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Principles of Atomic Clocks EFTF -
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Outline General things about clock
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What is a Clock ? + = ( Oscillator
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Clock (in)Stability Signal 0 Frequ
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What is an “atomic” clock ? 9
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What is an atomic clock? Local osci
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Ground State Physics 0 Step 1: Cho
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Stern-Gerlach Experiment - 1922 Ove
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Ground State Physics 9192 MHz Energ
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Molecular Resonance Spectroscopy Va
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Invention of the Atomic Clock Probl
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Ramsey: Separated Oscillatory Field
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Ramsey’s Lab - 1949 25
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1955 NPL Cesium Clock Essen & Perry
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CFS Biases Atom is not in “zero
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Signal [Arb.] Zeeman Spectrum 0.5 0
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State-of-the-art Cesium Clocks NBS-
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Cesium Beam Tube Construction 35
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CFS Instruments Laboratory/Timekeep
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The Ubiquitous Rubidium Oscillator
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State Detection by Optical Scatteri
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Gas Cell Confinement Dicke 1953 Nit
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RF Spectrum Q = 2x10 7 (S/N) 1Hz =
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HP 5065A circa 1970 33 Watts, 37 l
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Small modern Rb oscillators Volume
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Rubidium Oscillator Summary + Buffe
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Hydrogen Maser A different sort of
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RF Spectrum Q is very high: (1.4
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Long-term Stability 57
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Passive Hydrogen Maser Similar phy
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Commercially-available atomic clock
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Cyr & Tetu 1993 63
- Page 65 and 66: CPT w/Modulated diode laser Reprint
- Page 67 and 68: D1 vs. D2 ? D2 excited state multip
- Page 69 and 70: CPT Clock Stability Overlapping All
- Page 71 and 72: 1992 - Westinghouse Proposal Propo
- Page 73 and 74: Westinghouse/NG - the first CSAC ef
- Page 75 and 76: Applications Cannot compete with G
- Page 77 and 78: Major Challenges Physics Package
- Page 79 and 80: Noise Contributions Laser Noise D
- Page 81 and 82: Figure-of-Merit Contrast: Signal/
- Page 83 and 84: Rb vs. Cs ? 87 Rubidium Fewer m F L
- Page 85 and 86: Physics Package Objectives Size: <
- Page 87 and 88: The Draper 10 mW Physics Package T
- Page 89 and 90: Edge-emitting Lasers Optical Gain:
- Page 91 and 92: VCSEL Fabrication and Operation N P
- Page 93 and 94: Polyimide Suspension Excellent mat
- Page 95 and 96: Resonance Cell Fabrication Start wi
- Page 97 and 98: Buffer Gas From: Zhu, et al., FCS 2
- Page 99 and 100: Physics Package 99
- Page 101 and 102: Thermal Isolation Cell Temperature
- Page 103 and 104: Vacuum Integrity (“Power aging”
- Page 105 and 106: The NIST CSAC-1 Physics Package Gla
- Page 107 and 108: Honeywell Laboratories solder titan
- Page 109 and 110: Electronics 109
- Page 111 and 112: Microwaves 111
- Page 113 and 114: NIST/CU Coaxial Resonator Oscillato
- Page 115: MEMs Resonators Polysilicon Stem (I
- Page 119 and 120: Control System Requirements Provid
- Page 121 and 122: Symmetricom CSAC Block Diagram 1 DA
- Page 123 and 124: SA.45s CSAC on Evaluation Board ATu
- Page 125 and 126: SA.45s CSAC Typical Performance Siz
- Page 127 and 128: Offset [x10 -10 ] Long-term aging (
- Page 129 and 130: Retrace Retraces 25 20 15 10 5 0 -6
- Page 131 and 132: The “CSACXO” Only operate phys
- Page 133 and 134: Block Diagram (30 mW?) 2.6 VDC 1 DA
- Page 135 and 136: 1 cm 3 CSAC Output Spectrum CSAC Ou
- Page 137 and 138: At what cost 1 cm 3 CSAC ? No micr
- Page 139 and 140: Key concepts Short-term instabilit
- Page 141: Acknowledgements I am grateful to s