The Scientific Basis of Tobacco Product Regulation - World Health ...

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This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the World Health Organization WHO Technical Report Series 951 THE SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF TOBACCO PRODUCT REGULATION Second report of a WHO study group
WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data The scientific basis of tobacco product regulation: second report of a WHO study group. (WHO technical report series ; no. 951) 1.Tobacco use disorder - prevention and control. 2.Tobacco industry - legislation. 3.Tobacco control campaigns. 4. Tobacco-derived products labelling. 5.Tobacco-derived products packing. I.World Health Organization. II.WHO Tobacco Free Initiative. III.Series. ISBN 978 92 4 120951 9 (NLM classification: QV 137) ISSN 0512-3054 © World Health Organization 2008 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: bookorders@who.int). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; e-mail: permissions@who.int). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. This publication contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the policies of the World Health Organization. Printed in Switzerland
Page 4 and 5: Contents WHO Study Group on Tobacco
Page 6 and 7: Acknowledgements The WHO Study Grou
Page 8 and 9: WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product
Page 10 and 11: Preface Tobacco product regulation
Page 12 and 13: 1. Advisory note on smokeless tobac
Page 14 and 15: deliberations of the TobReg and add
Page 16 and 17: Red tooth powder India Tobacco powd
Page 18 and 19: 1.4 Regional and global patterns of
Page 20 and 21: • The risks associated with smoke
Page 22 and 23: • People who continue to use smok
Page 24 and 25: 2003; TobReg, 2004, 2007), TobReg r
Page 26 and 27: • to understand which regional po
Page 28 and 29: 2. Advisory note on ‘fire-safer
Page 30 and 31: Philip Morris began exploring the d
Page 32 and 33: amended on 23 February 2008 to incl
Page 34 and 35: Figure 2.3 Cigarette ignition prope
Page 36 and 37: make these products more harmful th
Page 38 and 39: grants. There are currently six lab
Page 40 and 41: chemicals and the toxicity of the s
Page 42 and 43: Gunja M et al. (2002) The case for
Page 44 and 45: Annex 2.1 Model legislation THE CIG
Page 46 and 47: problems do not affect the results
Page 48 and 49: administering the provisions of thi
Page 50 and 51: (2) style, such as light or ultra l
Page 52 and 53:
Proposed markings shall be deemed a
Page 54 and 55:
(b) The [State entity responsible f
Page 56 and 57:
3. Mandated lowering of toxicants i
Page 58 and 59:
The toxicants recommended for manda
Page 60 and 61:
The Convention also recognizes, how
Page 62 and 63:
cigarette product differences probl
Page 64 and 65:
that it offers little human exposur
Page 66 and 67:
e well advised to establish their o
Page 68 and 69:
(or for NNN plus NNK) to monitor un
Page 70 and 71:
Figure 3.2 Benzo[a]pyrene concentra
Page 72 and 73:
market. Setting levels for toxicant
Page 74 and 75:
It is evident from the graph that t
Page 76 and 77:
Table 3.2 Delivery of specified tox
Page 78 and 79:
The availability of technology or o
Page 80 and 81:
nicotine and multiplied by its canc
Page 82 and 83:
This ranking of measured carcinogen
Page 84 and 85:
potentially identifies those toxica
Page 86 and 87:
Propionaldehyde 2.53 1,3-Butadiene
Page 88 and 89:
Figure 3.7 Maximum, minimum and 90%
Page 90 and 91:
included despite its low toxicant a
Page 92 and 93:
widely in the diet and the environm
Page 94 and 95:
1,3-Butadiene: Other than through c
Page 96 and 97:
Health and Human Services classify
Page 98 and 99:
nitric oxide, while nitrogen dioxid
Page 100 and 101:
esponse is compared with that of kn
Page 102 and 103:
Aromatic amines (2-aminonaphthalene
Page 104 and 105:
3.6.3 Existing techniques to reduce
Page 106 and 107:
2002). The amount of volatile compo
Page 108 and 109:
Figure 3.10 Brown & Williamson empl
Page 110 and 111:
Figure 3.11 Acrolein per milligram
Page 112 and 113:
enzo[a]pyrene: a standard blend had
Page 114 and 115:
Carbon monoxide has been a target f
Page 116 and 117:
changes in curing and manufacturing
Page 118 and 119:
Table 3.8 Correlation coefficients
Page 120 and 121:
toxicants have different potencies
Page 122 and 123:
under standardized conditions, it i
Page 124 and 125:
The levels in Table 3.1 in the colu
Page 126 and 127:
discussed in a previous report (Sci
Page 128 and 129:
3.9 Issues for regulators mandating
Page 130 and 131:
the brand changes, the complexity o
Page 132 and 133:
3.10.2Smokeless tobacco products Sm
Page 134 and 135:
Table 3.12 Toxicants in smokeless t
Page 136 and 137:
Table 3.15 Concentrations of classi
Page 138 and 139:
Cohen SM et al. (1992) Acrolein int
Page 140 and 141:
Hecht SS (1999) Tobacco smoke carci
Page 142 and 143:
Lesser C, Von Borstel RW (2003) Cig
Page 144 and 145:
Rainer NB, Feins IR (1980) Filter m
Page 146 and 147:
Tiggelbeck D (1967) Comments on sel
Page 148 and 149:
Annex 3.1 Levels of toxicants per m
Page 150 and 151:
Camel Light King Size 1.74 14.54 15
Page 152 and 153:
Discretion King Size 2.13 14.46 14.
