Introduction to Atomic Frequency Standards - 2011 Joint Conference ...

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1 cm 3 CSAC Stability Measured in laboratory ambient temperature 22ºC Input power 10.5 mA @ 2.8 VDC (29.5 mW) Clock output @ 4.635 GHz divided by 290X to 16 MHz 136
At what cost 1 cm 3 CSAC ? No microwave synthesizer Output is 4.635 GHz (depending on buffer gas pressure, tempCo, etc.) No calibration/steering via RS232 Output phase noise of VCO contaminated by modulation sidebands No voltage regulators Host must provide clean, regulated 2.6 VDC No magnetic shielding Host must provide local and system shielding 137
Page 1 and 2:
Principles of Atomic Clocks EFTF -
Page 3 and 4:
Outline General things about clock
Page 5 and 6:
What is a Clock ? + = ( Oscillator
Page 7 and 8:
Clock (in)Stability Signal 0 Frequ
Page 9 and 10:
What is an “atomic” clock ? 9
Page 11 and 12:
What is an atomic clock? Local osci
Page 13 and 14:
Ground State Physics 0 Step 1: Cho
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Stern-Gerlach Experiment - 1922 Ove
Page 17 and 18:
Ground State Physics 9192 MHz Energ
Page 19 and 20:
Molecular Resonance Spectroscopy Va
Page 21 and 22:
Invention of the Atomic Clock Probl
Page 23 and 24:
Ramsey: Separated Oscillatory Field
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Ramsey’s Lab - 1949 25
Page 27 and 28:
1955 NPL Cesium Clock Essen & Perry
Page 29 and 30:
CFS Biases Atom is not in “zero
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Signal [Arb.] Zeeman Spectrum 0.5 0
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State-of-the-art Cesium Clocks NBS-
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Cesium Beam Tube Construction 35
Page 37 and 38:
CFS Instruments Laboratory/Timekeep
Page 39 and 40:
The Ubiquitous Rubidium Oscillator
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State Detection by Optical Scatteri
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Gas Cell Confinement Dicke 1953 Nit
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RF Spectrum Q = 2x10 7 (S/N) 1Hz =
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HP 5065A circa 1970 33 Watts, 37 l
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Small modern Rb oscillators Volume
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Rubidium Oscillator Summary + Buffe
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Hydrogen Maser A different sort of
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RF Spectrum Q is very high: (1.4
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Long-term Stability 57
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Passive Hydrogen Maser Similar phy
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Commercially-available atomic clock
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Cyr & Tetu 1993 63
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CPT w/Modulated diode laser Reprint
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D1 vs. D2 ? D2 excited state multip
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CPT Clock Stability Overlapping All
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1992 - Westinghouse Proposal Propo
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Westinghouse/NG - the first CSAC ef
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Applications Cannot compete with G
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Major Challenges Physics Package
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Noise Contributions Laser Noise D
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Figure-of-Merit Contrast: Signal/
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Rb vs. Cs ? 87 Rubidium Fewer m F L
Page 85 and 86: Physics Package Objectives Size: <
Page 87 and 88: The Draper 10 mW Physics Package T
Page 89 and 90: Edge-emitting Lasers Optical Gain:
Page 91 and 92: VCSEL Fabrication and Operation N P
Page 93 and 94: Polyimide Suspension Excellent mat
Page 95 and 96: Resonance Cell Fabrication Start wi
Page 97 and 98: Buffer Gas From: Zhu, et al., FCS 2
Page 99 and 100: Physics Package 99
Page 101 and 102: Thermal Isolation Cell Temperature
Page 103 and 104: Vacuum Integrity (“Power aging”
Page 105 and 106: The NIST CSAC-1 Physics Package Gla
Page 107 and 108: Honeywell Laboratories solder titan
Page 109 and 110: Electronics 109
Page 111 and 112: Microwaves 111
Page 113 and 114: NIST/CU Coaxial Resonator Oscillato
Page 115 and 116: MEMs Resonators Polysilicon Stem (I
Page 117 and 118: Symmetricom SA.45s Synthesizer Mod
Page 119 and 120: Control System Requirements Provid
Page 121 and 122: Symmetricom CSAC Block Diagram 1 DA
Page 123 and 124: SA.45s CSAC on Evaluation Board ATu
Page 125 and 126: SA.45s CSAC Typical Performance Siz
Page 127 and 128: Offset [x10 -10 ] Long-term aging (
Page 129 and 130: Retrace Retraces 25 20 15 10 5 0 -6
Page 131 and 132: The “CSACXO” Only operate phys
Page 133 and 134: Block Diagram (30 mW?) 2.6 VDC 1 DA
Page 135: 1 cm 3 CSAC Output Spectrum CSAC Ou
Page 139 and 140: Key concepts Short-term instabilit
Page 141: Acknowledgements I am grateful to s
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