The Electrical experimenter

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42 THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER May, 1917 HOW TO KNOW WHEN TOOLS ARE RETURNED. Every experimenter knows that people who come in and borrow tools never, by I • I "^!- 'f:~~i — H To TeM at a Glance Whether or Not a Certain Tool Has Been Returned. Simply Paint Its Outline in Black or White on a White or Black Board as Shown. any chance, replace them in their proper place. The accompanying illustration shows a very simple method of overcoming this annoyance. The outlines of the tools are painted in white or black on the cabinet wall in the positions which the tools normally occupy. When this is done a person has only to glance at the cabinet and can tell immediately just where each tool belongs. Contributed by .\X EXPERIMEXTER. A SOUND OPERATED MOTOR. Take any telephone transmitter and remove the carbon granule cup, solder a platinum point to any metal piece and fasten in place of the granule cup. Solder a platinum point to the center of the diafram. The tw'o platinum points should be as near each other as possible without touching. The battery motor is equipt with a wooden block fastened to the axle shaft. -^ mirror can be fastened on either side of the block. .-V beam of light can thus be reflected, which should prove interesting to those experimenting with sound waves. The motor and transmitter are placed in a circuit with a battery. Any word spoken into the transmitter Diop/iropm \ Baft Batinum^ ' points HEJ©-^ Motor. ] rr^ Mirnr Novel Scheme for Controlling Revolving Mirror by Means of a Microphone. will vibrate the diaphragm, and cause the motor to spin around at different speeds, according to the words spoken. Contributed by LEE A. COLLIXS. PRACTICAL HELPS FOR THE AMATEUR. Repairing Dry Cell Terminals.— .\ simple method is to solder a 6-inch length of flexible wire to the zinc container of the dry cell for making connections. If a binding post is necessary, solder a spring binding post in place as shown. In emergencies paper clips may be used, bending as shown and slipping wire into them. Shocking .Machine front .-Harm Clock.— Since a clock is generally used as an interrupter best results can be obtained by arranging a spring to press against one of the wheels which revolve at fairly high speed, when the balance wheel is removed. .A. higher rate of interruption results, giving a constant tingle instead of a series of jerks. The spring and gear are connected in series with two handles, an electromagnet and two to three dry cells. Sintl^te Time Signal.—The relay and resistance shown in a previous issue of this journal may be done away with by simply rewiring the time ball solenoid and horn as shown herewith. This likewise does away with an extra set of batteries. Key B operates the electric horn and .\ controls the semaphone. Removing Enamel from Magnet Wire.— The easiest method is to use an ink eraser for this purpose. The wire is cleaned quickly and perfectly without excessive abrasion. To do this easily, slit one end of the eraser and run the wire thru the slit several times. Fuse Clips.—This fuse is in the same class as the above hints, being made from 'ope'' .0//7J7 A 'uic inr
May, 1917 THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER I.\ ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS. this lesson vvc shall take- up the study of the .various acids and chariicteristics. These form one of the most important studies in the realm (if chemistry. A resume of the general properties of acids are briefly as folliuvs : Test tutje \0^ @ F'9- • rest . tube /L Short 1fV ''^delivery tube WJiw 62 How Apparatus Is Arranged In Experiment of Collecting the Product of Acetic Acid. 1. An acid is a substance composed of hxdrogcn and a iioit-iiiclallic clciiicnt or radical, the hydrogen being replaceable by a metal or a group of elements equivalent to a metal. The fact that hydrogen is a constituent of all acids, explains why they are sometimes called Salts of Hydrogen. 2. .Acids usually have a sour taste. 3. If soluble in water, as most acids are. they turn blue litmus paper (or solution) red. They also change the color of many vegetable substances. 4. They react readily with a base to form a salt and water. 5. They react readily with some inetals to form salts, liberating hydrogen. 6. 7. Most acids are They also have soluble in water. the power to decompose most carbonates, like limestone, liberating carbon dioxid which escapes with effervescence. The common acids are: Hvdrochloric (HCH: Xitric (HNC) ; Sulfuric (H,SOJ: .Acetic (CJT.O,) ; Oxalic (HAO,") : Tartaric (njC,ll„0,) and Citric (CoHsO;-); Of tbese common acids. Hydrochloric is a cas (the Hydrochloric or Muriatic acid of commerce is only the gaseous acid in solution) : Sulfuric and Xitric acids are liquids : while Oxalic, Tartaric, and Citric acids To are solids. illustrate the many familiar substances which are acids or contain tlieni, we will take the following few Vinegar, Pickles and Relishes, when .Acetic acid is present, attributes to the agreeable sour taste. N'inegar is simply a dilute solution of acetic acid, containing coloring matter and other substances, obtained by the acetus fermentation of poor wine or