Wind Power in Power Systems

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Abbreviations xxxiii PEFC Polymer electrolyte fuel cell PF Power factor PG&E Pacific Gas and Electric (Company) PI Proportional–integral (controller) PMG Permanent magnet generator PMSG Permanent magnet synchronous generator PPA Power purchase agreement PPP Power purchase price PQ Power quality PSDS Power system dynamics simulation PSLF Load Flow Program (GE) Power System Simulator for Engineers [PSS/E TM is a registered trademark of Shaw Power Technologies Inc. (PTI)] PTC Production Tax Credit (USA) PTI Shaw Power Technologies Inc. p.u. Per unit PURPA Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (USA) PV Photovoltaic PWM Pulse-width modulated; pulse-width modulation PX Power exchange PSS/E TM R RAL Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK) REC Renewable energy credit REE Red Ele´ ctrica de Espan˜a RERL-UMASS Renewable Energy Research Lab at UMass Amherst (USA) RES Renewable energy source(s) RMS Root mean square RMSE Root mean square error RO Reverse osmosis RPM Rounds per minute; rotations per minute RPS Renewable portfolio standard RWTH Rheinisch-Westfa¨ lische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Germany (Institute of Technology of the Land North Rhine-Westphalia) S SAFT SAFT Batteries SA SC Short-circuit SCADA Supervisory control and data acquisition SCE Southern California Edison (Company) SCIG Squirrel cage induction generator SCR Short-circuit ratio SG Synchronous generator SIL Surge impedance loading SIMPOW Simulation of Power Systems SOFC Solid oxide fuel cell SOFTbank E-Book Center Tehran, Phone: 66403879,66493070 For Educational Use.
xxxiv Abbreviations SRG Switch reluctance generator STATCOM Static VAR compensator STATCON Static VAR converter STD Standard deviation STP Standard temperature and pressure SVC Static VAR compensator SvK Svenka Kraftna¨ t (Swedish transmission system operator) SW Switch T TDC Transmission duration curve TFG Transverse flux generator THD Total harmonic distortion TL Transmission limit TNEB Tamil Nadu Electricity Board TSO Transmission system operator TSP Transient stability program Type A Fixed-speed wind turbine, with asynchronous induction generator directly connected to the grid, with or without reactive power compensation (see also Section 4.2.3) Type B Limited variable-speed wind turbine with variable generator rotor resistance (see also Section 4.2.3) Type C Variable-speed wind turbine with doubly-fed asynchronous induction generators and partial-load frequency converter on the rotor circuit (see also Section 4.2.3) Type D Full variable-speed wind turbine, with asynchronous or synchronous induction generator connected to the grid through a full-load frequency converter (see also Section 4.2.3) U UCTE Union pour la Coordination du Transport d’Electricite´ (Union for the Coordination of Transmission of Electricity, formerly UCPTE) UK United Kingdom UK MESO UK Meteorological Office Meso-scale Model V VDEW Verband der Elektrizita¨ tswirtschaft (German Electricity Association) VRR Variable rotor resistance VSC Voltage source converter W WASP Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program WD Wind–diesel WETEC Wind Economics and TEchnology (USA) WF Wind farm WPDC Wind power production duration curve SOFTbank E-Book Center Tehran, Phone: 66403879,66493070 For Educational Use.
