RLB_UK_Riders_Digest_2013

RIDERS
DIGEST
UNITED KINGDOM
2013

Riders Digest 2013
A compendium of cost data and related information
on the Construction Industry.
Compiled by
Rider Levett Bucknall (UK) Ltd
60 New Broad Street
London
EC2M 1JJ
Tel: +44 (0) 207 398 8300
Fax: +44 (0) 207 623 0466
Website: www.rlb.com
Rider Levett Bucknall UK Limited, Registered Number - 465 3580:
Registered in England: Registered Office - Millennium Point, Curzon Street,
Birmingham B4 7XG
While Rider Levett Bucknall UK (“RLB”) has endeavoured to ensure the
accuracy of the information and materials in this publication (the “Materials”),
it does not warrant its accuracy, adequacy, completeness or reasonableness
and expressly disclaims liability for any errors in, or omissions from, the
Materials. RLB shall not be liable for any damages, losses, expenses or
costs whatsoever arising out of or in connection with the use or reliance on
the Materials. The Materials are provided for general information only and
should not be construed as costing, legal, tax, or any other professional
advice. Professional advice should be sought when utilising any information
in this publication to verify its applicability to their specific circumstances.
The Materials may not, in any medium, be reproduced, published, adapted,
altered or otherwise used in whole or in part in any manner without the prior
written consent of RLB.
Cost information in this publication is indicative and for general
guidance only. All prices and rates are as at 1st Quarter 2012 and
expressed in British Pounds unless otherwise stated. References
to legislative provisions and regulations are as at 1st January 2012.
Changes after this date will not be reflected.
Please note that all figures exclude prevailing Value Added Tax (VAT).
Fourth Edition 2013
© Rider Levett Bucknall
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
i

ii
CONTENTS
UK Construction Trends
Page
Market Outlook 2
Price Indices and Construction Output 6
UK Construction Output by Sector 7
Price Indices for Construction Materials 8
UK Construction Cost Data
Building Costs 12
Cashflow 16
Payment Drawdown 17
Construction Elements 19
RLB Intelligence App Download Code 23
Estimating Data
Definitions of Terminology 26
Acronym Bingo Table and Key 28
Definition of Office Fit Out Categories 32
Reinforcement Ratios 33
UK Construction Information
Guide to Responsible Management 38
List of UK Professional Bodies 50
List of UK Government Bodies 51
Ecology Species Assessment Calendar
Construction Design and
52
Management Regulations 53
RIBA Outline Plan of Work 56
Equality Act 58
BREEAM 59

BREEAM in Use 63
EPC - Energy Performance Certificates 64
DEC - Display Energy Certificates 67
Site Waste Management Plans 72
Party Walls 74
Capital Allowances & Land Remediation Relief 76
OJEU Process 84
OJEU Process Procedures 86
Procurement Options 88
Code For Sustainable Homes 94
Sustainable Construction Technologies 97
BIM Capability 112
Professional Services
Overview of Services 118
Europe 126
Asia 127
Oceania 131
North America 133
Caribbean 136
Middle East 136
Miscellaneous
Conversion Factors 140
Calculation Formulae 141
Calendar 142
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
Page
iii

Foreword
Welcome to the fourth edition of the “Riders Digest”, a
compendium of useful and informative data for the UK
Construction Industry.
Rider Levett Bucknall provides independent advice focused
on the cost, quality and sustainability of the built environment.
Our commitment is to provide added value and build long
term relationships with customers and partners.
That is why we publish the Riders Digest every year – to
share with you some of our insights and key information
about the construction sector.
The firm is highly cost aware and committed to delivering
‘more with less’ – more services, utilisation and efficiency with
less resources, money and waste.
Our Responsible Management philosophy continues to
underpin all service delivery, and it has been further enhanced
by the introduction of RLB Total Cost Management, which
models carbon, capital and operational costs for our clients.
With clients keen to improve the efficient use of their
property assets, we are promoting an approach focused on
whole life flexibility, value, carbon efficiency and sustainable
compliance.
It is not just our experience, track record or access to cost
data which makes us qualified to advise you on corporate
responsibility and sustainability – it is also part of how we run
our business.
We are the first UK property and construction consultancy
to be Global Reporting Initiative checked – the world’s most
widely used sustainability reporting framework – and we
report under the Carbon Disclosure Project.
Employee welfare is a key priority for the business and a
number of initiatives are embraced within a broader corporate
responsibility remit.
We are members of the Employee Ownership Association,
the business association for companies who are substantially
or wholly owned by the people who work for them.
Our awards and accreditations should tell you how serious
we are. They include: Investors in People Champion, The
Daily Telegraph’s Britain’s Top Employers, ISO 9001 and
ISO 140001.
iv

Continuous Improvement
Our aim is to be at the forefront of our profession, setting
industry standards and continually improving our service offering.
We are always looking to improve and develop the service
we offer customers. It is only through a detailed analysis
of customer opinion and project requirements that we can
continue to deliver a consistently high-level of expertise.
We ask our customers to review and measure our ability and
relationship throughout the duration of the commission.
These reviews enable us to provide fast and effective
solutions to any issues raised. They also allow us to share
best practice throughout the company.
People
For the fourth year running Rider Levett Bucknall has picked
up the No. 1 position in the Daily Telegraph sponsored
“Britain’s Top Employers”.
This means that we have been benchmarked against other
companies in the UK and we’ve been awarded external
certification which acknowledges our HR Best Practice. This,
together with our achievement of IIP Champion Status, is a
tremendous endorsement for Rider Levett Bucknall.
Our core values
People: To invest in our people and value their contribution
Industry: To be a beacon of best practice and to lead and
shape industry in everything we do
Community: To be aware of our social responsibilities and
to make our contribution to the community
Environment: To be conscious of the difference we can
make
Customers: To challenge the norm, seek fresh ideas and
deliver excellence
Suppliers: To act with integrity, honesty and fairness in all
our relationships
Shareholders: To be a self-owned organisation, to be
financially robust and to deliver agreed financial plans
I hope, once again, you find this publication
informative and useful for your business.
Lance Taylor
Chief Executive,
Rider Levett Bucknall (UK) Ltd
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
v

UK Construction
Trends
Market Outlook
Price Indices and Construction Output
UK Construction Output by Sector
Price Indices for Construction Materials

UK CONSTRUCTION TRENDS
Market Outlook 2013:
It’s always comforting to think that the year
ahead will be better than the year just past.
And the latest survey from the RICS does
suggest that surveyors see an improvement
in workloads coming in 2013 - unfortunately
much of that improvement may well be down
to winning more work abroad to keep talented
employees in the UK busy.
Whilst this work will contribute to income
in certain sectors, it doesn’t mean the UK
construction market is improving.
The latest figures for construction output show
the industry is continuing to shrink and data
released in January is consistent with a total fall
in 2012 of greater than 8%.
That would be the fourth largest annual collapse
in construction since records started in 1955 -
indicators suggest the industry will shrink further
as this year progresses, which is in line with
industry forecasts.
The construction industry accounts for 10% of
the UK’s GDP and is worth £100 billion. The
construction sector is investment led and is
therefore susceptible to economic downturns
and is inevitably going to be further affected by
the on-going effects of the global financial crisis.
According to the Chancellor’s Autumn
Statement in December 2012, forecasts for
economic growth in the UK are as follows:
1.2% in 2013, 2% in 2014, 2.3% 2015, 2.7% in
2016 and 2.8% in 2017. However, even in 2017
economic activity will not have recovered to prerecessionary
levels.
2

Government backed projects account for 40%
of the construction industry’s output, and public
sector spending has been substantially reduced
- which has had an overarching effect on the
recovery of the industry.
Events in the Eurozone continue to affect
domestic growth through subdued consumer
and investor confidence, with many continuing
to criticise the deficit reduction programme. This
uncertainty within the Eurozone will continue to
influence the macroeconomic environment over
the coming years. This along with the inability
of certain EU leaders to repay their public sector
debt remains a key issue and is unlikely to be
resolved.
The greatest concern for the industry is the
fall in capital expenditure for public sector
construction and the inability of the private
sector to offset this. The office of National
Statistics has said that “The construction sector
continues to be hampered by major headwinds,
including public spending cuts, an extended
weak economy, a struggling housing sector
and problems in getting funding for large scale
projects.”
The success of the 2012 Olympic and
Paralympic games has played a pivotal role
in the redevelopment of London. It has
ensured that the massive scale and pace of
development connected to the Global games
creates a catalyst for business investment
- no single regeneration project can provide
this. It has also enhanced capacity for large
scale co-investment that results from public
backing combined with private and institutional
investment. Public perception of UK economic
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
3

UK CONSTRUCTION TRENDS
recovery was heightened by the success of
the Games and saw the UK as global leaders
within the construction industry. Post games
we are now looking to the future of the UK and
how we are going to emerge from the economic
downturn that we have seen in previous years.
Looking forward suggests further falls in
construction activity generally across all regions
to 2014.
London still seems to be the strongest market,
but interestingly the North East is expected to
be far less affected than many of its northern
neighbours.
Construction is a big employer, providing jobs
for more than 2 million and plenty more in the
supply chain. But the recession has been painful
with around 400,000 construction jobs lost.
However the structure of the workforce has
changed, with the number of direct employees
falling fast, while the number of self-employed
has remained much more stable. What this may
indicate, is that firms are still cautious about the
future and reluctant to directly employ labour,
perhaps keen to keep flexibility ahead of what
remains both nationally and regionally very
uncertain times.
According to the Autumn Statement the
UK economy is facing global change- with
the emergence of new economies such as
China, India and Brazil, the UK needs to
become competitive. The Government has
released planning initiatives aimed at boosting
infrastructure and house building. This will be
achieved by a £5.5 billion capital package and
support for private investments including roads,
4

science, infrastructure, schools and academies.
The Autumn Statement also aims to support
both housing and commercial development,
supporting growth and jobs. This is to be
achieved by the Government providing a further
£683 million through capital grants and financial
transactions. In England, the Government will
invest £474 million in local infrastructure on a
recoverable basis. Around £60 million of this
will be made available to support infrastructure
in a limited number of Enterprise Zones.
Around £225 million will be used to accelerate
delivery of large housing sites, supporting
around 50,000 homes. Around £190 million
of the funding will be used to de-risk public
sector land and enable the quicker disposal of
surplus sites for new homes. Alongside this, the
Government will provide £100 million to bring
forward public sector sites for development.
It is expected that any recovery will be led
by the private sector. However this has been
overshadowed by the turmoil in the EU and a
plateauing of the domestic economy which is
influencing business and consumer confidence
and ultimately private sector investment.
Although the above initiatives have been
released this does not mean that economic
recovery will happen overnight. The statement
has had both positive and negative reviews.
Some say that it is a great example of the public
and private sector working together. Others
are more pessimistic as they believe that the
money to be released for infrastructure and
schools will not help the short term fortunes of
contractors, designers and consultants. Given
this, it is unlikely that the Construction Industry
will recover this year.
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
5

Indices and UK Construction Output Comparison
UK CONSTRUCTION TRENDS
Indices and UK Construction Output
Comparison
6
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
129 114 108 109 121 130 130 138 146 151 161 174 187 197 213 224 230 245 246 217 217 217 222 221 227 235 244 255
72 77 80 82 84 86 88 90 91 92 93 94 95 97 98 100 102 105 109 111 115 120 123 124 126 129
126 134 139 141 144 149 153 158 163 165 170 173 176 181 187 192 198 207 215 214 224 235 243
100 93 89 88 87 88 91 93 94 96 97 98 104 109 114 111 112 115 112 97 104 107 98
BCIS “All In”Tender
Price Index
Consumer Price
Index
Retail Price Index
(RPI)
UK Construction
Output
(£ Thousand Million)
SOURCE: ONS, BCIS

UK Construction Output by Sector
UK Construction Output by Sector
Public Housing
Private Housing
Public Works
Private Industrial
Private Commercial
Repair
Infrastructure
45,000
40,000
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
Output £ Millions
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
(forecast)
2012
(forecast)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Public Housing 1,318 1,171 2,008 2,388 2,538 2,513 2,076 1,712 1,393 1,207 1,515 1,550 1,753 1,999 2,391 2,251 2,650 3,055 2,757 2,824 4,357 4,438 3,610
Private Housing 11,922 10,456 10,819 12,092 12,466 11,777 11,487 12,848 12,975 11,674 13,041 12,179 13,269 16,571 20,122 20,713 20,775 20,434 15,877 10,911 12,783 13,992 13,363
Public Works 5,031 5,172 6,024 6,300 6,285 6,214 5,777 4,587 4,838 5,441 5,160 5,201 6,586 8,271 9,298 8,367 7,682 7,549 8,384 10,137 13,329 12,358 9,728
Private Industrial 6,603 5,720 5,531 5,456 5,745 6,427 6,738 6,923 7,057 7,276 6,489 6,630 5,261 5,558 5,730 5,612 6,079 5,935 4,586 3,217 3,595 3,254 3,269
Private Commercial 26,624 23,480 19,449 16,420 16,301 16,697 18,435 20,659 22,349 25,043 25,260 25,080 25,907 24,971 27,533 26,340 28,571 31,440 31,776 23,835 23,346 24,039 21,445
Repair 41,106 36,600 34,077 33,131 34,528 35,302 36,098 36,318 36,293 35,784 36,533 38,415 40,492 41,475 40,687 39,965 38,956 38,813 39,945 36,145 34,874 35,679 34,910
Infrastructure 7,833 10,274 11,239 11,806 9,287 9,080 10,208 9,717 9,461 9,196 8,629 9,237 10,443 9,851 8,588 8,244 7,601 7,500 8,332 9,568 12,003 13,009 11,504
Total 100,437 92,873 89,146 87,593 87,151 88,011 90,818 92,764 94,366 95,621 96,626 98,293 103,711 108,696 114,349 111,493 112,314 114,725 111,658 96,639 104,288 106,770 97,829
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
SOURCE: ONS All Agencies Output - Constant Prices Seasonally Adjusted (2005) - £million
7

UK CONSTRUCTION TRENDS
UK Construction Materials Annual Average
Price Index
UK Construction Materials Annual Average Price Index
8
300
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Hardcore 103 103 103 99 96 95 103 110 116 121
250
Sand 94 94 99 101 105 110 117 116 121 122
200
Cement 100 92 93 100 109 115 128 139 133 135
150
Concrete 99 96 95 101 108 107 113 111 110 114
100
Bricks 90 89 92 98 104 111 109 117 119 119
50
Timber 80 90 97 100 103 122 128 119 135 142
0
Structual Steel 68 67 89 100 100 118 137 106 118 132
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Rebar 75 75 106 100 113 130 158 126 145 169
BCIS "All In" TPI 187 197 213 224 230 245 246 217 217 217 222 221
Bricks
Timber
Structual Steel
Rebar
BCIS "All In" TPI
Hardcore
Sand
Cement
Concrete
SOURCE: ONS, BCIS

UK Construction Materials Monthly Average Price Index
180
UK Construction Materials Monthly Average
Price Index
170
160
Hardcore
Sand
Cement
Concrete
Bricks
Timber
Structual Steel
Rebar
150
140
130
120
110
100
50
0
Nov-12
Oct-12
Sep-12
Aug-12
Jul-12
Jun-12
May-12
Apr-12
Mar-12
Feb-12
Jan-12
Dec-11
Nov-11
Oct-11
Sep-11
Aug-11
Jul-11
Jun-11
May-11
Apr-11
Mar-11
Feb-11
Jan-11
Dec-10
Nov-10
Oct-10
Sep-10
Aug-10
Jul-10
Jun-10
May-10
Apr-10
Mar-10
Feb-10
Jan-10
Jan-10 Feb-10 Mar-10 Apr-10 May-10 Jun-10 Jul-10 Aug-10 Sep-10 Oct-10 Nov-10 Dec-10 Jan-11 Feb-11 Mar-11 Apr-11 May-11 Jun-11 Jul-11 Aug-11 Sep-11 Oct-11 Nov-11 Dec-11 Jan-12 Feb-12 Mar-12 Apr-12 May-12 Jun-12 Jul-12 Aug-12 Sep-12 Oct-12 Nov-12
Hardcore 104 109 111 108 113 107 121 121 121 117 119 120 123 117 117 119 121 119 120 124 122 122 122 123 123 123 124 124 122 122 120 118 120 119 119
Sand 109 109 110 110 103 107 107 106 106 122 123 122 123 119 121 121 120 121 122 122 122 123 123 123 128 128 129 129 127 131 132 132 133 133 133
Cement 133 134 136 136 136 136 135 135 135 133 133 133 134 135 135 135 135 136 136 136 136 136 136 136 141 141 142 145 145 145 145 145 145 145 145
Concrete 107 106 112 113 112 111 111 110 111 111 110 111 113 111 111 112 116 114 114 115 115 115 115 115 117 118 119 119 119 118 117 118 118 118 118
Bricks 115 116 119 119 119 120 120 121 120 120 122 122 122 123 126 125 125 126 126 125 125 125 120 119 119 124 124 125 123 125 126 125 126 126 126
Timber 129 130 128 133 139 131 137 138 140 140 140 139 137 137 141 141 143 143 144 145 144 143 141 142 141 141 142 143 143 143 145 144 145 144 142
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
Structual Steel 100 100 102 110 117 126 130 130 129 126 124 122 123 126 130 136 139 139 136 136 135 132 131 128 128 129 130 131 132 131 129 129 129 128 126
Rebar 123 126 133 154 158 153 150 154 152 148 146 146 160 165 165 168 167 170 171 171 173 171 170 168 172 172 171 169 166 163 160 158 156 157 156
9
SOURCE: ONS

UK Construction
Cost Data
Building Costs
Cashflow
Payment Drawdown
External Works
Construction Elements

UK CONSTRUCTION COST DATA
Building Costs
BELFAST BIRMINGHAM BRISTOL CARDIFF EDINBURGH LONDON MANCHESTER SHEFFIELD
Work Type Description Unit Low High Low High Low High Low High Low High Low High Low High Low High
12
Offices; Prestige CBD 10-25 Storeys GBP/m2 1,340 1,770 1,770 2,330 1,900 2,500 1,680 2,210 1,770 2,330 2,150 2,800 1,770 2,330 1,770 2,330
Offices; Investment CBD Up to 10 Storeys GBP/m2 1,140 1,520 1,500 2,000 1,550 2,200 1,420 1,900 1,500 2,000 1,800 2,200 1,500 2,000 1,500 2,000
Offices; Investment CBD 10-25 Storeys GBP/m2 1,230 1,770 1,620 2,330 1,650 2,450 1,540 2,210 1,650 2,380 1,950 2,800 1,620 2,330 1,650 2,380
Offices; Investment 1 to 3 Storeys GBP/m2 690 1,150 910 1,520 950 1,550 860 1,440 930 1,550 1,100 1,850 910 1,520 930 1,550
Non CBD
Hotels; Multi-Storey Five Star Rating GBP/m2 1,460 2,000 1,925 2,635 2,100 2,800 1,830 2,500 1,960 2,690 2,300 3,100 1,925 2,635 1,960 2,690
Hotels; Multi-Storey Four Star Rating GBP/m2 1,080 1,690 1,420 2,230 1,750 2,200 1,350 2,120 1,450 2,280 1,700 2,700 1,420 2,230 1,450 2,280
Hotels; Multi-Storey Three Star Rating GBP/m2 920 1,230 1,215 1,620 1,250 1,750 1,150 1,540 1,215 1,620 1,500 2,000 1,215 1,620 1,215 1,620
Hotels; Multi-Storey Five Star Rating GBP/bedroom 100,000 180,000 142,000 283,500 120,000 250,000 134,830 269,180 144,870 289,230 170,000 340,000 142,000 283,500 144,870 289,230
Hotels; Multi-Storey Four Star Rating GBP/bedroom 61,360 92,050 81,000 121,500 80,000 130,000 76,910 115,360 82,640 123,950 97,000 145,000 81,000 121,500 82,640 123,950
Hotels; Multi-Storey Three Star Rating GBP/bedroom 31,060 64,390 41,000 85,000 45,000 90,000 38,930 80,710 41,000 85,000 51,000 110,000 41,000 85,000 41,000 85,000
Car Park Open Deck; Multi Storey GBP/m2 230 460 305 610 450 750 290 580 305 610 375 750 305 610 305 610
Car Park Basement; CBD GBP/m2 610 1,000 810 1,315 850 1,400 770 1,250 810 1,315 975 1,600 810 1,315 810 1,315
Car Park Basement; Other than CBD GBP/m2 460 920 610 1,215 625 1,050 580 1,150 610 1,215 750 1,500 610 1,215 610 1,215
Car Park Undercroft; Other than CBD GBP/m2 310 770 405 1,015 425 1,100 380 960 405 1,015 475 1,200 405 1,015 405 1,015
Car Park Open Deck; Multi Storey GBP/car 5,760 11,520 7,600 15,200 7,600 15,200 7,220 14,430 7,600 15,200 9,000 18,000 7,600 15,200 7,600 15,200
Car Park Basement; CBD GBP/car 15,340 26,890 20,250 35,500 20,250 35,500 19,230 33,710 20,250 35,500 24,000 43,000 20,250 35,500 20,250 35,500
Car Park Basement; Other than CBD GBP/car 11,520 23,110 15,200 30,500 15,200 30,500 14,430 28,960 15,200 30,500 18,000 36,000 15,200 30,500 15,200 30,500
Car Park Undercroft; Other than CBD GBP/car 7,690 13,070 10,150 17,250 10,150 17,250 9,640 16,380 10,150 17,250 12,000 21,000 10,150 17,250 10,150 17,250
Industrial; 4,500m2 fl. area; GBP/m2 250 460 330 610 330 610 310 580 330 610 400 725 330 610 330 610
6.00m to U/S Truss Metal Cladding

Industrial; att. a/c offices 200m2 GBP/m2 610 1,080 810 1,420 810 1,420 770 1,350 810 1,420 975 1,700 810 1,420 810 1,420
Industrial; att. a/c offices 400m2 GBP/m2 540 1,000 710 1,315 710 1,315 670 1,250 710 1,315 850 1,600 710 1,315 710 1,315
Aged Care Single Storey Facility GBP/m2 920 1,380 1,215 1,825 1,300 1,850 1,150 1,730 1,240 1,860 1,400 2,100 1,215 1,825 1,240 1,860
Aged Care Multi Storey Facility GBP/m2 1,040 1,530 1,370 2,025 1,400 2,050 1,300 1,920 1,400 2,070 1,580 2,330 1,370 2,025 1,400 2,070
Private Hospitals; 45-60m2 floor area per bed GBP/m2 1,380 1,770 1,825 2,330 1,825 2,330 1,730 2,210 1,860 2,380 2,100 2,680 1,825 2,330 1,860 2,380
Low Rise
Private Hospitals; 55-80m2 floor area per bed; GBP/m2 1,530 2,310 2,025 3,050 2,050 3,100 1,920 2,900 2,070 3,110 2,330 3,510 2,025 3,050 2,070 3,110
Low Rise Major Operating Theatre
Retail; Regional Department Store GBP/m2 1,310 2,310 1,725 3,050 1,725 3,050 1,640 2,900 1,760 3,110 1,990 3,510 1,725 3,050 1,760 3,110
Shopping Centres
Retail; Regional Supermarket/Variety Store GBP/m2 920 1,380 1,215 1,825 1,215 1,825 1,150 1,730 1,240 1,860 1,400 2,100 1,215 1,825 1,240 1,860
Shopping Centres
Retail; Regional Discount Department Store GBP/m2 1,080 1,610 1,420 2,125 1,420 2,125 1,350 2,020 1,450 2,170 1,640 2,450 1,420 2,125 1,450 2,170
Shopping Centres
Retail; Regional Malls GBP/m2 1,920 2,690 2,530 3,550 2,530 3,550 2,400 3,370 2,580 3,620 2,910 4,090 2,530 3,550 2,580 3,620
Shopping Centres
Retail; Regional Speciality Shops GBP/m2 1,150 1,690 1,520 2,230 1,520 2,230 1,440 2,120 1,550 2,280 1,750 2,570 1,520 2,230 1,550 2,280
Shopping Centres
Retail; General Small Shops and GBP/m2 610 1,150 810 1,520 810 1,520 770 1,440 830 1,550 930 1,750 810 1,520 830 1,550
Showrooms
Residential; General Single and Double Storey GBP/m2 580 770 760 1,015 760 1,015 720 960 760 1,015 900 1,250 760 1,015 760 1,015
Residential; General 1 to 3 Storey Units; GBP/m2 690 920 910 1,215 910 1,215 860 1,150 910 1,215 1,100 1,500 910 1,215 910 1,215
85-120m2 per Unit
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
Residential; General Townhouses; GBP/m2 770 1,000 1,015 1,320 1,015 1,320 960 1,250 1,015 1,320 1,200 1,600 1,015 1,320 1,015 1,320
90-120m2 per Unit
13

