Welding Fabrication Standards - EWF

Welding Fabrication Standards Page 1 

Foreword 

During the year 2004, workshops regarding the “Leonardo Continued Project” where held in certain 

European Countries with the participation of experts from the welding industry in order to identify 

the competence profile, knowledge and experience requirements for welding engineers and 

inspectors. The main purpose of the project was to develop appropriate continuous education tools 

such as training courses (classroom instruction, distance learning) and education on the job. 

The initial education, qualification and certification of welding and inspection personnel itself has 

been harmonised by the European Federation for Welding, Joining and Cutting (EWF). However, 

an accessible, convenient and reliant modular method to deliver the appropriate knowledge has to 

be developed in order to maintain and upgrade this knowledge and develop appropriate skills for 

which welding engineers and inspectors are called for by the industry. 

This leads to the set up of learning tools to integrate and update the knowledge already achieved 

by the qualified personnel, in order to follow the technology trends in the welding field, avoiding 

duplication of training items with the previous education achieved with the IIW/EWF courses. 

In this framework The Italian institute of welding (Istituto Italiano della Saldatura - IIS), has 

developed • the following educational tools for the classroom instruction: 

− slide presentation through computer projector, to be used by teachers during the training 

courses; 

− books (electronic and/or paper format), to be used by participants; 

− exercise questions, to be used during classroom instruction. 

This book is therefore meant to provide direct and clear information on European standards 

relevant to welding fabrication, as these are subject to continuous updating; therefore knowledge 

of requirements of the standards is to be considered basic knowledge for welding co-ordinators 

and inspection personnel. 

Moreover this book has been recently integrated taking into consideration guidelines produced by 

EWF for the application of ISO 3834 requirements, produced after several years of experience of 

its members in technical assistance on the field of welding fabrication, education and training of 

welding and NDT personnel and in certification of welded products manufacturers. 

Istituto Italiano della Saldatura Lungobisagno Istria, 15 - 16141 Genova (I) - Tel. 01083411 - Fax 0108367780


• With review of GSI - SLV Duisburg and EWF. 



Summary 

1 Quality management and welding fabrication.................................. 7 

1.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................7 

1.2 Use and field of application of EN ISO 3834 ....................................................8 

1.3 EWF Certification scheme for EN ISO 3834...................................................10 

1.3.1 The EWF ISO 3834 certificate and schedule ........................................................10 

1.3.2 The integrated management system.....................................................................11 

2 EN ISO 3834-2 requirements............................................................ 13 

2.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................13 

2.2 Requirements review and technical review.....................................................13 

2.3 Subcontracting................................................................................................15 

2.4 Welding personnel..........................................................................................15 

2.4.1 Welders and welding operators.............................................................................15 

2.4.2 Welding coordination personnel............................................................................17 

2.5 Welding inspection personnel.........................................................................19 

2.6 Equipment ......................................................................................................19 

2.7 Welding and related activities.........................................................................20 

2.7.1 Production planning ..............................................................................................20 

2.7.2 Welding procedures and instructions....................................................................21 

2.7.3 Welding related document control.........................................................................24 

2.8 Welding consumables ....................................................................................24 

2.9 Parent material ...............................................................................................26 

2.10 Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT)..................................................................27 

2.11 Inspection and testing.....................................................................................28 

2.12 Non-conformance and corrective actions .......................................................32 

2.13 Calibration and validation of measuring, inspection and testing equipment ...32 

2.14 Identification and traceability ..........................................................................35 

2.15 Quality records ...............................................................................................36 

3 Comparison of ISO 3834 Requirements ......................................... 38 

3.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................38 

3.2 Choice of the appropriate quality level............................................................38 

3.3 Comparison chart ...........................................................................................39 

3.3.1 ISO 3834-2 - Comprehensive quality level............................................................40 

3.3.2 ISO 3834-3 - Standard quality level ......................................................................41 



3.3.3 ISO 3834-4 - Elementary quality level...................................................................41 

4 European standard for manufacturing unfired pressure vessels 42 

4.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................42 

4.2 EN 13445 – 1: General rules ..........................................................................43 

4.3 EN 13445 – 2: Materials .................................................................................44 

4.4 EN 13445 – 3: Design ....................................................................................44 

4.5 EN 13445 – 4: Fabrication..............................................................................45 

4.5.1 Specific requirements for the Manufacturer ..........................................................45 

4.5.2 Requirements for subcontracting ..........................................................................46 

4.5.3 Specific requirements for welding activities ..........................................................46 

4.5.4 Other requirements ...............................................................................................47 

