The Ancient Empires of the East, Herodotus I

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436 APPENDIX V. V. THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. Persia proper, roughly corresponding to the modern province of Farsistan, was comparatively a small district, about 450 miles in length by 250 in breadth. Eastward it touched on Kerman or Karamania, AvestAvard it was bounded by Susiana, southward by the Persian Gulf. Its inhabitants were Aryans, whose immigration into the country called after their name was hardly earlier than the period of the fall of the Assyrian empire. The Assyrian inscrijjtions know nothing of them. Under leaders termed Akhsernenians (from Hakhdmanish, "the friendly") the tribe of the Persians pushed its way into the old kingdom of Anzan, or Southern Elam, Avhich had been destroyed and desolated by the armies of Assur-bani-pal, and subsequently left a prey to the first invader by the deca}^ of the Assyrian power. The tribe was but one out of many which had long been steadily advancing westward from the regions of the Hindu Kush. The first great wave of Aryan emigra- tion, which had resulted in the establishment of the European nations, had been followed by another wave which first carried the Hindus into the Punjab, and then the Iranian populations into the vast districts of Baktria and Ai'iana. Mountains and deserts checked for a time their further progress, but at length a number of tribes, each under its own chiefs, crept along the southern shores of the Caspian or the northern coast of the Persian Gulf, These tribes were known in later history as the Aryan Medes and Persians. The Medes are first mentioned on the Assyrian monuments by Shalmaneser II. (B.C. 840) under the double name of Amadai and Matai, and placed in Matiene. Between them and the Zimri of Kurdistan intervened the people of Par'suas, with their twenty-seven kings, who occupied the south-western shore of Lake Urumiyeh, But it is doubtful whether these Matai were really the Aryan Medes and not rather "Protomedes," allied in race and language to the Kossseans and Elamites, and more distantly to the Accadians of primaeval Baby- lonia. At any rate the name seems derived from the Accadian mada, "country," a title appropriately given to the country Avhere the "mountain of the world" Avas situated, and Avhich Avas held to be the cradle of the Accadian race ; Avhile the name of Khanatsiruka, who ruled over the Matai in B.C. 820, certainly has not an Aryan sound.
THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 437 Most of the Median districts on the southern and south-western shores of the Caspian enumerated by Tiglath-Pileser II. have non-Aryan names, and the JMedian chieftains with such Aryan names as Pharnes, Ariya, and Vastakku, who are mentioned by Sargon (in B.C. 713), belonged to the extreme east. In fact the district of Partakanu, which represents the Median Paretakeni of Herodotos, is recorded last in Sargon's list ; and Esar-haddon, who divides it into the two provinces of Partakka and Partukka, describes it as the furthest place east in the known world. The other Median tribes of Herodotos were still unknown to tlie Assyrian kings. With the fall of the Assyi-ian empire, however, came a change. The scattered tribes of prse-Aryan Media were united under a single monarchy by Kastarit or Kyaxares. Hitherto they had been divided into a multitude of small states, each governed independently by its own chief, or " city lord," as he is termed by Esar-haddon. Kyaxares, according to Herodotos, was the descendant of Deiokes, the builder of Ekbatana, a name which appears as Daiukku in the Assyrian records. One Daiukku, a chief of the Minni (on the western shore of Lake Urumiyeh) under their king Ullusun, was transported to Hamath by Sargon in 715 B.C., and two or three years later the Assyrian monarch made an expedition to the three adjoining districts of Ellibi, Karalla, and Bit-Daiukku, " the house of Deiokes." Ellibi lay on the eastern frontier of Kurdistan, and included the land of Aranzi—a name pre- served in the Orontes mountains of classical geography, the Urvanda of the old Persians — where Ekbatana was afterwards founded. Karalla intervened between the northern boundary of ElHbi and the south-eastern shores of Lake Urumiyeh. It is just possible that the Median kings of Ktesias, Astibaras, and Artaios, may represent (Rita or) Dalta, who was placed on the throne of Ellibi by Sargon in B.C. 709, and his son, Ispabara, who came into conflict with Sennacherib. However this may be, Kastarit was king of that part only of Media in which the city of Caru-kassi was situated, his ally Mamiti-arsu having the general title " city lord of the Medes." Along with the Minni, the people of 'Saparda or Sepharad—a small district on the east of Ellibi—and the Kimmerians, the two allies attacked and overthrew the Assyrian power. Kastarit now seems to have turned against his friends, and to have gradually extended his sway over the whole region vaguely known as Armenia and Western Media. Peace was established between him and Alyattes of Lydia in B.C. 585 tlirough the kindly offices of his ally Nebuchadrezzar, and the Halys made
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presented to nf % btr Messrs. Macmi
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THE ANCIENT EMPIRES OF THE EAST HEE
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Printed by K. & R. Clark, Edinburgh
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PR H-OOZ CDp.Z
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PEEFACE. The main object of the pre
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PREFACE. xi civilisation cau be rea
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INTEODUCTION. The Historical Credib
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INTEODUCTION. xv Herodotos are due
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INTRODUCTION. xvii the fact that Av
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INTRODUCTION. xix The detached part
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INTRODUCTION. xxi formed part of th
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INTRODUCTION. xxiii derived his acc
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INTRODUCTION. xxv according to his
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INTRODUCTION. xxvii in so many word
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INTRODUCTION. xxix that he will not
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INTRODUCTION. xxxi history, accordi
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INTRODUCTION. xxxiii Herodotos has
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INTRODUCTION. xxxv The dialect used
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INTRODUCTION. xxxvii dialect as spo
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INTRODUCTION. xxxix the same time,