UK CONSTRUCTION COST DATA
Building Costs
BELFAST BIRMINGHAM BRISTOL CARDIFF EDINBURGH LONDON MANCHESTER SHEFFIELD
Work Type Description Unit Low High Low High Low High Low High Low High Low High Low High Low High
14
Residential; General Single and Double Storey GBP/House 34,470 50,000 45,500 66,000 45,500 66,000 43,200 62,670 45,500 66,000 55,000 145,000 45,500 66,000 45,500 66,000
Residential; General 1 to 3 Storey Units; GBP/Unit 57,580 107,580 76,000 142,000 76,000 142,000 72,160 134,830 76,000 142,000 90,000 170,000 76,000 142,000 76,000 142,000
85-120m2 per Unit
Residential; General Townhouses; GBP/Unit 65,150 115,150 86,000 152,000 86,000 152,000 81,660 144,320 86,000 152,000 105,000 185,000 86,000 152,000 86,000 152,000
90-120m2 per Unit
Residential; Up to 10 Storeys with lift; GBP/m2 1,150 1,310 1,520 1,725 1,520 1,725 1,440 1,640 1,520 1,725 1,800 2,100 1,520 1,725 1,520 1,725
Multi Storey Units Units 60-70m2
Residential; Up to 10 Storeys with lift; GBP/m2 1,310 1,610 1,725 2,130 1,725 2,130 1,640 2,020 1,760 2,170 2,100 2,500 1,725 2,130 1,760 2,170
Multi Storey Units Units 90-120m2
Residential; Up to 10 Storeys with lift; GBP/Unit 69,090 92,050 91,200 121,500 91,000 121,500 86,590 115,360 91,200 121,500 110,000 150,000 91,200 121,500 91,200 121,500
Multi Storey Units Units 60-70m2
Residential; Up to 10 Storeys with lift; GBP/Unit 115,150 192,300 152,000 253,840 152,000 253,000 144,320 241,020 155,070 258,970 182,000 305,000 152,000 253,840 155,070 258,970
Multi Storey Units Units 90-120m2
Office Fit-Out Insurance Offices; Government GBP/m2 270 390 350 510 350 510 330 480 360 520 450 600 350 510 360 520
Departments; Open Planned
Office Fit-Out Major Company Headquarters; GBP/m2 350 540 460 710 460 710 440 670 470 720 550 850 460 710 470 720
Open Planned
Office Fit-Out Solicitors, Financiers; GBP/m2 350 540 460 710 460 710 440 670 470 720 550 900 460 710 470 720
Open Planned
Office Fit-Out Executive and Front of GBP/m2 460 770 610 1,015 610 1,000 580 960 620 1,040 750 1,200 610 1,015 620 1,040
House; Open Planned
Workstations Secretarial GBP/Each 2,690 3,840 3,550 5,075 3,550 5,075 3,370 4,820 3,620 5,180 4,090 5,840 3,550 5,075 3,620 5,180
Workstations Technical Staff GBP/Each 4,220 5,380 5,575 7,100 5,575 7,100 5,290 6,740 5,690 7,240 6,420 8,180 5,575 7,100 5,690 7,240
Workstations Executive GBP/Each 4,600 9,240 6,075 12,200 6,075 12,200 5,770 11,580 6,200 12,450 7,000 14,050 6,075 12,200 6,200 12,450

Hotel FF&E Five Star Rating GBP/bedroom 15,340 61,360 20,250 81,000 20,250 81,000 19,230 76,910 20,660 82,640 25,000 100,000 20,250 81,000 20,660 82,640
Hotel FF&E Four Star Rating GBP/bedroom 9,200 15,340 12,150 20,250 12,150 20,250 11,540 19,230 12,150 20,250 15,000 25,000 12,150 20,250 12,150 20,250
Hotel FF&E Three Star Rating GBP/bedroom 6,140 9,280 8,100 12,250 8,100 12,250 7,690 11,630 8,100 12,250 10,000 15,000 8,100 12,250 8,100 12,250
Office Refurbishment CBD offices; Typical floor GBP/m2 230 770 305 1,015 305 1,015 290 960 310 1,040 375 1,200 305 1,015 310 1,040
Recreational Facilities Swimming Pool Centre GBP/m2 1,310 2,690 1,725 3,550 1,725 3,550 1,640 3,370 1,760 3,620 2,100 4,200 1,725 3,550 1,760 3,620
Recreational Facilities Grandstands; GBP/Seat 1,380 1,930 1,825 2,550 2,000 2,800 1,730 2,420 1,860 2,600 2,200 3,000 1,825 2,550 1,860 2,600
Prestige Metropolitan
Site Works Landscaping; Light, large GBP/Hectare 23,110 92,050 30,500 121,500 33,000 132,000 28,960 115,360 30,500 121,500 35,000 145,000 30,500 121,500 30,500 121,500
areas, minimal planting
Site Works Landscaping; Dense, shrubs, GBP/m2 20 40 20 40 22 45 20 40 20 40 25 50 20 40 20 40
topsoil,grass
Site Works Landscaping; Grassing, large GBP/m2 5 10 5 10 6 11 – 10 5 10 7 15 5 10 5 10
areas topsoil sowing, treating
Site Works Car Parks on Ground; GBP/car 690 1,150 910 1,520 1,000 1,650 860 1,440 910 1,520 1,100 1,800 910 1,520 910 1,520
Light Duty Paving
Site Works Car Parks on Ground; GBP/car 1,150 1,910 1,520 2,525 1,650 2,750 1,440 2,400 1,520 2,525 1,800 3,000 1,520 2,525 1,520 2,525
Heavy Duty Paving
Site Works Car Parks on Ground; GBP/car 690 1,150 910 1,520 975 1,650 860 1,440 910 1,520 1,100 1,850 910 1,520 910 1,520
Light Duty Paving to
Shopping Centre Complex
Site Works Roads; asphalt incl. drainage GBP/m 540 1,150 710 1,520 775 1,650 670 1,440 710 1,520 850 1,850 710 1,520 710 1,520
and kerbs; Residential Estate,
6.80m wide
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
Site Works Roads; asphalt incl. drainage GBP/m 770 1,530 1,015 2,025 1,100 2,200 960 1,920 1,015 2,025 1,200 2,400 1,015 2,025 1,015 2,025
and kerbs; Industrial Estate,
10.40m wide
15

UK CONSTRUCTION COST DATA
Average Construction Payment Drawdown
The tabulation in the next page is derived from
the statistical average of a series of case histories,
which will give an indication of the anticipated rate
of expenditure when used for specific project types
for preliminary budgetary purposes. Construction
periods exclude various extensions, including wet
weather, industrial disputes etc.
All data is related to the date of submission of
contractors’ application to the client and not actual
payment, which is generally one month later.
Half retention is assumed to be released at the end of
the defects period and is excluded from the figures.
Average Construction Payment Drawdown
Contract Expenditure (%)
120.0
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
16
5
15
Contract Period %
Contract Expenditure
%
5 0.6
10 1.5
15 2.6
20 6.4
25 11.2
30 18.1
35 24.3
40 30.3
45 36.6
50 43.7
55 51.4
60 59.7
65 68.6
70 78.0
75 84.4
80 89.5
85 93.6
90 96.5
95 98.0
100 98.5
Half retention (1.5%) released
after end of defects period
100
25
35
Hotel Sector
45
55
65
Contract Period (%)
75
85
95
Half
retention

Average Construction Payment Drawdown
Industrial Sector
Contract Expenditure (%)
Contract Expenditure (%)
120.0
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
120.0
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
5
5
15
15
Contract Period %
Contract Expenditure
%
5 4.4
10 9.0
15 13.9
20 18.5
25 23.8
30 31.1
35 38.4
40 45.9
45 53.8
50 60.8
55 66.7
60 72.5
65 78.1
70 83.1
75 88.3
80 91.8
85 94.8
90 96.9
95 98.2
100 98.5
Half retention (1.5%) released
after end of defects period
100
25
35
45
55
65
Contract Period (%)
Contract Period %
Contract Expenditure
%
5 3.4
10 6.5
15 9.8
20 14.3
25 19.2
30 25.1
35 31.2
40 37.4
45 44.6
50 52.8
55 61.1
60 69.2
65 76.3
70 82.3
75 87.6
80 91.5
85 94.8
90 96.9
95 97.8
100 98.5
Half retention (1.5%) released
after end of defects period
100
25
35
45
55
65
Contract Period (%)
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
75
75
85
85
95
95
Half
retention
Half
retention
17

UK CONSTRUCTION COST DATA
External Works
The following rates are indicative only and include
an allowance for profit and overheads but exclude
preliminaries. The rates are not valid for tendering or
pricing of variations.
18
Item £ Unit
SUB-STRUCTURE
- Reinforced concrete
pad footing (Grade 35)
- Reinforced concrete
slab on ground
(Grade 35)
COLUMNS
- Reinforced Concrete
(600 x 600mm
Grade 35)
- Reinforced Concrete (900
x 900mm Grade 35)
UPPER FLOORS
(EXCLUDING BEAMS)
- 150mm reinforced
concrete suspended
floor slab (Grade 35)
on holorib permanent
formwork
- 150mm precast
concrete slab or
beam and block floor
with reinforced insitu
concrete screed
structural topping
- 200mm reinforced
concrete suspended
slab with high quality
formwork for exposed
finish
400 - 500 m 3
225 - 275 m 3
190 - 250 m
350 - 475 m
50 - 65 m 2
50 - 65 m 2
85 - 120 m 2

Construction Elements
STAIRCASES
Item £ Unit
- 1050mm wide reinforced
concrete stair with painted
steel tube balustrade
(average rise 3.70m)
including two flights and
one half space landing
- 1200mm wide reinforced
concrete stair with painted
steel tube balustrade
(average rise 3.70m);
including two flights and
one half space landing
- 2000mm wide grand public
stair with glass and metal
balustrade (4.00m rise) ;
including three flights and
two quarter space landings
ROOF
- RC Slab (Grade 35)
graded to fall and builtup
roofing membrane
- Structural steel, Purlins
and insulated metal
deck roof
EXTERNAL WALLS
- Cavity wall
construction, 102mm
facing brick outer skin
140mm blockwork
inner skin
- Double glazed window
unit (casement type)
- Glass curtain wall
system, capped stick
built system
3000 - 4000 Rise
4000 - 5000 Rise
7000 - 8000 Rise
100 - 120 m 2
40 - 50 m 2
90 - 135 m 2
275 - 450 m 2
250 - 450 m 2
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
19

UK CONSTRUCTION COST DATA
Construction Elements
20
Item £ Unit
EXTERNAL DOORS (EXCLUDING
IRONMONGERY)
- Single leaf solid core
door
600 - 800 No.
- Double leaf glazed door 1000 - 1200 No.
- Double leaf auto
operating door
INTERIOR WALLS
3500 - 4500 No.
- 250mm reinforced
concrete wall (Grade 35)
115 - 150 m2 - 100mm block wall 20 - 25 m 2
- 140mm block wall 25 - 35 m 2
- Plasterboard stud wall 30 - 35 m 2
INTERNAL DOOR SET (INCLUDING
IRONMONGERY)
- Single leaf solid core
flush door
450 - 750 No.
- Single leaf half hour
fire door
500 - 800 No.
- Single leaf one hour
fire door
INTERIOR SCREENS
600 - 950 No.
- Laminated toilet partition
- Fully glazed office
partition full (2.8m)
height, frameless joints
400 - 600 each
- Single glazed 200 - 300 m
- Double glazed 500 - 600 m

WALL FINISHES
Item £ Unit
- Plaster and emulsion
paint
- Plaster and vinyl fabric
wallpaper
- Cement render and
ceramic tile
CEILING FINISHES
- Metal framed
plasterboard ceiling
painted
- Exposed grid suspended
ceiling with mineral fibre
board acoustic ceiling
- Hygenic suspended
ceiling system
15 - 20 m 2
15 - 25 m 2
50 - 70 m 2
25 - 30 m 2
18 - 25 m 2
25 - 35 m 2
FLOOR FINISHES
- Carpet tile 18 - 35 m2 - Ceramic tile 30 - 60 m 2
- Granite tile 65 - 150 m 2
- Access floors;
standard duty
30 - 40 m 2
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
21

UK CONSTRUCTION COST DATA
Construction Elements
22
Item £ Unit
SPECIALIST SERVICES
SANITARY AND PLUMBING
- Average cost per
plumbing point
including fixture, soil
waste and vent; excl
DOC M Pack
400 - 500 No.
- Average cost for
storm water drains,
(site area)
15 - 18 m 2
VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION
- Glass sided escalator
(4m rise)
60,000 - 75,000 No.
- 13 passenger lift
serving 4 floors
45,000 - 55,000 No.
- Hydraulic lift serving
2 floors
18,000 - 20,000 No.

© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
23

Estimating Data
Definitions of Terminology
Acronym Bingo Table and Key
Definition of Office Fit Out Categories Categories
Reinforcement Ratios

UK CONSTRUCTION COST DATA
Central Business District (CBD)
The Central Business District is within the Central
Business or Financial Area of major cities. It is the
prime area of all the commercial and financial
activities in the region.
Gross External Area (GEA)
GEA is the area of a building including all building
enclosed covered spaces measured externally (i.e. to
the external face of the perimeter walls) at each floor
level, including covered basement and above ground
car park areas. The rules of measurement of gross
external floor area are defined in the RICS Code of
Measuring Practice (6th edition).
Gross Internal Floor Area (GIFA)
(or gross internal area (GIA)) – is the area of a building
measured to the internal face of the perimeter walls
at each floor level. The rules of measurement of gross
internal floor area are defined in the RICS Code of
Measuring Practice (6th edition). Refer to page 28 for
more information.
Net Internal Area (NIA)
NIA is the usable area within a building measured to
the internal face of the perimeter walls at each floor
level. The rules of measurement of net internal area
are defined in the RICS Code of Measuring Practice
(6th edition). Refer to page 29 for more information.
The Information above is a brief summary from the RICS new rules for measurement
effective from 1st May 2009. These rules are intended as a brief guide only and the
full RICS code of measuring practiced should be consulted if required.
Advice regarding nett lettable areas used for calculating revenues should be given
by the clients commercial property agent.
Building Works
Building Works include substructure (piling,
foundation, and basement), super-structure,
architectural works, finishes and fittings, external
works, site works, preliminaries, attendance and
other builder’s work in connection with services.
Building Services
Building Services include Mechanical services
- air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation,
fire protection system, sanitary and plumbing;
Electrical services – electrical installations, vertical
transportation, building management systems;
26

preliminaries. Exclusions: Special equipment –
Chutes, incinerators, compactors, pneumatic refuse
disposal system, façade maintenance equipment,
engineered smoke control systems etc; IT services –
high speed cables etc.
Office within CBD refers to good quality office
buildings located at the Central Business District,
for the upper range of the rental market and leading
owner occupiers such as headquarter offices for
financial institutions and major companies.
Office outside CBD refers to medium quality office
buildings located outside the Central Business
District, which are built for the middle range of the
rental market.
Hotels
Types of hotels listed are based on ‘five-star’, ‘fourstar’
and ‘three-star’ international hotel ratings.
Retail - Shopping Mall
Shopping malls with typical amenities and finishes
in common spaces. Exclusions: Tenant equipment,
shop fittings and finishes in tenancy spaces.
Industrial Buildings
Quality reflects a simplified type of construction
suitable for light or heavy industries. Exclusions:
Special and operating equipment, processing plant
and proprietary systems.
Residential
Ratio of kitchen, laundry and bathroom areas to living
areas and the quality of finishes required will affect the
cost range. Range given is significantly affected by the
height and configuration of the building. Exclusions:
Show flats, Loose furniture, special light fittings,
household electrical appliances, kitchen equipment
and building owners’ special requirements.
Car Parks
Above Ground – minimal external walling excluding
mechanical ventilation.
Basement – diaphragm wall or contiguous bored
piles walls with standard mechanical ventilation
provisions.
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
27

UK CONSTRUCTION COST DATA
Acronym Bingo
28
There are an increasing amount of acronyms used in construction.
Below we provide a reference guide to some of the more commonly used, most are self explanatory,
but we provide further guidance to those that are not overleaf.
AFFL AFL BFL BS CA CAI CBR
California Bearing
Ratio
Contract
Administrators
Instruction
Contract
Administrator
Agreement for Lease Building for Life Building Surveyor
Above Finished
Floor Level
CDM CDMC CHP CHS CSA CVI DDA
Construction Design Construction Design
Combined Heat Circular Hollow Contract Sum Confirmation of Disability
& Management & Management
and Power
Section
Analysis Verbal Instruction Discrimination Act
Regulations Co-ordinator
DEC DPC DPM DTM EA EAI ECO
Employer’s Change
Order
Employer’s Agents
Instruction
Employer’s Agent
Design Team
Meeting
Damp Proof
Membrane
Damp Proof Course
Display Energy
Certificate

EOT EPC ER’s FFL FL FRA GI
Ground
Investigation
Fire Risk
Assesment
Finished Floor Level Formation Level
Employer’s
Requirements
Energy Performance
Certificate
Extension of Time
GIFA HQI HSE IMS IPS M&E MEP
Mechanical, Electrical
and Plumbing
Mechanical and
Electrical
Integrated Plumbing
System
Investment
Management System
Health & Safety
Executive
Housing Quality
Indicators
Gross Internal
Floor Area
MGD MS O&M PC PC PM PTE
Practical Completion Powder Coated Project Manager Pre Tender Estimate
Operations and
Maintenance
Mild Steel
Making Good
Defects
QS RC RFI RHS RSL RWP SAA
Satin Anodised
Aluminium
Rain Water Pipe
Registered Social
Landlord
Rolled Hollow
Section
Request For
Information
Reinforced
Concrete
Quantity Surveyor
SHS SMM SSL SVP TCO VE OUOA
Over-use of
Acronyms
Tenant’s Change
Order
Structural Slab
Level
Standard Method
of Measurement
Square Hollow
Section
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
Value Engineering
Soil and Vent
29

UK CONSTRUCTION COST DATA
ECO EMPLOYER’S CHANGE ORDER
An instruction by or on behalf of the Employer to vary the
contract works.
CHS CIRCULAR HOLLOW SECTION
Refers to tubular or circular steel members.
AFFL ABOVE FINISHED FLOOR LEVEL
Distance above finished floor level, used for setting out.
30
EOT EXTENSION OF TIME
A notice extending the contract period, due to specified
reasons.
CSA CONTRACT SUM ANALYSIS
A detailed breakdown of the Contract Sum in an agreed
format, enabling further analysis.
AFL AGREEMENT FOR LEASE
A contract between the Landlord and Tenant agreeing to enter
into a Lease at some point in the future.
EPC ENERGY PERFORMANCE CERTIFICATE
Gives information on current and potential energy efficiency
and carbon dioxide emissions.
CVI CONFIRMATION OF VERBAL INSTRUCTION
A written confirmation of a verbal instruction.
BFL BUILDING FOR LIFE
Building for Life is the national standard for well-designed
homes and neighbourhoods.
ER’s EMPLOYER’S REQUIREMENTS
A set of documents detailing what is required under the
contract.
DDA DISABILITY DISCRIMINATION ACT
The Disability Discrimination Act is an Act of the UK Parliament
which has now been largely been replaced by the Equality Act
2010.
CA CONTRACT ADMINISTRATOR
A Person engaged by the employer to act as his agent in
administering the Contract.
FFL FINISHED FLOOR LEVEL
The height of the floor once a floor material has been added to
the structural floor level.
DEC DISPLAY ENERGY CERTIFICATE
A certificate displayed in a building showing the energy
efficiency of a building.
CAI CONTRACT ADMINISTRATORS INSTRUCTION
An Instruction given by the Contract Administrator.
FL FORMATION LEVEL
The level at which excavation ceases and construction starts:
it is the lowest point of the pavement structure.
DPC DAMP PROOF COURSE
A horizontal barrier in a wall designed to resist moisture rising
through the structure.
CBR CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO
A measure of soil strength.
FRA FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT
A fire risk assessment helps to identify all the fire hazards and
risks in premises.
DPM DAMP PROOF MEMBRANE
A horizontal barrier in a floor designed to resist moisture rising
through the structure.
CDM CONSTRUCTION DESIGN & MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS
Regulations aimed at improving the overall management and
co-ordination of health, safety and welfare throughout all
stages of a construction project.
GI GROUND INVESTIGATION
A study and report into the ground conditions on a proposed
site.
DTM DESIGN TEAM MEETING
A meeting attended by the Design team.
EA EMPLOYER’S AGENT
A person Acting on behalf of the Client or Employer in respect
of administration of a ‘design and build’ contract.
CDMC CONSTRUCTION DESIGN & MANAGEMENT CO-ORDINATOR
The main duties of CDM co-ordinators are to advise and assist
the client in meeting their duties as a client under the CDM
Regulations.
GIFA GROSS INTERNAL FLOOR AREA
The area of a building measured to the internal face of the
perimeter walls. The rules of measurement of gross internal
floor area as defined in the RICS Code of Measuring Practice.
EAI EMPLOYER’S AGENTS INSTRUCTION
An Instruction given by the Employers Agent.
CHP COMBINED HEAT AND POWER
A system generating both Electricity and Heat (also known as
co-generation).

