Rev prEN 12195-1 - IRU

The IRU Academy is currently developing a training 

programme on Safe Loading and Cargo Securing. This 

programme will be made available in multiple languages to 

IRU Academy ATIs. 

Please find below a summary of the latest development on 

the Cargo Securing Standards, including a comparison of the 

norms and best practices currently in place or in being 

implemented. 

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 

1 

© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010

Safe Loading and Cargo 


Securing 

Status - November 2010 

2 


Unsecure cargo is a major risk 

Euro Contrôle Route (ECR) an association of 14 

European countries for the inspection of road 

transport, notes that: 

25% of all commercial vehicle accidents in 

Europe are caused by poorly secured loads. 

Over 2300 accidents per year are due to poor 

cargo securing. 

IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 3 


Unsecure cargo is a major cost 

Overloading is a key concern! 


Source: Europol 


IMO/ILO/UN ECE 

(2001) 

© MariTerm i Höganäs AB 

Cargo Securing 

Comparison of Cargo Securing according to: 

EN 12195-1 

(Dec 2003) 


Rev prEN 12195-1 

(Jan 2009) 



Different 

requirements in 

guidelines and 

standards 





Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing 

• European Best Practice Guidelines on Cargo Securing for 

Road Transport 

• IMO/ILO/UN ECE 

Guidelines for packing of cargo transport units (CTU’s) 

with IMO Model Course 3.18 

• Standard EN 12195-1 

Load restraint assemblies on road vehicles – Safety – 

Part 1: Calculation of lashing forces 

• Updated version Standard prEN 12195-1 (rev: 2009-1) 

Load restraining on road vehicles – Safety – Part 1 

Calculation of securing forces 





2001 


Cargo securing guidelines 


Dec 2003 



Jan 2009 


Differences in the basic principles in the 

guidelines and standards 

Item IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN 12195-1 Rev prEN 12195-1 

Acceleration coefficients 

(road transport) 

- Forward 

- Sliding sideways 

- Tipping sideways 

+ Direct lashings 

+ Frictional lashings 

Safety factor in 

calculations of frictional 

(top over) lashings 

- Forward 

- Sideways and backward 



c x = 1.0 

c y = 0.5 

c y = 0.5 (F T=LC) 

c y = 0.5 (F T=S TF) 

f s = 1.0 

f s = 1.0 


c x = 0.8 

c y = 0.5 

c y = 0.7 (F T=LC) 

c y = 0.7 (F T=S TF) 

f s = 1.0 

f s = 1.0 

c x = 0.8 

c y = 0.5 

c y = 0.6 (F T=LC) 

c y = 0.5 (F T=S TF) or 

c y = 0.6 (F T=LC/2) 

f s = 1.25 

f s = 1.1 




Item IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN 12195-1 

Friction factor 

established by friction 

test 

- Frictional lashings 

- Direct lashings 

Conversion factor f µ for 

direct lashings 

Static friction µ s 

Dynamic friction 

µ d = µ s f µ 



µ d = µ s 0.70 


µ d = µ s f µ 

Rev prEN 12195- 

1 

µ =µ s 0.925 

µ f µ 

f µ = 0,70 f µ = 0,70 f µ = µ d/µ s 

0.75 < f µ < 1.0 

Internal friction Included Not included Included 

Coefficient of 

transmission (k-factor) 



k = 2 k =1.5 k = 2 




Item IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN 12195-1 Rev prEN 12195-1 

Some differences in table 

of friction factors, e.g: 

- sawn wood against 

fabric base 

laminate/plywood 

- sawn wood against steel 

sheet 

- steel crate against fabric 

base laminate/plywood 

Verification of the 

efficiency of securing 

arrangement by 

µ = 0.50 

µ = 0.40 

Not included 

Calculations 

Static inclining test 


µ = 0.50 

µ = 0.40 

Not included 

µ = 0.45 

µ = 0.30 

µ = 0.45 

Calculations Calculations 

Lashing protocol Included Not included Included 



Static inclining test 

Dynamic driving 

test (road transport) 


Cargo securing 

examples 



Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways 

sliding 

Curtain sided trailer, aluminium floor 

and strong headboard 

Length = 13.6 m 

Height = 2.55 m 

Breadth = 2.48 m 

Web lashings 

LC = 1 600 daN = 1.6 tonnes = 16 kN 

S TF = 400 daN = 0.4 tonnes = 4 kN 


Cargo Securing example 1 


H 

Wooden boxes 

B 

Quantity = 8 pieces 

H × B × L = 2 × 2 × 1.7 m 

Weight = 3 000 kg/box 

Total cargo weight: 24.0 tonnes 

Friction between floor and cargo = static = 0.4 

L 



sliding 


EU Best Practice Guidelines - 

Cargo Securing (p.108) 


n = 0.9 


Equation (6) 

where 

m = 3 tons 


( cy 

cz 

µ ) m 

g 

n 

k µ sin 

F 

g = 9.81 m/s 2 

c y = 0.5 (table 2) 

c z = 1.0 (table 2) 