4.6 EN 13445 – 5: Inspection and testing.............................................................47 

4.7 EN 13445 – 6: specific requirements for pressure vessels and parts made of 

spheroidal graphite cast iron ..........................................................................49 

4.8 CR 13445 – 7: Guidance on the use of conformity procedures ......................50 

5 European standard for manufacturing metallic industrial piping 52 

5.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................52 

5.2 EN 13480-2: Materials....................................................................................53 

5.3 EN 13480-3: Design and calculations.............................................................55 

5.4 EN 13480-4: Fabrication.................................................................................55 

5.4.1 General requirements for the Manufacturer ..........................................................55 

5.4.2 Requirements for the welding activities.................................................................56 

5.5 EN 13480-5: Inspection ..................................................................................57 

5.6 EN 13480-6: Additional requirements for buried piping ..................................58 

5.7 CR 13445 – 7: Guidance on the use of conformity procedures ......................59 

6 European standard for manufacturing simple unfired vessels to 

contain air or nitrogen............................................................................ 62 

6.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................62 

6.2 EN 286-1: requirements for welding manufacturing of simple unfired pressure 

vessels...........................................................................................................63 

7 European standard for steel pipelines and pipework for gas supply 

systems.................................................................................................... 66 

7.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................66 

7.2 EN 12732: scope and structure of the standard. ............................................67 

7.3 EN 12732: Quality requirement categories.....................................................68 

7.4 EN 12732: requirements on quality systems ..................................................68 

7.5 EN 12732: Inspection of welded joints and acceptance criteria......................69 

8 European standards for the fabrication of steel and aluminium 

structures ................................................................................................ 72 

8.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................72 



8.2 EN 1090 – 1: Steel and aluminium structural components - General delivery 

conditions.......................................................................................................73 

8.2.1 Requirements for the design of structures. ...........................................................73 

8.3 EN 1090 – 2: Technical requirements for the execution of steel structures....75 

8.3.1 Specific requirements for welding Manufacturers .................................................76 

8.3.2 Requirements for inspection and testing and acceptance criteria.........................78 

8.4 EN 1090 -3: Technical requirements for the execution of aluminium structures79 

9 Project European standards for the fabrication of railway vehicles 

and components ..................................................................................... 82 

9.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................82 

9.2 prEN 15085-2 Requirements for the Manufacturer.........................................83 

10 Normative references ....................................................................... 86 





1 Quality management and welding fabrication 

1.1 Introduction 

Manufacturing processes such as fusion welding are widely used to produce many products, and 

for some companies, these are the key production features. Products may range from simple to 

complex; examples include pressure vessels, domestic and agricultural equipment, cranes, 

bridges, transport vehicles and other items. 

These processes exert a profound influence on the cost of manufacture and on the quality of the 

product. It is therefore important to ensure that these processes are carried out in the most 

effective way and that appropriate control is exercised over all aspects of the operation. In general, 

ISO 9001 standard has been developed in order to apply a consistent Quality Management 

System. 

However, surface coating, painting, composite manufacture, welding and brazing are considered 

as “special processes” because the quality of the manufactured product cannot be readily verified 

by final inspection. In the case of welded products, quality cannot be inspected directly in the 

product, but has to be built in during fabrication, as even the most extensive and sophisticated 

non-destructive testing does not improve the quality of the product. 

For this reason quality management systems alone may be insufficient to provide adequate 

assurance that these processes have been carried out correctly. Special controls and 

requirements are usually needed, which require adequate competence control before, during and 

after operation. For products to be free from serious problems during production and in service, it 

is necessary to provide controls from the design phase through material selection, into 

manufacture and subsequent inspection. For example, poor design may create serious and costly 

difficulties in the workshop, on site, or in service; incorrect material selection may result in 

problems, such as cracking in welded joints. 

