Comparison of innovation policies in selected European, Asian and ...
Comparison of innovation policies in selected European, Asian and ...
Comparison of innovation policies in selected European, Asian and ...
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B<br />
E<br />
R<br />
D<br />
/<br />
G<br />
E<br />
R<br />
D<br />
0.90<br />
0.80<br />
0.70<br />
0.60<br />
0.50<br />
0.40<br />
0.30<br />
0.20<br />
0.10<br />
0.00<br />
Figure 2.6: BERD/GERD by HERD/GERD<br />
Japan<br />
Korea<br />
Figure 2.7 shows the ratio <strong>of</strong> GOVERD <strong>and</strong> other GOVERD to GERD compared to the ratio<br />
<strong>of</strong> HERD to GERD. Korea <strong>and</strong> Japan are highly <strong>in</strong>dustrialised with low HERD <strong>and</strong> low<br />
GOVERD. New Zeal<strong>and</strong> has a dist<strong>in</strong>ctive position <strong>in</strong> this chart because it has high GOVERD<br />
due to the importance <strong>of</strong> public research <strong>in</strong>stitutes recognised as substitutes for large R&D<br />
<strong>in</strong>tensive firms. Chile is simply a low BERD nation where primary research <strong>in</strong>stitutes <strong>and</strong><br />
universities are both not very well developed. Note the low position <strong>of</strong> Switzerl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
Sweden which rely much less on public research <strong>in</strong>stitutes <strong>and</strong> which are dom<strong>in</strong>ated by<br />
private sector R&D. Universities rema<strong>in</strong> important for basic research, but private sector R&D<br />
is usually def<strong>in</strong>ed by MNEs. In New Zeal<strong>and</strong>, private sector R&D is still <strong>in</strong>fluenced by local<br />
features unique to New Zeal<strong>and</strong>. The lead<strong>in</strong>g <strong>European</strong> Innovation Leaders are all located<br />
near the lower part <strong>of</strong> the chart.<br />
Overall, two ma<strong>in</strong> observations can be made via analysis <strong>of</strong> Figures 2.5 - 2.7. First, <strong><strong>in</strong>novation</strong><br />
lead<strong>in</strong>g countries have higher than average levels <strong>of</strong> R&D expenditure. Second, New Zeal<strong>and</strong><br />
is among the countries with the lowest levels <strong>of</strong> R&D expenditure, along with Portugal, Italy,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Chile. Korea <strong>and</strong> Japan are dist<strong>in</strong>ctive <strong>in</strong> that they have high BERD <strong>and</strong> low HERD. It is<br />
important to recognise that beh<strong>in</strong>d these data are variations across countries which reflect the<br />
particular situations or contexts to <strong><strong>in</strong>novation</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong><strong>in</strong>novation</strong> policy.<br />
23<br />
F<strong>in</strong>l<strong>and</strong><br />
Sweden Switzerl<strong>and</strong><br />
OECD Belgium Austria Irel<strong>and</strong><br />
Czech Republic<br />
Denmark<br />
Slovenia<br />
Netherl<strong>and</strong>s<br />
Australia<br />
Icel<strong>and</strong><br />
Norway<br />
Portugal Italy<br />
New Zeal<strong>and</strong> Chile<br />
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15<br />
HERD/GERD<br />
0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
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