location of catchments us
Page 188 and 189:
two GCMs, two emission scenarios an
Page 190 and 191:
Percentage at or below given value
Page 192 and 193:
Beldring, S., Engeland, K., Roald,
Page 194 and 195:
• Increased precipitation, larges
Page 196 and 197:
Consequences are that the model sho
Page 198 and 199:
Figure 2. Measured and calculated h
Page 200 and 201:
CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION Figure 2
Page 202 and 203:
STUDY OF HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES FOR
Page 204 and 205:
The latest version METQ2007BDOPT an
Page 206 and 207:
scenario climate from 2071 to 2100
Page 208 and 209:
Table 2. Optimal parameter values o
Page 210 and 211:
Table 3. The obtained statistical c
Page 212 and 213:
MODELLING OF CURRENT AND FUTURE WAT
Page 214 and 215:
RESEARCH AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ALTE
Page 216 and 217:
companies such as Statoil, Norsk Hy
Page 218 and 219:
Therefore, the second project was o
Page 220 and 221:
2. Development of new technical sol
Page 222 and 223:
220
Page 224 and 225:
222
Page 226 and 227:
physical consistency. Finally, poss
Page 228 and 229:
common weather state, modelled by t
Page 230 and 231:
55 ° N 60 ° N 0 ° 5 ° E 10 ° E
Page 232 and 233:
Modelled lag-0 cross-correlation Mo
Page 234 and 235:
Weather states 100 125 0 0.25 0.5 0
Page 236 and 237:
moisturized by the Baltic Sea. Thus
Page 238 and 239:
DYNAMICAL DOWNSCALING OF PRECIPITAT
Page 240 and 241:
64 ◦ N and 19.5 ◦ W, with a hor
Page 242 and 243:
Figure 2: Overview of the six ice c
Page 244 and 245:
Areal integrals of winter balance o
Page 246 and 247:
comparatively high altitude outlet
Page 248 and 249:
DYNAMICAL DOWNSCALING OF PRECIPITAT
Page 250 and 251:
tions to agree with measurements in
Page 252 and 253:
Figure 3: Ratio [%] of "false alarm
Page 254 and 255:
events (only observed precipitation
Page 256 and 257:
Table 1: Comparison of observed and
Page 258 and 259:
A SCALING METHOD FOR APPLYING RCM S
Page 260 and 261:
al., 1997) for Torpshammar, but for
Page 262 and 263:
where αObs and βObs, αObs,95 and
Page 264 and 265:
Figure 3. Distribution of precipita
Page 266 and 267:
captured. The inclusion of a second
Page 268 and 269:
THE NET EFFECT OF SAMPLE VARIABILIT
Page 270 and 271:
the range of interest, i.e. all the
Page 272 and 273:
Algorithm 1 For u = 1, K, U 1. for
Page 274 and 275:
Table 1. Description of the eight g
Page 276 and 277:
that the total variance can be well
Page 278 and 279:
INTRODUCTION The Icelandic hydromet
Page 280 and 281:
BAYESIAN STATISTICS Bayesian statis
Page 282 and 283:
and discharge adequately. One accep
Page 284 and 285:
Figure 3. The same rating curves as
Page 286 and 287:
in publication by Reitan and Peters
Page 288 and 289:
FLOOD RISK OF COASTAL AREAS TALLINN
Page 290 and 291:
from the hydrometric station Pirita
Page 292 and 293:
measurements in Tallinn coastal sta
Page 294 and 295:
Table 2. The obtained maximum water
Page 296 and 297:
Klibasev, К. And Goroskov, I, 1970
Page 298 and 299:
INTRODUCTION This study is on the f
Page 300 and 301:
Intensitet [l/s·ha] 1000 100 10 Re
Page 302 and 303:
Intensitet [l/s·ha] Intensitet [l/
Page 304 and 305:
ON THE ROAD TO A NEW NATIONAL HYDRO
Page 306 and 307:
Table 1. Main polygons and lines in
Page 308 and 309:
A) B) C) D) Figure 2. Different typ
Page 310 and 311:
��ËÁ�Æ�ËÌÁÅ�
Page 312 and 313:
ÅÓ��Ð ÁØ�ÔØÙÖ�×Ø
Page 314 and 315:
��Ö�Ò��ØÛ�
Page 316 and 317:
Ì��Ð��Ì��Ú�
Page 318 and 319:
��Ú��Ø�ÓÒ�ÖÓÑØ
show all

REYKJAVÍK, ICELAND AUGUST 11-13, 2008 - Veðurstofa Íslands

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?