RSL REGISTERED SOCIAL LANDLORD
Government-funded not-for-profit organisations that provide
affordable housing. They include housing associations, trusts
and cooperatives.
PC PRACTICAL COMPLETION
The point at which a building project is complete, except for
minor defects.
HQI HOUSING QUALITY INDICATORS
Measure the quality (rather than just cost)of housing schemes
funded by the Homes and Communities Agency.
RWP RAIN WATER PIPE
A pipe for carrying rainwater from a roof gutter to the ground
or to a drain.
PC POWDER COATED
A Coating that is applied as a free-flowing, dry powder, then
cured under heat to allow it to flow and form a skin.
HSE HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE
The national independent watchdog for work-related health,
safety and health and safety.
SAA SATIN ANODISED ALUMINIUM
A satin finish produced using a process which thickens the
natural protective layer on Aluminium layer to give the product
an attractive finish.
PM PROJECT MANAGER
Person responsible for organising and controlling a project and
managing others people to do the work on the project, making
sure the work is done properly and on time.
IMS INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Funding for Affordable Housing.
IPS INTEGRATED PLUMBING SYSTEM
Sanitary ware assembled offsite into pre-plumbed ‘units’ with
range of backboards, taps etc.
SHS SQUARE HOLLOW SECTION
Asquare hollow steel section formed by rolling.
PTE PRE TENDER ESTIMATE
An estimate of the cost of construction based on tender
information, an estimate of expected tender returns.
SMM STANDARD METHOD OF MEASUREMENT
Provides a uniform basis for measuring building works and
embodies the essentials of good practice.
M&E MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL
Building Services such as Electrical Power, lighting, Water, Gas
and Heating systems.
SSL STRUCTURAL SLAB LEVEL
The level at the top of a structural slab.
SVP SOIL AND VENT
Pipes that run vertically from the below ground drainage
system to high level, usually collecting waste water, the vent
allows smells and odours from the drainage system to escape.
QS QUANTITY SURVEYOR
A professional working within the construction industry
concerned with all aspects of procurement, contractual and
cost management.
MEP MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL AND PLUMBING
Building Services, such as Electrical Power, lighting, Water,
Gas, Heating and above ground waste water drainage.
RC REINFORCED CONCRETE
Concrete in which wire or metal bars are embedded to
increase its tensile strength.
MGD MAKING GOOD DEFECTS
Repairing any latent defects in the building apparent after
practical completion.
TCO TENANT’S CHANGE ORDER
An Instruction given on behalf of the Tenant.
RFI REQUEST FOR INFORMATION
A formal, usually written request for information or an answer
to a query relating to a project.
MS MILD STEEL
A type of steel with less than 0.15% carbon.
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
VE VALUE ENGINEERING
A systematic method to improve the value of goods or products
and services by using an examination of function.
RHS ROLLED HOLLOW SECTION
A hollow steel section formed by rolling.
O&M OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE
The day-to-day activities necessary for the building and its
systems and equipment to perform their intended function.
31

UK CONSTRUCTION COST DATA
Finishes to lifts
Finishes to Common Toilets
Sanitary Fit out of Common Toilets
Suspended Ceilings
Raised Access floors
Extension of Basic Mechanical and Electrical
Services, Lighting, Heating, cooling and
ventillation systems including controls, from the
riser across the lettable floor space.
32
Building Element
Shell
and
Core
Cat
A Fit
Out
Cat
B Fit
Out
Building Envelope
Emergency staircases
Balustrades and Handrails to Emergency stairs
Accomodation Stairs
Balustrades and Handrails to Accomodation
stairs
Feature Stairs
Balustrades and Handrails to Feature stairs
Lifts
Base Services, plant and equipment to edge of
floor plates
Life Safety Infrastructure, Sprinkler Pumps,
tanks, risers, main fire alarm panels.
Finishes to main entrances
Finishes to common areas
Finishes to Staircases fitted as part of shell
and core
Finishes to cores
Fully fitted out WC's
Sprinklers, Fire Alarms and basic safety
signage
Office Carpets
Distributed power to each floor but not to each
terminal point
Installation of Cellular Offices
Enhanced finishes
Conference / Meeting Room Facilities
IT and AV Installations
Tea Point and Kitchen Fit Out
Furniture

ESTIMATING DATA
Reinforcement Ratios
The following ratios give an indication of the average weight
of high tensile rod reinforcement per cubic metre of concrete
(Grade 35) for the listed elements. Differing structural systems,
ground conditions, height of buildings, load calculations
and sizes of individual elements and grid sizes will result in
considerable variation to the stated ratios. For project specific
ratios, a civil & structural engineer should be consulted.
Element kg/m 3
Substructure
Pile caps 115 - 200
Bored Piles (compression) 30 - 60
Bored Piles (tension) 150 - 250
Raft Foundation 100 - 150
RC pad footings 70 - 150
Ground beams 200 - 300
Basement
Retaining Wall 150 - 250
RC Wall 75 - 150
Ground Bearing Slab 80 - 150
Edge Beams 220 - 300
Lift Pits 100 - 200
Above Ground
Columns 150 - 450
Beams 180 - 300
Slab 90 - 200
Walls (core) 75 - 200
Lift Core 125 - 200
Stairs 130 - 160
Method of Measurement of Building Areas
The Information provided is a summary from the RICS new rules
for measurement effective from 1st May 2009.
These rules are intended as a brief guide only and the full RICS
code of measuring practiced should be consulted if required.
Advice regarding net lettable areas used for calculating revenues
should be given by the clients commercial property agent.
Gross external area (GEA) – is the area of a building measured
externally (i.e. to the external face of the perimeter walls) at each
floor level. The rules of measurement of gross external floor area
are defined in the RICS Code of Measuring Practice (6th edition).
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
33

ESTIMATING DATA
Gross internal floor area (GIFA) (or gross internal area
(GIA)) – is the area of a building measured to the
internal face of the perimeter walls at each floor level.
The rules of measurement of gross internal floor area
are defined in the RICS Code of Measuring Practice
(6th edition).
34
Including Excluding
Areas occupied by internal walls and
partitions projections
Columns, piers, chimney breasts, stairwells,
lift-wells, other internal projections,
vertical ducts, and the like
Atria and entrance halls, with clear height
above, measured at base level only
Internal open-sided balconies, walkways,
and the like
Structural, raked or stepped floors are
to be treated as a level floor measured
horizontally
Horizontal floors, with permanent access,
below structural, raked or stepped floors
Corridors of a permanent essential nature
(e.g. fire corridors, smoke lobbies)
Mezzanine floor areas with permanent
access
Lift rooms, plant rooms, fuel stores, tank
rooms which are housed in a covered
structure of a permanent nature, whether
or not above the main roof level
Service accommodation such as toilets,
toilet lobbies, bathrooms, showers,
changing rooms, cleaners’ rooms, and
the like
Projection rooms
Voids over stairwells and lift shafts on
upper floors
Loading bays
Areas with a headroom of less than 1.5m
Pavement vaults
Garages
Conservatories
Source: RICS
Perimeter wall thicknesses
and external
projections
External open-sided
balconies, covered
ways and fire
escapes
Canopies
Voids over or under
structural, raked or
stepped floors
Greenhouses,
garden stores, fuel
stores, and the like in
residential property

Net internal area (NIA) – is the usable area within a
building measured to the internal face of the perimeter
walls at each floor level. The rules of measurement
of net internal area are defined in the RICS Code of
Measuring Practice (6th edition). Refer to Appendix
C of these rules.
Including Excluding
Atria with clear
height above,
measured at base
level only excluding
common areas
Entrance halls
excluding common
areas
Notional lift lobbies
and notional fire
corridors
Kitchens
Built-in units, cupboards,
and the like
occupying usable
areas
Ramps, sloping areas
and steps within
usable areas
Areas occupied by
ventilation/heating
grilles
Areas occupied by
skirting and perimeter
trunking
Areas occupied by
non-structural walls
subdividing accommodation
in sole
occupancy
Pavement vaults
Source: RICS
Those parts of entrance halls, atria, landings
and balconies used in common
Toilets, toilet lobbies, bathrooms, cleaners’
rooms, and the like
Lift rooms, plant rooms, tank rooms
(other than those of a trade process
nature), fuel stores, and the like
Stairwells, lift-wells and permanent lift
lobbies
Corridors and other circulation areas
where used in common with other occupiers
Permanent circulation areas, corridors
and thresholds/recesses associated
with access, but not those parts that are
usable areas
Areas under the control of service or other
external authorities including meter cupboards
and statutory service supply point
Internal structural walls, walls enclosing
excluded areas, columns, piers, chimney
breasts, other projections, vertical ducts,
walls separating tenancies and the like
The space occupied by permanent and
continuous air-conditioning, heating or
cooling apparatus, and ducting in so
far as the space it occupies is rendered
substantially unusable
The space occupied by permanent, intermittent
air-conditioning, heating or cooling
apparatus protruding 0.25m or more into
the usable area
Areas with a headroom of less than 1.5m
Areas rendered substantially unusable
by virtue of having a dimension between
opposite faces of less than 0.25m.
Vehicle parking areas (the number and
type of spaces noted)
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
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UK Construction
Information
Guide to Responsible Management
List of UK Professional Bodies
List of UK Government Bodies
Ecology Species Assessment Calendar
Construction Design and Management Regulations
RIBA Outline Plan of Work
Equality Act
BREEAM
BREEAM in Use
EPC - Energy Performance Certificates
DEC - Display Energy Certificates
Sustainable Fit Out Case Study
Site Waste Management Plans
Party Walls
Capital Allowances & Land Remediation Relief
OJEU Process
OJEU Process Procedures
Buying Solutions
Procurement Options
Code For Sustainable Homes
Sustainable Construction Technologies
BIM Capability

UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
A Guide to
Responsible Management
Corporately responsible property solutions
Our service philosophy is based on
a commitment to help clients spend less money
and to deliver more efficient, cost conscious and
environmentally sustainable results.
The requirement for sustainability in built assets is set
to increase significantly - nearly 50% of global CO2
emissions come from buildings. The Government’s
strategy is to reduce the cost of construction by
20% by the year 2015 and this will be supported by
legislation and guidance.
Companies will need to track the impact of their
activities at a social and environmental level as part
of their financial reporting process and it will have an
increasing effect on achieving planning consents and
attracting new staff and customers.
By developing or remodelling property assets with
sustainability in mind, and considering it as part of the
wider corporate strategy, there are significant financial
benefits which can often lead to payback within one
year.
38

Our approach identifies social,
environmental and economic
impacts and enables
customers to:
responsible
targets
We use a three stage flexible assessment which
combines corporate and socially responsible business
improvement, carbon efficiency and property asset
management strategies in an integrated package.
Our model focuses on the commercialisation of
sustainability and is underpinned by an extensive range
of services including Total Cost Management (RLB
TCM), Building Quality Assessments (RLB BQA) and
our Carbon Tax and Legislation Navigation Tool (RLB
CATNAV).
Together with our partner we provide advice covering
the effective management of facilities, assets and
resources, through improved corporate responsibility.
This results in carbon efficiency, sustainability and cost
reduction, through a range of procurement services,
performance measurement and service improvement
techniques.
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
39

UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
responsible business
attraction, motivation, loyalty, engagement and
productivity
improvement in practices and processes
and reduce risk
capital, improving shareholder value
expansion and partnerships
opportunities for all stakeholders
line for businesses by 7%
outperform their peers by 10%
in cost and carbon reductions
higher rents and sale prices
occupancy levels
Corporate Responsibility
What we will do:
targets
Measuring Corporate Responsibility makes businesses
more sustainable. By identifying and addressing gaps
in the business plan the organisation will improve its
operations, leading to enhanced business performance
and long term savings.
40

Organisations that measure their broader CR
performance are less likely to receive fines or penalties
from regulators, are more likely to be able to access
finance – as this forms part of the due diligence
process – and are more profitable. The public sector
has the added challenge to lead by example in this area
and deliver high quality front line services with fewer
resources.
Most large corporate clients are committed to CR and
issue formal statements against a recognised reporting
methodology such as the Global Reporting Initiative
(GRI), FTSE4Good or Dow Jones Sustainability Index.
These indices are recognised throughout the corporate
world and are used to compare the relative performance
of organisations’ CR processes.
However, these assessments are often carried out to
assess the impact of actions already taken, rather than
to plan what is the most effective approach.
Being Corporately Responsible is a fundamental
objective for our business. We are the first UK property
consultancy to be Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)
checked. Our CR process is based on industry best
practice and delivered with ISO 9001 (quality), ISO
14001 (environmental) and IIP (people) assurance.
We have received national recognition for our
employment practices, including the Daily Telegraphsponsored
CRF’s ‘Britain’s Top Employer 2012’. We
have achieved Investors in People Champion status,
placing us in the top 1% of all companies with an IIP
rating.
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
41

UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
Process
Stage 1: Assessment -
Initial corporate assessment
We have developed a simple model to measure
current CR performance and to test the impact of
future CR plans.
The index looks at a range of factors including;
environmental, social, economic, energy, water, CO2,
sustainable assets, management processes and
organisational culture and operations.
We will make recommendations on a sustainable
property asset strategy which will deliver improvements
to the organisation’s overall CR performance.
In developing this strategy we will consider the carbon
footprint forecast, carry out a robust fact finding
exercise of the sustainability of the property assets, and
demonstrate the social, environmental and economic
benefits.
Corporate feedback review and report
Following the delivery of the projects contained within
an agreed strategy we will measure the financial,
environmental, social and HR impacts on the
organisation and compare them against the predictions
identified at Stage 2. This provides evidence of the
success of our involvement and engenders confidence
to repeat the process.
Services
CR Index
improvements, which can be measured financially,
environmentally and socially
benefits to the organisation’s CR performance
42

GRI (Global Reporting Initiative), SAM, ISO 9001,
14001 and 18000, Investors in People and
industry awards
Staff turnover: Typical cost of recruiting and
training a new member of staff £16,000.
Reduce churn by ten to save £160,000 pa. We
Public image: Business impact of negative
publicity on a social or environmental level.
Potential cost – multi-million. We help by…
providing data so that you can report on
progress and achievements, devising new
business strategies, providing audit and
improvement function.
Global consequences: impact on global GDP
of a one degree rise in temperature. Potential
cost – multi-billion. We help by… providing
solutions, managing and limiting your impact on
the environment.
Carbon Strategy
What we will do:
carbon legislation and potential tax
and funding opportunities
Greenhouse Gas Protocol
environmental legislation
benchmarking and reporting
options
accurate pay back periods
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
43

UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
completed projects
In the UK, CO2 emissions from the operation of
buildings accounts for over 50% of the total UK
CO2 emissions. This percentage does not include
the amount of CO2 produced in the construction of
buildings, which would bring the figure closer to 75%.
New carbon strategies can produce up to a 20% CO2
saving through better management and a further 20%
through asset optimisation. Often, these savings can be
achieved in the first year. Failure to comply with carbon
legislation can cost up to £500 per day in fines.
By utilising Whole Life Cost and Carbon Modelling,
we analyse the total cost and environmental impact of
owning the asset over its lifetime, from planning, design,
construction, acquisition, operations, maintenance,
refurbishment, depreciation and disposal.
This avoids decisions being made based on the shortterm
costs of design and construction; the long-term
maintenance and operational costs contribute a
significant proportion of the whole-life cost and should
be considered before development begins.
Process
We analyse your current carbon emissions to provide
benchmark data which supports a strategic plan for
your organisation. This assessment will help us to
implement improvements, estimate costs savings and
track progress. Our flowchart will help you successfully
navigate your way through the maze of carbon
legislation, tax incentives and penalties.
Any business strategy will have a multitude of influences
that can be conflicting and confusing. We have the
ability to provide cost models which show the resultant
44

carbon saving, cost implications and pay back periods
when changing elements of the business strategy.
We measure these predicted results against industry
benchmarks to ensure that you are keeping up with
industry trends.
As built carbon measurement
Throughout the project delivery stage we will ensure
that we embed best practice into any changes to
existing assets or the provision of new assets. We will
deliver the best performing assets with accredited and
industry recognised sustainability credentials.
We can continuously monitor the on-going
performance of your assets to ensure our
predictions are delivered and opportunities for further
enhancements are captured.
Services
legislation Navigation tool)
the GHG Protocol
your property portfolio from energy usage or from
existing DEC or EPC’s
sustainability enhancement projects
carbon in construction for your proposed projects
through RLB Total Cost Management (TCM)
use and quantify the associated cost savings
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45

UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
CRC allowance burden: One tonne of CO2
emission costs £12 in CRC allowance (in year
one). Reduce emissions by 1,000 tonnes and save
£120,000 pa. We help by… providing commercially
aware consultancy to save energy, carbon and
costs.
CO2 emissions: For every 100 tonnes of CO2e
saved the equivalent value is:
Taxation in 2011/2012
Taxation in 2020
We help by… prioritising initiatives and projects to
reflect an organisations strategy
CRC non-compliance: Failure to provide an
adequate evidence pack on CO2 emissions will
lead to a fine of £40 per tonne of emissions.
Potential cost – multi-billion. We help by… tracking
and providing the data in the form of a detailed
report.
Sustainable Asset
Management
What we will do:
quickly assess and compare property assets
robust business strategy
stop shop’ service
through our relationship with you
46

Less efficient buildings, although sometimes cheaper to
build, will become increasingly difficult to sell, use or let.
More efficient properties will have a lower operational
cost and will ultimately increase in asset value
compared with less efficient property. Property investors
are increasingly looking for responsible investments;
nearly 1,000 global companies are signed up to the UN
Principles of Responsible Investment and collectively
have $22 Trillion of assets under management.
We employ a range of cost effective tools which
measure and benchmark the quality and compliance
of an organisations assets, either existing or proposed
new build. We can join at any point in the process,
either starting from scratch or analysing existing
information, and incorporate the information within the
asset strategy.
Our strategy is focused on providing property assets
that best fit your business requirements and delivering
maximum value for money and embedding sustainability
into the assets.
Process:
Strategic asset assessment
We evaluate the condition, quality and use of property
assets against corporate objectives, focusing on
sustainability factors.
We will review quality, efficiency, environmental
performance, statutory compliance, liquidity and
commercial aspects as part of a due diligence exercise.
We will then advise on any gaps in knowledge that we
consider present a risk in developing a robust property
strategy.
Information gathering / optioneering
Having identified knowledge gaps we will advise on the
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
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UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
strengths and weaknesses of property assets utilising
our high level, low cost appraisal tools.
We will work with you to develop viable options for
improving your property strategy and develop whole life
costs models.
Our recommended strategy will include any quick wins
as well as medium and long term goals.
Asset management project
We will deliver the projects included within the
strategy through our core services providing project
management, design, quality and cost controls.
Our expertise will also ensure that environmental
performance is embedded into design and construction,
in accordance with accreditations including BREEAM
and Ska Ratings.
On completion we will provide a report which analyses
project success against agreed goals, and best practice
for integration into subsequent projects. We will also
provide strategic advice on facilities management
options and best practice to ensure optimum operation
at industry benchmarked costs.
Services
Facility Condition Index and RLB Building Quality
Assessment tools
environmental legislation
embedded and in use carbon. This can be for
existing assets and new build
48

Building performance: Typical annual cost of
running a building is £50/m2. Reduce running
costs by 20% to save £100,000 pa on a
10,000m2 building. We help by ensuring design
optimises opportunities for innovation
Typical rent and service
charge £300/m2 - £500/m2 p/a. Reduce
portfolio by 1,000m2 and save £400,000 pa.
We help by… utilising our estate rationalisation
and space-planning techniques, developing
operational needs of the business.
Building effectiveness: Typical new
construction cost £1,000 per m2. Reduce size of
building by 10% and save £1m on a 10,000m2
building. We help by… carrying out a full
operational survey
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
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UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
List of UK Professional Bodies:
50
Organisation Website Address
Association of Independent
Construction Adjudicators (AICA) www.aica-adjudication.co.uk
Construction Awards
www.caalliance.co.uk
Alliance
Constructing Excellence www.constructingexcellence.org.uk
Construction Skills www.cskills.org
The Association for Project
Management (APM)
The Association for
Project Safety (APS)
The Chartered Institute of
Building (CIOB)
The Confederation of
British Industry (CBI)
The Construction
Industry Council
www.apm.org.uk
www.aps.org.uk
www.ciob.org.uk
www.cbi.org.uk
www.cic.org.uk
The House Builders Federation www.hbf.co.uk
The Housing Forum www.thehousingforum.org.uk
Institution of Civil Engineers www.ice.org.uk
The Institution of
Engineering and Technology
Institution of Mechanical
Engineers
The Institution of
Structural Engineers
The National Federation
of Builders
The Royal Institute of
British Architects (RIBA)
The Royal Institution of
Chartered Surveyors (RICS)
http://www.theiet.org/
www.imeche.org/
www.istructe.org
www.builders.org.uk
www.architecture.com
www.rics.org
UK Contractors Group (UKCG) www.ukcg.org.uk
Bank of England www.bankofengland.co.uk
English Heritage www.english-heritage.org.uk
Communities and Local www.communities.gov.uk/
Government corporate/

List of UK Government Bodies:
Organisation Website Address
Constructing Excellence www.constructingexcellence.org.uk
Construction Industry Council
(CIC) www.cic.org.uk
Construction Industry Scheme www.hmrc.gov.uk/cis/
Department for Transport www.dft.gov.uk
Health and Safety Executive www.hse.gov.uk
HM Treasury www.hm-treasury.gov.uk
Homes and Communities www.homesandcommunities.
Agency co.uk
Ministry of Defence www.mod.uk
www.ogc.gov.uk
Commerce (OGC)
Partnership Sourcing www.pslcbi.com
Strategic Forum for
Construction (SFfC)
www.strategicforum.org.uk
Sustainable Development www.defra.gov.uk/sustainable/
Guidelines (DEFRA) govern
The Department for Transport www.dft.gov.uk
The Department for Business
Enterprise and Regulatory www.berr.gov.uk
Reform (BERR)
The Government Information www.direct.gov.uk
Service
UK Environment Agency www.environment-agency.gov.uk
UK Government Planning www.planningportal.gov.uk
UK Law Society www.lawsociety.org.uk
UK National Statistics www.statistics.gov.uk
UK Planning www.ukplanning.com
UK Statute Law www.statutelaw.gov.uk
UK Trade and Investment www.uktradeinvest.gov.uk
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
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UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
Ecology Species Assessment Calendar
Is a Survey
Licence
needed?*
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Habitat
Species
52
Phase 1 Habitat Survey All habitats No
Vegetation Survey All habitats No
No
Woodland,scrub
and grassland
Badgers
No
Hedges,water bodies,
woodlands & buildings
Bat Roosts/hibernation/
emergence & activity
No
All habitats including
built structures
Breeding Birds
Wintering Birds Wetland & coastal farmland No
Yes
Woodland,scrub and
hedgerows
Breeding Dormice
Ponds and surrounding land Yes
Greater crested Newts
(Adults In Ponds)
No
Lowland open fields &
some uplands
Hares
No
Aquatic & terrestrial semi nat.
habitats & brownfields sites
Terrestrial Invertebrates
No
Heath, grassland,light scrub
& brownfield sites
Reptiles
Yes
Rivers streams &
standing water
Rivers streams &
standing water
* Further licences will be required if the species or habitats are likely to
be adversely impacted
Optimal Survey Time Sub-Optimal Survey Time
White Clawed Crayfish
No
Water Voles

Construction Design and Management
Regulations 2007
Who is a Client?
Under these Regulations, a Client is any one individual
or organisation for whom a construction project is
carried out, when the project is associated with a
business or other undertaking (whether for profit or
not). e.g. local authority, school governors, insurance
company (except where home owner - arranges
work and is reimbursed), project originator on PFI,
homeowner if extending a domestic dwelling for
business use, leaseholder/residents’ management
company, charity, landlord - irrespective if for domestic
dwellings, housing association, NHBC – when arranging
warranty repairs.
Someone will always be the Client.
Tests to help determine who is Client
where, when and by whom
(the employer under the contract)
Many Clients know little about construction health and
safety, so Clients are not required or expected to plan
or manage projects themselves, nor do they have to
develop substantial expertise in construction health and
safety, unless this is central to their business.
Clients must ensure that various things are
done, but are not normally expected to do them
themselves.
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UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
Client
Duties
Excludes
Domestic
Clients
carrying out
construction
work to a
residential
property for
their own
or family
residential use
(but not where
the work/
extension
would be
for a trade/
business use,
irrespective of
whether or not
for profit)
54
All Construction Projects
Check own competence and resources and check
competence and resources of all appointees; Lead
designer, designers and contractors and ensure
all appointed early enough for their respective
roles. Clarify team roles. Allow sufficient time and
resources for all stages.
Ensure the designers and contractors are issued
with the pre-construction information as early
as possible; project specific health and safety
information needed to identify hazards and risks
associated with the design and construction work.
Update and issue as appropriate, in respect of
any further information and/or ongoing design or
additional designers or contractors.
Take account of the general principles of prevention
- Management of Health and Safety at Work
Regulations 1999
Co-operate with others concerned to enable those
duty holders to comply with their duties.
Co-ordinate with others involved in order to ensure
the safety of those carrying out the construction
work and others who may be affected.
Ensure, so far as reasonably practicable, that there
are suitable management arrangements for the
project including welfare facilities for the duration of
the project so the works can be carried out safely
and without risk to health. The measures should
focus on the needs of the particular job and be
proportionate to the risks arising from the work.
Where the works to be carried out will be a fixed
workplace, ensure the works will comply with the
Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations
1992 in respect of their design and materials used.
Vital that those
doing the works
understand the
risks involved and
how to manage
them.
Architect,
Lead designer
or contractor
carrying out bulk
of design work
should normally
co-ordinate the
health and safety
aspects of the
design work
Builder or main
contractor
should normally
co-ordinate
construction
work.
No need for a
written plan, may
be sufficient to
provide a brief
summary which
clearly sets out
who does what,
in what order.
Depends on
nature of work,
parties involved
etc.
What Clients should do their best to avoid:
materials or methods of working will mean the Client will become
a designer in relation to those specific matters and/or managing or
carrying out construction work as they will become a contractor