Page 154 and 155:
Winston Light 100’s 2.11 6.94 39.
Page 156 and 157:
Gipsy King Size 2.28 16.81 97.65 64
Page 158 and 159:
Winston Light 100’s 54.79 29.59 3
Page 160 and 161:
Gipsy King Size 53.99 34.69 37.04 1
Page 162 and 163:
Winston Light 100’s 79.91 177.17
Page 164 and 165:
Gipsy King Size 68.08 82.63 92.02 2
Page 166 and 167:
Winston Light 100’s 37.67 20.55 0
Page 168 and 169:
Gipsy King Size 4.34 17.09 0.40 75.
Page 170 and 171:
Winston Light 100’s 5.04 52.05 38
Page 172 and 173:
Gipsy King Size 4.84 46.95 342.25 1
Page 174 and 175:
Parliament 100 Filter soft pack/CEM
Page 176 and 177:
Propionaldehyde Brand Butyraldehyde
Page 178 and 179:
1R4Filter Kentucky Reference 51.04
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Brand Styrene Toluene Ammonia Total
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Brand 2-Aminonaphthalene 3-Aminobip
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Brand Hydroquinone Phenol Resorcino
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Brand Chromium Nickel Arsenic Selen
Page 202 and 203:
1R4Filter Kentucky Reference 6.50 1
Page 204 and 205:
Catechol Crotonaldehyde Brand Benze
Page 206 and 207:
Brand NNN NNK NAT NAB Nitrogen oxid
Page 208 and 209:
Brand 1-Aminonaphthalene 2-Aminonap
Page 210 and 211:
Annex 3.2 Basis for calculation of
Page 212 and 213:
and 100 ppm, with a control group o
Page 214 and 215:
w per day and females at 50 mg/kg
Page 216 and 217:
Remarks on the study Species, strai
Page 218 and 219:
Lowest dose causing significantly i
Page 220 and 221:
Lowest dose causing significantly i
Page 222 and 223:
Remarks on the study Species, strai
Page 224 and 225:
Annex 3.3 Calculation of toxicant a
Page 226 and 227:
Catechol 48.8 61.6 65.4 104 0.01 0.
Page 228 and 229:
Table A3.2 Cancer and toxicant non-
Page 230 and 231:
Selenium ND ND ND ND - - - - 20 - -
Page 232 and 233:
Catechol 50.1 53.9 54.6 104 0.01 0.
Page 234 and 235:
Table A3.4 Ranking of toxicants in
Page 236 and 237:
Table A3.8 Ranking of toxicants in
Page 238 and 239:
Some of the calculated T25 values a
Page 240 and 241:
Annex 3.4 Correlation of toxicant y
Page 242 and 243:
Table A4.5. Correlation coefficient
Page 244 and 245:
Nitric oxide 0.364 0.403 0.604 0.41
Page 246 and 247:
1-Aminonaphthalene -0.052 0.036 -0.
Page 248 and 249:
1-Aminonaphthalene -0.135 -0.262 -0
Page 250 and 251:
1-Aminonaphthalene 0.102 0.095 0.11
Page 252 and 253:
4-Aminobiphenyl 0.865 0.971 1.000 .
Page 254 and 255:
3-Aminobiphenyl . . . . . . . . . .
Page 256 and 257:
4-Aminobiphenyl . . . . . . . . . B
Page 258 and 259:
NNN 0.447 0.480 -0.438 0.588 0.138
Page 260 and 261:
N´-Nitrosoanabasine 0.596 0.476 0.
Page 262 and 263:
N´-Nitrosoanabasine 0.437 0.532 0.
Page 264 and 265:
Pyridine 0.782 0.801 0.498 0.743 0.
Page 266 and 267:
Resorcinol 0.645 0.614 0.744 1.000
Page 268 and 269:
N´-Nitrosoanabasine N´-Nitrosoana
Page 270 and 271:
Figure A4.3 Correlation scatterplot
Page 272 and 273:
Percentage of median value for bran
Page 274 and 275:
Percentage of median value of brand
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
4. Recommendation on cigarette mach
Page 282 and 283:
problematic but potentially valuabl
Page 284 and 285:
5. Overall recommendations 5.1 Harm
Page 286 and 287:
Significance for public health poli
Page 288:
egulatory approaches which mandate
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