Introduction to Atomic Frequency Standards - 2011 Joint Conference ...

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Industrial Atomic Clocks Summary Overlapping Allan Deviation 1E-10 1E-11 1E-12 1E-13 1E-14 1E-15 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 Averaging Time Passive H-maser 10 4 CSAC Rubidium Cesium Beam Active H-maser 10 5 CPT 10 6 140
Acknowledgements I am grateful to several of the CSAC competitors who generously provided material for this tutorial, particularly: NIST – John Kitching and Svenja Knappe Sarnoff Corporation – Alan Braun Honeywell Corporation – Dan Youngner Teledyne Scientific – Jeff DeNatale Always the Symmetricom CSAC team: Symmetricom Beverly Draper Laboratory - Mark Mescher, John LeBlanc, Gary Tepolt, and Mat Varghese Sandia National Laboratories - Darwin Serkland and several other people who contributed content: Irv Lieberman (Westinghouse/Northrup Grumman, retired) Tom van Baak (www.leapsecond.com) Bill Riley (Hamilton Technical Services) 141
Page 1 and 2:
Principles of Atomic Clocks EFTF -
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Outline General things about clock
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What is a Clock ? + = ( Oscillator
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Clock (in)Stability Signal 0 Frequ
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What is an “atomic” clock ? 9
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What is an atomic clock? Local osci
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Ground State Physics 0 Step 1: Cho
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Stern-Gerlach Experiment - 1922 Ove
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Ground State Physics 9192 MHz Energ
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Molecular Resonance Spectroscopy Va
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Invention of the Atomic Clock Probl
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Ramsey: Separated Oscillatory Field
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Ramsey’s Lab - 1949 25
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1955 NPL Cesium Clock Essen & Perry
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CFS Biases Atom is not in “zero
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Signal [Arb.] Zeeman Spectrum 0.5 0
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State-of-the-art Cesium Clocks NBS-
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Cesium Beam Tube Construction 35
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CFS Instruments Laboratory/Timekeep
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The Ubiquitous Rubidium Oscillator
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State Detection by Optical Scatteri
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Gas Cell Confinement Dicke 1953 Nit
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RF Spectrum Q = 2x10 7 (S/N) 1Hz =
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HP 5065A circa 1970 33 Watts, 37 l
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Small modern Rb oscillators Volume
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Rubidium Oscillator Summary + Buffe
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Hydrogen Maser A different sort of
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RF Spectrum Q is very high: (1.4
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Long-term Stability 57
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Passive Hydrogen Maser Similar phy
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Commercially-available atomic clock
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Cyr & Tetu 1993 63
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CPT w/Modulated diode laser Reprint
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D1 vs. D2 ? D2 excited state multip
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CPT Clock Stability Overlapping All
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1992 - Westinghouse Proposal Propo
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Westinghouse/NG - the first CSAC ef
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Applications Cannot compete with G
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Major Challenges Physics Package
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Noise Contributions Laser Noise D
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Figure-of-Merit Contrast: Signal/
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Rb vs. Cs ? 87 Rubidium Fewer m F L
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Physics Package Objectives Size: <
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The Draper 10 mW Physics Package T
Page 89 and 90: Edge-emitting Lasers Optical Gain:
Page 91 and 92: VCSEL Fabrication and Operation N P
Page 93 and 94: Polyimide Suspension Excellent mat
Page 95 and 96: Resonance Cell Fabrication Start wi
Page 97 and 98: Buffer Gas From: Zhu, et al., FCS 2
Page 99 and 100: Physics Package 99
Page 101 and 102: Thermal Isolation Cell Temperature
Page 103 and 104: Vacuum Integrity (“Power aging”
Page 105 and 106: The NIST CSAC-1 Physics Package Gla
Page 107 and 108: Honeywell Laboratories solder titan
Page 109 and 110: Electronics 109
Page 111 and 112: Microwaves 111
Page 113 and 114: NIST/CU Coaxial Resonator Oscillato
Page 115 and 116: MEMs Resonators Polysilicon Stem (I
Page 117 and 118: Symmetricom SA.45s Synthesizer Mod
Page 119 and 120: Control System Requirements Provid
Page 121 and 122: Symmetricom CSAC Block Diagram 1 DA
Page 123 and 124: SA.45s CSAC on Evaluation Board ATu
Page 125 and 126: SA.45s CSAC Typical Performance Siz
Page 127 and 128: Offset [x10 -10 ] Long-term aging (
Page 129 and 130: Retrace Retraces 25 20 15 10 5 0 -6
Page 131 and 132: The “CSACXO” Only operate phys
Page 133 and 134: Block Diagram (30 mW?) 2.6 VDC 1 DA
Page 135 and 136: 1 cm 3 CSAC Output Spectrum CSAC Ou
Page 137 and 138: At what cost 1 cm 3 CSAC ? No micr
Page 139: Key concepts Short-term instabilit
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