Risk
Vital that those doing the works
understand the risks involved and
how to manage them.
Architect, Lead designer or
contractor carrying out bulk of
design work should normally
co-ordinate the health and safety
aspects of the design work
Builder or main contractor should
normally co-ordinate construction
work.
Demolition work requires a
written plan showing how danger
will be prevented.
Higher risk work requires
documentation closer to a
construction phase plan.
Examples of higher risk work:
excavation or excavation in
unstable or contaminated
ground
significant health hazards
potential to be fast flowing
operations
Builder or main contractor
should normally co-ordinate
construction work.
(works will take more than 30 days or
involve more than 500 person days)
Appoint a CDM co-ordinator* to advise and assist
with their duties and co-ordinate the arrangements
for health and safety during the planning phase.
Appoint a Principal Contractor* to plan and
manage the construction work – preferably
early enough for them to work with the designer
on issues relating to buildability, usability and
maintainability.
Make sure that the construction phase does not
start unless there are :
arrangements from start
Phase Plan
Provide information relating to the health and
safety file to the CDM co-ordinator.
Ensure the health and safety file is prepared,
reviewed or updated ready for handover.
Keep health and safety file available for any future
construction work or to pass to a new owner
(* There must be a CDM co-ordinator and principal
contractor in appointment until the end of the
construction works)
Appointing the right people as duty holders and
making early appointments is particularly
important for Clients with little construction or
health and safety expertise, as they will need to
rely on the advice given by the CDM co-ordinator
on matters relating to the competence of those
they intend to appoint and the adequacy of the
management arrangements made by appointees.
the duration of the construction works as they will become legally
liable for the work under those roles as well as for not making the
appointments
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UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
RIBA Outline Plan of Work
RIBA Work stages are the stages into which
the process of designing building projects and
administering building contracts are usually divided.
The RIBA Outline Plan of Work summarises the
deliverables required under each RIBA work
stage, setting out a logical structure for building
projects starting with the brief and ending with post
occupancy evaluation. The Procedures identify the
responsibilities of the design team at each stage of
design and contract administration.
56
RIBA Work Stages Description of key tasks
Design Preparation
A Appraisal
B Design Brief
C Concept
D Design
Development
E Technical
Design
Identification of client’s needs and
objectives, business case and possible
constraints on development.
Preparation of feasibility studies and
assessment of options to enable the client
to decide whether to proceed.
Development of initial statement of
requirements into the Design Brief by
or on behalf of the client confirming key
requirements and constraints. Identification
of procurement method, procedures,
organisational structure and range of
consultants and others to be engaged for
the project.
Implementation of Design Brief and
preparation of additional data.
Preparation of Concept Design including
outline proposals for structural and building
services systems, outline specifications and
preliminary cost plan.
Review of procurement route.
Development of concept design to include
structural and building services systems,
updated outline specifications and cost plan.
Completion of Project Brief.
Application for detailed planning permission.
Preparation of technical design(s) and
specifications, sufficient to co-ordinate
components and elements of the project
and information for statutory standards and
construction safety.
continued on page 57

Use Construction Pre-Construction
F Production
Information
G Tender
Documentation
H Tender
Action
J
Mobilisation
K Construction
To Practical
completion
L Post
Practical
Completion
F1 Preparation of production information in
sufficient detail to enable a tender or tenders
to be obtained.
Application for statutory approvals.
F2 Preparation of further information for
construction required under the building
contract.
Preparation and/or collation of tender
documentation in sufficient detail to enable
a tender or tenders to be obtained for the
project.
Identification and evaluation of potential
contractors and/or specialists for the
project.
Letting the building contract, appointing the
contractor.
Issuing of information to the contractor.
Arranging site hand over to the contractor.
Administration of the building contract to
Practical Completion.
Provision to the contractor of further
Information as and when reasonably
required.
Review of information provided by
contractors and specialists.
L1 Administration of the building contract
after Practical Completion and making final
inspections.
L2 Assisting building user during initial
occupation period.
L3 Review of project performance in use.
The activities in italics may be moved to suit project requirements, ie:
D Application for detailed planning approval;
E Statutory standards and construction safety;
F1 Application for statutory approvals; and
F2 Further information for construction.
G+H Invitation and appraisal of tenders
Source: RIBA
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
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UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
Equality Act 2010
From the 1st October 2010, the Equality Act replaced most of
the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA). However, the Disability
Equality Duty in the DDA continues to apply.
The Equality Act 2010 aims to protect disabled people and
prevent disability discrimination. It provides legal rights for
disabled people in the areas of:
clubs and land based transport services
The Equality Act also provides rights for people not to be
directly discriminated against or harassed because they have
an association with a disabled person. This can apply to a carer
or parent of a disabled person. In addition, people must not
be directly discriminated against or harassed because they are
wrongly perceived to be disabled.
The public sector Equality Duty (section 149 of the Act) came
into force on 5 April 2011. The Equality Duty applies to public
bodies and others carrying out public functions. It supports
good decision-making by ensuring public bodies consider how
different people will be affected by their activities, helping them
to deliver policies and services which are efficient and effective;
accessible to all; and which meet different people’s needs.
The Equality Duty is supported by specific duties, set out in
regulations which came into force on 10 September 2011.
The specific duties require public bodies to publish relevant,
proportionate information demonstrating their compliance with
the Equality Duty; and to set themselves specific, measurable
equality objectives.
Approximately 80% of the population will experience disability
during their lifetime. Most disabilities are invisible and therefore
there is a risk of discrimination in every situation. Rider Levett
Bucknall can assist in the mitigation of the risk of litigation.
Rider Levett Bucknall Consultancy services go far beyond
undertaking access audits, although access audits of existing
premises can be a part of our work, they constitute a very small
part of the services that we offer.
Rider Levett Bucknall offers a range of Access Consultancy
services that will give best value to your project, by achieving
buildings and services that are available to all. This is developed
by an amalgamation of inclusive environments, innovative
approaches, use of assistive technologies, management
procedures and equipment. This can reduce the construction
costs of providing access and limit liability, in addition to getting
it right first time.
Advice can also include solutions that offer the best tax
reductions, opportunities for positive press or liaison
58

with disability groups and individuals to achieve essential
consultation.
Membership of the National Register of Access Consultants
(NRAC) enables Rider Levett Bucknall to provide recognised
professional assistance in each of the following requirements:
and disposal.
BREEAM
What is BREEAM?
BREEAM (BRE Environmental Assessment Method) was
created in 1990 and sets the standard for best practice in
sustainable design and has become the most widely used
assessment method to describe a building’s environmental
performance.
How Does BREEAM Work?
The assessment process covers various building types which
essentially look at the same broad range of environmental
impacts:
BUILDING DEVELOPER, BUILDER
OWNER OR OCCUPIER
CONSENSUS
STANDARD
QUALITY
CONTROL
INDEPENDENT LICENSED ASSESSORS
A B C
PRE-BREEAM
ADVICE
FORMAL
ASSESSMENT
ISSUE
CERTIFICATE
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Credits are awarded in each of the above areas according to
performance. A set of environmental weightings then enables
the credits to be added together to produce a single overall
score. The building is then rated on a scale of:
PASS, GOOD, VERY GOOD, EXCELLENT
or OUTSTANDING
A certificate is then awarded to the development.
BRE is the certification and quality assurance body for BREEAM
ratings. BRE trains and licenses organisations and individuals
to carry out the assessment process and work with the design
team. Any building professional can become trained and
licensed to deliver BREEAM ratings and the process works as
shown below.
How is BREEAM Used?
Clients, planners, funders and developers can use BREEAM
to specify the sustainability performance of their buildings
in a way that is easily visible in the market place, quick and
comprehensive. It can also create reduced life cycle costs
which increases the buildings desirability for potential users.
Property agents can use it to promote the environmental
credentials and benefits of a building to potential buyers and
tenants.
Design teams use it as a way to improve the performance
of their buildings as well as improve their own experience and
knowledge of the environmental aspects of sustainability. It
also allows them to achieve reduced capital costs for the client
as although more money can be spent on the design process,
environmentally constructed buildings save money by reducing
mechanical plant and the use of resource intensive materials.
Managers use it as a way to reduce running costs, develop
action plans and also to monitor, report and improve building
performance at both the individual and portfolio level.
Who Requires BREEAM Assessments?
The BREEAM building assessments are required by various
regulatory and government organisations.
Homes and Communities Agency
The Homes and Communities Agency was formed on 1st
December 2008 bringing English Partnerships and the Housing
Corporation together. In 2007, the Housing Corporation
prescribed a minimum standard of Level 3 Code for Sustainable
Homes in their Design and Quality Standards. English
Partnerships also set Code for Sustainable Homes level 3 as
the minimum standard for new build housing and a BREEAM
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Very Good rating for non domestic buildings in their quality
standards.
As of March 2003, OGC requires a BREEAM rating of
‘EXCELLENT’ for all new buildings.
DCSF (Department for Children, Schools and Families)
In order to achieve capital funding a it is a condition that new
build and refurbishment projects must achieve a ‘VERY GOOD’
rating under BREEAM Schools. The requirement covers:
£500,000 (primary schools) and £2million (secondary schools)
schools) and £2million (secondary schools) and affecting more
than 10% of the floor area of the school
same standards to all projects including smaller projects.
Welsh Assembly Government
As a main condition of funding, the Welsh Assembly
Government requires a BREEAM Excellent rating or a minimum
of Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH) Level 3 together (incl.
10% recycled content).
The standard is not required for refurbishment, alterations and
extensions, although these schemes still have to be designed
to energy efficient standards. The planning system in Wales
also now requires as mandatory a minimum of CSH Level 3 and
a reduction of 31% in carbon emissions above 2006 Building
Regulations for residential buildings, and BREEAM Very Good
for buildings above 1000m2.
Department of Health
As of 1st of July 2008, all health authorities in the UK require
that new healthcare buildings seeking Outline of Business
Case (OBC) approval must commit to achieving a BREEAM
EXCELLENT rating and that all refurbishments commit to
achieving a VERY GOOD rating.
A BREEAM assessed development can mean:
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BREEAM buildings bring environmental, economic and
social benefits including:
terms of desirability and rentals
Benefits for Design Team
Enhanced knowledge
successful outcome
design process and the specification of products
Client satisfaction
appeal and more efficient project management
Reduced capital costs
process many environmentally constructed buildings
save money by reducing mechanical plant and the use of
expensive (resource intensive) materials.
Enhanced marketability
organisations with active corporate social responsibility
agendas
Increased flexibility
Good return on investment
void rate.
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BREEAM In Use
The biggest opportunity to address the UK’s
environmental impact lies in better management and
improvement of the EXISTING BUILDING STOCK.
“BREEAM In-Use” is a scheme launched by the BRE in late
summer 2009 to help building managers reduce the running
costs and improve the environmental performance of existing
buildings.
It consists of a standard BREEAM assessment methodology and
a 3rd party (Auditor) certification process that provides a clear
and credible route map to improving sustainability.
BREEAM In-Use has been developed to recognise and
encourage better building management and targeted investment
in existing building stock.
The BREEAM-In Use scheme enables your building managers (or
our Surveyors acting on your behalf) to self-assess the performance
of your portfolio using the online BREEAM In-Use tool.
Licensed RLB BREEAM In-Use Auditors can then verify the
building manager’s self assessment and then provide you with a
valid certificate.
BREEAM In-Use assessment
differs from the established
BREEAM schemes in that
BREEAM assessors undertake an
assessment of new buildings and
submit the data to BRE Global
to review and issue a certificate.
Whereas for BREEAM In-Use the
Auditor verifies the data obtained
by the building manager and issue
the certificate themselves.
In that way the assessment tool will enable building
managers to see the impact of their building and existing
systems and initiatives, as well as the potential impact of
any proposed changes.
BREEAM In-Use Auditors may not provide formal
consultation to Assessors, but may coach the Assessor
as to improvements that could result in a higher BREEAM
In-Use score.
Should you have a significant property portfolio you will
benefit from being able to demonstrate your BREEAM
In Use rating to your occupiers, customers and the
marketplace generally. It can also help shape your strategic
property portfolio management, reduce running costs and
improve the environmental performance of your stock.
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UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
EPC - Energy Performance Certificates
What Are They?
EPC’s are used to provide information on a buildings
energy use and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. They also
include a recommendation report giving advice on how to
reduce the amount of energy used and lower the level of
CO2 emissions in a building.
How They Work?
EPC’s carry ratings that compare the current energy
efficiency and carbon dioxide emissions with potential
figures that could be achieved. Potential figures are
calculated by estimating what the energy efficiency and
CO2 emissions would be if energy saving measures were
put in to place.
The rating measures the energy and CO2 efficiency of
a property using a sliding scale from ‘A’ (very efficient)
to ‘G’ (least efficient). All properties of the same type
are measured using the same calculation. This allows
a comparison of the energy efficiency between different
buildings.
Example of an EPC
64

Which Buildings Need an EPC?
An EPC is required for new builds or when a building is
rented or sold. A building will need an EPC if it has a roof
and walls and has heating, air conditioning or mechanical
ventilation. The building can either be a whole building or
part of a building that has been designed or altered to be
used separately. If a building is made up of separate units
with individual heating systems, each unit will need an EPC.
Which Buildings Do NOT Need an EPC?
The following buildings do not need an EPC when they are
built, rented or sold:
Places of worship
Temporary buildings that will be used for less than two
years
Standalone buildings with total useful floor area of
less than 50m2 that aren’t used to provide living
accommodation for a single household
Industrial sites, workshops and non-residential
agricultural buildings that use minimal amounts of energy.
Commerical Buildings
EPCs have to be provided by owners of commercial
buildings when their premises are sold or let. Prospective
buyers or tenants must receive an EPC before they
buy from a seller, let or sublet. Owners of newly built or
refurbished business property must receive an EPC before
they accept a property from a builder. EPCs are needed
for buildings with multiple tenancies and let for different
uses, e.g. with a mixture of retail, office and/or residential
accommodation.
EPCs are not needed for:
lease renewals or extensions
compulsory purchase orders
sales of shares in a company where buildings remain in
company ownership
lease surrenders
Residential Developers -
Residential developers must provide an Energy
Performance Certificate (EPC) for any property they build.
For developers selling houses off-plan (not yet built), a
Predicted Energy Assessment (PEA) is usually required.
Residential Landlords -
Private residential landlords are legally required to provide
an EPC when renting out a home to new tenants. They
are only required for self-contained properties. They are not
necessary when a tenant rents a room and shares facilities.
Landlords Energy Saving Allowance (LESA) –
Private landlords who pay income tax can offset up to
£1,500 of spending for certain energy efficiency measures
(per dwelling, not per building). The measures are loft,
cavity, floor or solid wall insulation, draught proofing and
hot water system insulation.
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UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
Who Produces EPC’s?
Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) can only be
produced by energy assessors who are members of a
government-approved accredited scheme for that type of
building, and who have the appropriate qualifications or
experience. A domestic energy assessor is not qualified
to conduct surveys relating to commercial property. This
requires a Commercial Energy Assessor who is classified
as non-domestic energy assessors (NDEA).
Rider Levett Bucknall can provide commercial energy
assessments for non domestic properties.
How Long is an EPC Valid For?
EPCs are valid for ten years on commercial and residential
buildings except if they are part of a Home Information
Pack (HIP). If it is part of a HIP, an EPC must be less than
three years old when the building is first put on the market.
DEC - Display Energy Certificates
What Are They?
The requirement for Display Energy Certificates (DECs)
came into effect on 1 October 2008 and affects larger
public buildings.
They show the actual energy usage of a building, the
Operational Rating, and show the public how much energy
a building uses and its efficiency compared with other
buildings. This is based on the energy consumption of the
building, recorded by gas, electricity and other fuel meters.
A DEC is also accompanied by an Advisory Report that
lists cost effective measures to improve the energy rating
of the building.
What Counts as A ‘Larger Public’ Building?
The floor area threshold for public buildings requiring a DEC
dropped in January 2013.
Public sector facilities and energy managers need to begin
adapting metering strategies to allow for the considerable
increase in the number of buildings that will soon need a
DEC.
Previously, only public buildings with a floor area of 1,000
sqm or above need a DEC, but from 9th January, 2013
public buildings with a floor area greater than 500 sqm are
required to have a Display Energy Certificate in place. The
threshold then falls to 250 sqm in 2015 with the changes
resulting from recent revisions to the Energy Performance
of Buildings directive.
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Example of a DEC
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UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
Flowchart Showing Which Premises Need a DEC
68
START
Consider for each of
your buildings (a building
also includes a part of
a building designed
or altered to be used
separately)
Is the total useful floor
area of the building more
than 1,000 square metres?
YES
Are you a public
authority?
(See box 1)
YES
Box 2 – public service
An institution providing
a public service is one
providing a service
traditionally associated
with local – or national
government
Box 3 – affected buildings
Examples of buildings which
may be affected included:
private clubs)
provided by public
authorities
NO
You are
unaffected in
that building
NO Are you an institution
providing a public
service to a large
number of people?
(See box 2)
NO
YES
Consider for each of
your buildings
Is this building
frequently visited by
members of the public?
(See boxes 3 and 4)
You are affected
(See box 5)
Box 1 – Public Authorities
Public authorities include:
government
community
NO
You are
unaffected
You are
unaffected
Box 4 – buildings unlikely
to be affected
Examples include:
establishment
Box 5 – What to do if you
have an affected building
If you are affected:
1. You must place a Display
Energy Certificate on
display – in a prominent
place – clearly visible to
members of the public in
each building
2. you must be in
possession of an
advisory report on ways
of improving energy
performance
3. both of these documents
must be produced by
an accredited energy
assessor
Source: Department for Communities and Local Government

DEC threshold implications
Gas and electricity consumption data for a 12 month
period is required to produce a DEC and whilst supplier
invoices can be used, the potential inaccuracy from
estimated read can lead to inaccurate DEC ratings. Further
problems arise when quarterly invoices – typical for smaller
sites – are supplied as the 12 month consumption period
may fall between invoice cycles, meaning further estimation
of consumption for the required 12 months!
The sub-metering, recording and verification of metered
consumption is the only true method by which accurate
consumption data for individual buildings of an auditable
quality can be obtained to ensure the accuracy of a DEC.
Premises That Do NOT Need A DEC
The following types of premises do not need a DEC:
with a public authority or institution that needs a DEC,
irrespective how much of the building they occupy.
campuses.
How Long is an DEC Valid For?
DECs are valid for one year. They are needed whether or
not the building has an Energy Performance Certificate
(EPC) and in addition to any requirement for air conditioning
checks. The advisory report is valid for up to seven years.
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Sustainable Fit Out Case Study
Project 60 New Broad Street London /
Sustainable Office Fit-out
Contractor Collins Construction Plc
Designers Edge Architecture & Design /
Capman Bathurst
Ska Assessor Rider Levett Bucknall
Ska Rating Achieved Gold
Project Background
When deciding on the internal fit out specification of its
new London Office, Rider Levett Bucknall knew that
it would have to put its money where its mouth was.
Sustainability, energy efficiency and green technologies
were at the forefront of what they needed to incorporate
in achieving a environmentally friendly working space for
its staff and visiting clients.
RLB was keen to use its sustainability credentials and
expertise to achieve a Ska Rating Gold award.
Targeted Design Items
Lighting & Controls / LED lighting throughout with
sensor controls
Site Waste Minimisation Plan
Hardwoods & Softwoods / 100% of timber was
sourced by Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
HVAC Zone Controls / All HVAC controls were specified
from the Energy Technology List (ETL)
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Fit- out Sustainability
Assessment
This is to certify that
Rider Levett Bucknall Ltd
2nd Floor
60 New Broad street
London
EC2M 1JJ
United Kingdom
has achieved the Ska rating of
Gold
Rider Levett Bucknall Ltd
Accredited Assessor
Rider Levett Bucknall Ltd
On behalf of
Rider Levett Bucknall Ltd
Project Manager
Edge Architecture &
Design
Architect
Collins Construction Plc
Contractor
Chapman Bathurst
Building Services Engineer
001
Certificate Reference
11/11/2011
Date
This certificate has been produced
using Ska Rating for Offices
version 1.1
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UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
Site Waste Management Plans
What are capital allowances?
Capital allowances are a tax deduction
(tax allowance) for certain capital
expenditure.
They reduce a taxpayer’s tax bill for a
given period by being deducted from
the taxable income for the period. For
corporate taxpayers, this effectively equates to a cash saving of
26%* of the capital allowances write down for the tax year, for
individuals this is as much as a 50% cash saving of the capital
allowances write down for the tax year.
In April 2008 the Site Waste Management Plans
Regulations came into force and with it made a legal
requirement in England for a site waste management plan
to be prepared on projects with an estimated cost greater
than £300,000. In Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland,
site waste management plans are seen as “best practice”
by their environmental standards agencies but are not a
legal requirement.
The Department of the Environment Northern Ireland
(DOENI) consulted on proposals to make site waste
management plans (SWMP) a legal requirement for certain
construction and demolition projects in Northern Ireland.
The consultation closed on 11 March 2011, but the
implementation of the regulations is currently on hold.
Site waste management plans attract points when
assessing projects to sustainable standards, such
as Building Research Establishment Environmental
Assessment Method (BREEAM), and are a requirement by
government and major private clients in attaining their waste
management goals.
“Construction” is deemed to be any building, civil
engineering or engineering construction work, including
renovation, demolition, installation, dismantling and
maintenance.
The aim of the Regulations is to improve resource efficiency,
reduce fly tipping, help demonstrate compliance with
existing waste legislation and raise and maintain standards.
They also support the wider initiatives of Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental Management
Systems (EMS) and Corporate Responsibility (CR) as well
as the Government Sustainable Construction Strategy.
The Client must prepare a Site Waste Management Plan
before construction work begins. If a project is started
without a Site Waste Management Plan, the Client and the
Principal Contractor are both guilty of an offence.
Site Waste Management Plans should endorse the Client’s
72

Environmental Policy and set out measurable deliverables.
The challenge is to set reasonable, achievable targets that
will divert waste from landfill.
The legislation requires the introduction of effective
management systems, in order to control the amount
of waste produced from construction sites, so far as is
reasonably possible. The Principal Contractor has a duty
to regularly update the plan and the Client can introduce
a regular monitoring process to ensure post contract
compliance.
The regulations require duty holders to:
manage waste
commence (similar to the Construction Phase Plan under
the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations
2007)
Plan during the construction phase
of waste.
The consequences of non-compliance with the Regulations
range from a Fixed Penalty Notice to an unlimited fine
upon conviction. These consequences apply both to
the company as well as to individuals, if the offence was
committed by a “qualified person” (Director, Manager,
Secretary or someone acting in such capacity).
Rider Levett Bucknall’s SWMP Client Advisers are able
to assist Clients in discharging their duties by offering the
following services:
respect to Sustainability and Site Waste Management
requirements for the project – what they can do to
help with waste reduction and management and what
information they will need to make available
decisions that help reduce / manage waste
of types and quantities of waste
Plan information
Contractors and of Site Waste Management requirements
at Principal Contractor selection
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UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
The Party Wall Act 1996
What does the Act do?
The Act came into force on 1
July 1997 and applies throughout
England and Wales.
It provides a framework for preventing
and resolving disputes in relation
to party walls, boundary walls and
excavations near neighbouring
Boundary Line
buildings. It is based on some tried and tested provisions
of the London Building Acts, which applied in inner
London for many decades before the Act came into force.
Anyone intending to carry out work (anywhere in England
and Wales) of the kinds described in the Act must give
Adjoining Owners notice of their intentions.
Where the intended work is to an
existing party wall (section 2 of the
Act) a notice must be given even
where the work will not extend beyond
the centre line of a party wall.
It is often helpful in understanding the
principles of the Act if owners consider
themselves joint owners of the whole of
a party wall rather than the sole owner
Boundary Line
of half or part of it. Adjoining Owners
can agree with the Building Owner’s proposals or reach
agreement with the Building Owner on changes in the way
the works are to be carried out, and in their timing. Where
there is no written consent or agreement, the Act provides
for the resolution of ‘disputes’.
What does the Act cover?
Various work that is going to be carried out directly to:-
properties.
metres of a neighbouring
building(s) or structure(s),
depending on the depth
of the hole or proposed
foundations.
74
Boundary Line
Boundary Line