To ensure sound and effective manufacturing, the management needs to understand and 

appreciate the sources of potential problems and to implement appropriate procedures for their 

control. 



All these considerations lead to the development of specific standards, which were the EN 729 

standards for fusion welding. The first edition of this standard is dated 1997; in 2005 the new 

revision is meant to be ready, passed into ISO numbering system as EN ISO 3834. 

In this chapter an overview of the most significant clauses of EN ISO 3834 will be given 

considering also the normative references that could be helpful in the fulfilment of such 

requirements. 

Figure 1 – Welding workshop (manufacturing of wind mills) 

1.2 Use and field of application of EN ISO 3834 

EN ISO 3834 is a standard independent of the type of construction manufactured that provides a 

method to demonstrate the capability of a Manufacturer to make products of the specified quality, 

both in workshops and at field installation sites. Therefore applicable measures for different 

circumstances are identified, such as the following: 

− in contractual situations for the specification of welding quality requirements; 

− by Manufacturers to establish and maintain welding quality requirements; 

− by committees, drafting manufacturing codes or application standards to specify appropriate 

welding quality requirements; 



− by organisations assessing welding quality performance, e.g. third parties, customers, or 

Manufacturers. 

As a consequence, these International Standards can be used by internal and external 

organisations, including certification bodies, which could offer certification services by assessing 

the Manufacturer's ability to meet customer, regulatory or the manufacturer's own requirements. 

This International Standard is structured in five parts: 

− EN ISO 3834-1: Guidelines for selection and use; 

− EN ISO 3834-2: Comprehensive quality requirements; 

− EN ISO 3834-3: Standard quality requirements; 

− EN ISO 3834-4: Elementary quality requirements; 

− EN ISO 3834-5: Normative references to fulfil the requirements of EN ISO 3834-2, EN ISO 

3834-3 and EN ISO 3834-4. 

It should be noted that the above standards define specific quality requirements at different levels, 

but do not assign those levels to any specific product group. The Manufacturers generally select 

one of the three levels (as specified in part 2, 3 and 4 of the standard) based on the following 

considerations regarding their products: 

− the extent and significance of safety critical products; 

− the complexity of manufacture; 

− the range of products manufactured; 

− the range of different materials used; 

− the extent to which metallurgical problems may occur; 

− the extent to which manufacturing imperfections, e.g. misalignment, distortion, weld 

imperfection, can affect product performance. 

When compliance to EN ISO 3834 part 2 or 3 is required, the requirements contained in this 

International Standard shall be adopted in full; however, in certain situations (e.g. where 

manufacturing is more suited to ISO 3834-3 or ISO 3834-4, or where particular operations are not 

technologically applicable and therefore cannot be undertaken), such requirements may be 

selectively amended or deleted. Whenever this situation occurs, the evaluation of the effective 

need for this “minimising of requirement procedure” shall be properly possibly evaluated and 

accepted by contractual parties and/or potential certification bodies. 

As to the relationship between EN ISO 3834, that applies to fusion welding manufacturing, and EN 

ISO 9001:2000, that applies to every kind of product or service, the first can be considered as a 

possible way to fulfil the latter requirements 1 . 

1 However EN ISO 3834 are “stand alone” standard, as its application is viable, even if the company does 

not apply any quality management system to any of its activities. 



On the basis of the above stated considerations, EN ISO 3834 should be referred to both as a 

system and a process standard, as it also identifies quality management requirements to obtain 

adequate control of the manufacturing process (e.g. the welding fabrication activities). 

In the chapter 2 the ISO 3834 - 2 requirements will be explained in detail ,giving practical guidance 

on the application and use, while in chapter 3 the differences from part 2, 3 and 4 will be outlined, 

and guidance is given on their selection criteria. 

