Tobacco use in shisha: Studies on waterpipe smoking

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(<strong>shisha</strong>) smok<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> cafés <strong>in</strong> Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2005, 33(3 suppl):1073–85. [14] Maziak W, Fouad MF, Hammal F et al. Prevalence and characteristics of narghile smok<strong>in</strong>g among university students <strong>in</strong> Syria. International journal of tuberculosis and lung disease, 2004, 8:882–9. [15] Malson JL, Sims K, Murty R, Pickworth WB. Comparison of the nicot<strong>in</strong>e content of tobacco <strong>use</strong>d <strong>in</strong> bidis and conventional cigarettes. <strong>Tobacco</strong> control, 10:181–3, 2001. [16] Hadidi KA, Mohammed FI. Nicot<strong>in</strong>e content <strong>in</strong> tobacco <strong>use</strong>d <strong>in</strong> hubble-bubble smok<strong>in</strong>g Saudi medical journal, 2004, 25(7):912–7. [17] Gadalla S, Aboul Fotouh A, El-Setouhy M, Mikhail N, Fatma Abdel-Aziz F, Mostafa K. Mohamed MK, Kamal A, Ebenezer Israel E: Prevalence of smok<strong>in</strong>g among rural secondary school students <strong>in</strong> Qalyubiyah Governorate. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2005, 33(3 suppl):1031–50. [18] Epidemiology of waterpipe smok<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Egypt rural. Unpublished data for ESPRI. [19] Gadalla S, Abdel Aziz F, Aboul Fotouh A, El-Setouhy M, Mohamed MK, Israel E. Validity of ho<strong>use</strong>hold youth survey <strong>in</strong> Egypt. Paper presented at a Society for Research on Nicot<strong>in</strong>e and <strong>Tobacco</strong> meet<strong>in</strong>g, 2004. [20] Farouk A, Zarzour AH. Smok<strong>in</strong>g profile <strong>in</strong> a village <strong>in</strong> Assiut Governorate, Egypt. Assiut medical journal, 1997, 21(1):201–11. [21] Abdel-Samid AA. Prevalence of smok<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Bani-Suwayf Governorate. MSc thesis. Faculty of Medic<strong>in</strong>e, Cairo University. [22] Mohamed FM, Khatab A, El-Naggar T, Farrag M. Smok<strong>in</strong>g habits <strong>in</strong> medical students of A<strong>in</strong> Shams Faculty of Medic<strong>in</strong>e. MSc thesis. Faculty of Medic<strong>in</strong>e, A<strong>in</strong> Shams University, 2001. [23] Hassan S, Madkour M, Husse<strong>in</strong>. Smok<strong>in</strong>g patterns <strong>in</strong> Central Security soldiers <strong>in</strong> Cairo. MSc thesis. Faculty of Medic<strong>in</strong>e, A<strong>in</strong> Shams University, 1987. 15
2 <strong>Tobacco</strong> <strong>use</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>shisha</strong> National survey on waterpipe <strong>use</strong> and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease <strong>in</strong> Egypt 2002 2.1 Introduction Prevention of disease and risk factors is the ultimate goal for all the efforts <strong>in</strong> the health sector. Elim<strong>in</strong>ation of risk needs a cont<strong>in</strong>uous assessment of risk factors <strong>in</strong> the community along with reduction of its ca<strong>use</strong>s. However, most resources are directed towards treat<strong>in</strong>g rather prevent<strong>in</strong>g diseases. [1] Smok<strong>in</strong>g, high blood pressure, diabetes, underweight, and obesity are among the lead<strong>in</strong>g risk factors affect<strong>in</strong>g the burden of disease <strong>in</strong> develop<strong>in</strong>g countries. [2] Egypt is one of the develop<strong>in</strong>g countries where all of the above risk factors need to be systematically