What are my rights under the Act if I want to do, work on an
existing party wall?
The Act provides a Building Owner, who wishes to carry
out various sorts of work to an existing party wall, with
additional rights going beyond ordinary common law rights.
Section 2 of the Act lists what work can be done. The most
commonly used rights are:
example for a loft conversion), or to insert a damp proof
course all the way through the wall
thickness of the party wall and, if necessary, cut off any
projections which prevent you from doing so.
the higher over the lower, even where this requires cutting
into an Adjoining Owner’s independent building.
What are my duties under the Act?
If you intend to carry out any of the works mentioned in
paragraph 4, you must inform all Adjoining Owners. You
must not even cut into your own side of the wall without
telling the Adjoining Owners of your intentions.
The Act contains no enforcement procedures for failure to
serve a notice. However, if you start work without having
first given notice in the proper way, Adjoining Owners
may seek to stop your work through a court injunction or
seek other legal redress. An Adjoining Owner cannot stop
someone from exercising the rights given to them by the
Act, but may be able to influence how and at what times
the work is done.
The Act also says that a Building Owner must not cause
unnecessary inconvenience. This is taken to mean
inconvenience over and above that which will inevitably
occur when such works are properly undertaken.
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UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
Capital Allowances & Land Remediation Relief
What are capital allowances?
Capital allowances are a tax deduction (tax allowance) for certain capital
expenditure.
They reduce a taxpayer’s tax bill for a given period by being deducted
from the taxable income for the period. For corporate taxpayers, this
effectively equates to a cash saving of 24%* of the capital allowances
write down for the tax year, for individuals this is as much as a 50%
cash saving of the capital allowances write down for the tax year.
*The corporation tax rate is current at the time of print but will change
to 23% from April 2013.
The rules relating to expenditure that qualifies for capital allowances is
found in the Capital Allowances Act 2001. There have been a number
of legislation changes, with recent changes coming in the Finance
Act 2008 introducing the Special Rate pool, which includes Integral
Features. The most recent changes in the Finance Act 2011 introduced
a fixtures time-limit, effective from April 2012, which will affect the
majority of second-hand property purchasers.
History of capital allowances
Tax relief for capital expenditure was first introduced in 1878. However,
the current capital allowances code stems from the Income Taxes Act
1945 which introduced the tax relief to help promote investment in
property to rebuild the country after the war.
Since that time there have been 3 rewrites of the legislation resulting in
the 2001 Act.
Why are they necessary?
Companies that operate a business (or individuals that operate a trade)
are taxed on their profits from that business/trade. In deriving the
taxable income, expenditure incurred in earning income is generally
allowed as a tax deduction.
Expenditure that is capital in nature (that is, expenditure to acquire
an item that has an enduring benefit) is not deductible. To overcome
this inequity, expenditure to acquire an item that is used as part of the
business / trade was allowed a tax allowance so that the expenditure
is deductible over a number of years. The write down allowance
essentially aims to reflect the depreciation or diminishing value of the
asset.
Who can claim capital allowances?
In order to qualify for capital allowances, the person claiming must:
taxpayer at the end of the accounting period in which the
expenditure is incurred.
Qualifying expenditure
Types of capital allowances
There are several types of capital allowances each with different
definitions of qualifying expenditure and varying write down percentages
as follows:
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General Plant & Machinery
Plant and machinery is outlined within the Capital Allowances Act 2001
s23 and further clarified by case law (e.g. Fire prevention, security, fixtures
& fittings). Therefore the level of plant and machinery will depend on the
trade carried on by the investor/user and will differ for every property.
Plant and machinery allowances are relieved at 18% per annum on a
written down basis for income or corporation tax payers respectively.
It is important to note that to qualify for P&M allowances, the tax payer
must own the plant, have installed ready for use or already in use in
their trade and have incurred the expenditure on the plant. As such, the
allowances are tapered back where a contribution towards the cost is
received (landlord contribution or grant funding). Equally, allowances may
be available where you contribute towards the cost of qualifying items
used by another in their trade / business.
Also, no allowances are given for plant and machinery or fixtures in
a dwelling (residential property). However, the common parts of a
residential development should qualify for allowances on qualifying
expenditure on common parts (eg lifts). HMRC are currently reviewing
their stance on student accommodation at the time of going to print, with
further clarification to follow.
Integral Features (Special Rate Pool)
The Special Rate Pool was introduced in the Finance Bill 2008. Integral
Features are included within this pool and the following items were
defined under this heading in the Finance act 2008:
cooling or air purification, and any floor or ceiling comprised in such a
system
Integral features are relieved at 8% per annum on a written down basis
for income or corporation tax payers respectively.
Also included within the Special Rate Pool is thermal insulation. Thermal
insulation which is added to existing commercial buildings can also be
relived at 8% per annum on a written down basis.
Enhanced Capital Allowances
Enhanced Capital Allowances (ECAs) legislation has been introduced
to encourage the use of energy-saving plant and machinery, low
carbon dioxide emission cars and natural gas and hydrogen refuelling
infrastructure and water conservation plant and machinery in construction
projects. As a 100% first year allowance, investment in ECA-qualifying
items provides a significantly increased tax saving over the alternative
allowances available on these items. In addition, adoption of ECAqualifying
items may also improve a project’s Building Research
Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) ratings
and contribute towards achieving an improved Energy Performance
Certification rating.
To qualify the item acquired must qualify as plant and machinery and
must satisfy the following:
or water conservation criteria specified by the Carbon Trust
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Enhanced Capital Allowances (Continued)
The items currently qualifying include:
Energy-Saving Technologies
Targeting
heating, including ground
source
Water Conservation Technologies
Equipment
Equipment
Equipment
The ECA website with further information is http://www.eca.gov.uk/
For expenditure incurred from April 2012 onwards (or April 2014 for
Combined Heat and Power), the enhanced relief available for ECAqualifying
items will not be available in relation to items attracting
feed-in tariffs or renewable heat incentives.
Payable ECA (Tax Credit)
If a company is loss making, that company may elect to take a
payable tax credit in lieu of the 100% deduction available for ECA
qualifying assets. The payable credit equates to 19% of the amount
spent on ECA eligible equipment. The total amount of tax credit that
can be granted in an accounting period is capped, at the greater
amount of £250,000 or the total Employers National Insurance
contributions paid by the claiming company during the accounting
period when the ECA equipment was installed. The ECA credit is
also only available to incorporated companies.
Business Premises Renovation Allowances
Business Premises Renovation Allowance (BPRA) is a 100% first
year tax saving on qualifying expenditure. It can be claimed on
capital expenditure incurred, on or in connection with, the conversion
or renovation of a building, which includes building costs not
qualifying for other types of capital allowances.
In order to qualify for BPRA, the building must be:
78
Dryers
Supplies
Equipment
Sludge Dewatering
Equipment
Reclaim Units
Cleaning Equipment
Equipment for Mechanical
Seals

egin,
In addition, the capital expenditure must have been incurred between
April 2007 and April 2017 to qualify for BPRA, and there is a cap on
the relief equating to €20million per project.
The property must be owned and used as a qualifying business
premises for at least seven years from the time of first use otherwise
there will be an automatic claw back of all of the BPRA allowances
previously granted. However these automatic claw back provisions
will not apply to the other types of capital allowances available in the
event of the property being sold or the qualifying use ceasing.
BPRA is a complex area, and there are no hard and fast rules as to
what qualifies - as with capital allowances, it will depend upon the
nature of the scheme and the expenditure.
Enterprise Zones
Enterprise Zones (EZs) were introduced within the Finance Bill 2012.
They provide a 100% first year allowance for certain plant and
machinery expenditure incurred between April 2012 and March 2017
within the designated zones.
There are currently eleven EZs relevant for capital allowances further
to the 2012 budget: Black Country, Humber, Liverpool, North
Eastern, Sheffield, Tees Valley, London Royal Docks, Irvine, Nigg,
Dundee and Deeside. The maximum level of EZ expenditure within
each investment area is limited to €125M.
EZs will only be available on plant and machinery within the
designated areas if the following criteria are satisfied:
1. The business is a U.K. company subject to corporation tax
(i.e. excludes unincorporated businesses and partnerships),
2. 2. The expenditure must be on new and unused plant
and machinery and not on ‘replacement expenditure’ (i.e.
performs the same, or similar function). However where
significant additional function is performed by the replaced
asset or where it enhances capacity or productivity, the
expenditure attributable to the additional function may qualify
for EZs,
3. The assets must not be leased, and
4. The expenditure must be incurred for the purposes of:
a. a business of a kind not previously carried on by the
company,
b. expanding a business carried on by the company, or
c. starting up an activity relating to a fundamental change
in a product or production process of, or service
provided by, a business carried on by the company.
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
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UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
However, there are a number of qualifying activities which are
excluded from the EZ regime, these are:
sector,
certain activities relating to, and preparation for, the first sale of
animals or plants.
Purchase of second hand buildings (excludes residential)
Capital expenditure need not be on new items in order to qualify
for capital allowances. That is, a taxpayer incurring expenditure on
second hand assets could still claim allowances under the same
general rules as if he were acquiring the assets brand new. However,
the recent legislation changes and the introduction of the fixtures
time-limit (effective from April 2012) means that in the majority of
cases, the value of allowances needs to be agreed between the
seller and purchaser. Furthermore, HMRC must be notified, by the
purchaser, of the agreed fixtures value within 2 years of the property
acquisition, otherwise the fixtures value will be nil. In addition, the
claim preparation process differs from construction projects.
A fundamental principle of the tax system is that no more than one
person can claim capital allowances on any qualifying asset at any
one time. The result is that detailed checks must be made on all
property acquisitions to determine their tax history. HM Revenue
& Customs is entitled to reject a capital allowances claim that is
submitted without the proper research. All sale agreements should
contain the necessary contract clauses and fully completed precontract
questionnaires.
In recent years, property has often been sold with an election
between Vendor and Purchaser to agree the level of plant and
machinery in the building that is being transferred. This is usually
done at either £1 or at the tax written down value of the plant. This
ensures that the position of the Vendor is secured and that they do
not incur a balancing charge on disposal of the property.
Additional capital allowances can sometimes be available on existing
buildings where claims have previously been made and elections
signed. This is in relation to integral features assets which did not
previously qualify for capital allowances before the new integral
features rules came into effect in Finance Act 2008.
However, recent changes to the legislation, which took effect
partly from April 2012 and will apply fully from April 2014, require
a purchaser of a second hand property to submit a claim to HM
Revenue & Customs within a mandatory period of 2 years. This will
affect purchasers where the following is applicable:
1. The seller has claimed capital allowances and is required to
bring in a disposal value,
2. The seller or a prior owner have agreed a S198 election,
3. The seller has permanently discontinued their business, or
4. A tribunal has been required to determine the apportionable
sum between the seller and purchaser.
80

The purchaser is also required to provide the relevant information
to HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC), i.e. agreed election, tribunal
decision or (in the event that a property is sold at less than market
value) a disposal value statement within a 2 year period in order to
prove that the legislation has been satisfied.
It will not affect a purchaser where a seller was unable to claim, i.e.
the property was held by a trader, or public authority. Properties
purchased directly from a developer will remain unaffected by these
changes. However, for purchases taking place from April 2014,
if the seller has not made a claim but has been able to claim, the
seller must value the allowances. This is now known as the ‘pooling
requirement’. If the current owner/seller does not notify HMRC within
the mandatory 2 year period, the purchaser (and all future purchasers)
will be unable to claim on these fixtures and this valuable benefit will
be lost; to the current owner and potential future owners.
This is particularly relevant to Pension Funds as non tax payers
previously wouldn’t identify or claim the capital allowances. With the
new legislation changes, unless the tax relief is identified and pooled
by Pension Funds, subsequent purchasers of the property will not
be able to benefit from the tax benefits, which may either reduce the
purchase price or make the property acquisition less attractive than a
similar property with full tax breaks available to a purchaser.
Therefore, in order to make a successful claim, the legislation must
be thoroughly understood and this will involve making detailed
investigation of the history of the property including examination of
the contract of sale, leases, agreements, details of vendor, dates of
purchase, obtaining the relevant information to submit to HMRC, etc.
In addition to this the correct valuation techniques must be employed.
The Act requires that to claim on second hand plant and machinery
an apportionment of the purchase price must be undertaken. This
is done as the purchase price reflects the value of the land, building
and plant and machinery in total. As such, the value of each element
must be reconstructed and a multiplier applied to each variant to
ensure that the total comes back to the purchase price.
When dealing with second-hand property, as well as the tax savings
available, the maximisation of capital allowances can also serve to
have a positive effect on property yields.
Land Remediation Relief
Land remediation relief was introduced with the aim to encourage
the development of brownfield sites. The intention of legislation is the
clean up of ‘environmental’ contamination in, on or over the land,
the wording of the legislation however means that it is open to much
wider interpretation giving a broad scope to claim, which we have
been doing very successfully.
Derelict Land Relief
Derelict land relief was introduced by the Finance Act 2009. The
intention of the legislation was to encourage abandoned sites to be
brought back into productive use. In order to qualify, a site must be
listed on the English National Land Use Database as being derelict
since 1998 or have been derelict for 10 years. For qualifying sites,
generous relief is available on demolishing and preparing the site for
redevelopment.
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
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UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
Tax Savings
Relief is given at 150% for qualifying expenditure, which is available to
UK companies only.
Where clients hold property as an asset, such as a retail portfolio, the
full 150% must be claimed in the year in which the expenditure was
incurred. In cash terms this equates to a 36% saving (assuming 24%
corporation tax) on all expenditure claimed on land remediation relief.
Where clients trade property (e.g. developers), a 50% benefit is realised
as all construction expenditure (100%) is fully written off in any event
to the profit and loss account, therefore enabling the extra over 50%
to be claimed. The extra over 50% relief is only available to claim on
disposal of the property. In cash terms this equates to a 12% saving
(assuming 24% corporation tax) on all expenditure claimed on land
remediation relief.
The only restrictions are that a company is not entitled to claim:
grant funding or,
order to account for the cost of remediation works and stated as
such in the purchase agreement.
Land Remediation/Derelict Land Tax Credit
If a UK company makes a loss for an accounting period in which
they incur expenditure on remediating contaminated or derelict
land, they may elect to receive a payable credit from HMRC. The
amount of tax credit which can be claimed is 16% of the qualifying
LRR for the accounting period the claim relates to. For both
investors and developers, the cash return is equivalent to 24% of the
expenditure incurred (16% x 150%).
Completed developments
Retrospective claims are available on expenditure incurred within two
years from the year end within which the expenditure was incurred.
For example, if a client’s year end is 31 March 2013 any expenditure
incurred after 1 April 2011 can qualify for tax relief, so immediate tax
savings can still be realised.
Planned developments
If this tax relief is factored into the appraisal, project viability can be
improved.
Below are a few examples of the types of works where we have
successfully claimed land remediation relief:
works qualify for land remediation relief, including all associated
works (e.g. prelims, professional fees, prolongation etc.).
The 2009 budget included amendments to the current legislation
which came into effect on 1 April 2009. This tightened the qualifying
criteria for LRR and removed some items from eligibility.
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Allowance/
Relief
Business
Premises
Renovation
Allowances
BPRA
Enhanced
Capital
Allowances
ECA
Enterprise
Zones
EZs
Flat
Conversion
Allowances
FCA
(to be
abolished
April 2013)
Land
Remediation
Relief
LRR Derelict
Land Relief
DLR
Land
Remediation
Relief
LRR Derelict
Land Relief
DLR
General Plant
& Machinery
GEN PM
Integral
Features
INT
Revenue
Relief
RR
Rates of
Relief
> % = most
100%
1st Year
100%
1st Year
100%
1st year
100%
1st Year
INVESTOR
150%
1st Year
Tax Relief
(Based on 24% Corporation
Tax Rate as at January 2012)
Note: Rate to change to 23%
from April 2013
For every:
£1m BPRA
= £240K tax (cash) saving
Given year of expenditure
For every:
£1m ECA
= £240K tax (cash) saving
Given year of expenditure
For every:
£1m EZs
= £240K tax (cash) saving
Given year of expenditure
For every:
£1m FCA
= £240K tax (cash) saving
Given year of expenditure
For every:
£1m Capex
= £1.5m LRR/DLR
= £360K tax (cash) saving
Given year of EXPENDITURE
Accounts in loss
= £1.5m LRR/DRR
= Tax credit (cash back) @ 16%
= £240K
Given year of EXPENDITURE
DEVELOPER For every:
50% £1m Capex
Year of disposal = £500K LRR/DLR
= £120K tax (cash) saving
Given year of DISPOSAL
Accounts in loss
= Tax credit (cash back) @ 16%
= £240K (loss given against 150%)
18%
reducing balance
8%
reducing balance
100%
1st year
For every:
£1m GEN PM
= £240K tax (cash) saving
Given over time - >75% in 7 yrs
£1m INT
= £240K tax (cash) saving
Given over time - >75% in 17 yrs
£1m RR
= £240K tax (cash) saving
Given year of expenditure
Qualifying Criteria
Bring business premises vacant for > 1yr
in designated areas back into business
use. Excludes heavy industry; coal, steel,
agriculture.
Energy-saving & water conversation plant
and machinery which must either be a listed
product or meet the criteria specified by the
Carbon Trust.
- Available to UK companies
- New and unused plant and machinery
- Must not be leased
- Needs to be within designated EZ
- Must be incurred on P&M for use within a
business of a kind not previously carried on
by company
Conversion/renovation of space above into flats:
- building

UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
OJEU Process
Union.
the public sector which are valued above a certain
financial threshold according to EU legislation, must
be published.
that receive public money. Organisations such as
Local Authorities, NHS Trusts, Central Government
Departments and Educational Establishments are all
covered by the legislation.
services and works.
OJEU Procurement Thresholds
it is then subject to the requirements of the UK
procurement regulations, which derive from the EU
directives. Thresholds are amended every two years
based on Euro values.
contract values in the aggregates, i.e. the value of all
contracts in relations to whole, so that contracts are
not split up to fall beneath the EU thresholds.
Authorities will need to comply with their
organisations Procurement Policies and Standing
Orders which may set lower thresholds, thus
requiring a call for competition.
Entities Listed
in Schedule 1
Other Public
Sector
Contracting
Authorities
Indicative
Notices
Small Lots
84
Supplies
Contracts
£113,057
(€130,000)
£173,934
(€200,000)
£652,253
(€750,000)
£69,574
(€80,000)
Service
Contracts
£113,057
(€130,000)
£173,934
(€200,000)
£652,253
(€750,000)
£69,574
(€80,000)
Works
Contracts
£4,348,350
(€5,000,000)
£4,348,350
(€5,000,000)
£4,348,350
(€5,000,000)
£889,670
(€1,000,000)

Submit OJEU Award Notice within 48 days
Award contract allowing for 10 day Standstill Period
Evaluate Tenders against Award Criteria
52 (45) Days
OJEU NOTICE
Normal (Electronic)
OJEU Process Chart
Receipt of Tenders
Issue Invitation to Tender
Open
36 (29) Days
OJEU NOTICE
Pin (Electronic)
40 Days
Submitted Expressions of
Interest Shortlist against
qualification criteria
(minimum of 5 bidders)
37 (30) Days
OJEU NOTICE
Normal (Electronic)
22 Days
Issue PQQs
37 (30) Days
OJEU NOTICE
Pin (Electronic)
OJEU NOTICE
Urgent (Electronic)
Conclude dialogue
and invite sufficient
tenders to ensure
competition
Conduct dialogue
(in successive
stages if necessary)
Invite shortlist to
participate in
dialogue
Prepare Specification
Restricted
10 Days
15 (10) Days
Receive tenders
and negotiate
(in successive
stages if
necessary) to
identify best
tender by applying
the Award Criteria
Issue ITT to
shortlist
Submitted Expressions of Interest
Shortlist against qualification criteria
(minimum of 3 bidders)
37 Days
OJEU NOTICE
Normal
Competitive
Dialogue
30 Days
OJEU NOTICE
Electronic
37 (30) Days
OJEU NOTICE
Normal (Electronic)
Negotiated
with OJEU
advert
15 (10) Days
OJEU NOTICE
Urgent (Electronic)
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
Can be used when an Open or Restricted
procedure has been discontinued because of
irregular or unacceptable tenders. All original
bidders (that were not excluded) must be invited
to participate.
Negotiated
Without
OJEU
advert
85

UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
Procedures leading to the award of a
Public Contract
Prior Information Notice (PIN) – This is voluntary
and often used to stimulate market interest and allow
bidders to prepare themselves to Bid in time. It can
also enable reduced timescales for competition.
There are Four Award Procedures available:
Open Procedure: A tender is placed with the
OJEU. This tender is open to any party in the EU. No
party shall be excluded from tender. Using an open
procedure means that the Invitation to Tender must
be sent to all suppliers that express an interest in the
Contract Notice. This procedure is most appropriate
when there are a small number of suppliers expected
to request an Invitation to Tender.
Restricted Procedure: A restricted procedure
is appropriate when many suppliers exist within a
market and it is not feasible to issue an Invitation to
Tender to each.
Negotiated Procedure: The Negotiated Procedure
allows Institutions to negotiate directly with suppliers
in order to award a contract. It is a procedure which
should only be used in limited circumstances, for
example in cases of extreme urgency or when an
open or restricted procedure has been discontinued.
Competitive Dialogue Procedure: This can only
be used in circumstances for ‘particularly complex’
procurements where it would not be possible to award
a contract using the open or restricted procedures
and where the circumstances do not permit use of
negotiated procedures. This is where an Awarding
Authority is not objectively able to define the technical
means capable of satisfying its needs or objectives; or,
specify either the legal or financial make-up of a project,
or both;
Accelerated Procedures
Negotiated Procedure with a call for competition where
urgency makes the normal timescale impractical. It
does not alter the processes of the procedure, but
it does reduce the timescales: the normal time limits
of 37 days to express an interest can be reduced to
15 days. The time limit for the receipt of tenders in
a Restricted Procedure competition can be reduced
from 40 to 10 days. The maximum time for request of
documents from 6 to 4 days.
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Government Procurement Service
Project Management and Full Design Team Services
This is a national Framework consisting of twelve Project
Management led supply chains, which enable Public
Sector customers to avoid costly and lengthy OJEU
procedures and improve value for money and efficiency. As
part of the Efficiency and Reform Group within the Cabinet
Office, the Government Procurement Service’s purpose is
to maximise procurement efficiency and value for money
by harnessing the public sector’s purchasing power.
By using the collective buying power of the public sector
and by benchmarking the Project Management and Full
Design Team services against other external offers, the
Framework already has access to the best quality and
most competitive deals.
Each year billions of pounds are spent on public sector
building projects. The new Project Management and Full
Design Team Services Framework Agreement provides
a standard in the way these important building projects
are organised and delivered - and is predicted to save
£70 million for users over the four year period of the
Framework Agreement.
and direct call-off route to suppliers for any publicly
funded organisation.
best practice and complies with EU Procurement
legislation.
that Awarding Authorities on average save 77 days and
£85k on the procurement of construction advisors.
As one of only 12 suppliers to the Project Management
and Full Design Team Framework Agreement, Rider
Levett Bucknall have already been appointed following a
rigorous EU- compliant selection process.
Any Awarding Authority can appoint Rider Levett
Bucknall direct via the Framework Agreement – with no
further competition required, if you can establish best
value from published data – or you can carry out a simple
and speedy competition amongst some or all of the
12 Framework Agreement suppliers. The Framework
Agreement is believed to be the only one of its kind with
this level of accessibility.
The Framework Agreement operates throughout the
United Kingdom – and through our extensive network of
UK offices we are able to deliver local, personal service to
all of our customers.
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
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UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
Procurement Options
Selecting the correct procurement route for a project is
fundamental to its success, and will affect its cost, programme,
quality and team relationships for the lifespan of the project.
Procurement Strategy should be considered fully at the earliest
opportunity, consideration should be given to the hierarchy
of client and project requirements. We can advise on an
appropriate route to best meet these requirements, and highlight
some of the main features of the more common routes available
on the following pages.
Traditional Lump Sum
Concerns / Considerations
Time required to complete
full design prior to tender
Full design not always
achievable - e.g. specialist
areas subject to contractor
design
Client takes time and cost
risk for changes in design
Client takes design risk
Contractual / adversarial
approach
Advantages
Competitive fairness – all
tenders like for like
Cost Certainty at outset of
contract
Established / tried and tested
Minor changes can be
implemented
Established method of
valuation
Capable of conversion to a
guaranteed maximum price
(GMP)
Contractor designed
elements can be
accommodated.
88
Client
Design Team
Client Rep
Main
Contractor
Suppliers
Subcontractors
Key
Contractual Line
Communication Line
Sequence
Brief Design Tender Construct
Key Features
for works as tendered.
accommodated as an alternative

Two Stage (based on traditional)
Concerns / Considerations
position during 2nd stage –
question mark over obtaining
the best price.
Advantages
Client
Main Contractor can be
engaged earlier to advise on
‘buildability’, sequencing & subcontractor
selection.
Client Rep
Design Team
of 2nd Stage – particularly on
large and complex schemes.
Encorages a more collaborative
approach
Main
Contractor
creep must be avoided /
minimised to secure a realistic
and achievable lump sum
contract.
Greater Client involvement in the
pre-selection and appointment
of s/c’s.
Suppliers
Ability to transfer greater degree
of design risk to the contractor.
Brief Design
Trade
contractors
Key Features
completion (normally based on prelims, oh&p,
approx quants & prov sums) & programme
the competitive tendering of work pacakges
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
Tender
Construct
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UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
Construction Management
Concerns / Considerations
cost risk.
90
Client
Client.
Advantages
early start with design and construction
overlapping.
buildability.
process with less scope for change.
with Client and Design Team before work
starts.
Contractors – can improve performance.
Client Rep
administration of direct orders
between Client and Trade
Contractors.
Construction
Manager
Design Team
Client involvement.
Trade
Contractors
Brief Design
Tendering
Construct
Key Features
management fee and paid costs for site
supervision / site preliminaries.
construction input.