wine residues, of beer which has turned sour, and of other dilute alcoholic liquids. The sourness of fruits being due to the presence of citric acid, as in the lemon, rpnle. currant, r spberry, gooseberrv, Durinf; fermentation many acids etc. are formed, as in the ca':e of sour milk, lactic acid is present Experimental Chemistry By ALBERT W. WILSDON Twelfth Lesson Soda water is a solution of Carbonic acid (Carbon Dioxid), and acid phosphate is a solution of a sour calcium pliosphatc. .Mineral waters frequently contain Carbonic acid. Hydrochloric acid is present in tlie gastric juice of tlie stomach, and performs an important part in the process of digestion. b'rom the above we can see that many acids are of importance, and many are used by us every day in some form or otlier. We can, therefore, see that all acids are not to be scorned as dangerous, as doubtless many readers of this article have heretofore believed, when the word acid was mentioned. XOMEXCLATURE OF ACIDS— Oxygen is a component of most acids, and the names ol these acids correspond to the proportion of oxygen which they contain. The best-known acid of an element usually has the suffix -ic, as Sulfuric. Nitric. Phosphoric. If an element forms another acid containing less oxygen, this acid has the suflnx -ous, as, Sulfurous, Chlorous, Phosphorous. Some elements form an acid containing less oxygen than the -ous acid: these acids retain the suffix -ous, and liave, also, the prefix Hypo-, as, Hyposulfurous, Hypophosphorous, Hypochlorous. The prefix Hypo- is derived from the Greek word, meaning lesser or under. If an element forms an acid containing more oxygen than an -ic acid, such an acid retains the suffix -ic and has, also, the pre- In Conducting Experiments With Various Acids it Will be Found Convenient to Place the Test Tubes Containing the Acids In a Wooden Rack. The Tubes May Be Suitably Labeled. fix Per, as, Persulfuric, Perchloric. The Latin prefi.x meaning beyond or over. The few acids wliich contain no oxygen have the prefix Hydro- and the suffi.x -ic. as, I lydrochloric, Hydrobromic, Hydrofluoric. It should be noticed that these suftixes arc not always added to the name of the element, but often to some modification of it, .\cids having the prefix Hydro- and ending in -ic form salts with names ending in -ide and having no prefix. .All other acids with names ending in -iV form salts with names enilin,g in -ate. [I'inal "e" dropt in simplified spelling.] .AH acids who:e names end in -ous, form salts whose names end in -ite. ACIDS /v:-'!^ THEIR SALTS. Hydrochloric acid. HCl; Form Clilorids. NaCl; Po'lium Chlorid. Sulfuric aci I. H^SOj; Form Sulphats. CUSO4; Co'ipcr .'^ulpliat. Nitric aril. llNO.i; Form Xitrats PbtNOslj; 1 eai Nitrat. Sulfuroin acirl. H''-"0,i: Form .Sulphits. KrSOj; Potassium Fulphit. Hydrobromic acil. HBr: Form bromide, .AfiBr: Silver Broinid. Carbonic acid. I^.'CO.i; Form Carbonats CaC03; Calcium Carbonat. Hydro^ulfuric arid. H2S; Sulphids. ZnF; 7inc Sulphid. 43 Hydroiodic acid.HI; Form lodids, KI;Potas3iumIodid Nitrous acid. H.VOa; .Nitrits. NaNOa; Sodium Nitrit. Phosphoric acid. lljPOa; Form Phosphats. FeP04; Iron Phospliat. Hydrofluoric acid, HF: I'orm Fluorids, CaFj; Calcium Fluorid. Chloric acid, HCIO3; Form Chlorals. KClOj; Potassium Chloral. The nomenclature of acid; is well i'.lu - trated Ijy the s-ries of chlo.-in acids: Name. Formula. Hydrochloric HCl Hypochlorous HCIO Chlorous HCI02 Chloric HCIO3 Perchloric HCIO4 Xot all elements form a comp!ete series of acids, but the nomenclature usually agrees with the above principles. -An examination of tlie formulas of acids show that all do not contain the san.e number of hydrogen atoms. .Acids are sometimes classified by the number of hydrogen ?toms which can be replaced by a metal. The varying power of replaceab'ility is called Basicity. A Monobasic Acid contains only one atom of replaceable hydrogen in a molecule, as Xitric .Acid H.XO. A molecule of -Acetic acid (CjH,0,) contains four atoms of hydrogen, but for reasons which are too complex to state here, only one of these atoms can be replaced by a metal. Dibasic and Tribasic Acids contain two and three replaceable atoms, as. Sulfuric acid (HjSO,) and Phosphoric acid (H., PO,). Obviously, monobasic acids form only one class of salts, dibasic acids form two classes, tribasic acids form three, etc. EXPERIMEXT NO. 51 ImII a test tube one-third full of either Hydrochloric -Acid (diluted), or Sulfuric .Acid (diluted). Fill another test tube onethird full of concentrated acetic acid. In some manner label the tubes for identification of the contents. Try the action of a drop of tb.e acid on both red and blue litmus paper. Drop a small piece of zinc or other metal into each tube successively. If no chemical action results, warm gently. Test for the most obvious product (hydrogen") by holding a lighted match at the mouth of each tube. If no decisive action results, provide the test tube with a stopper and simple delivery tube, and collect any product in a test tube over water. This lat- Slmple Method of Dropping Liquids by Means of a G ass Rod Held In the Hand. ter method will probably be unnecessary except with the acetic acid. (Continued or. page 52)
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