Wind Power in Power Systems

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Notation xli R r Length along blade (local radius), measured from the hub ðr ¼ 0Þ r r Rotor winding resistance r s Stator winding resistance rxy Cross-correlation R Resistance; blade length; wind turbine radius; specific gas constant for air; radius of a cylinder R2 Resistance of smoothing inductor Rfd Field resistance Rgas Gas constant Rk Short-circuit ratio at the point of connection Rr Rotor resistance Rs Stator resistance S s Slip; complex frequency S Apparent power; complex power Sbase Base power, in per unit system Sn Rated apparent power of a wind turbine Spark Nominal apparent power of wind farm SrG Generator rated apparent power Sk Short circuit power Nominal three-phase power of the induction generator SN ST Transformer power capacity S, SðtÞ Space vector Sa(t) Instantaneous (momentaneous) value of a quantity for phase a Sb(t) Instantaneous (momentaneous) value of a quantity for phase b Sc(t) Instantaneous (momentaneous) value of a quantity for phase c Sd, Sd(t) Direct axis of a space vector SðtÞ Sq, Sq(t) Quadrature axis of a space vector SðtÞ Sr, SrðtÞ Space vector SðtÞ referred to the rotor reference frame Sr,a Instantaneous (momentaneous) value of a quantity for phase a in rotor reference frame Sr,b Instantaneous (momentaneous) value of a quantity for phase b in rotor reference frame Sr,c Instantaneous (momentaneous) value of a quantity for phase c in rotor reference frame Srd Real part of Sr Srq Imaginary part of Sr Ss, SsðtÞ Space vector SðtÞ referred to the stator reference frame Ss,d Real part of Ss Imaginary part of Ss Ss,q T t Time t C Temperature SOFTbank E-Book Center Tehran, Phone: 66403879,66493070 For Educational Use.
xlii Notation T Number of hours over which the transmission limit is exceeded Time; torque; temperature T1 Cost for subscription per kW per year T2 Price of excess power per kW per year Tbase Base value of torque, in per unit system Tdamping Damping torque of the shaft Te Torque of generator (electrical) Teg End time of wind speed gust Tel Electrical air gap torque of the induction generator Ter End time of wind speed ramp Th Time period Tm Mechanical torque produced by the wind turbine TMECH Mechanical torque of the wind turbine Tp Duration of voltage variation caused by a switching operation Tsg Start time of wind speed ramp Tshaft Incoming torque from the shaft connecting the induction generator with the wind turbine Ttorsion Elasticity torque of the shaft Torque of wind turbine tTL Twr U u Voltage; integration variable u(t) Voltage as a function of time uN Nominal voltage us r u Stator voltage in the rotor reference frame r r u Rotor voltage in the rotor reference frame s s U Stator voltage in the stator reference frame Voltage U1 Fixed voltage at the end of the power system U2 Terminal voltage U2 Terminal voltage magnitude U2 ;Ref Desired terminal voltage magnitude UDC DC-link voltage UDC,Ref Desired DC-link voltage Uh Harmonic voltage Ui Voltage of bus i Umin i ULL Minium voltage at bus i Phase-to-phase voltage UM Maximum voltage amplitude Umax Maximum voltage Umin Minium voltage UN Root mean square value of the phase-to-phase voltage of a machine Un Nominal phase-to-phase voltage UR Generator rotor voltage; voltage at the receiving end UREF Generator stator voltage reference SOFTbank E-Book Center Tehran, Phone: 66403879,66493070 For Educational Use.