Management Contracting
Concerns / Considerations
cost risk.
Client
Client.
Client Rep
Design Team
Client involvement.
Management
Contractor
responsibility.
interface and transparency.
Advantages
early start with design and construction
overlapping.
buildability.
process with less scope for change.
with Client and Design Team before work
starts.
Client and MC creates more programme /
performance ownership.
Trade
Contractors
Brief Design
Key Features
management fee (usually a % of prime cost) plus
supervision / prelim costs (these can be fixed).
Trade Contractors contracted to MC.
design proceeds and works packages are let.
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
Tendering
Construct
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UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
Concerns / Considerations
process (compared to CM / MC).
– can influence and limit the extent of
‘competitiveness’ of bids.
Employers Requirements need to be precise,
clear and detailed.
closely monitored.
on interest.
than traditional contacts with bills of quantities.
Advantages
Contractor.
run in parallel (subject to level of
design used for tendering).
D&B Contractor (subject to post
contract Client driven change).
maximum price (GMP).
novated for continuity / security
of design.
Design & Build
92
Client
Client Rep
Design Team
(pre
novation)
D&B
Contractor
Trade
Contractors
Design Team
(post
novation)
Key Features
based on outline design but can be at scheme
design stage.
Brief Design
Tendering
Construct
(and completes) the design.
(usually through two stage)

Concerns / Considerations
procurement routes.
offering best price in a falling market.
if they are not ‘robust’.
whole team.
administration.
be developed to an appropriate level that is
acceptable to the Client.
Develop & Construct
Advantages
construction through collaborative
approach.
procurement without the risk of
un-priced design development.
design with the early integration of
specialist contractors.
Client
Client Rep
Design Team
(pre
novation)
D&C
Contractor
Trade
Contractors
Design Team
(post
novation)
Brief Design
Tendering
Key Features
fixed price is agreed.
assessment plus oh&p / prelims – Pre-construction
agreement required.
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
Construct
93

UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
Code for Sustainable Homes
What is the Code?
The Department for Communities and Local Government
launched the Code for Sustainable Homes in April 2007.
It has been developed to enable a step change in
sustainable building practice for new homes. Homes built
under the scheme are built to standards set in the Code,
creating dwellings that are more energy and water efficient,
produce fewer carbon emissions and cost less to run.
It has been prepared in close consultation with the Building
Research Establishment’s (BRE) Eco Homes System,
which has already achieved success in reducing the
environmental impact of affordable housing projects, in
particular within the social housing sector.
How Does the Code Work?
The Code assesses the sustainability of a home by
awarding points in the following nine design categories:
1. Energy usage and CO2
Emissions (reducing
energy use and CO2
emissions through building
construction, design and
facility provision within the
home)
2. Water (reducing potable
water usage internally and
externally)
3. Materials (responsible
sourcing and
environmental impact of
construction materials)
4. Surface water run-off
(management of surface
water run off and flood
risk)
5. Waste (handling of both
household generated
waste and construction
waste)
94
6. Pollution (reduction in
NO2 emissions and use of
Global Warming Potential
(GWP) insulation)
7. Health and well-being
(providing a better internal
and external environment
for the home owner and
the incorporation of the
principles of Lifetime Homes)
8. Management (Provision
of a suitable home user
guide, reducing the
environmental impact of
construction activities
and compliance with a
Considerate Constructor
type scheme. Secured by
Design is also included)
9. Ecology (protection
or enhancement of the
existing site ecology and
efficient use of the land)

The total points awarded are translated into a star rating
for the home:
Total percentage points score Code Levels
36 to 47 Points Level 1 ()
48 to 56 Points Level 2 ()
57 to 67 Points Level 3 ()
68 to 83 Points Level 4 ()
84 to 89 Points Level 5 ()
90 Points and above Level 6 ()
One star () is the entry level – above the level of the
Building Regulations.
Six stars () is the highest level – demonstrating
an exemplar development in sustainability terms.
Scoring the Code - The Code levels are achieved by
scoring credits against environmental issues within each
category. The credits are converted into percentage points
by applying a weighting factor. The weighting factor is
different for each category i.e. one credit in the Energy/
CO2 category scores 1.17 percentage points whereas
one credit in the materials category only scores 0.30 of a
percentage point.
Note: There are also additional technical guidance notes applicable
for new homes built in Wales.
Code level requirements - Within the Energy/CO2 and
Water Categories there are mandatory minimum standards
to be attained for each Code level. At Code level 6 it is
also mandatory that the ‘Lifetime Homes’ standard is
met. There is a minimum standard Code entry level for
materials, Surface Water Run-off and Waste and there are
no minimum standards for Pollution, Health and Wellbeing,
Management or Ecology.
A Code rating is mandatory for all new homes built in
England, Wales and Northern Ireland and it is a requirement
that Code level 3 is attained to be eligible to receive
social housing grant funding. It is therefore an essential
requirement to enable registered social landlords to receive
grant funding. New houses that do not meet the minimum
Code level will receive a ‘Nil Rated’ certificate.
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
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UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
Benefits of the Code?
Benefits for Residential Developers
A mark of quality: The Code can be used by home builders
to demonstrate the sustainability performance of their homes,
and to differentiate themselves from their competitors.
Regulatory certainty: The levels of performance for energy
efficiency indicate the future direction of building regulations,
bringing greater regulatory certainty for home builders,
and acting as a guide to support effective business and
investment planning.
Flexibility: The Code is based on performance, which means
it sets levels for sustainability performance against each
element, but does not prescribe how to achieve each level.
Home builders can innovate to find cost-effective solutions to
meet and exceed minimum requirements.
Approximate Cost
Low High
Increases for Code
Three Bedroom £ £
Compliance
Semi Detached
Home:
The table shows the approximate Code Level 1 250 450
extra over cost increase for
Code Level 2 850 1,250
achieving different levels of the Code Level 3 2,750 3,000
Code for Sustainable Homes, for
Code Level 4 6,500 8,250
a Three Bedroom Semi Detached
Code Level 5 25,500 30,000
House, based on 2006 Building
Code Level 6 28,000 41,000
Regulation Compliance.
Benefits for Social Housing Developers
Lower running costs: Homes built to Code standards will
have lower running costs through greater energy and water
efficiency, so helping to reduce fuel poverty.
Improved comfort and satisfaction: Homes built to
the Code will enhance the comfort and satisfaction of the
residents.
Raised sustainability credentials: The Code will enable
social housing providers to demonstrate their sustainability
credentials to the public, tenants and funding bodies.
How does the Code relate to an Energy
Performance Certificate (EPC)?
EPCs cover an energy performance whereas the Code covers
nine areas of sustainability. The energy rating of a home that has
achieved 4 stars will have an energy performance equivalent
to EPC band ‘A’. A home which achieves 5 or 6 Code stars
exceeds the maximum EPC rating.
The EPC rating has been designed to cover all homes – from
the oldest listed dwellings, to the most modern, energy efficient
homes. As a result, homes achieving a rating under the Code
for Sustainable Homes will register on the EPC scale between
A and C.
96
(Extra Over 2006 Building Regulations Compliance)

Sustainable Construction Technologies
There are a great number of sustainable technologies that can
be optionally applied to buildings. They can be added for any
combination of the following reasons:
Reduce Carbon emissions
Reduce power consumption
Reduce running costs
Self Sufficiency (Power or Water)
As a substitute for mains supply
Improving internal environment.
A selection of options are listed below, followed by an indicative
table of the costs associated with each.
Biomass boilers
What is it?
Most UK biomass
(timber fuel) is
produced as a byproduct
of timber
manufacturing and
is consumed as
woodchip. High
efficiency combustion
based on wood pellets
can reach generation efficiencies of up to 92%, but volumes of
biomass required can be large.
A conventionally insulated house requires more than 10m3 of
biomass a year – with significant implications for transport and
storage. As a result, the technology is better suited to highlyinsulated
homes with lower heating requirements. As a fuel,
biomass is virtually carbon neutral: net emissions only relate to
transport and pellet production. Consequently, the availability
of local supplies is an important factor in minimising carbon
impacts.
How Does it Work?
Biomass fuels can be waste, residue or energy crops grown
specifically for use as wood, or oil Fuel.
The fuel is transported to the site and stored in a suitable
area.
Fuel is delivered by conveyor or pumping systems to the boiler.
Fuel is burned to produce hot water in the same way as a
coal or oil fired boilers.
The fuel is considered as carbon neutral since the
CO2 emissions during combustion are considered to have
been captured during the growing cycle.
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
97

UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
Carbon neutral
Renewable Heat Initiative grants and/or capital allowances
A renewable fuel
Low capital cost per kW when compared to other
renewable alternatives
Mature and tested technology
Range of boiler suppliers from single boiler to a power
station
Can be coupled with suitable plant to produce chilled water
Can be coupled with suitable plant to be a Combined Heat
and Power (CHP) System
Limitations
Capital cost is higher than conventional gas boilers
Higher maintenance cost than equivalent gas boilers
Footprint of boilers is larger than gas plus the addition of
fuel storage could reduce lettable areas
A secure source of fuel is required
Planning issues could be a problem due to the clean air act
Ash needs to be disposed of
Biomass systems are more management intensive and
require expertise in facilities management
Combined Heat and Power
What is it?
Combined Heat and Power (CHP) is a heating boiler and
electricity generator combined. The heat used to generate
the power is used to heat the building rather than exhausted
in cooling towers. In the UK CHP is associated with large
installations, such as in hospitals. Data from the end of 2005
recorded about 1,500 CHP
engines in operation in the UK,
producing 5,800MW, equivalent
to 7.5% of the UK’s total electricity
requirement.
How does it work?
CHP is the production of
electricity and useful heat from
a single plant close to the point
of use.
98

Conventional
electricity
generation from
large scale power
stations is very
inefficient as only
a small part of
the input energy
is converted to
electricity (typically
25–35%), with the
remainder lost via
cooling towers
as waste heat at
the power station and transmission line losses to the point of
use.
A typical CHP system conventionally comprises:
1. a diesel or gas turbine engine
2. a generator (alternator)
3. heat recovery jackets on the engine carcass and exhaust
system
4. metering, control and distribution systems for the
generated heat and electrical power.
Heat can also be used to provide cooling via absorption
chillers. CHP is applicable on a variety of scales, from citywide
development down to individual buildings. Steady heat
and power loads will improve the economics of CHP and so
systems should be designed to allow a suitably sized engine
to run at or near maximum capacity for as much of the day
as possible
Micro-CHP refers to small scale CHP, which is most
commonly used for individual buildings. Units are becoming
smaller and quieter and have the potential to be used in
place of traditional boilers within homes.
Reduction of CO2 emissions
Reduced capital costs if funded by an ESCo
Energy cost savings
“Good quality” CHP qualifies for climate levy exemption
Can be considered as ‘clean energy’ qualifying for enhanced
capital allowances
Contribution toward compliance with building and renewable
energy regulations and can be powered using biofuels
Generating at point of use negates transmission losses
Reduced dependency on electricity supplier
An alternative to purchasing new or additional boiler
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013
99

UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
Limitations
Capital cost, plant and construction if not funded by an
ESCo
Maintenance costs are likely to be higher than conventional
plant
There may be environmental issues due to plant noise and
flue gases.
Requires predictable and relatively constant loads for
optimum performance
Requires full use of generated heat for optimum efficiency
Loss of net lettable areas
Provision for Flues
Ground Source Heat
Pumps
What is it?
This is a system of drawing
heat from the ground using
either a vertical borehole
or a series of coiled pipes
laid a few metres below the
surface. The energy source
is the sun heating the ground
below the surface, which
is protected from extremes
of heating and cooling, by the mass of earth above, so the
temperature will remain at around 10-12°C, this in turn heats
the water and antifreeze mixture in the coil. This recovered heat
is transferred to the heating system by a heat exchanger.
In a good system, every unit of electrical energy input will yield
three or more units of heat energy. To be efficient a heat pump
must have a “coefficient of performance” of about three (COP
3). A poor COP rating may mean the system is not as green as
a gas boiler as it would give off more CO2.
Heat pumps can also be used above ground with air and
under water in ponds and lakes, and in some instances can be
reversed to provide cooling.
How does it work?
There are two types of ground source heat pumps.
Open loop
The installation would consist of one or more holes bored into
the ground, with a pump lowered into the hole to extract ground
water that will be more or less at a constant temperature all year.
Extracted water is normally passed through heat exchangers
and used for heating, cooling or a combination of both.
Extracted water could be used on site, re-injected through a
borehole or discharged to a water source such as a river.
100

Closed loop Vertical / Horizontal / Piles
The installation would consist of one or more holes bored
into the ground, down which the pipework loops are fed
and grouted in place, layed directly in horizontal trenches
or integrated with the piling reinforcement, with a header
connection at the top linking directly to a load or heat pump (i.e.
Air handling units). It is a closed loop so no water is extracted
from the ground, in effect the pipework acts as a simple heat
exchanger with the soil, rejecting or collecting heat depending
on the time of year and internal conditions.
A source of renewable energy
Government grants and/or capital allowances
Constant temperature water source
Low operating costs (pump energy)
No contamination from ground or ground water (closed loop)
Combined with heat pump can provide heating and cooling
A low cost supply of water (open loop)
Loops can be installed within building piles saving drilling costs
Limitations
Initial bore costs will vary dependant on the geological structure
A licence to extract water is required from the relevant
statutory body (Environment Agency) this can be time
consuming (open loop)
Site access (possibly crane) is required to remove pump for
maintenance
Back up chillers / boilers may still be required
Green Roofs
The term “Green roof” is used to describe roofs that are planted
with living plants or vegetation.
There are basically two types
predominantly used in the UK.
An “intensive green roof”
requires labour intensive
maintenance, often with
irrigated low growing
vegetation e.g. a mown lawn.
An extensive green roof consists of low maintenance, low
growing vegetation (sometimes called a bio diverse roof)
e.g. Sedum.
Biodiversity credit;
Aesthetic;
Cools in summer via evaporation
Limitation
Extra load on roof
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013 101

UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
Grey Water
What is it?
The term grey water refers
to re-used waste water from
domestic activities such as
dishwashing, bathing and
laundry, it accounts for up to
80% of domestic water usage.
The reused water is ideal for landscaping.
Well-publicised water shortages, pressure from environmental
regulators and the increasing availability of the necessary
technology has raised the profile of water conservation
measures.
As a result of these factors, water demand in buildings can be
reduced by substituting mains water for rainwater or grey water
in certain applications, such as toilet flushing. If the building
mains water supply is metered this may produce cost savings
for the building owner or operator.
How Does It Work?
Reuses waste water (bathing, hand washing and laundry) for
toilet flushing, irrigation and none potable uses
Grey water can be direct-fed from a packaged filtration and
storage unit and pumped to the water outlets. Alternatively
indirect fed, where the grey water is supplied from a
packaged filtration and storage unit and pumped to high level
storage tank to gravity feed the outlets
There are several methods of treating the recovered water
for non potable use which include sand filters, membrane
filters and biological treatment. Passive biological treatment
in the form of reed beds can also be used
Up to 30% reduction in water consumption (reduces water
bills without changing the user’s behaviour).
Grey water recycling systems are can be used for saving
water in homes as well as workplaces.
Wide range of water filtration techniques available
Limitations
Requires water filtration and treatment before use
Installation and maintenance costs may not justify savings
Pumps, filters and sensors require regular management and
maintenance to prevent heath risks
CO2 saving Low
Grey water must not be stored for more than 24 hours
untreated and for not more than three days after treatment
More suited to new installations than retrofit
Pumps, filters and sensors can present operational problems
Providing sufficient grey water storage capacity may present
a problem
102

Rainwater Harvesting
What is it?
There are two uses of harvested
rainwater, potable and non potable.
Non potable supplies can be as
simple as a drain pipe into a water
butt. A potable system involves
much greater planning and system
costs due to the possibility of
contamination. Systems uses can
provide toilet flushing and irrigation,
washing machines can be supplied,
but may lead to problems involving
odour and discolouration.
Savings rely on the need for non potable supply. The UK has
an abundance of water and this keeps our mains supply costs
relatively low. This however appears to be changing with the
UK’s first drought orders and recent hose pipe bans in the
South East, prices will surely begin to rise.
How does it work?
Rainwater is collected rather than discarded, reclaimed water
can be used for several applications such as toilet flushing,
irrigation, washing machines and car washing
Indirect pumped systems collect rainwater in a tank and
then pump it to a high level header tank which provides a
head of water to gravity feed the outlets
Direct pumped systems which feed the outlets without the
need for a header tank
The use of rainwater for toilet flushing and other non potable
uses reduces the consumption of treated mains water
Saves water supply costs
Can help to reduce surface water run-off and risk of flooding
Limitations
Requires water filtration and treatment
Roof materials may effect the quality of harvested water
Cleaning should be regular and debris removed to prevent
water contamination
Installation and maintenance costs may not justify savings
Pumps, filters and sensors require regular management and
maintenance
Providing sufficient water storage capacity may present a
problem
CO2 saving Low
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013 103

UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
Hydroelectric
Hydroelectric power comes
from the potential energy of
dammed water driving a water
turbine and generator. The
energy extracted from the water
depends on the volume and on
the difference in height between
the source and the water’s
outflow. This height difference
is called the head. The amount
of potential energy in water is
proportional to the head. To obtain very high head, water for
a hydraulic turbine may be run through a large pipe called a
penstock. The major advantage of hydroelectricity is elimination
of the cost of fuel.
The cost of operating a hydroelectric plants is nearly immune
to increases in the cost of fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas
or coal. Fuel is not required and so it need not be imported.
Hydroelectric plants tend to have longer economic lives than
fuel-fired generation, with some plants now in service having
been built 50 to 100 years ago.
No fuel cost
No carbon emissions
Renewable energy
Limitations
High capital cost
Long pay back
Envirnomental effect on water course
Photovoltaics
What is it?
Photovoltaic (PV) cells are an
established technology that have
been in production for 40 years.
A monocrystalline panel may
have a 20% efficiency but newer
technologies are approaching
efficiencies of 40%. It is not
currently cost effective without
Feed In Tariff (FIT) which reduces
the payback to typically 10
years. Another major problem is that power generation is not
synchronised with peak demand which necessitates selling
back to the grid. Although PVs do not face the economy
of scale issues of wind, there is a constraint on PV output
104

elated to available roof area with a suitable aspect and pitch.
Even for the most efficient monocrystalline panels, 8m2 of
PVs are required to generate 1kWp – an output that will
typically contribute about a fifth of annual household electricity
consumption.
How does it work?
Photovoltaic materials, commonly known as solar cells,
generate direct current electrical energy when exposed
to light. Solar cells are constructed from certain semiconducting
materials that absorb solar radiation; electrons
are displaced within the material, thus starting a flow of
current through an external connected circuit, converting
solar energy into electrical power.
Cells are grouped together to form “PV modules” that may
in turn be arranged in “solar arrays” which are referred to as
solar panels.
The best way to utilise PV cells is to use them as a direct
replacement for an element of a building. For example PV
cells could be used as roofing or shading elements on south
facing roofs, as façade panels on the south façade or as an
architectural feature integrated within glazing.
A source of renewable energy which can be grid connected
Feed In Tariffs replaced government grants on 1st April 2010
index linked and guaranteed for 25 years, greatly improving
the financial return. Note: January 2012 the Government is
reviewing the tariff and threatening to halve it.
Feed In Tariffs are tax free to private individuals
Power is exempt from the Climate Change Levy
The system produces no noise or harmful emissions
No moving parts, leaving minimal operational or maintenance
costs
Does not require direct sunlight, but care must taken to avoid
overshadowing
Limitations
Initial costs are high, but may be partly offset if integrated
with building fabric
Planning issues could be a problem
Businesses must pay tax on Feed In Tariffs
May have implications for load capacity of roof or building
structure
May have implications for availability of plant space on roof
PV panels may require regular cleaning
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013 105

UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
Sustainable Urban Drainage
Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems
(SUDS) delay rainwater going directly
to the drainage system. They act as
a buffer to prevent flooding. They
include: Pervious surfaces, Filter drains,
Filter strips, Swales, Basins, ponds
and wetlands, Soakaways, Infiltration
trenches, pipes and accessories,
Rainwater re-use and Green roofs. They
are fast becoming a popular option for
surface water handling, supported by
planning guidance, Building Regulations,
and organisations such as the
Environment Agency and the Scottish
Environment Protection Agency.
SUDS aim to replicate the natural
drainage pattern of a site prior to
development.
Reduction of flourates
Prevents flooding
Increases water table
Limitations
Extra cost can be offset by reduction site drainage
Solar Thermal
What is it?
Solar Thermal collectors
are used to generate
higher levels of heat
from solar energy than
can be achieved by
passive measures. The
main objective is to heat
domestic hot water,
although heating systems
can also be supplemented. A typical domestic solar hot water
system of 1,000 to 2,000kWh can provide about 70% of
annual hot water needs, saving about 0.2 to 0.4 tonnes of
carbon per annum.
Systems based on the circulation of liquids and air are both
available, with the most efficient and expensive, based on an
evacuated tube system, similar to vacuum flask technology.
106

How does it work?
In a typical system, a heat transfer medium (generally a
water/antifreeze mixture) travels through a series of heat
conducting tubes known as a heat collector. During its
circulation through the tubes, the fluid picks up heat which
is then transferred to the domestic hot water supply.
Commercially available systems are either indirect (closed
loop) or direct (open loop). With the more common indirect
system, circulating fluid flows through the collector and
transfers the heat to a hot water tank.
With direct systems, water is heated as it is passed directly
through the collector, and flows to the dwelling where it
can be used for bathing, washing etc. Direct systems can
have higher efficiencies than indirect systems, but will
have higher running costs, as the potential for scaling and
corrosion of the internal surfaces can lead to increased
servicing and maintenance.
A basic solar thermal collector comprises of a translucent
cover, an absorption plate, and the heat transfer system.
There are two main types of collector, known as flat plate
and evacuated tube. Flat plate consists of an insulated
metal box with a glass or plastic cover and a dark or black
coloured absorber plate. Evacuated tube collectors consist
of rows of parallel transparent glass tubes, each containing
an absorber tube covered with a selective coating.
The system produces no noise or harmful emissions
Minimal operational or maintenance costs
Does not require direct sunlight, but care must taken to
avoid overshadowing
Grants available from the Renewable Heat Initiative
Limitations
Planning issues could be a problem
May have implications for load capacity of roof or building
structure
May have implications for availability of plant space on roof
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013 107

UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
Wind Turbines
What is it?
The UK is the windiest country
in Europe with an average wind
speed of 6m/s. However most
housing is in sheltered areas, so
average wind speed will be about
3 or 4m/s. It is recommended
that an average wind speed of
5m/s second is needed for a
turbine to be viable. Even though
turbines are multi directional,
wind in towns is often affected
by turbulence, the wind in one direction may fall below 3m/s
leaving the head turning aimlessly trying to find wind, leading
to a decreasing life expectancy of the turbine. Wind increases
with height, with a rooftop being the ideal place to place a
turbine, however this may lead to added structural costs. A
wind turbine will generate noise typically 2 or 3 decibels above
the background noise, so proximity to living spaces should
be avoided. A turbine moving in fast winds is likely to cause
resonance through the building.
How does it work?
Wind turbines convert the power in the wind into electrical
energy using rotating wing-like blades which drive a
generator. They can either be connected to the national grid
to export electricity, used directly for electricity or used to
charge batteries for on-site use.
Turbines can range from small domestic turbines producing
a single Kilo Watt of energy to large offshore turbines with a
capacity of 5MW and a diameter of 100m.
While horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs or ‘propeller
type’) are the most common, there is growing interest in
vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) particularly in urban
locations where they are thought to be able to cope with
more turbulent winds.
Turbines can be free standing mounted on a tower, mounted
on a building structure or in the case of new buildings it also
possible to integrate turbines within the buildings structure.
Wind velocities are the key factor in the location of wind
turbines. Care must be taken with site selection, particularly
for larger turbines. A feasibility study should take into
account wind speed and turbulence and constraints such
as radar stations, airports, landscape designations and
proximity to special wildlife areas or bird migration corridors.
108

A source of renewable energy
Feed In Tariffs are index linked and guaranteed for 20 years,
greatly improving the financial return
Power is exempt from the Climate Change Levy
The system produces no harmful emissions
Highly visible demonstration of renewable energy
Limitations
Planning issues could be a problem
May have implications for load capacity of roof or building
structure
May have implications for availability of plant space on roof
Substantial foundations required
Electricity generation dependant on wind speeds
Noise is an issue if sighted on or close to buildings
Fuel Cell
How does it work?
A fuel cell is
similar to a battery
except that fuel
(most commonly
hydrogen) is
constantly fed
into it to generate
electricity and
heat by an
electrochemical
process. Pure water is produced as the output emission.
Fuel cells have two electrodes; an anode on the negative side
and a cathode on the positive side. These are separated by
a solid or liquid electrolyte; the type of electrolyte determines
what type of fuel cell belongs to.
Hydrogen is supplied to the anode while oxygen is supplied
to the cathode thus creating the chemical reaction.
Hydrogen can be supplied through bottle stores or reformed
from natural gas.
Types of fuel cell; Phosphoric acid, molten carbonate, solid
oxide, proton exchange membrane etc.
In a building context a fuel cell can be used as a CHP unit
generating electricity and heat for building services.
E.G. Woking BC, the UK’s only commercially operational
fuel cell (200kW phosphoric acid) system providing power
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013 109

UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
and heat all year round. (Note subsidised by an American
defence company to be used as a demonstration project).
Potentially applicable for transport, stationary (residential /
commercial buildings) and portable appliances.
Fuel cells have very few moving parts and consequently
require minimal maintenance, while offering high reliability in
continuous power supply.
Their efficiency does not vary with their size.
Very quiet mode of operation.
Negligible emission of pollutants in the ideal case, just water
vapour.
They can produce electricity at efficiencies well above
standard internal combustion engines combined with
generators or steam cycles.
They can be employed as grid connected or stand alone.
Fuel cells can be used for co-generation hence increasing
their overall efficiency up to 85% in all sites identified as
suitable for CHP.
Depending on the type employed, the rejected heat can be
utilised for either low or high grade heat.
Limitations
At present fuel cell costs are very high varying
anywhere between £2,500 - £6,000 per kW depending
on fuel cell type.
Unverified level of performance over time. Their performance
and reliability over their lifetime still remains to be confirmed.
Many types of fuel cell power plants must have their stack
and fuel processor units replaced every 5 to 10 years
(e.g. Woking BC, fuel cell stack replacement after 5 years,
estimated cost £250,000
Infrastructure; the primary energy source is hydrogen and
currently there is no infrastructure provision hence the use of
bottle stores or reforming of natural gas.
Some fuel cells provide heat to power ratio of less than
unity, thus not matching traditional applications where heat
demand is higher than that of electricity.
Some types of fuel cells produce low grade heat unsuitable
in most cases for industrial purposes.
110

Key:
A Industrial distribution
centres
Renewable Technologies, Application and Cost Data
B Most types of building
C Prestige offices and
retail
Renewable technology Candidate Pre- Potential barriers Annual saving per £100,000 Capital Cost Payback Period
buildings
requisites
of
capital
cost
kWh CO2
Tower-mounted wind A F Environmental impact. 111,000 60,162 c.f. elec 2-50kW output £2,500 - For larger turbines the payback
generators
Site
space
for
large
turbines
£4,500 per kW
can
be
within
10
years
( taking
into account Feed-in Tariffs)
D Residential and
commercial, hotels
and leisure
E Industrial, Hotel, Leisure,
Hospital
F Average site wind speed
minimum 7 m/s
G Average site wind speed
minimum 3.5 m/z
H Roughly south-facing,
un-shaded
J Roughly south-facing,
un-shaded – for hot
water
K Feasible ground
conditions
L Space and convenient
source of fuel
M Space and convenient
source of fuel –
for summer heat
Building-mounted B G Environmental impact. 87,000 47,154 c.f. elec Up to 1.5 kW output Approximately 6.5 years
‘ micro
wind’
Roof
space
for
small
turbines
£ 3,
000
per
kW
Standard photovoltic panels B H Available roof space 54,000 29,268 c.f. elec
(poly and mono crystalline
£1,300 per kWp (£175 -
panels)
£185/m2 ). Smaller/
domestic schemes £1,600
- £1,850 per kWp (£230 -
£265/m2 Larger shemes £1,200 -
).
Building intergrated photovoltaic C H None
10,000 5,420 c.f.elec £ 750
- £ 1,
200/
m2
panels (glass/glass laminated) for laminated glass
Passive solar water heating D J None 50,
000
9,
500
c.
f.
gas
£ 800
- £ 1,
000/
m2
Over 25 years
Ground source heat pump B K Site space for pipes 40,000 7,600 c.f. gas £1,400 - £2,000 per kW Under 10 years
Borehole cooling D K Site space for pipes 12,000 5,160 c.f. gas £2,200 - £2,500 Under 10 years
Biomass boilers B L Environmental impact, 100,000 19,000 c.f. gas £200 - £450 per kW 8-10 years
and maintenance
CHP E M Environmental impact, 28,000 12,000 c.f. elec £700 - £1,200 per kWe 4-6 years
and maintenance + 63,000 + 12,000 c.f. gas
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013 111

UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
RLB BIM Capability
1. Introduction
What is BIM?
Simplistically it is a
graphical database that
assists in collaboration
and reduces risk. It also
creates photo realistic
visualisations to assist
client’s understanding
of proposed facilities.
“Building Information Modelling is a digital
representation of physical and functional
characteristics of a facility creating a shared
knowledge resource for information about it forming a
reliable basis for decision making during its life cycle,
from earliest conception to demolition.”
BIM covers geometry, spatial relationships, light
analysis, geographic information quantities and
properties of building components.
Why should you use it?
BIMs are based on three dimensional objects rather
than AutoCAD’s two dimensional lines. This produces
a sophisticated construction model with intelligence.
This allows clash detection, quantity extraction,
specification, phasing and the ability to view the model
from any angle.
Why has it been introduced?
BIM has been used in other industries, such as
aerospace and car manufacturing, for over twenty
years. The software has matured and the hardware is
now affordable. The US Government has mandated
BIM on all federal projects which has boosted the
industry.
What are the benefits for project delivery?
BIM is a collaborative tool. All the information is stored
within one file. The design team use the same data
112

and therefore reduces the risk of un- coordinated
design. Clash detection ensures that mechanical duct
work fits under structural slabs and above architectural
ceilings. The contractor can add phasing and
temporary works to the design. The supply chain can
contribute fully detailed sub-assemblies.
Does BIM finish at practical completion?
The major benefit of BIM is that the client / end user
has a comprehensive model of the completed facility.
This allows furniture and fitting layouts to be adapted.
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013 113

UK CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
Facilities managers can walk through the model and
click on an object and all associated information is
displayed. This could include call out numbers web
addresses, spare parts references, health and safety
information or replacement cycles.
Is it compulsory?
It is not currently compulsory but within five years it will
be mandated on all UK government projects.
2. RLB and BIM
Rider Levett Bucknall has invested in Building
Information Model development and training. This
includes:
The purchase of Autodesk “Revit” licences.
All UK Technical Staff have mobile workstations
capable of working with BIM models.
Software purchased for Quantities take off from BIM
models.
114

Training
RLB is part of the RICS BIM working group
RLB can now offer direct take off from BIM models, for
production of Bills of Quantities or cost plans.
We have also developed a capability to work within the
model, as an intelligent editor, adding data to enable
the model to be used for production of quantities,
calculating embedded carbon and life cycle costs.
The built in Uniformat Code has been rewritten as a
UK equivalent based on a NRM/NBS format so that
Revit items can be coded. The program then attaches
the additional attributes and capital costs. This system
could also be used to translate into other languages.
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013 115

Professional
Services
Overview of Services
Building Surveying
Project Management
Quantity Surveying
Taxation Services

PROFESSIONAL SERVICES
Overview of Services
We are a leading independent firm providing some of the most
comprehensive and forward thinking construction and property
advice available. We do this through our global team of experts,
who possess a passion for both core services and innovation.
We are committed to developing new services and techniques
aimed at enhancing your business in the long term.
You will benefit at every stage of the construction cycle to
successful project delivery.
With over 3,000 staff in more than 100 offices across Asia,
Oceania, Europe, Middle East and the Americas, we work hard
to ensure that you receive a tailored service. We work closely
with all our clients to provide the best solutions on a local,
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The following services are offered through our core services
of Cost Consultancy, and Quantity Surveying, Project
Management, Building Surveying, CDMC Services and
Specialist Advisory Services.
BUILDING SURVEYING
RLB Building Surveyors are able to provide Property Asset
Management advice to clients who have aspirations to either:-
1. Maintain their existing property portfolio
2. Refurbish, remodel or build new properties
3. Dispose of, or acquire new properties
RLB can aid Clients in realising their asset objectives but also
provide complementary services including quality and efficiency,
environmental performance, statutory compliance, liquidity and
commercial aspects. RLB is able to tailor this combination of
services to ensure it fulfils the Client’s exacting requirements
Our Building Surveyors are highly qualified professionals
who offer expert advice on a variety of projects and take on
many roles throughout the lifecycle of a building. From project
inception to demolition RLB can offer concise and pertinent
guidance to make any project a success.
The services provided by the Building Surveyor in providing
Property Asset Management advice can be briefly summarised
as follows.:-
Professional Services
Professional services are the ‘traditional’ competencies
which underpin the conventional Building Surveying role.
With the technical knowledge of construction and building
pathology, Building Surveyors can offer advice across a range
of topics. The umbrella term ‘professional services’ is firstly
concerned with the physical attributes of a property; namely the
assessment of its current state, condition and configuration.
118

This stream of services includes the following:
Identification and correction of building defects
Due diligence assessments on behalf of a prospective
property purchaser
Measured surveys to calculate a property’s nett lettable area
Building condition surveys as part of a planned or reactive
maintenance strategy
Feasibility studies to aid Client’s in realising their aspirations for
existing properties
The professional services spectrum also encompasses the
complex legal/regulatory compliance regime which governs
property and construction. The high ethical and professional
standards imposed by the RICS ensures surveyors are in a
position to offer reasoned and practical advice on the range of
legal topics including:
The Party Wall etc. Act 1996
Dilapidations claims under the Landlord and Tenant Act 1927
The benefit of a surveyor’s familiarity with the legal framework
together with their work experience are imperative to
safeguarding Clients’ interests. Building Surveying is a dynamic
profession and surveyors provide an integral service for Client’s
seeking to fulfill their statutory duties under new and changing
legislation, for example:
Disabled Access Audits (Equality Act 2010)
Fire Risk Assessments (Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order
2005)
Construction Services
Building Surveyors have always taken a major role in large
construction schemes and have developed a range of services
to suit specific project situations. The traditional roles of an
Architect such as Project Management, Contract Administration
and Specification Writing are now often undertaken by Building
Surveyors. Clients have found that the Building Surveyor’s
broad knowledge base and adaptability lend themselves well to
these critical roles.
Building Surveyors are able to plan, design, specify and
administer refurbishment and smaller new build and extension
projects.
Project Monitoring is another role that Building Surveyors have
been able to take on. This role involves the Building Surveyor
acting as an independent advisor for an interested party in
a construction project. Usually where a financial institution is
funding a project and they require specific standards to be met,
but also where a tenant has signed a lease for a new building
and want to ensure that the space meets their requirements.
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013 119

PROFESSIONAL SERVICES
With health and safety becoming ever more important on
construction sites Building Surveyors are well placed to adopt
the role of CDM Co-ordinator. This position was created by the
Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007 and
involves the co-ordination of the health and safety aspects of a
project from initial design, during construction and throughout
the whole life cycle of the structure.
Environmental Services
Building Surveying services continually evolve to reflect the
emerging concepts in the property and construction sector.
With growing emphasis being placed on improving energy
efficiency and reducing carbon omissions, the transferable
skills of a Building Surveyor are suitable for assessing the
environmental impact of the built environment. Having a
comprehensive knowledge of construction technology and an
understanding of building operations and material performance,
Building Surveyors are well placed to offer a range of energy
assessments as part of their services portfolio. Many Surveyors
have widened their scope of service by becoming RICS
accredited energy assessors to assist Clients in fulfilling their
legal obligation under the European Energy Performance in
Buildings Directive (EPBD):
An assessment of a
building’s carbon omissions to give an energy rating together
with recommendations for improving efficiency (required for
New Builds and properties for sale or letting).
An
appraisal of a building’s actual energy consumption based on
utility bills, generating a property specific operational rating
(required for public buildings over 1000m2 and reviewed on an
annual basis).
Provides an assessment and labeling
method designed to rate and compare the environmental
performance of office fit-out projects in the UK.
A Ska Rating helps organisations achieve more sustainable
fit-outs.
The benefit of using a Building Surveyor for environmental
assessments is that they are suitably qualified to review the
feasibility of recommendations and physically implement them
on site.
In addition, Building Surveyors often form an integral part of
a design team. Their technical knowledge is invaluable in
recommending innovative and sustainable solutions to reduce
the environmental impact of a new build. Many Building
Surveyors have expanded their skill set by becoming accredited
BREEAM (BRE Environmental Assessment Method) assessors
to assist Clients in achieving best environmental practice.
120

PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Rider Levett Bucknall offers customers a focused service that
puts a client’s needs first. We appoint a Project Manager, or a
Project Management Team, that we know will bring the relevant
experience to bear on your project.
Our specialist expertise will be applied to establish the appropriate
balance of emphasis and attention to detail throughout the project,
to ensure that initial budget and timescales are met without
compromising quality.
We will co-ordinate the activities of all parties, so that they focus
on the project’s objectives and what is expected of them. It means
we will dynamically control your project from the outset, setting out
a framework of controls that can be applied to the entire process.
With the backing of advanced computer systems and clear
reporting procedures, we will deliver your project to your
requirements and to meet your precise needs.
Our services include Project Management through all development
stages from briefing through to completion and occupation.
Our activities often embrace a number of specialist skills and
disciplines, which are co-ordinated by the Project Management
team:
Consultant Selection
Strategic Briefing
Development Management
Design Management
Business Cases
Commissioning Management
Move Management
Project Control
Programme Management
Management Consultancy
Procurement Advice
Change Management
Contract Selection
Risk Management
Due Diligence
Project Monitoring
QUANTITY SURVEYING
Cost Consultancy
Our approach to Quantity Surveying is one which focuses on
the business needs of the customer and aims to deliver a cost
management service which enables our customers to make
informed decisions in relation to their property assets.
Our range of services is enhanced by our sector expertise and
appropriate experienced staff that will provide positive advice at
the various stages of the project cycle.
Feasibility Studies
Our internal benchmark information enables us to provide a
speedy response at early stages of a project to assess if the
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013 121

PROFESSIONAL SERVICES
project requirements can be achieved and to offer alternative
solutions if appropriate.
Cost Modelling
This can be used as a dynamic tool to review alternative design
options and explore ‘what if’ scenarios to identify the most cost
effective options within the parameters of the brief.
Cost Planning
Our cost plan will be a detailed elemental budget, which will
form the key cost management control document and will be
prepared in conjunction with the whole project team to ensure
ownership of the budget. All future changes will be managed
against the signed off cost plan.
Value Engineering
We will work with the project team, and where required,
facilitate workshops in order to undertake a structured review
at key project stages to ascertain that the project is meeting
the functional requirements of the brief and is providing whole
life value.
Risk Analysis and Risk Management
We will advise the project team on strategies for identifying and
minimising specific risks together with appropriate levels of cost
and a methodology for managing risks within the identified levels.
Specialist Mechanical and Electrical Cost Advice
Our specialist surveyors are able to provide cost advice in
relation to services installations and where appropriate are able
to challenge designs based upon their detail understanding of
technical knowledge and design criteria relating to installations.
Procurement Advice
Based upon the customer’s principle objectives in relation to
cost certainty, quality of design, workmanship and programme
we will undertake a review of these objectives and provide
recommendations in relation to the optimum procurement
method to best achieve these objectives.
Contractor/Supplier Selection
Evaluating the most suitable contractor’s/suppliers for a project
based upon scope, content, complexity, procurement and the
need for specialist knowledge and innovative thinking.
Pre and Post Contract Cost Control
A key element of our role is to manage the costs within the
signed off budget through :
Continual cost checking of design development
Value engineering
Alternative cost studies
Post contract cost control including change order process
Tender and Contract Preparation and Evaluation
Preparation of tender and contract documents which provide
details of the project requirements and clearly identify
responsibility for risks.
122

TAXATION SERVICES
Rider Levett Bucknall has a specialist Taxation Services division
that provides capital allowances and other tax planning advice
for property transactions across all business sectors.
At Rider Levett Bucknall we understand how we can add value
to your project by maximising the tax savings available. We
have a proven track record of delivering robust claims and our
excellent working relationship with HM Revenue & Customs
(HMRC) means we can swiftly agree claims without the need
for protracted negotiations.
Our services range from tax planning advice at the inception
of projects, through to the preparation of detailed reports,
claims and elections, and any negotiations with HM Revenue
& Customs (HMRC). We offer bespoke tax systems to meet
each clients’ requirements, which provides a tailored solution
to optimise tax savings.
The Taxation Services we currently provide are summarised
as follows:
Tax Planning Services
Through detailed reviews at design stage, Rider Levett
Bucknall Taxation Services can establish capital allowances
entitlement and identify opportunities to optimise tax savings
and maximise first year tax reliefs. We will manage and audit
this process from inception to completion through to claim
submission and settlement with HMRC, therefore providing
our clients with an increased overall tax saving as well as
enhanced first year tax savings.
Construction Services
Involvement at preliminary stages is essential in optimising tax
relief. Rider Levett Bucknall Taxation Services estimate that
through early proactive advice, the level of capital allowances
available in a development may be increased by as much
as 15%. We will undertake detailed review and analysis
of the available construction information, together with a
comprehensive site survey to identify and record all qualifying
assets. We will prepare and submit a fully disclosed claim,
which is in a format HMRC are familiar with and obviates the
need for common queries.
We undertake due diligence on property acquisitions and
disposals, including dilapidations, for our clients. For property
acquisitions we establish entitlement through a comprehensive
review of the legal information as well as undertaking a
detailed site survey to identify and maximise all qualifying
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013 123

assets. Our expertise enables us to prepare reconstruction
costs and fully supportive land values in preparing our claims.
Our methodology and fully disclosed format reduces HMRC
queries and eliminates the risk of a later discovery.
We also provide disposal sales aids for our clients, which
outline a potential purchaser’s capital allowances entitlement
on a property. Establishing and highlighting the potential tax
saving to a prospective purchaser can make the property
more sought-after in an open market and can prove to be a
useful negotiation tool.
Our specialist Taxation Services also manage the entitlement,
negotiation and agreement of Capital Allowances Elections for
property purchasers and sellers. Our expertise enables us to
achieve the optimum result for our clients, dependant on their
tax profile.
Further to changes in the capital allowances legislation
outlined in Finance Act 2012, it will now be mandatory to
deal with capital allowances issues when buying and selling
commercial property. Whereas buyers and sellers could
previously ignore capital allowances in a purchase contract,
from April 2012 there will now be obligations on both sides. If
capital allowances are not dealt with and fixed as part of the
purchase transaction, then allowances can be lost for good,
affecting not only the tax affairs of the purchaser but also
those of all future purchasers.
Additionally, as of April 2014, these obligations will apply
to sellers who have never claimed capital allowances. If
the current owner of property has not claimed allowances,
the current property owner will have to record the value of
fixtures within a property, or the potential capital allowances
benefits will be lost; to the current owner and potential future
owners. This is particularly relevant to Pension Funds as non
tax payers previously wouldn’t identify or claim the capital
allowances. With the new legislation changes, unless the tax
relief is identified and pooled by Pension Funds, subsequent
purchasers of the property will not be able to benefit from the
tax benefits, which may either reduce the purchase price or
make the property acquisition less attractive than a similar
property with full tax breaks available to a purchaser.
We would recommend these compliance requirements are
taken into consideration prior to the April 2014 deadline. It is
more important than ever to be proactive to ensure that the
capital allowances obligations are met. Rider Levett Bucknall
Taxation Services will ensure that sellers are in a position to
dispose of their property having already dealt with these issues.
124

Europe
Asia
Oceania
North America
Caribbean
Middle East
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013 125

INTERNATIONAL OFFICES
EUROPE
UNITED KINGDOM
BIRCHWOOD/WARRINGTON
Suite A4, Chadwick House, Birchwood Park
Warrington, WA3 6AE UK
Telephone: +44 0 1925 851787
Facsimile: +44 0 1925 810110
E-Mail: deryck.barton@uk.rlb.com
Contact: Deryck Barton
BIRMINGHAM (UNTIL SUMMER 2013 OFFICE MOVE)
Millennium Point, Curzon Street
Birmingham, B4 7XG UK
Telephone: +44 0 121 503 1500
Facsimile: +44 0 121 503 1501
E-Mail: mark.weaver@uk.rlb.com
Contact: Nigel Mason
BRISTOL
Embassy House, 86 Queens Avenue,
Bristol, BS8 1SB, UK
Telephone: +44 0 117 974 1122
Facsimile: +44 0 117 974 1141
E-Mail: mark.williamson@uk.rlb.com
Contact: Mark Williamson
LONDON
2nd Floor, 60 New Broad Street,
London, EC2M 1JJ
Telephone: +44 0207 398 8300
Facsimile: +44 0207 623 0466
E-Mail: tony.catchpole@uk.rlb.com
Contact: Tony Catchpole
MANCHESTER
8 Exchange Quay, Salford Quay
Manchester, M5 3EJ UK
Telephone: +44 0 161 868 7700
Facsimile: +44 0 161 868 7701
E-Mail: phil.higham@uk.rlb.com
Contact: Phil Higham
SHEFFIELD
6th Floor Orchard Lane Wing, Fountain Precinct,
Balm Green, Sheffield, S1 2JA UK
Telephone: +44 0 114 273 3300
Facsimile: +44 0 114 273 3301
E-Mail: dean.sheehy@uk.rlb.com
Contact: Dean Sheehy
WELWYN GARDEN CITY
29 Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City,
Hertfordshire, AL7 3BQ
Telephone: +44 0 170 787 1506
Facsimile: +44 0 170 739 5037
E-Mail: andrew.reynolds@uk.rlb.com
Contact: Andrew Reynolds
WOKINGHAM
1st Floor, 1000 Eskdale Road, IQ Winnersh, Wokingham,
Berkshire, RG41 5TS
Telephone: +44 0 118 974 3600
Facsimile: +44 0 118 974 3601
E-Mail: simon.kerton@uk.rlb.com
Contact: Simon Kerton
RLB | EUROALLIANCE
Telephone: + 44 7900 053132
E-Mail: lance.taylor@uk.rlb.com
Contact: Lance Taylor
126