assessed. <strong>Tobacco</strong> consumption has been l<strong>in</strong>ked to a high death rate worldwide. [2] It is considered to be the second major ca<strong>use</strong> of death <strong>in</strong> the world. It is currently responsible for the death of one <strong>in</strong> ten adults worldwide (about 5 million deaths each year). About one <strong>in</strong> two long-term smokers will die from a tobacco-related disease, many of them before the age of 65. [3] High blood pressure, diabetes mellitus and obesity are three <strong>in</strong>terrelated health disorders which aggravate each other. [4,5,6] Smok<strong>in</strong>g is a completely preventable factor that aggravates the complications of both diabetes mellitus and hypertension. [7,8,9] As occurred with cigarette smok<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the period 1960–1970, waterpipe smok<strong>in</strong>g is now becom<strong>in</strong>g fashionable. [10,11] Some <strong>in</strong>dividuals argue that it is a less risky method of smok<strong>in</strong>g, but much research is needed to estimate its risk for specific disease outcomes. This work aims to outl<strong>in</strong>e the Egyptian national profile for hypertension, obesity, high random blood glucose and tobacco <strong>use</strong> among each age group and sex. Special emphasis was made on <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g data on waterpipe smok<strong>in</strong>g. S<strong>in</strong>ce little is known about the prevalence of obesity and waist–hip ratio norms for Egyptian adults, this survey was designed to provide a national reference data set for these risk factors.
Page 3 and 4: WHO Library Cataloguin</str
Page 5 and 6: 7. The micronucleus test in
Page 8 and 9: Summary The waterpipe (also known a
Page 10 and 11: 14. As an example of biomarker-base
Page 12 and 13: 1.2 Structure of waterpipes Parts a
Page 14 and 15: The average nicotin</strong
Page 18 and 19: 2.2 Subjects and methods In 2002, a
Page 20 and 21: Type of smoker Adult male (%) Exclu
Page 22 and 23: Overall cigarette consumption (mill
Page 24 and 25: Table 2.6 Hypertension, high random
Page 26 and 27: individuals are cu
Page 28 and 29: 2.6 Limitations of the study and re
Page 30 and 31: [23] Gomma RA. Report of health <st
Page 32 and 33: 13 National survey on cigarettes an
Page 34 and 35: Table 3.1 Age, sex and residence di
Page 36 and 37: It is very well shown that there is
Page 38 and 39: Group 2: non-current waterpipe smok
Page 40 and 41: 4 Epidemiology of waterpipe smok<st
Page 42 and 43: 16% 4% 1% 79% Figure 4.1 Overall sm
Page 44 and 45: Waterpipe smoking
Page 46 and 47: Many waterpipe smokers (57%) have a
Page 48 and 49: Nearly one-third of all smokers wer
Page 50 and 51: In the present study the prevalence
Page 52 and 53: [24] Fadel AK, Hamam MH, Abdel Aziz
Page 54 and 55: could encourage smokin</str
Page 56 and 57: It is less harmful To decrease smok
Page 58 and 59: population was aware that smok<stro
Page 60 and 61: 6 Behavioural and biological aspect
Page 62 and 63: turn, health is affected by occupat
Page 64 and 65: Percentage Figure 6.2 Carboxyhaemog
Page 66 and 67:
oth groups) levels in</stro
Page 68 and 69:
to cigarette smokers needs further
Page 70 and 71:
significant association between tob
Page 72 and 73:
[15] El-Shaer AAA, El-Mosalamy MA,
Page 74 and 75:
[43] Amin AAA. Eff
Page 76 and 77:
[70] El Shimy WS, Shallouf MA, Ghor
Page 78 and 79:
[98] Bayoumi W, Muhamed SF, Mursi.
Page 80 and 81:
7.2 Subjects and methods The Egypti
Page 82 and 83:
Table 7.1 Mean TMN and smok
Page 84 and 85:
[7] Desai SS, Ghaisas SD, Jakhi SD,
Page 86:
The rules and regulations stipulate
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