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HEEODOTOS. BOOK I. 'UpoSoTou ' KXLK
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I.] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST. TOVTO
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I.] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST. iyever
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I.] THE EMPIKES OF THE EAST. 7 r/ev
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I.] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST. 67 ove
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I.] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST. 69 Ttv
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I.] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST. 71 rov
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I.] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST. 73 XPV
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I.] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST. 75 Sk
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I.] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST. 77 ira
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!•] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST. 79 '
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I.] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST. 81 TCd
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I.] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST. 83 Tdo
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.] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST. 85 tt}?
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I,] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST. 87 ySa
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I.] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST. 89 air
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I.] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST. 91 M.i
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I.] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST. 93 ôv
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I,] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST. 95 Ây
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I] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST. 97 KoX
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I.] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST. 99 T(b
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I.] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST. 101 fx
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I.] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST. 103 ev
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I.] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST. 105 dW
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I.] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST. 107 eT
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I.] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST. 109 ev
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.] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST. Ill Kal
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I;] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST, 113 (f
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I.] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST. 115 er
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!•] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST. 117
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I.] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST. 119 8o
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J.] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST. 121 6r
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I.] THE EMPIRES OF THE EAST. 123 Ov
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II.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 125 8e "âf
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H.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 127 SeKa re
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II.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 129 aTTO da
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„.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 131 yoyade
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ir.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 133 (T-ôlv
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Ti.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 135 OVK ea
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TI.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 139 ola 8e
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II.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 141 oXXm 77
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11.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 143 KoX rrj
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II.] THE LAND OF EPxYPT. 145 aXXrj
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11.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 147 dWijv S
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II.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 149 ojiioLC
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II.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 151 ovhafJi
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II.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 153 /Socov
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II.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 155 elvac a
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II.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 157 TOiv Oe
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II. ] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 159 ^Tîyw
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II.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 161 elal S/
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II.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 163 BiSol,
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Ti.] THE LAND OF EC4YPT. 165 Kal ia
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„.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 167 aKavOa
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„.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 169 Kal aW
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II.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 171 eKTTohc
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II.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 173 \iyovai
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„.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 175 Kat Tr
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II.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 177 TOVTO /