1.3 EWF Certification scheme for EN ISO 3834 

The European Federation for Welding, Joining and Cutting (EWF), by virtue of its unique 

international expertise has developed a high integrity and specialised certification system to assure 

companies’ compliance with EN ISO 3834. Great care has been taken to detail the interpretation of 

the standard in terms of third party assessment, to specify and register properly trained scheme 

assessors, and to devise an operational structure so that certification of companies will be 

consistent wherever the scheme rules are applied. 

This is done by appointing one organisation in each country to act for EWF, and these 

organisations are assessed and monitored against Rules provided by EWF itself. These 

organisations are known as the EWF Authorised National Bodies for Company Certification 

(ANBCCs), and are responsible for ensuring that the standards of assessment and certification are 

maintained. In this, the objective is that EWF certified companies will have demonstrated that they 

have achieved an identified, minimum level of capability over a specified scope of activity, 

irrespective of the country in which they had been qualified. 

1.3.1 The EWF ISO 3834 Certificate and Schedule 

The primary intention of EN ISO 3834 certification is to ensure that manufacturers are competent 

and exercise adequate control of the special process of welding so that customers or others may 

have confidence that the welded products they produce will comply with the regulatory and/or 

contractual requirements. 

Moreover, in the field of quality management in fabrication, the European trend is clearly moving 

toward a product/process approach. The European Directives and their supporting European 

harmonised standards (requiring the fulfilment of specific technical requirements, typical of any 

merchandise sector) are exhaustive examples of that. In order to help Companies in the fulfilment 

of such requirements, consistently to the product manufactured, EWF have produced specific 

supplementary guides for the processes/products considered (e.g. railway components, pressure 

vessels, construction products), taking into consideration the applicable standards (also 

considered in this book) and the best practice manufacturing procedures, already shared by the 

main European Manufacturers and Customers. 



In order to give evidence of such specific technical capabilities of Manufacturers, the EWF 

Certificate, where the references, against which the certification has been got, are reported 

together with the issue and expiry date of the Certificate itself and the Company’s data, is 

supplemented with a Schedule, where technical information (reference standards, materials, 

welding processes, supplementary requirements, deviations, etc.) on the fabrication process 

adopted and the welded products manufactured is detailed and the name of the responsible 

welding co-ordinator reported. 

Therefore the advantages for the Manufacturers in getting a certification against the EWF ISO 

3834 Certification Scheme, can be summarised as follows: 

− welded products are differently treated according to the specificity of their welding fabrication 

process; 

− manufacturers are guided to satisfy harmonised European Directives’ requirements through 

implementation of the Scheme; 

− the specific areas of competence (for Personnel and Companies) are explicitly encompassed 

and registered in the Schedule; 

− manufacturers can get visibility through the Register (www.ewf.be) of certified Companies. 

1.3.2 The Integrated Management Certification System 

EWF realised also a certification Scheme dealing with the environmental management in welding 

fabrication, having as a basis the EN ISO 14001 (Environmental management systems- 

Specification with guidance for use) and its EWF interpretations toward welding and allied 

processes. The result of that has been the EWF Environment Management Scheme (EWF – 

EMS). 

More recently, a third Scheme has been introduced, related to health and safety management in 

welding and allied processes. The starting reference document has been the BSI 8800 (Guide to 

occupational heath and safety management system), interpreted and fitted on the specific 

technological operations, resulting in the EWF Safety Management Scheme (EWF – SMS). 

It’s anyway unquestionable that a Manufacturer can control the Environment, Health and Safety 

aspects of his welding fabrication process only if the welding and allied activities are already 

properly controlled from the production point of view, that is through implementation of the EWF 

EN ISO 3834 Scheme. 

The result of such an approach is the possibility for Companies to adopt the comprehensive EWF 

Integrated Manufacturer Certification System (EWF IMCS), covering all the management aspects 

in welding fabrication, that is: quality, environment and heath & safety. 



2 EN ISO 3834-2 requirements 


EN ISO 3834-2 defines comprehensive quality requirements for fusion welding in workshops 

and/or on site. Therefore compliance to the requirements of this part should provide the best 

quality level achievable for the welding fabrication activities. 