µ d = µ s × 0.7 = 0.28 

(section 6.1) 

k = 1.5 (section 6.2) 

F T = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN 

α = 84.3º 

Answer 


d 

n = 3.9 

T 


Equation (10) 

( cy 

cz 

µ ) m 

g 

n 

 

2µ 

sin 

F 

where 

m = 3 tons 

g = 9.81 m/s 2 

c y = 0.5 (table 2) 

c z = 1.0 (table 2) 

µ = µ est= 0.4 (table B.1) 

α = 84.3º 

F T = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN 

f s = 1.1 

© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010 

T 

n = 1.02 

f 

s


sliding 


8 top over lashings 

(One lashing / section) 

• Static friction s = 0.4 

• Lashing force F T = S TF 

• K-factor k = 2 

• Safety factor f s = 1.0 





(Four lashings / section) 

Reasons for the difference: 

• Dynamic friction µ d = 0.7 s= 

0.28 


• K-factor k = 1.5 




16 9 top over lashings 

(with (Two supporting lashing / section) beam) 

• Friction factor µ = 0.4 








Web lashings 






tipping 

Curtain sided trailer with 

strong headboard 


H 

Steel crates 

B 

Quantity = 99 pcs in 11 sections 

Cargo section dimensions: 

H × B × L = 2.4 × 2.4 × 1.2 m 

Weight = 2 000 kg/section 

Total cargo weight: 22.0 tonnes 

H/B = (2.4/2.4) =1 

Number of rows = 3 

Blocking 

Side bottom 

blocking 


Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping 





n = 0.9/section 


Equation (11) 

where 

m = 2 tons/section 

g = 9.81 m/s 2 

c y = 0.7 (table 2) 

c z = 1.0 (table 2) 

h = 2.4 

w = 2.4 

k = 1.5 (section 6.2) 

F T = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kn 

α = 90º 


Answer 



nF 

T 

1 m 

g( 

cy 

h 

cz 

w) 

 

2 ( k 1) 

w 

sin 

( 2 k) 

h cos 


Equation (16) 

m 

g( 

cy 

d 

cz 

b) 

n fs 

w 

FT 

(sin 

0. 

25( 

N 1)) 

where 


g = 9.81 m/s 2 

c y = 0.5 or 0.6 (table 2) 

c z = 1.0 (table 2) 

d = 1.2 

b = 0.4 

w = 0.8 

F T = S TF or LC/2 ≈ 4 kN or 8kN 

N = 3 

f s = 1.1 

α = 90º 







• Acceleration factor c y = 0.5 




• Internal friction considered 





(Six lashings / section) 






• No instructions for internal 

friction 





• Acceleration factor c y = 0.5 or 

c y = 0.6 

• Lashing force F T = S TF or 

F T = 0.5 LC 





Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding and tipping 




Web lashings 





Curtain sided trailer with 

strong headboard 


H 

1 

B1 One layer 

Paper reels 

H 2 

B2 Two layers 

• Quantity = 36 reels in 12 sections 

• H × B = 1.3 × 1.1 m / reel 

• Weight = 650 kg / reel 

• Total cargo weight: 23.4 tonnes 

• H 1/B 1= (1.3/2.2) 0.6 

• H 2/B 2= (2.6/2.2) 1.2 

• Number of rows = 2 

• Static friction between floor and 

reel and between reels, static = 0.5 

• Friction factor = 0.46 (0.5 0.925) 


Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding 





No sliding 


Equation (6) 

where 

m 1 = 1.3 tons (one layer) 

m 2 = 2.6 tons (two layers) 

g = 9.81 m/s 2 

c y = 0.5 g (table 2) 

c z = 1.0 g (table 2) 

µ d = µ s × 0.7 = 0.35 (section 6.1) 

k = 1.5 (section 6.2) 

F T = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN 

α 1 = 85.6º 

α 2 = 87.8º 


( cy 

cz 

µ ) m 

g 

n 

k µ sin 

F 


d 

Answer 

n 1 = 0.91/section 


T 


Equation (10) 

( cy 

cz 

µ ) m 

g 

n 

 