ASIA
SINGAPORE
SINGAPORE
150 Beach Road
#09-01, Gateway West
Singapore 189720
Telephone: +65 6339 1500
Facsimile: +65 6339 1521
E-Mail: rlb@sg.rlb.com
Website: www.asia.rlb.com/singapore
Contact: Winston Hauw
VIETNAM
HO CHI MINH CITY
Centec Tower, 16th Floor, Unit 1603,
72-74 Nguyen Thi Minh Khai Street,
Ward 6, District 3 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Telephone: +84 83 823 8070
Facsimile: +84 83 823 7803
E-Mail: rlb@vn.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Ong Choon Beng
INDONESIA
INDONESIA
Jl. Jend. Surdirman Kav. 45-46
Sampoerna Strategic Square
South Tower, Level 18
Jakarta 12930, Indonesia
Telephone: +62 21 575 0828 / +62 21 575 0829
Facsimile: +62 21 575 0801
E-Mail: rlb@sg.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
PHILIPPINES
CEBU
Suite 601-602, Pdi Condominium,
Arch. Bishop Reyes Avenue,
Corner J. Panis Street, Banilad Cebu City
Telephone: +(63) 032 268 0072
Email: coraballard@ph.rlb.com
DAVAO
Door 1 Ram-Line Resources Bldg,
R Castillio St, Agdao District,
Davao City, 8000
Telephone: +(63) 082 235 0995
Email: coraballard@ph.rlb.com
MANILA
Corazon Clemeña Compound
No. 54 Danny Floro St.(formerly Canley Road),
Bagong Ilog, Pasig City 1600, Philippines
Telephone: +63 (02) 687 1075
Telephone: +63 (02) 470 0642
Facsimile: +63 (02) 570 4025
Email: coraballard@ph.rlb.com
Contact: Corazon C. Ballard, Tagumpay E. Barrios
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013 127

INTERNATIONAL OFFICES
CHINA
BEIJING
Room 1803-1809, 18th Floor, East Ocean Centre
24A Jian Guo Men Wai Avenue,
Chaoyang District Beijing 100004, China
Telephone: +86 10 6515 5818
Facsimile: +86 10 6515 5819
Email: beijing@cn.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Lo See Wing
CHENGDU
Rooms 6-12, 31st Floor, Huamin Empire Plaza
1 Fuxing Street, Chengdu, 610016, Sichuan, China
Telephone: +86 28 8670 3382
Facsimile: +86 28 8613 6160
Email: chengdu@cn.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Stephen Liu
CHONGQING
Room 1801, 18th Metropolitan Tower
No 68 Zourong Road, Central District
Chongqing 400010, China
Telephone: +86 23 6380 6628
Facsimile: +86 23 6380 6618
Email: chongqing@cn.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Danny Chow
DALIAN
Room 1103 – 11F, Xiwang Tower
No 136, Zhongshan Road, Zhongshan District
Dalian 116001, China
Telephone: +86 411 3973 7778
Facsimile: +86 411 3973 7779
Email: dalian@cn.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Lo See Wing
GUANGZHOU
Room 601, Taikoo Hui Tower 1
385 Tian He Road, Guangzhou 510620, China
Telephone: +86 20 8732 1801
Facsimile: +86 20 8732 1803
Email: guangzhou@cn.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Kenneth Kwan
GUIYANG
Room E, 12th Floor, Fuzhong International Plaza
126 Xin Hua Road, Guiyang 550002, China
Telephone: +86 851 553 3818
Facsimile: +86 851 553 3618
Email: guiyang@cn.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: K.M. Chau
HAIKOU
Room 1705, 17th Floor, Fortune Center,
38 Da Tong Road, Haikou 570102
Hainan Province, China
Telephone: +86 898 6672 6638
Facsimile: +86 898 6672 1618
Email: haikou@cn.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: K.M. Chau
128

HANGZHOU
Room 2306 23rd Floor, Deep Blue Plaza, No .203 Zhao Hui Road,
Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
Telephone: +86 571 8539 3028
Facsimile: +86 571 8539 3708
Email: hangzhou@cn.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact:
HONG KONG
K.M. Chau
Eastern Central Plaza, 20th Floor
3 Yiu Hing Road, Shaukeiwan, Hong Kong
Telephone: +852 2823 1823
Facsimile: +852 2861 1283
Email: hongkong@hk.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact:
MACAU
Philip Lo
Alameda Dr Carlos D’Assumpcao
No. 398 Edificio CNAC 9˚ Andar, I-J Macau
Telephone: +853 2875 3088
Facsimile: +853 2875 3308
Email: macau@mo.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact:
NANJING
Kenneth Kwan
Room 1202, South Tower, NIC, 201 Zhong Yang Road, Nanjing 210009
Jiang Su Province, China
Telephone: +86 25 8678 0300
Facsimile: +86 25 8678 0500
Email: nanjing@cn.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact:
QINGDAO
Kenneth Kwan
Room 2019, 20th Floor, Parkson Commercial Plaza, 44-60 Zhongshan Road,
Shinan District, Qingdao 266001, Shandong Province, China
Telephone: +86 532 8612 3015
Facsimile: +86 532 8612 3025
Email: qingdao@cn.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact:
SHANGHAI
Kenneth Kwan
10th Floor, Shanghai Square Office Tower
138 Huai Hai Zhong Road, Shanghai 200021, China
Telephone: +86 21 6330 1999
Facsimile: +86 21 6330 2012
Email: shanghai@cn.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact:
SHENYANG
Stephen Lai / W. Q. Wang
25th Floor, Tower A, President Building, No. 69 Heping North Avenue,
Heping District, Shenyang 110003, Liaoning, China
Telephone: +86 24 2396 5516
Facsimile: +86 24 2396 5515
Email: shenyang@cn.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: C.H. Chan
SHENZHEN
Room 4510 – 4513 45th Floor, Shun Hing Square, Diwang Commercial Centre,
5002 Shennan Road East, Shenzhen 518001, China
Telephone: +86 755 8246 0959
Facsimile: +86 755 8246 0638
Email: shenzhen@cn.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Kenneth Kwan
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013 129

INTERNATIONAL OFFICES
TIANJIN
Room 1908 19th Floor,
Tianjin International Building
75 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300050, China
Telephone: +86 22 2339 6632
Facsimile: +86 22 2339 6639
Email: tianjin@cn.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Lo See Wing
WUHAN
Room 2301 23rd Floor, New World International Trade Centre
No. 568 Jianshe Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
Telephone: +86 27 6885 0986
Facsimile: +86 27 6885 0987
Email: wuhan@cn.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Stephen Lai / W. Q. Wang
WUXI
Room 1205-1206, Wealth Building
No. 220 Ren Min Zhong Road
Wuxi Jiangsu 214000, Jiangsu, China
Telephone: +86 510 8274 0266
Facsimile: +86 510 8274 0603
Email: wuxi@cn.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Stephen Lai / W. Q. Wang
XIAN
Room 2906 29th Floor, Digital Plaza
Hi-Tech International Business Centre
33 Keji Road, Xian 710075, China
Telephone: +86 29 8833 7433
Facsimile: +86 29 8833 7438
Email: xian@cn.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Stephen Liu
ZHUHAI
Room 3108, 31st Floor,
Everbright International Trade Center
No. 47 Haibinnanlu, Jida, Zhuhai 519015, China
Telephone: +86 756 388 9010
Facsimile: +86 756 388 9169
Email: zhuhai@cn.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Kenneth Kwan
INDIA
MUMBAI
Level 7 & 8, Vibgyor Towers, G Block C62,
Bandra Kurla Complex, Mumbai, 400 051, India
Telephone: + 91 99203 63644
Email: vishal.shah@in.rlb.com
SOUTH KOREA
SEOUL
8th Floor DaHyung Building, 157-13 Samsung-dong,
Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-880, Korea
Telephone: +82 2 582 2834
Facsimile: +82 2 563 5752
Email: seoul@kr.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Stephen Lai
130

OCEANIA
AUSTRALIA
ADELAIDE
Level 4, 63 Pirie Street
Adelaide S.A. 5000, Australia
Telephone: +61 8 8100 1200
Facsimile: +61 8 8100 1288
Email: adelaide@au.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Stephen Knight
BRISBANE
Level 13, 10 Eagle Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
GPO Box 1383, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
Telephone: +61 7 3009 6933
Facsimile: +61 7 3009 6999
Email: brisbane@au.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Mark Burow
CAIRNS
Suite 7, 1st Floor, Cairns Professional Centre
92-96 Pease Street, Cairns QLD 4870, Australia
PO Box 5224, Cairns QLD 4870, Australia
Telephone: +61 7 4032 1533
Facsimile: +61 7 4032 1566
Email: cairns@au.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Bill Wilkes
CANBERRA
16 Bentham Street
PO Box 7035, Yarralumla ACT 2600, Australia
Telephone: +61 2 6281 5446
Facsimile: +61 2 6281 5378
Email: canberra@au.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Mark Chappe
DARWIN
Level 4, 62 Cavenagh Street
Darwin NT 0800, Australia
PO Box 3423, Darwin NT 0801, Australia
Telephone: +61 8 8941 2262
Facsimile: +61 8 8941 2572
Email: darwin@au.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Paul Lassemillante
GOLD COAST
45 Nerang Street,
SOUTHPORT QLD 4215, Australia
Telephone: +61 7 5595 6900
Facsimile: +61 7 5595 6999
Email: goldcoast@au.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Peter Spencer
MELBOURNE
Level 13, 380 St Kilda Road
Melbourne VIC 3004, Australia
Telephone: +61 3 9690 6111
Facsimile: +61 3 9690 6577
Email: melbourne@au.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Michael Kerr
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013 131

INTERNATIONAL OFFICES
NEWCASTLE
63 Lindsay Street
PO Box 97, Hamilton NSW 2303, Australia
Telephone: +61 2 4940 0000
Facsimile: +61 2 4961 1222
Email: newcastle@au.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Mark Hocking
NORTHERN NSW
Level 1, 9 Park Avenue, PO Box 197 Coffs Harbour,
NSW 2450, Australia
Telephone: +61 2 6659 2060
Facsimile: +61 2 6659 2001
Email: northernnsw@au.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact:
PERTH
Mark Hocking
Level 9, 160 St Georges Terrace, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
Telephone: +61 8 9421 1230
Facsimile: +61 8 9322 7592
Email: perth@au.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Alastair McMichael
SUNSHINE COAST
63 The Esplanade, Maroochydore QLD 4558, Australia
Telephone: +61 7 5443 3622
Facsimile: +61 7 5443 6233
Email: suncoast@au.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact:
SYDNEY
Mark Brittain
Level 5, 41 McLaren Street
North Sydney NSW 2060, Australia
PO Box 531, North Sydney NSW 2059, Australia
Telephone: +61 2 9922 2277
Facsimile: +61 2 9957 4197
Email: sydney@au.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Bob Richardson
WESTERN SYDNEY
Level 5, 34 Charles Street
Parramatta NSW 2150, Australia
PO Box 1419, Parramatta NSW 2124, Australia
Telephone: +61 2 9806 0044
Facsimile: +61 2 9806 0244
Email: westsyd@au.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact:
TOWNSVILLE
Gary Train
Level 1, 45 Eyre Street, North Ward
Townsville QLD 4810, Australia
PO Box 19, Townsville QLD 4810, Australia
Telephone: +61 7 4771 5718
Facsimile: +61 7 4772 3848
Email: townsville@au.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Chris Marais
132

NEW ZEALAND
AUCKLAND
Level 15, Vero Centre, 48 Shortland Street
Auckland 1141, New Zealand
PO Box 5377
Auckland 1141, New Zealand
Telephone: +64 9 309 1074
Facsimile: +64 9 379 5420
Email: auckland@nz.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Brian Dackers
CHRISTCHURCH
Unit18A, Cavendish Business Park
150 Cavendish Road, Christchurch, New Zealand
Email christchurch@nz.rlb.com
Telephone +64 3 354 6873
Email: christchurch@nz.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact:
OTAGO
Malcolm Timms
Level 2, 12 Remarkables Park
PO Box 691, Queenstown 9348, New Zealand
Telephone: +64 3 409 0325
Facsimile: +64 3 409 0327
Email: chris.haines@nz.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Chris Haines
PALMERSTON NORTH
Suite 1, Level 1, 219 Broadway Avenue,
Palmerston North 4414, New Zealand
PO Box 1117, Palmerston North 4440, New Zealand
Telephone: +64 6 357 0326
Facsimile: +64 6 356 5624
Email: palmerstonnorth@nz.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact:
TAURANGA
Wayne Kitching
Ground Floor, 116 Cameron Road
PO Box 13619, Tauranga 3141, New Zealand
Telephone: +64 7 579 5873
Facsimile: +64 7 571 5210
Email: tauranga@nz.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact:
WELLINGTON
Richard Gerrish
279 Willis Street, Wellington 6011, New Zealand
PO Box 27-013, Wellington 6141, New Zealand
Telephone: +64 4 384 9198
Facsimile: +64 4 385 7272
Email: wellington@nz.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Tony Sutherland
NORTH AMERICA
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BOSTON
Two Financial Center, Suite 810, 60 South Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
Telephone: +1 617 737 9339
Facsimile: +1 617 737 0540
E-Mail: BOS@us.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Grant Owen
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013 133

INTERNATIONAL OFFICES
CHICAGO
1445 North State Parkway, Suite 1006,
Chicago, IL 60610
Telephone: +1 312 819 4250
Facsimile: +1 312 819 4256
E-Mail: ORD@us.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact:
DENVER
Robert Garrison
1675 Larimer Street, Suite 470,
Denver, Colorado 80202
Telephone: +1 720 904 1480
Facsimile: +1 720 904 1481
E-Mail: DEN@us.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact:
GUAM
Peter Knowles
GCIC Building, Suite 603
414 West Soledad Avenue Hagåtña, Guam 96910
Telephone: +1 671 473 9054
E-Mail: GUM@us.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact:
HILO
Emile le Roux
117 Keawe Street, Suite 125
Hilo, HI 96720
Telephone: +1 808 883 3379
Facsimile: +1 808 883 3389
E-Mail: koa@us.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact:
HONOLULU
Kevin Mitchell
American Savings Bank Tower, Suite 1340, 1001 Bishop Street,
Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
Telephone: +1 808 521 2641
Facsimile: +1 808 521 3296
E-Mail: HNL@us.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact:
KENNEWICK
Tony Smith / Paul Brussow / Maelyn Uyehara
3104 West Kennewick Avenue, Suite C
Kennewick, WA99336, USA
Telephone: +1 509 735 3056
Facsimile: +1 509 783 6477
E-Mail: psc@us.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact:
LAS VEGAS
Nick Castorina
6555 South Valley View Boulevard, Suite 510
Las Vegas Nevada 89118, USA
Telephone: +1 702 227 8818
Facsimile: +1 702 227 8858
E-Mail: LAS@us.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact:
LOS ANGELES
Martin Grace
Pacific Center, 523 West Sixth Street, Suite 522
Los Angeles, California 90014, USA
Telephone: +1 213 689 1103
Facsimile: +1 213 624 0949
E-Mail: LAX@us.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Graham Roy
134

NEW YORK
26 Broadway, Suite 1616
New York, NY 10004, USA
Telephone: +1 212 952 1300
E-Mail: EWR@us.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Grant Owen
PHOENIX
4343 East Camelback Road, Suite 350
Phoenix, Arizona 85018, USA
Telephone: +1 602 443 4848
Facsimile: +1 602 443 4849
E-Mail: PHX@us.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Julian Anderson / Scott Macpherson / John Jozwick
PORTLAND
Brewery Block 2
1120 NW Couch Street, Suite 730
Portland, Oregon 97209, USA
Telephone: +1 503 226 2730
Facsimile: +1 503 226 1267
E-Mail: PDX@us.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Graham Roy
SAN FRANCISCO
425 Market Street, Level 22
San Francisco, California 94105, USA
Telephone: +1 415 362 2613
E-Mail: SFO@us.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Graham Roy
SEATTLE
1924 First Avenue, Level 2
Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
Telephone: +1 206 223 2055
Facsimile: +1 206 223 2056
E-Mail: SEA@us.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Chris Burris
SEATTLE (MONROE)
304 West Main Street
Monroe, WA98272
Telephone: +1 360 805 0413
Facsimile: +1 360 805 0314
E-Mail: PAE@us.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Nick Castorina
TUCSON
Two East Congress, Suite 900
Tucson, Arizona 85701
Telephone: +1 520 202 7378
Facsimile: +1 520 202 7379
E-Mail: tus@us.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Joel Brown
WAIKOLOA
Waikoloa Highlands Center, PMB #408, 68-1845 Waikoloa Road,
Suite 106, Waikoloa, Hawaii 96738
Telephone: +1 808 883 3379
Facsimile: +1 808 883 3389
E-Mail: KOA@us.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Kevin Mitchell
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013 135

INTERNATIONAL OFFICES
WASHINGTON DC
Metro Center, 1200 G Street NW, Suite 800,
Washington, DC 20005
Telephone: +1 202 434 8350
Facsimile: +1 202 434 8707
E-Mail: DCA@us.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Grant Owen
CANADA
CALGARY
200 - 609 14th Street NW
Calgary, Alberta T2N 2A1
Canada
Telephone: +1 403 571 0505
Facsimile: +1 403 571 0507
E-Mail: YYC@ca.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Roy Baxter
CARIBBEAN
BAHAMAS
PO Box N-10977, Cable Beach,
West Bay Street, Nassau
Telephone: + 1 242 677 9124
Facsimile: + 1 242 677 9100
Email: gordon.glen@bs.rlb.com
BARBADOS
Altman Real Estate Annex,
Derricks, St. James, Barbados
Telephone: +1 246 435 5795
Facsimile: +1 246 445 5788
E-Mail: robert.hoyle@bb.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Robert Hoyle
CAYMAN ISLANDS
Fourth Floor, Genesis Building,
13 Genesis Close, PO Box 1489,
Grand Cayman, KY1-1110
Telephone: +1 345 946 6063
Facsimile: +1 345 946 6073
E-Mail: martyn.bould@ky.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Martyn Bould
ST. LUCIA
P.O. Box 456, Gablewood, Sandy Acres,
Castries, St. Lucia
Telephone: +1 758 452 2125
Facsimile: +1 758 453 7395
Email: brian.martin@lc.rlb.com
MIDDLE EAST
ABU DHABI
Mezzanine Level, Al Mazrouei Building,
Muroor Road, PO Box 105766,
Abu Dhabi, UAE
Abu Dhabi - UAE
Telephone: +971 5 0292 5723
E-Mail: tony.bratt@ae.rlb.com
Contact: Tony Bratt
136

DOHA QATAR
Office 32, Second Floor, Sheikh Jabr Building,
Al Mirqab Al Jadeed Street, Al Naser Area,
PO Box 26550, Doha, Qatar
Telephone: +974 4016 2777
Facsimile: +974 4016 2776
Mobile: +974 3 614 958
E-Mail: sam.graham@ae.rlb.com
Contact: Sam Graham
DUBAI
Oasis Centre, Level 3
Suite 68, Sheikh Zayed Road
PO Box 115882, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Telephone: +971 4339 7444
E-Mail: rob.edgecombe@ae.rlb.com
Contact: Rob Edgecombe
MUSCAT
Building No. 287, 18th November Road
North, Azaiba, Sultanate of Oman
Telephone: +968 2449 9676
Facsimile: +968 2449 7174
E-Mail: andres.buce@om.rlb.com
Contact: Stephen Lai
RIYADH
PO Box 53911, Riyadh 11593, Saudi Arabia
Telephone: +966 1248 4444 ext 603
E-Mail: steve.aikman@sa.rlb.com
Website: www.rlb.com
Contact: Steve Aikman
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013 137

Miscellaneous
Conversion Factors
Calculation Formulae
Calendars

MISCELLANEOUS
Conversion Factors
To convert Multiply by
Area
Square inches into square millimetres 645.16
Square inches into square centimetres 6.4516
Square feet into square centimetres 929.0304
Square feet into square metres 0.092903
Square yards into square feet 9.00
Square yards into square metres 0.8356127
Square metres into square feet 10.764
Square metres into square yards 1.196
Square yards into acres 0.0083613
Acres into square metres 4046.8564
Acres into square yards 4,840
Acres into hectares 0.4046856
Hectares into acres 2.471
Hectares into square metres 10,000
Square kilometres into hectares 100
Square miles into square kilometres 2.589988
Square miles into acres 638.0
Square kilometres into square miles 0.386
Volume and Capacity
Cubic inches into cubic centimetres 16.387064
Cubic inches into litres 0.016387
Cubic feet into cubic metres 0.0283168
Cubic feet into litres 28.316847
UK pints into litres 0.5682613
US pints into litres 0.473
UK litres into pints 1.760
UK litres into gallons 0.220
US litres into gallons 0.264
US litres into pints 2.113
Cubic yards into cubic metres 0.7645549
UK gallons into litres 4.54609
US gallons into litres 3.785
UK gallons into cubic metres 0.0045461
UK fluid ounces into cubic centimetres 28.413063
Mass
Grains into metric carats 0.323995
Grams into ounces 0.035
Ounces into grams 28.349523
Ounces into kilograms 0.0283495
Pounds into kilograms 0.4535924
Kilograms into pounds 2.205
Tons into kilograms 1016.0469
Tons into metric tonnes 1.01605
Tons into pounds 2,240
Tons into tonnes 1.016
Tonnes into tons 0.984
140

Conversion Factors
To convert Multiply by
Length
Milli-inches into micrometres 25.4
Inches into millimetres 25.4
Inches into centimetres 2.54
Inches into metres 0.0254
Centimetres into inches 0.394
Feet into millimetres 304.8
Feet into centimetres 30.48
Feet into metres 0.3048
Yards into metres 0.9144
Fathoms into metres 1.8288
Chains into metres 20.1168
Furlongs into metres 201.168
Miles, statute into kilometres 1.609344
Miles, nautical into kilometres 1.852
Temperature
Degree Celsius to Degree Fahrenheit °F = (°C x 9/5) + 32
Degree Fahrenheit to Degree Celsius °C = (°F-32) x 5/9
Calculation Formulae
To calculate Multiply
Area of Triangle Base by 1⁄2 height
Area of circle (radius) 2 by 3.1416
Area of sector of circle Length of arc by 1⁄2 radius
Area of square, rhombus Base x height
Area of equilateral triangle (Side) 2 x 0.433
Area of trapezium
Area of ellipse
Area of parabola
Height x 1⁄2 x
(sum of parallel sides)
Major axis by
minor axis x 0.7854
2⁄3 x base x height
Circumference of circle Diameter x 3.1416
Surface area of sphere 4 x (radius) 2 x 3.1416
Surface area of cone
(radius by slant side by
3.1416) + area of base
Volume of cylinder Area of base by height
Volume of cube or prism Length by breadth by depth
Volume of cone Height by 1⁄3 area of base
Volume of hexagonal prism (side) 2 by height by 2.598
Volume of Sphere
4⁄3 x (radius) 3 x 3.1416
© Rider Levett Bucknall UK 2013 141

142
JANUARY
M T W T F S S
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7 8 9 10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 30 31
MARCH
M T W T F S S
MAY
JULY
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
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6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
27 28 29 30 31
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8 9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 31
SEPTEMBER
M T W T F S S
30 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 101112131415
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
NOVEMBER
M T W T F S S
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30
2013 2014
FEBRUARY
M T W T F S S
APRIL
JUNE
AUGUST
OCTOBER
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11 12 13 14 15 16 17
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25 26 27 28
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8 9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30
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DECEMBER
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10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
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21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 30 31
M T W T F S S
30 31 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 101112131415
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
JANUARY
M T W T F S S
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
27 28 29 30 31
MARCH
M T W T F S S
31 1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
MAY
M T W T F S S
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5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30 31
JULY
M T W T F S S
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7 8 9 10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 30 31
SEPTEMBER
M T W T F S S
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8 9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30
NOVEMBER
M T W T F S S
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
M T W T F S S
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3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28
M T W T F S S
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 30
M T W T F S S
30 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 101112131415
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
M T W T F S S
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
M T W T F S S
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6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
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27 28 29 30 31
M T W T F S S
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 31
FEBRUARY
APRIL
JUNE
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Riders Digest United Kingdom 2013