2.2 Requirements review and technical review 

The Manufacturer shall review the contractual and any other requirements together with any 

technical data relevant to the welding fabrication activities, in order to verify that the work content is 

within its capability to perform, that sufficient resources are available to achieve delivery schedules 

and that documentation is clear and unambiguous. All information necessary to carry out the 

manufacturing operations shall be therefore available prior to the commencement of the work, 

otherwise it should be asked the purchaser 2 to provide all the necessary data. 

Moreover the Manufacturer shall identify any variation between the final contract and previous 

quotations and notify the purchaser of any programme, cost or engineering changes that may 

result. 

Within the contract review, particular attention should be given to the product standard to be used 

together with any supplementary requirements, and to statutory and regulatory requirements. 

As for the technical subjects to be considered, the following items should be considered in detail: 

a) parent material(s) specification and welded joint properties; 

b) quality and acceptance requirements for welds; 

c) location, accessibility and sequence of welds including accessibility for inspection and nondestructive 

testing; 

d) the specification of welding procedures, non-destructive testing procedures and heat treatment 

procedures; 

e) the approach to be used for the qualification of the welding procedures ; 

f) the qualification of the personnel; 

g) selection, identification and/or traceability (e.g. for materials, welds); 



h) quality control arrangements including any involvement of an independent inspection body; 

i) inspection and testing; 

j) subcontracting; post weld heat treatment; 

k) other welding requirements, e.g. batch testing of consumables, ferrite content of weld metal, 

ageing, hydrogen content, permanent backing, use of peening, surface finish, weld profile; 

l) use of special methods (e.g. to achieve full penetration without backing when welded from one 

side only); 

m) dimensions and details of joint preparation and completed weld; 

n) welds which are to be made in the workshop, or elsewhere; 

o) environmental conditions relevant to the process (e.g. very low temperature ambient 

conditions or any necessity to provide protection against adverse weather conditions); 

p) handling of non-conformance. 

Figure 2 – Drawing of a pressure vessel 

2 or the design and/or other internal departments when the construction is designed by the Manufacturer. 



A possible way to demonstrate the Manufacturer’s compliance with these normative requirements 

is the registration of the subject review by filing either the minutes meeting or the relevant check 

list. 

2.3 Subcontracting 

Subcontracted services or activities (e.g. welding, inspection, non destructive testing, heat 

treatment), shall be managed by the Manufacturer as if they were carried out by the Manufacturer 

himself. Therefore Subcontractors should be considered as internal departments: 

− all relevant specifications and requirements shall be supplied to the Subcontractor; 

− a Subcontractor shall work under the order and responsibility of the Manufacturer; 

− the information to be provided to the sub-contractor shall include all relevant data from the 

requirements review and the technical review. Additional requirements may be specified as 

necessary to assure the Subcontractor’s compliance with technical requirements. 

However the Manufacturer shall ensure that the Subcontractor complies with the quality 

requirements as specified, and therefore shall check that the Subcontractor: 

− provides such records and documentation of his work as may be specified by the 

Manufacturer; 

− fully complies with the relevant requirements of EN ISO 3824-2 Standard. 

Compliance with these requirements may be demonstrated by acknowledgement of a document 

receipt or by checking that the relevant documentation is cited in the subcontracting contract. 

Moreover, the Manufacturer can assess the Subcontractor, or reserve the possibility to do it at a 

later date. 

2.4 Welding personnel 

As welding is a special process, the human factor has a key role in the production of quality 

products. Therefore sufficient (in number) and competent personnel for the planning, performing 

and supervising of the welding and allied activities shall be available, according to standard and 

customer requirements. 

2.4.1 Welders and welding operators 

Welders and welding operators shall be qualified by an appropriate test. Whenever no other 

specific Customer’s requirement is applicable, the standards reported in the following table apply. 