2µ 

sin 

F 

where 

m 1 = 1.3 tons (one layer) 

m 2 = 2.6 tons (two layers) 

g = 9.81 m/s 2 

c y = 0.5 g (table 2) 

c z = 1.0 g (table 2) 

µ = µ est= 0.46 (Annex B) 

α 1 = 85.6º 

α 2 = 87.8º 

F T = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN 

f s = 1.1 




T 

f 

s

Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping - one layer 






Equation (11) 

where 

m = 1.3 tons/section 

g = 9.81 m/s 2 

c y = 0.7 g (table 2) 

c z = 1.0 g (table 2) 

h = 1.3 

w = 1.1 

k = 1.5 (section 6.2) 

F T = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN 

α = 85.6º 


1 m 

g( 

cy 

h 

cz 

w) 

 

2 ( k 1) 

w 

sin 

( 2 k) 

h cos 


nF 

T 

Answer 


Equation (16) 

m 

g( 

cy 

d 

cz 

b) 

n 

f 

w 

FT 

(sin 

0. 

25( 

N 1)) 

where 


g = 9.81 m/s 2 

c y = 0.5 g or 0.6g (table 2) 

c y = 1.0 g (table 2) 

d = 0.65 

b = 0.55 

w = 1.1 

F T = S TF or LC/2 ≈ 4 kN or 8 kN 

N = 2 

f s = 1.1 

α =85.6º 

No tipping No tipping No tipping 


s

Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping - two layers 






where 


g = 9.81 m/s 2 

c y = 0.7 g (table 2) 

c z = 1.0 g (table 2) 

h = 2.6 

w = 1.1 

k = 1.5 (section 6.2) 

F T = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN 

α = 87.8º 


Equation (11) 

1 m 

g( 

cy 

h 

cz 

w) 

nFT 

 

2 ( k 1) 

w 

sin 

( 2 k) 

h cos 

Answer 



Equation (16) 

m 

g( 

cy 

d 

cz 

b) 

n 

f 

w 

F (sin 

0. 

25( 

N 1)) 

where 


g = 9.81 m/s 2 

c y = 0.5 g or 0.6g (table 2) 

c z = 1.0 g (table 2) 

d = 1.3 

b = 0.55 

w = 1.1 

F T = S TF or LC/2 ≈ 4 kN or 8 kN 

N = 2 

T 

f s = 1.1 

α = 87.8º 

n 2 = 0.5/section n 2 = 4.6/section n 2 = 0.7/section 


s




(One lashing / 4 tonnes of cargo to 

prevent tipping and wandering) 











(five lashings/section when loaded in 

two layers to prevent sliding and 

tipping, and one lashing/section when 

loaded in one layer to prevent sliding) 


• Dynamic friction µ d = 0.7 s= 0.35 

• Acceleration factor c y = 0.5 (sliding) 

and c y = 0.7 (tipping) 




• No instructions for internal friction 




(five lashings / six sections loaded in 

two layers to prevent tipping, and one 

lashing / 1-2 sections of cargo loaded 

in one layer to prevent sliding) 


• Acceleration factor c y = 0.5 or c y = 0.6 

• Lashing force F T = S TF or F T = 0.5 

LC 


• Safety factor f s= 1.1 



Truck with plyfa floor Heat exchanger with steel feet 

Length = 8. m 



Breadth between lashing points = 2.36 m 

Web lashings 

LC = 1 600 daN = 1,6 tonnes = 16 kN 






b 

B 

L 

• The heat exchanger is blocked in 

forward direction. 

• H × B × L = 2.0 × 0.9 × 2.1 m 

• Centre of gravity: h × b × l = 

1.35 × 0.45 × 1.05 m 

• Weight = 2000 kg = 2 tonnes 

• h/b= (1.35/0.45) = 3.0 

• Number of rows = 1 

• Static friction µ static = 0.4 and friction 

factor µ = 0.45 

l 

h 

H 


Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding 






Equation (6) 

where 

m = 2 tons 


( cy 

cz 

µ ) m 

g 

n 

k µ sin 

F 

g = 9.81 m/s 2 

c y = 0.5 g (table 2) 

c z = 1.0 g (table 2) 

µ d = µ s × 0.7 = 0.28 (section 6.1) 

k = 1.5 (section 6.2) 

F T = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN 

α = 70º 


d 

Answer 

T 


Equation (10) 

( cy 

cz 

µ ) m 

g 

n 

 

2µ 

sin 

F 

where 

m = 2 tons 

g = 9.81 m/s 2 

c y = 0.5 g (table 2) 

c z = 1.0 g (table 2) 

