Introduction to Atomic Frequency Standards - 2011 Joint Conference ...

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Nobel Prize 1944 – I.I. Rabi "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei" 20
Invention of the Atomic Clock Problem –Measurements limited by Quartz Oscillator Tuning Voltage = 5 MHz 9192 MHz Synthesizer Buffer Amp Loop Filter 5 MHz clock Output 1944 – I.I. Rabi: “Just close the loop” Physics Package Signal 21
Page 1 and 2: Principles of Atomic Clocks EFTF -
Page 3 and 4: Outline General things about clock
Page 5 and 6: What is a Clock ? + = ( Oscillator
Page 7 and 8: Clock (in)Stability Signal 0 Frequ
Page 9 and 10: What is an “atomic” clock ? 9
Page 11 and 12: What is an atomic clock? Local osci
Page 13 and 14: Ground State Physics 0 Step 1: Cho
Page 15 and 16: Stern-Gerlach Experiment - 1922 Ove
Page 17 and 18: Ground State Physics 9192 MHz Energ
Page 19: Molecular Resonance Spectroscopy Va
Page 23 and 24: Ramsey: Separated Oscillatory Field
Page 25 and 26: Ramsey’s Lab - 1949 25
Page 27 and 28: 1955 NPL Cesium Clock Essen & Perry
Page 29 and 30: CFS Biases Atom is not in “zero
Page 31 and 32: Signal [Arb.] Zeeman Spectrum 0.5 0
Page 33 and 34: State-of-the-art Cesium Clocks NBS-
Page 35 and 36: Cesium Beam Tube Construction 35
Page 37 and 38: CFS Instruments Laboratory/Timekeep
Page 39 and 40: The Ubiquitous Rubidium Oscillator
Page 41 and 42: State Detection by Optical Scatteri
Page 43 and 44: Gas Cell Confinement Dicke 1953 Nit
Page 45 and 46: RF Spectrum Q = 2x10 7 (S/N) 1Hz =
Page 47 and 48: HP 5065A circa 1970 33 Watts, 37 l
Page 49 and 50: Small modern Rb oscillators Volume
Page 51 and 52: Rubidium Oscillator Summary + Buffe
Page 53 and 54: Hydrogen Maser A different sort of
Page 55 and 56: RF Spectrum Q is very high: (1.4
Page 57 and 58: Long-term Stability 57
Page 59 and 60: Passive Hydrogen Maser Similar phy
Page 61 and 62: Commercially-available atomic clock
Page 63 and 64: Cyr & Tetu 1993 63
Page 65 and 66: CPT w/Modulated diode laser Reprint
Page 67 and 68: D1 vs. D2 ? D2 excited state multip
Page 69 and 70: CPT Clock Stability Overlapping All
Page 71 and 72:
1992 - Westinghouse Proposal Propo
Page 73 and 74:
Westinghouse/NG - the first CSAC ef
Page 75 and 76:
Applications Cannot compete with G
Page 77 and 78:
Major Challenges Physics Package
Page 79 and 80:
Noise Contributions Laser Noise D
Page 81 and 82:
Figure-of-Merit Contrast: Signal/
Page 83 and 84:
Rb vs. Cs ? 87 Rubidium Fewer m F L
Page 85 and 86:
Physics Package Objectives Size: <
Page 87 and 88:
The Draper 10 mW Physics Package T
Page 89 and 90:
Edge-emitting Lasers Optical Gain:
Page 91 and 92:
VCSEL Fabrication and Operation N P
Page 93 and 94:
Polyimide Suspension Excellent mat
Page 95 and 96:
Resonance Cell Fabrication Start wi
Page 97 and 98:
Buffer Gas From: Zhu, et al., FCS 2
Page 99 and 100:
Physics Package 99
Page 101 and 102:
Thermal Isolation Cell Temperature
Page 103 and 104:
Vacuum Integrity (“Power aging”
Page 105 and 106:
The NIST CSAC-1 Physics Package Gla
Page 107 and 108:
Honeywell Laboratories solder titan
Page 109 and 110:
Electronics 109
Page 111 and 112:
Microwaves 111
Page 113 and 114:
NIST/CU Coaxial Resonator Oscillato
Page 115 and 116:
MEMs Resonators Polysilicon Stem (I
Page 117 and 118:
Symmetricom SA.45s Synthesizer Mod
Page 119 and 120:
Control System Requirements Provid
Page 121 and 122:
Symmetricom CSAC Block Diagram 1 DA
Page 123 and 124:
SA.45s CSAC on Evaluation Board ATu
Page 125 and 126:
SA.45s CSAC Typical Performance Siz
Page 127 and 128:
Offset [x10 -10 ] Long-term aging (
Page 129 and 130:
Retrace Retraces 25 20 15 10 5 0 -6
Page 131 and 132:
The “CSACXO” Only operate phys
Page 133 and 134:
Block Diagram (30 mW?) 2.6 VDC 1 DA
Page 135 and 136:
1 cm 3 CSAC Output Spectrum CSAC Ou
Page 137 and 138:
At what cost 1 cm 3 CSAC ? No micr
Page 139 and 140:
Key concepts Short-term instabilit
Page 141:
Acknowledgements I am grateful to s
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