Welding process Material Applicable standard 

Arc welding, manual and 

partly mechanised 

Steel EN 287 – 1, ISO 9606-1 

Aluminium and aluminium alloys ISO 9606-2 (EN 287 – 2) 

Copper and copper alloys ISO 9606-3 

Nickel and nickel alloys ISO 9606-4 

Titanium and titanium alloys, ISO 9606-5 

Zirconium and zirconium alloys ISO 9606-5 

Arc welding, fully mechanised 

and automatic 

All EN 1418 (ISO 14732) 

Underwater welding All ISO 15618-1 and 2 

Table 1 – Standards for the qualification of welders and welding operators 

All qualification records shall be filed in the last upgraded revision and properly controlled; 

moreover, if the production welds are of the required quality and if the test records (e.g. half-yearly 

documentation about radiographic or ultrasonic inspections, or fracture tests, etc.) are filed, 

prolongation of the certificate time of validity may be obtained, as the compliance with EN ISO 

3834 requirements may demonstrate sufficient reliability. 

It should be noted that the standards referenced in table 1 consider the figure of the examiner or 

examination body as a person or organisation appointed to verify compliance with the applicable 

standard, without giving any specific guidance on it. As a consequence, many different situations 

can be considered 3 : 

− qualification is issued by a person without any recognised qualification; 

− qualification is issued by a qualified person (IWE, IWT, IWS, IWI-P 4 ), with reference to his/her 

qualification diploma (and relevant stamp); 

− qualification is issued by the Manufacturer’s qualified welding coordinator (IWE, IWT, IWS) in 

the name of the Manufacturer itself; 

− qualification is issued by an independent third party, possibly authorised by the customer or by 

a national accreditation body 5 . 

However, specification of the examiner or examining body for the approval of welders and/or 

welding procedures shall be a contractual requirement or, otherwise, a fabrication code 

requirement. 

3 The same situations apply for the qualification of welding procedures 

4 International Welding Inspection Personnel (Comprehensive, Standard and Basic levels) 

5 EWF has established a system for the qualification of welding personnel and of welding procedure 

specifications. Accreditation bodies running in such a system are sometime referred as ANBCC (authorised 

National body for Certification of Companies) 



Figure 3 – Welding workshop for aerospace applications 

2.4.2 Welding coordination personnel 

Welding coordination is the key activity for achievement of the desired quality for the welded 

product as the welding coordination personnel has responsibility for quality activities, as reported in 

ISO 14731/EN 719. 

Therefore the Manufacture has to comply with the following requirements: 

- the number of welding coordinators shall be sufficient to provide adequate control, and 

therefore based on the number/dimension of workshops, employees, welders, etc. 

- only one “responsible welding coordinator” shall be appointed, who is responsible for all the 

welding fabrication activities in the company; 

- tasks and responsibilities for each other person involved in the welding coordination activities 

shall be described in detail, usually in an appropriate list; 



- welding coordination personnel shall have sufficient knowledge of welding and allied process 

in general, and detailed knowledge of the assigned tasks. 

Depending on the range and complexity of the products, on the dimension and the number of the 

workshops, and on the relevance of the welding activities, the welding coordination personnel can 

be directly employed by the Manufacturer or a consultant, however assuring adequate presence in 

the company. 

Typical tasks for the welding coordinator are reported as follows 6 : 

- contract and design review; 

- evaluation of weldability and relevant choice of base material (if applicable) and welding 

consumables; 

- assessment of possible Subcontractors; 

- welding (and allied activities) production planning; 

- equipment management; 

- welding and testing (preliminary to final) activities; 

- welding documents control and management of the ISO 3834 quality system. 

This leads to the need of appropriate knowledge and experience, that shall comply with EN 

719 / ISO 14731 requirements. In particular, three different levels of knowledge are considered: 

1. comprehensive technical knowledge; 

2. specific technical knowledge; 

3. basic technical knowledge. 

The level of knowledge shall be based on normative and contractual requirements or could be a 

Manufacturer’s choice based on the range and on the complexity of the products, on the dimension 

and the number of the workshops, on the relevance of the welding activities. 

IIW provides for guidelines for the qualification of International Welding Engineers, Technologists 

and Specialists, corresponding to the three above mentioned levels. IIW qualification guarantees 

appropriate knowledge, but is not compulsory; therefore the Manufacturer can refer to any other 

qualification, but shall, however, be prepared to demonstrate adequacy of such a qualification to 

customers or certification bodies. 