Page 1 and 2: SOFTbank E-Book Center Tehran, Phon
Page 7 and 8: Copyright Ó 2005 John Wiley & Sons
Page 11 and 12: viii Contents 3 Wind Power in Power
Page 13 and 14: x Contents 7.3.3 Voltage control 12
Page 15 and 16: xii Contents 11.8 Simulation Result
Page 17 and 18: xiv Contents 15.2.3 Frequency 337 1
Page 19 and 20: xvi Contents 20.2.3 Power output of
Page 21 and 22: xviii Contents 25.5 Model of a Cons
Page 23 and 24: Contributors Thomas Ackermann has a
Page 25 and 26: xxii Contributors environmental con
Page 27 and 28: xxiv Contributors Institute of Tech
Page 29 and 30: xxvi Contributors Fritz Santjer rec
Page 33 and 34: xxx Abbreviations CP Connection poi
Page 35: xxxii Abbreviations LM Local Model
Page 39 and 40: Notation Note: this book includes c
Page 41 and 42: xxxviii Notation Hg Hgen Hm Hwr Ine
Page 43 and 44: xl Notation PG Additional required
Page 45 and 46: xlii Notation T Number of hours ove
Page 47 and 48: xliv Notation Zc Ze Zl ZL Z LD Gree
Page 49 and 50: Units SI Units Basic unit Name Symb
Page 53 and 54: 2 Introduction on high-voltage dire
Page 55 and 56: 4 Introduction I hope that the book
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36 Wind Power in Power Systems: Int
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SOFTbank E-Book Center Tehran, Phon
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54 Generators and Power Electronics
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80 Power Quality Standards their ap
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82 Power Quality Standards 5.2.5 Fl
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84 Power Quality Standards 5.2.8 Vo
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86 Power Quality Standards the volt
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88 Power Quality Standards Voltage
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90 Power Quality Standards respecti
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92 Power Quality Standards As it is
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94 Power Quality Standards manufact
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98 Power Quality Measurements 6.2 R
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Table 6.1 Requirements of the guide
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102 Power Quality Measurements One
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104 Power Quality Measurements Swit
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106 Power Quality Measurements fast
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108 Power Quality Measurements lowe
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110 Power Quality Measurements soft
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112 Power Quality Measurements [i.e
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116 Technical Regulations requireme
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118 Technical Regulations medium-vo
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120 Technical Regulations Electrici
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122 Technical Regulations 7.3.1 Act
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124 Technical Regulations automatic
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126 Technical Regulations Frequency
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128 Technical Regulations Voltage v
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130 Technical Regulations Table 7.2
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136 Technical Regulations 7.4 Techn
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138 Technical Regulations Figure 7.
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140 Technical Regulations network c
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142 Technical Regulations [25] IEEE
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144 Power System Requirements as a
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146 Power System Requirements 8.2.2
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148 Power System Requirements Power
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150 Power System Requirements load
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152 Power System Requirements Produ
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154 Power System Requirements rotor
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156 Power System Requirements 8.4 E
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158 Power System Requirements for f
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160 Power System Requirements the s
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162 Power System Requirements heati
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164 Power System Requirements there
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166 Power System Requirements [3] G
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170 The Value of Wind Power other p
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172 The Value of Wind Power MW MW 5
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174 The Value of Wind Power The cap
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176 The Value of Wind Power example
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178 The Value of Wind Power An impo
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180 The Value of Wind Power souther
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182 The Value of Wind Power in orde
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184 The Value of Wind Power Equatio
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186 The Value of Wind Power Only th
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188 The Value of Wind Power That is
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190 The Value of Wind Power Table 9
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192 The Value of Wind Power Figure
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194 The Value of Wind Power the loa
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200 The Danish Power System Eltra E
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202 The Danish Power System 0 1000
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204 The Danish Power System In the
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206 The Danish Power System The ope
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208 The Danish Power System Table 1
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210 The Danish Power System capacit
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212 The Danish Power System charge
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214 The Danish Power System Output
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70 MW 100 MW 125 MW 750 MW AC DC 90
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218 The Danish Power System . An ef
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220 The Danish Power System 10.3.2
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222 The Danish Power System Correla
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224 The Danish Power System 10.3.4.