Page 1 and 2: SOFTbank E-Book Center Tehran, Phon
Page 7 and 8: Copyright Ó 2005 John Wiley & Sons
Page 11 and 12: viii Contents 3 Wind Power in Power
Page 13 and 14: x Contents 7.3.3 Voltage control 12
Page 15 and 16: xii Contents 11.8 Simulation Result
Page 17 and 18: xiv Contents 15.2.3 Frequency 337 1
Page 19 and 20: xvi Contents 20.2.3 Power output of
Page 21 and 22: xviii Contents 25.5 Model of a Cons
Page 23 and 24: Contributors Thomas Ackermann has a
Page 25 and 26: xxii Contributors environmental con
Page 27 and 28: xxiv Contributors Institute of Tech
Page 29 and 30: xxvi Contributors Fritz Santjer rec
Page 33 and 34: xxx Abbreviations CP Connection poi
Page 35 and 36: xxxii Abbreviations LM Local Model
Page 37 and 38: xxxiv Abbreviations SRG Switch relu
Page 39 and 40: Notation Note: this book includes c
Page 41 and 42: xxxviii Notation Hg Hgen Hm Hwr Ine
Page 43: xl Notation PG Additional required
Page 47 and 48: xliv Notation Zc Ze Zl ZL Z LD Gree
Page 49 and 50: Units SI Units Basic unit Name Symb
Page 53 and 54: 2 Introduction on high-voltage dire
Page 55 and 56: 4 Introduction I hope that the book
Page 59 and 60: 8 Historical Development and Curren
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44 Wind Power in Power Systems: Int
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SOFTbank E-Book Center Tehran, Phon
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54 Generators and Power Electronics
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80 Power Quality Standards their ap
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82 Power Quality Standards 5.2.5 Fl
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84 Power Quality Standards 5.2.8 Vo
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86 Power Quality Standards the volt
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88 Power Quality Standards Voltage
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90 Power Quality Standards respecti
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92 Power Quality Standards As it is
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94 Power Quality Standards manufact
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98 Power Quality Measurements 6.2 R
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Table 6.1 Requirements of the guide
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102 Power Quality Measurements One
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104 Power Quality Measurements Swit
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106 Power Quality Measurements fast
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108 Power Quality Measurements lowe
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110 Power Quality Measurements soft
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112 Power Quality Measurements [i.e
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116 Technical Regulations requireme
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118 Technical Regulations medium-vo
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120 Technical Regulations Electrici
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122 Technical Regulations 7.3.1 Act
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124 Technical Regulations automatic
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126 Technical Regulations Frequency
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128 Technical Regulations Voltage v
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130 Technical Regulations Table 7.2
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136 Technical Regulations 7.4 Techn
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138 Technical Regulations Figure 7.
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140 Technical Regulations network c
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142 Technical Regulations [25] IEEE
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144 Power System Requirements as a
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146 Power System Requirements 8.2.2
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148 Power System Requirements Power
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150 Power System Requirements load
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152 Power System Requirements Produ
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154 Power System Requirements rotor
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156 Power System Requirements 8.4 E
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158 Power System Requirements for f
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160 Power System Requirements the s
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162 Power System Requirements heati
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164 Power System Requirements there
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166 Power System Requirements [3] G
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170 The Value of Wind Power other p
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172 The Value of Wind Power MW MW 5
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174 The Value of Wind Power The cap
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176 The Value of Wind Power example
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178 The Value of Wind Power An impo
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180 The Value of Wind Power souther
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182 The Value of Wind Power in orde
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184 The Value of Wind Power Equatio
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186 The Value of Wind Power Only th
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188 The Value of Wind Power That is
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190 The Value of Wind Power Table 9
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192 The Value of Wind Power Figure
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194 The Value of Wind Power the loa
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200 The Danish Power System Eltra E
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202 The Danish Power System 0 1000
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204 The Danish Power System In the
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206 The Danish Power System The ope
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208 The Danish Power System Table 1
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210 The Danish Power System capacit
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212 The Danish Power System charge
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214 The Danish Power System Output
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70 MW 100 MW 125 MW 750 MW AC DC 90
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218 The Danish Power System . An ef
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220 The Danish Power System 10.3.2
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222 The Danish Power System Correla
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224 The Danish Power System 10.3.4.