µ = µ est= 0.46 (Annex B) 

α = 70º 

F T = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN 

f s = 1.1 

n = 0.6 n = 2.7 

n = 0.7 


T 

f 

s







where 

m = 2 tons 

g = 9.81 m/s 2 

c y = 0.7 g (table 2) 

c z = 1.0 g (table 2) 

d = 1.35 

b = 0.45 

h = 2.0 

w = 0.9 

k = 1.5 (section 6.2) 

F T = 0.4 ton = 4 kN 

α = 70º 


Equation (11) modified for 

centre of gravity off centre 

Answer 


nF 

T 

m 

g( 

cy 

d cz 

b) 

 

( k 1) 

w 

sin 

( 2 k) 

h cos 


Equation (16) 

m 

g( 

cy 

d 

cz 

b) 

n 

f 

w 

FT 

(sin 

0. 

25( 

N 1)) 

where 


g = 9.81 m/s 2 

c y = 0.5 g or 0.6g (table 2) 

c z = 1.0 g (table 2) 

d = 1.35 

b = 0.45 

w = 0.9 

F T = S TF or LC/2 = 4 kN or 6.5kN 

N = 2 

f s = 1.1 

α = 70º 

n = 1.25 n = 30.0 n = 1.9 


s














• Dynamic friction µ d = 0.7 s= 0.28 

• Acceleration factor c y = 0.5 (sliding) 

and c y = 0.7 (tipping) 


• K-factor 1.5 






• Acceleration factor c y = 0.5 or c y = 0.6 


or F T = 0.5 LC 






Comparison between the different guidelines for road transport 


Cargo weight in ton prevented from 

sliding by one Top-Over lashing 

Sideways Forward Backwards 

IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN 

µ UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1 UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1 UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1 

0,05 0,09 0,04 0,08 0,04 0,02 0,04 0,09 0,04 0,08 

0,10 0,20 0,09 0,18 0,09 0,04 0,09 0,20 0,09 0,18 

0,15 0,34 0,15 0,31 0,14 0,07 0,15 0,34 0,15 0,31 

0,20 0,53 0,23 0,48 0,20 0,09 0,21 0,53 0,23 0,48 

0,25 0,80 0,31 0,73 0,27 0,12 0,29 0,80 0,31 0,73 

0,30 1,20 0,42 1,09 0,34 0,15 0,38 1,20 0,42 1,09 

0,35 1,87 0,56 1,70 0,43 0,19 0,50 1,87 0,56 1,70 

0,40 3,20 0,74 2,91 0,53 0,23 0,64 3,20 0,74 2,91 

0,45 7,20 0,99 6,55 0,65 0,27 0,82 7,20 0,99 6,55 

0,50 0,80 0,31 1,07 

0,55 0,98 0,36 1,41 

0,60 No sliding 1,20 0,42 1,92 No sliding 

0,65 1,49 0,48 2,77 

0,70 1,87 0,56 4,48 

0,75 2,40 0,64 9,60 




Comparison between the different guidelines for road transport 

Number of Top-Over lashings to prevent sliding 

Sideways Forward Backwards 

IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN 

µ UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1 UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1 UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1 

0,05 100% 204% 110% 100% 200% 99% 100% 204% 110% 

0,10 100% 212% 110% 100% 204% 97% 100% 212% 110% 

0,15 100% 223% 110% 100% 208% 96% 100% 223% 110% 

0,20 100% 237% 110% 100% 212% 94% 100% 237% 110% 

0,25 100% 256% 110% 100% 217% 92% 100% 256% 110% 

0,30 100% 286% 110% 100% 223% 89% 100% 286% 110% 

0,35 100% 335% 110% 100% 229% 87% 100% 335% 110% 

0,40 100% 434% 110% 100% 237% 83% 100% 434% 110% 

0,45 100% 730% 110% 100% 246% 80% 100% 730% 110% 

0,50 100% 256% 75% 

0,55 100% 270% 69% 

0,60 No sliding 100% 286% 63% No sliding 

0,65 100% 307% 54% 

0,70 100% 335% 42% 

0,75 100% 375% 25% 




IMO/ILO/UN 

ECE 

(2001) 


SAFE ENOUGH! 



(Jan 2009) 


(Dec 2003) 


IRU Academy Checklist on Safe 

Loading and Cargo Securing 



IRU Academy Interactive Programme 

on Safe Loading and Cargo Securing 



Worldwide Excellence in Road Transport Training 


33

Rev prEN 12195-1 - IRU

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