Concerning the experience, no specific requirement is given; two years of experience in the 

specific field of the Manufacturer’s welded products are generally considered as sufficient, even if 

experience should be at least proportional to the complexity of the welding production. EWF 

provides for a three years based Certification programme for welding Engineers, Technologists 

6 The full list is reported in EN 719 / ISO 14731. 



and Specialists, namely C-EWE, C-EWT, C-EWS (Certified European Welding Engineer, 

Technologist and Specialist). 

2.5 Welding inspection personnel 

Welding inspection activities require qualified personnel. Therefore at least NDT personnel should 

be adequately qualified according to EN 473/ISO 9712. Moreover, inspection activities should be 

managed and supervised by someone having general knowledge of the welding activities and in 

depth knowledge of welding inspection. 

Such activities may be directly managed by the welding coordinator, or by welding inspectors 

depending on the range and complexity of the products, on the dimension and on the number of 

workshops and on the relevance of the welding activities. 

IIW provides for a guideline regarding training courses for the following three levels of welding 

inspectors: 

- IWI – C (International Welding Inspector – Comprehensive) 

- IWI– S (International Welding Inspector – Standard) 

- IWI – B (International Welding Inspector – Basic) 

However it shall be noted that for some test or checks (e.g. welding parameters, dimensional 

checks, visual testing, etc.) the welder or welding operator can be considered as an inspector 

himself. 

2.6 Equipment 

The Manufacturer shall have available equipment adequate to his products and production volume. 

All the equipment shall be included in a list, which may be considered both as a way to provide 

potential customers with information on the Manufacturer’s capabilities and productivity, and as a 

tool for the equipment management. 

Table 2 reports an example list of equipment reporting relevant characteristics, serial number and 

reference to the maintenance sheet. Maintenance intervals and operations shall be reported on the 

maintenance sheet. 

All the equipment shall be properly managed, thus assuring control and maintenance; in addition 

its instruments (e.g ammeters, voltmeters) shall be calibrated, whenever correlated to the product 

quality, or certified according to a possible contractual requirement. As an example, periodic 

examination of cables, tips, contact tubes and general cleaning of welding power sources should 

be carried out at appropriate periodic intervals. 

Description Serial number Characteristics 

maintenance 

sheet number 

Notes 



MIG Welding 

Power source 

TIG Welding 

Power Sources 

Travelling bridgecrane 

CO2 Laser Beam 

cutting Equip. 

Xxx 1223123 450 A - Inverter MIG 0001 - 

Xxx 12233124 200 A - Inverter TIG 0001 - 

CC 12345 

Load capacity: 5000 Kg 

Working area: 10mx10m 

Crane 01 - 

00xx – aio - 356 Power: 1 kW LBC 01 - 

Table 2 – Example of equipment list 

Figure 4 – Cranes in a welding workshop 

Moreover, appropriate tests shall be performed after the installation of new (or refurbished) 

equipment in order to verify the correct function. Such tests shall be carried out and documented in 

accordance with appropriate standards, whenever relevant. 

2.7 Welding and related activities 

2.7.1 Production planning 

Before starting the manufacture of a product or a series of products (generally after the technical 

review), the Manufacturer plans its production activities in order to properly define all the activities 

to be performed with relevant sequences, processes and procedures, and personnel allocation. 



The typical result of such an activity is the “production and inspection plan”, which will cover the 

production of each component (if relevant) throughout all the manufacturing stages; in some 

cases, this is to be registered as a production document. Moreover, it can be delivered to the final 

customer together with the product, whenever this is contractually required. 

2.7.2 Welding procedures and instructions 

The Manufacturer shall prepare the Welding Procedure Specification(s) (WPS) and shall ensure 

that these are used correctly in production. 

The welding procedures applied during production shall be as specific as possible, in order to 

clearly identify actions and parameters to be used for the required joint. However, if the relevant 

WPS contains data too detailed and not useful for the welder, dedicated work instructions may be 

used directly derived from such a WPS containing only the necessary data. These instructions 

have to refer directly to the welding procedure specification they derived from, e.g. by referring to 

the relevant WPS number. 

In the next page a typical WPS form is reported, produced according to EN ISO15609-1. 



