Tobacco use in shisha: Studies on waterpipe smoking

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14. As an example of biomarker-based research strategies that are needed to evaluate possible genotoxic actions of substances <strong>in</strong> the waterpipe tobacco smoke, ESPRI conducted a study of micronuclei <strong>in</strong> oral mucosa cells (small DNA structures separated from the ma<strong>in</strong> nucleus of the basal epithelial layers and exfoliated <strong>in</strong>to the oral cavity). It was found that the mean micronuclei level was significantly higher (more than twofold) among the waterpipe smokers compared to never smokers. Validation and standardization of such tests will permit the quantification of waterpipe tobacco–related exposure levels and early biological effects. 9
1 <strong>Tobacco</strong> <strong>use</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>shisha</strong> Introduction 1.1 General description of the waterpipe There are three dist<strong>in</strong>ct types of waterpipe (Figure 1.1). The gouza is the oldest form of waterpipe. It has a small water conta<strong>in</strong>er (about 200– 500 ml) that is made of metal; coconut shell was formerly <strong>use</strong>d. The bouri has a water conta<strong>in</strong>er made of brass (about 200–500 ml). The authentic <strong>shisha</strong> is a larger (about 1000–2000 ml) and more decorated form of waterpipe, usually with a glass water conta<strong>in</strong>er. However, it is common to see <strong>shisha</strong> water conta<strong>in</strong>ers made of ceramics, rock-crystal or metal, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g silver. Note on term<strong>in</strong>ology. Waterpipes come <strong>in</strong> different shapes <strong>in</strong> Egypt. The most famous one is the <strong>shisha</strong>. Other names, such as narghile, hubblebubble and hookah, are not <strong>use</strong>d <strong>in</strong> Egypt. They all share the structure of a small conta<strong>in</strong>er half filled with water, which acts as a filter for the smoke drawn by suction from a funnel-shaped tobacco holder. The tobacco is usually burned by smoulder<strong>in</strong>g charcoal placed on top of it. We suggest the term waterpipe to cover all these different names for publication purposes, to have a common search name for this type of tobacco smok<strong>in</strong>g. 1a Gouza 1b Bouri 1c Shisha Figure 1.1 Different types of waterpipe
Page 3 and 4: WHO Library Cataloguin</str
Page 5 and 6: 7. The micronucleus test in
Page 8 and 9: Summary The waterpipe (also known a
Page 12 and 13: 1.2 Structure of waterpipes Parts a
Page 14 and 15: The average nicotin</strong
Page 16 and 17: (shisha) smok<stro
Page 18 and 19: 2.2 Subjects and methods In 2002, a
Page 20 and 21: Type of smoker Adult male (%) Exclu
Page 22 and 23: Overall cigarette consumption (mill
Page 24 and 25: Table 2.6 Hypertension, high random
Page 26 and 27: individuals are cu
Page 28 and 29: 2.6 Limitations of the study and re
Page 30 and 31: [23] Gomma RA. Report of health <st
Page 32 and 33: 13 National survey on cigarettes an
Page 34 and 35: Table 3.1 Age, sex and residence di
Page 36 and 37: It is very well shown that there is
Page 38 and 39: Group 2: non-current waterpipe smok
Page 40 and 41: 4 Epidemiology of waterpipe smok<st
Page 42 and 43: 16% 4% 1% 79% Figure 4.1 Overall sm
Page 44 and 45: Waterpipe smoking
Page 46 and 47: Many waterpipe smokers (57%) have a
Page 48 and 49: Nearly one-third of all smokers wer
Page 50 and 51: In the present study the prevalence
Page 52 and 53: [24] Fadel AK, Hamam MH, Abdel Aziz
Page 54 and 55: could encourage smokin</str
Page 56 and 57: It is less harmful To decrease smok
Page 58 and 59: population was aware that smok<stro
Page 60 and 61:
6 Behavioural and biological aspect
Page 62 and 63:
turn, health is affected by occupat
Page 64 and 65:
Percentage Figure 6.2 Carboxyhaemog
Page 66 and 67:
oth groups) levels in</stro
Page 68 and 69:
to cigarette smokers needs further
Page 70 and 71:
significant association between tob
Page 72 and 73:
[15] El-Shaer AAA, El-Mosalamy MA,
Page 74 and 75:
[43] Amin AAA. Eff
Page 76 and 77:
[70] El Shimy WS, Shallouf MA, Ghor
Page 78 and 79:
[98] Bayoumi W, Muhamed SF, Mursi.
Page 80 and 81:
7.2 Subjects and methods The Egypti
Page 82 and 83:
Table 7.1 Mean TMN and smok
Page 84 and 85:
[7] Desai SS, Ghaisas SD, Jakhi SD,
Page 86:
The rules and regulations stipulate
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