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226 The Danish Power System It is a
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228 The Danish Power System Demand
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230 The Danish Power System Power P
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232 The Danish Power System (2) sta
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234 Wind Power in Germany manufactu
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236 Wind Power in Germany Schleswig
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238 Wind Power in Germany Power (MW
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240 Wind Power in Germany within th
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242 Wind Power in Germany distribut
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244 Wind Power in Germany These con
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246 Wind Power in Germany P/S N Q/S
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248 Wind Power in Germany In order
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250 Wind Power in Germany Near-to-g
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252 Wind Power in Germany Line curr
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254 Wind Power in Germany P Normal
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258 Wind Power on Weak Grids Big Cr
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260 Wind Power on Weak Grids covere
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262 Wind Power on Weak Grids Early
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264 Wind Power on Weak Grids 12.3 V
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266 Wind Power on Weak Grids requir
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268 Wind Power on Weak Grids 12.3.5
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270 Wind Power on Weak Grids In Teh
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272 Wind Power on Weak Grids from t
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274 Wind Power on Weak Grids such c
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276 Wind Power on Weak Grids Per un
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278 Wind Power on Weak Grids as the
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280 Wind Power on Weak Grids In the
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282 Wind Power on Weak Grids large
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284 Wind Power on Gotland Sweden St
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286 Wind Power on Gotland Good wind
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288 Wind Power on Gotland This can
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290 Wind Power on Gotland During sh
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292 Wind Power on Gotland 13.3.1 Fl
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294 Wind Power on Gotland with the
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296 Wind Power on Gotland The algor
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300 Isolated Systems power in isola
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302 Isolated Systems has grown as s
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304 Isolated Systems DC bus Control
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306 Isolated Systems Thus, it is th
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308 Isolated Systems As can be intu
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310 Isolated Systems penetration, t
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312 Isolated Systems Table 14.2 Sel
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314 Isolated Systems 14.4.2.2 St Pa
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316 Isolated Systems The influence
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318 Isolated Systems of operation,
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320 Isolated Systems STD (kW) 35 30
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322 Isolated Systems (Mortensen et
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324 Isolated Systems Table 14.5 (co
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326 Isolated Systems documents that
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328 Isolated Systems addition to, o
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332 Wind Farms in Weak Power Networ
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350 Practical Experience with Power
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366 The German and Danish Networks
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Table 17.2 Overview of prediction s
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384 Economic Aspects 18.2 Costs for
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386 Economic Aspects Table 18.2 Ann
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388 Economic Aspects In practice, d
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390 Economic Aspects dividing the r
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392 Economic Aspects cutoff behavio
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394 Economic Aspects The Elbas mark
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396 Economic Aspects the large conv
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398 Economic Aspects Price (DKr/MWh
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400 Economic Aspects Power (%) 180.
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402 Economic Aspects Price (DKr/MWh
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404 Economic Aspects Down Price Reg
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406 Economic Aspects Regulation (%)
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408 Economic Aspects Cost (€ / MW
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410 Economic Aspects [4] Ofgem (Off
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414 Voltage Control grid cannot com
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416 Voltage Control working princip
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418 Voltage Control to have reactiv
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420 Voltage Control 19.2.3.3 The im
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422 Voltage Control reactive power
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424 Voltage Control Reactive power
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426 Voltage Control Wind turbine U
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428 Voltage Control Terminal voltag
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430 Voltage Control The following c
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432 Voltage Control . that voltage
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434 Areas with Limited Transmission
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462 Benefits of Active Management o
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480 Transmission Systems for Offsho
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506 Hydrogen . It can constitute an
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508 Hydrogen Electrolysers are gene
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510 Hydrogen Modifications to, for
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512 Hydrogen SOFCs are difficult to
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514 Hydrogen Table 23.4 Percentage
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516 Hydrogen A cost analysis, thoug
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518 Hydrogen oxygen that is derived
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520 Hydrogen [3] Bassan, M. (2002)
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526 The Modelling of Wind Turbines
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556 Reduced-order Modelling of Wind
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588 High-order Models of Doubly-fed
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604 Full-scale Verification of Dyna
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630 Impacts on Power System Dynamic
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654 Aggregated Modelling and Short-
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678 Index Capacitance 264, 343, 361
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680 Index Frequency control 49, 121
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682 Index Integration experience (c
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684 Index Offshore wind power (cont
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686 Index Reactive power (continued
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688 Index Stochastic wind system 22
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690 Index Variable-speed wind turbi
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Plate 1MGeographical distribution o
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Plate 3MNacelle Enercon E66 1.5 MW.
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