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ir.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 179 7roW7)v
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i:.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 181 (TTnOai
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II.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 183 Ti Trap
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II.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 185 Se rovT
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n.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 187 evd^ ecr
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II.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 189 Bvvevet
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II.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 191 ôaavra
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II.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 193 VTT avr
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„.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 195 ra? jx
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II.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 197 Mera Se
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II.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 199 e? re r
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II.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 201 âvKodn
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II.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 203 ecTTC'
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11.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 205 aTTiKOf
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11.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 207 oure 69
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11.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 209 KoX S)'
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II.] _ THE LAND OF EGYPT. 211 y^prj
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II.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 213 "ETrac^
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II.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 215 Kovra e
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n.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 217 firj'vav
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II. ] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 219 ol Se
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„.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 221 Si] Tr
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II.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 223 fjioavv
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II. ] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 225 Koi ej
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II.] THE LAND OF EGYPT. 227 'AcppoS
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III.] THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 229 Kl'^v
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in.] THE PERSIAl^ EMPIRE. 231 ovro)
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III.] THE PEESIAN EMPIEE. 233 ctt'
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in.] THE PERSIAN EMPIEE. 235 Ka\e(T
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„,.] THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 237 dvpr
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III.] THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 239 KWion
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in.] THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 241 iyvaxT
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!„.] THE PEESIAN EMPIRE. 243 XdOp
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III.] THE PEESIAN EMPIRE. 245- (ppe
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III.] THE PEKSIAN EMPIRE. 247 09 Be
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III.] THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 249 ovBev
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III.] THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 251 viKrj
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III.] THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. K.€pKvp
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III.] THE PEESIAN EMPIRE. 255 ouSe
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II,.] THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 257 ovTe
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in.] THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 259 Siairp
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i„.] THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 261 eiKo
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in.] THE PERSIAN EMPIEE. 263 avrrjv
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II,.] THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 265 iirl
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I eaecrdai, i„.] THE PERSIAN EMPI
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' Sext. ( custom i the ! ments ! no
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III.] THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 271 fjiov
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III.] THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 273 7rape
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III.] THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 275 TToXt
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III.] THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 277 vo/xo
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jii.] THE PERSIAN EMPIRE 2V9 KoXyoi
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III.] THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 281 evdev
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iji.] THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 283 e^dyo
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j (patverai ! Comp. I ; Minor. III.
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III.] THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 287 TOLCT
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j ( I ' Diaskilli. III.] THE PERSIA
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III.] THE PEESIAN EMPIRE. 291 Aapei
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iH.] THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 293 eTTOfj
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j 7rpoi(T'ô/Mevov7] KaraXelyfreLV,
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nr.] THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 297 '^\avi
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1,1.] THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 299 Se fi
