Introduction to Atomic Frequency Standards - 2011 Joint Conference ...

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Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers UP Pros: Low Cost Threshold current < 1 mA High Bandwidth Top Mirror Gain Bottom Mirror Cons: Reliability Broad linewidth (>50 MHz) Courtesy of Darwin Serkland, Sandia National Laboratories 90
VCSEL Fabrication and Operation N P N 250 m 1994: Selective Oxidation of AlAs P-DBR Active N-DBR SI GaAs Substrate EMC6995-A Courtesy of Darwin Serkland, Sandia National Laboratories 91
Page 1 and 2:
Principles of Atomic Clocks EFTF -
Page 3 and 4:
Outline General things about clock
Page 5 and 6:
What is a Clock ? + = ( Oscillator
Page 7 and 8:
Clock (in)Stability Signal 0 Frequ
Page 9 and 10:
What is an “atomic” clock ? 9
Page 11 and 12:
What is an atomic clock? Local osci
Page 13 and 14:
Ground State Physics 0 Step 1: Cho
Page 15 and 16:
Stern-Gerlach Experiment - 1922 Ove
Page 17 and 18:
Ground State Physics 9192 MHz Energ
Page 19 and 20:
Molecular Resonance Spectroscopy Va
Page 21 and 22:
Invention of the Atomic Clock Probl
Page 23 and 24:
Ramsey: Separated Oscillatory Field
Page 25 and 26:
Ramsey’s Lab - 1949 25
Page 27 and 28:
1955 NPL Cesium Clock Essen & Perry
Page 29 and 30:
CFS Biases Atom is not in “zero
Page 31 and 32:
Signal [Arb.] Zeeman Spectrum 0.5 0
Page 33 and 34:
State-of-the-art Cesium Clocks NBS-
Page 35 and 36:
Cesium Beam Tube Construction 35
Page 37 and 38:
CFS Instruments Laboratory/Timekeep
Page 39 and 40: The Ubiquitous Rubidium Oscillator
Page 41 and 42: State Detection by Optical Scatteri
Page 43 and 44: Gas Cell Confinement Dicke 1953 Nit
Page 45 and 46: RF Spectrum Q = 2x10 7 (S/N) 1Hz =
Page 47 and 48: HP 5065A circa 1970 33 Watts, 37 l
Page 49 and 50: Small modern Rb oscillators Volume
Page 51 and 52: Rubidium Oscillator Summary + Buffe
Page 53 and 54: Hydrogen Maser A different sort of
Page 55 and 56: RF Spectrum Q is very high: (1.4
Page 57 and 58: Long-term Stability 57
Page 59 and 60: Passive Hydrogen Maser Similar phy
Page 61 and 62: Commercially-available atomic clock
Page 63 and 64: Cyr & Tetu 1993 63
Page 65 and 66: CPT w/Modulated diode laser Reprint
Page 67 and 68: D1 vs. D2 ? D2 excited state multip
Page 69 and 70: CPT Clock Stability Overlapping All
Page 71 and 72: 1992 - Westinghouse Proposal Propo
Page 73 and 74: Westinghouse/NG - the first CSAC ef
Page 75 and 76: Applications Cannot compete with G
Page 77 and 78: Major Challenges Physics Package
Page 79 and 80: Noise Contributions Laser Noise D
Page 81 and 82: Figure-of-Merit Contrast: Signal/
Page 83 and 84: Rb vs. Cs ? 87 Rubidium Fewer m F L
Page 85 and 86: Physics Package Objectives Size: <
Page 87 and 88: The Draper 10 mW Physics Package T
Page 89: Edge-emitting Lasers Optical Gain:
Page 93 and 94: Polyimide Suspension Excellent mat
Page 95 and 96: Resonance Cell Fabrication Start wi
Page 97 and 98: Buffer Gas From: Zhu, et al., FCS 2
Page 99 and 100: Physics Package 99
Page 101 and 102: Thermal Isolation Cell Temperature
Page 103 and 104: Vacuum Integrity (“Power aging”
Page 105 and 106: The NIST CSAC-1 Physics Package Gla
Page 107 and 108: Honeywell Laboratories solder titan
Page 109 and 110: Electronics 109
Page 111 and 112: Microwaves 111
Page 113 and 114: NIST/CU Coaxial Resonator Oscillato
Page 115 and 116: MEMs Resonators Polysilicon Stem (I
Page 117 and 118: Symmetricom SA.45s Synthesizer Mod
Page 119 and 120: Control System Requirements Provid
Page 121 and 122: Symmetricom CSAC Block Diagram 1 DA
Page 123 and 124: SA.45s CSAC on Evaluation Board ATu
Page 125 and 126: SA.45s CSAC Typical Performance Siz
Page 127 and 128: Offset [x10 -10 ] Long-term aging (
Page 129 and 130: Retrace Retraces 25 20 15 10 5 0 -6
Page 131 and 132: The “CSACXO” Only operate phys
Page 133 and 134: Block Diagram (30 mW?) 2.6 VDC 1 DA
Page 135 and 136: 1 cm 3 CSAC Output Spectrum CSAC Ou
Page 137 and 138: At what cost 1 cm 3 CSAC ? No micr
Page 139 and 140: Key concepts Short-term instabilit
Page 141:
Acknowledgements I am grateful to s
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