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226 The Danish Power System It is a
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228 The Danish Power System Demand
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230 The Danish Power System Power P
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232 The Danish Power System (2) sta
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234 Wind Power in Germany manufactu
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236 Wind Power in Germany Schleswig
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238 Wind Power in Germany Power (MW
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240 Wind Power in Germany within th
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242 Wind Power in Germany distribut
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244 Wind Power in Germany These con
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246 Wind Power in Germany P/S N Q/S
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248 Wind Power in Germany In order
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250 Wind Power in Germany Near-to-g
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252 Wind Power in Germany Line curr
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254 Wind Power in Germany P Normal
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258 Wind Power on Weak Grids Big Cr
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260 Wind Power on Weak Grids covere
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262 Wind Power on Weak Grids Early
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264 Wind Power on Weak Grids 12.3 V
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266 Wind Power on Weak Grids requir
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268 Wind Power on Weak Grids 12.3.5
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270 Wind Power on Weak Grids In Teh
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272 Wind Power on Weak Grids from t
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274 Wind Power on Weak Grids such c
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276 Wind Power on Weak Grids Per un
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278 Wind Power on Weak Grids as the
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280 Wind Power on Weak Grids In the
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282 Wind Power on Weak Grids large
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284 Wind Power on Gotland Sweden St
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286 Wind Power on Gotland Good wind
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288 Wind Power on Gotland This can
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290 Wind Power on Gotland During sh
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292 Wind Power on Gotland 13.3.1 Fl
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294 Wind Power on Gotland with the
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296 Wind Power on Gotland The algor
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300 Isolated Systems power in isola
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302 Isolated Systems has grown as s
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304 Isolated Systems DC bus Control
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306 Isolated Systems Thus, it is th
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308 Isolated Systems As can be intu
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310 Isolated Systems penetration, t
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312 Isolated Systems Table 14.2 Sel
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314 Isolated Systems 14.4.2.2 St Pa
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316 Isolated Systems The influence
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318 Isolated Systems of operation,
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320 Isolated Systems STD (kW) 35 30
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322 Isolated Systems (Mortensen et
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324 Isolated Systems Table 14.5 (co
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326 Isolated Systems documents that
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328 Isolated Systems addition to, o
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332 Wind Farms in Weak Power Networ
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350 Practical Experience with Power
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366 The German and Danish Networks
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Table 17.2 Overview of prediction s
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384 Economic Aspects 18.2 Costs for
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386 Economic Aspects Table 18.2 Ann
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388 Economic Aspects In practice, d
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390 Economic Aspects dividing the r
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392 Economic Aspects cutoff behavio
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394 Economic Aspects The Elbas mark
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396 Economic Aspects the large conv
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398 Economic Aspects Price (DKr/MWh
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400 Economic Aspects Power (%) 180.
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402 Economic Aspects Price (DKr/MWh
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404 Economic Aspects Down Price Reg
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406 Economic Aspects Regulation (%)
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408 Economic Aspects Cost (€ / MW
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410 Economic Aspects [4] Ofgem (Off
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414 Voltage Control grid cannot com
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416 Voltage Control working princip
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418 Voltage Control to have reactiv
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420 Voltage Control 19.2.3.3 The im
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422 Voltage Control reactive power
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424 Voltage Control Reactive power
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426 Voltage Control Wind turbine U
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428 Voltage Control Terminal voltag
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430 Voltage Control The following c
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432 Voltage Control . that voltage
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434 Areas with Limited Transmission
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462 Benefits of Active Management o
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480 Transmission Systems for Offsho
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506 Hydrogen . It can constitute an
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508 Hydrogen Electrolysers are gene
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510 Hydrogen Modifications to, for
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512 Hydrogen SOFCs are difficult to
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514 Hydrogen Table 23.4 Percentage
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516 Hydrogen A cost analysis, thoug
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518 Hydrogen oxygen that is derived
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520 Hydrogen [3] Bassan, M. (2002)
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526 The Modelling of Wind Turbines
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556 Reduced-order Modelling of Wind
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588 High-order Models of Doubly-fed
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604 Full-scale Verification of Dyna
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630 Impacts on Power System Dynamic
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654 Aggregated Modelling and Short-
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678 Index Capacitance 264, 343, 361
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680 Index Frequency control 49, 121
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682 Index Integration experience (c
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684 Index Offshore wind power (cont
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686 Index Reactive power (continued
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688 Index Stochastic wind system 22
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690 Index Variable-speed wind turbi
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Plate 1MGeographical distribution o
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Plate 3MNacelle Enercon E66 1.5 MW.
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