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III.] THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 301 jxevT
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III.] THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 303 TO,
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III.] THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 305 eXoov
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308 APPENDIX I. palseolithic implem
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310 APPENDIX I. The type of feature
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312 APPENDIX I. country "— extend
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314 APPENDIX I. "UPPER 'EGYFT—Con
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31G APPENDIX I. ments—or rather,
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318 APPENDIX I. embodied in the cat
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320 APPENDIX I. from the precincts
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322 APPENDIX I. thy heart be puffed
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324 APPENDIX I. rocks, from which w
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326 APPENDIX I. Eamses II., which i
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328 APPENDIX I. spirit of the conqu
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330 APPENDIX I. one God of Light, w
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332 APPENDIX I. won the prize for h
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334 APPENDIX I. Ramses III., the Eh
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336 APPENDIX I. overthrew botli the
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338 APPENDIX I. make the Egyptians
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340 APPENDIX I. The mission of Egyp
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342 APPENDIX I. through whom the ri
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344 APPENDIX I. in the time of the
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346 APPENDIX I. tears of Horos and
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348 APPENDIX I. marked periods. The
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350 APPENDIX I. on the first of Tho
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352 APPENDIX I. quote in order to e
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354 APPENDIX I. tion. Its author, P
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356 APPENDIX I. nicia. Gold was wor
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358 APPENDIX 11. the mountain of Ro
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360 APPENDIX II. the one for h in t
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362 APPENDIX II. were the Gambulai
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364 • APPENDIX II. Polyhistor or
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366 APPENDIX II. notices of the occ
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368 APPENDIX II. the twelve labours
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370 APPENDIX II. and there left lii
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372 APPENDIX II. Assyrian princes o
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374 APPENDIX II. residence, and est
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376 APPENDIX 11. With the accession
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378 APPENDIX II. work of Tiglath-Pi
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380 APPENDIX II. now broken down. T
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382 APPENDIX II. sented him with th
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384 APPENDIX II. before the arras o
Page 432 and 433: 386 APPENDIX II. of Sagartia, and i
Page 434 and 435: 388 APPENDIX II. channel, and, afte
Page 436 and 437: 390 APPENDIX II. a new conception w
Page 438 and 439: 392 APPENDIX II. and Hea, the latte
Page 440 and 441: 394 APPENDIX 11. of Bel, the tablet
Page 442 and 443: 396 APPENDIX II. colours, none of w
Page 444 and 445: 398 , APPENDIX II. intensely human
Page 446 and 447: 400 APPENDIX II. " recent lacuna,"
Page 448 and 449: 402 APPENDIX II. of thirty days eac
Page 450 and 451: 404 APPENDIX 11. Babylonian and Ass
Page 452 and 453: 406 APPENDIX III. being governed by
Page 454 and 455: 408 APPENDIX III. of whom we know b
Page 456 and 457: 410 APPENDIX III. times to join in
Page 458 and 459: 412 ArPENDIX III. extended thus far
Page 460 and 461: 414 APPENDIX III. the Tyrians elect
Page 462 and 463: 416 APPENDIX III. Tsur, was the old
Page 464 and 465: 418 APPENDIX III. woman had to begi
Page 466 and 467: 420 APPENDIX III, Phoenician workma
Page 468 and 469: 422 APPENDIX III. peared altogether
Page 470 and 471: 424 APPENDIX IV. like. We may term
Page 472 and 473: 426 APPENDIX IV. Hittite princes of
Page 474 and 475: 428 APPENDIX IV. Tylon, the son of
Page 476 and 477: 430 APPENDIX IV. in the neighbourho
Page 478 and 479: 432 APPENDIX IV. in Ionic song, bec
Page 480 and 481: 434 APPENDIX IV. image in the middl
Page 484 and 485: 438 APPENDIX V. the boundary of the
Page 486 and 487: 440 APPENDIX V. Zoroastrian monothe
Page 488 and 489: 442 APPENDIX V. struggle for indepe
Page 490 and 491: 444 APPENDIX V. by the conquest of
Page 492 and 493: 446 APPENDIX V. Antalkidas (b.C. 38
Page 494 and 495: 448 APPENDIX V. less impossible to
Page 496 and 497: 450 APPENDIX V. sacred books, autl
Page 498 and 499: 452 APPENDIX V. Angro-Mainyus (Ahri
Page 500 and 501: 454 APPENDIX V. magus or " Protomed
Page 502 and 503: 456 APPENDIX V. of Dareios, the sec
Page 505 and 506: — DYNASTIC TABLES. KINGS OF EGYPT
Page 507 and 508: Dyx. XVIIL—Thebans; 16 kings (E2I
Page 509 and 510: DYNASTIC TABLES. 463 25. Tliinillos
Page 511 and 512: DYNASTIC TABLES. 465 THE MONUMENTS.
Page 513 and 514: DYNASTIC TABLES. 467 Dyns. VI] ., V
Page 515 and 516: DYNASTIC TABLES. 469 Dyn. XVII. 1.
Page 517 and 518: DYNASTIC TABLES. 471 Interregnum. T
Page 519 and 520: . DYNASTIC TABLES. 473 ...... 11. M
Page 521 and 522: DYNASTIC TABLES. 475 THE MONUMENTS.
Page 523 and 524: Kassite Original. Niragiragas-Bur-y
Page 525 and 526: DYNASTIC TABLES. 479 KuALDEAN Kings
Page 527 and 528: Tyre— Continued. Baalezor (Badezo
Page 529: 6. Kainbyses II., his son 7. Goraat
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486 INDEX. Arkhandros, 176. Avkhilo
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488 INDEX. Herodotos, object of his
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490 INDEX. Mylasa, 98. Myrina, 11,
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492 INDEX. Syennesis, 44. Syloson,
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MACMILLAN'S CLASSICAL PUBLICATIONS.
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