COMPANY NAME OR LOGO 

WELDING PROCEDURE 

SPECIFICATION (WPS) 

WPS n° 

Supp. WPQR 

Rev. 

Date 

Welding process(es) a) b) c) 

Type(s) 

JOINTS – 

Joint Type 

Backing 

Backing material 

Weld preparation 

a) b) c) 

Method of preparation & Cleaning 

PARENT METAL 

Group n° To group n° 

Spec. Type & grade 

To Spec. Type & grade 

Thickness 

Outside Diameter 

Other Joint drawiing 

WELDING CONSUMABLE GAS(ES) 

a) b) c) Gas(es) Mixture Flow Rate 

Specification n° Plasma l/min 

Designation Shielding a) l/min 

Size Shielding b) l/min 

Trade name Trailing l/min 

Manufacturer Backing l/min 

Flux design. EN Other 

Flux Trade name ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTIC - 

Weld deposit Current 

Other Polarity 

WELDING POSITION 

Mode of Metal 

Transfer 

Position Tungsten Electrode Type & size 

Welding Progression Electrode wire feed speed range 

Other Other 

PREHEAT TECHNIQUE 

Preheat Temperature String or weave beads 

Interpass Temperature Orifice or gas cup size 

Preheat maintenance Initial & interpass cleaning 

Other Method of back gouging 

PWHT and/or AGEING Oscillation Amplitude Freq. 

Temperature Range Distance contact tube – work piece 

Time Range (hour) Multiple, single pass (for side) 

Heating rate Single or multiple electrodes 

Cooling rate Torch angle direction of welding 

Other Other 

Run(s) or 

Layer(s) 

Welding 

process 

Filler metal 

EN designation or trade 

name . 

Size 

(mm) 

Current 

Type & Amperage 

polarity A 

Voltage 

V 

Travel 

Speed 

mm/min 

Heat input 

KJ/mm 

Other 

MANUFACTURER APPROVED BY 

Figure 5 – Welding Procedure Specification 



Considering that welding is a special process and that the quality of the welded joint cannot be 

properly controlled only by final tests, the welding procedures significant for the final product 

quality shall be qualified precisely prior to production. As a consequence, those Welding Procedure 

Specifications should be prepared in accordance with a Welding Procedure Qualification Record 

(WPQR). Normative references to the specification and to the qualification of welding procedures 

are given in table 3. 

Welding process Standard Material Scope Field of application 

ISO 15607 

WPS, 

WPQR 

General Rules 

ISO 15610 

Qualification based on tested welding 

consumables 

All fusion welding 

processes 

ISO 15611 

ISO 15612 

All 

WPQR 

Qualification based on previous welding 

experience 

Qualification by adoption of a standard 

welding procedure 

ISO 15613 

Qualification based on pre-production welding 

test 

ISO 15609-2 WPS Compiling 

Gas Welding 

ISO 15614 - 1 

Steels 

WPQR 

Qualification based on welding procedure test 

– Steels 

ISO 15609-1 All WPS Compiling 

ISO 15614 - 1 

Steels and 

Nickel alloys 

WPQR Qualification based on welding procedure test 

ISO 15614 - 2 

Aluminium, 

Magnesium 

WPQR Qualification based on welding procedure test 

ISO 15614 - 3 Steel castings WPQR Qualification based on welding procedure test 

Arc welding 

ISO 15614 - 4 

ISO 15614 - 5 

Aluminium 

castings 

Titanium and 

zirconium 

WPQR 

WPQR 



ISO 15614 - 6 Copper WPQR Qualification based on welding procedure test 


ISO 15614 – 7 All applicable WPQR – corrosion resistance overlay, cladding 

ISO 15614 – 8 All applicable WPQR 

restore and hardfacing 


- Welding of tubes to tube-plate joints 

Electron beam ISO 15609 – 3 All WPS Compiling 

welding ISO 15614 – 11 All applicable WPQR Qualification based on welding procedure test 

Laser Welding 

Underwater Arc 

ISO 15609 – 4 

ISO 15614 – 11 

All 

All applicable 

WPS 

WPQR 

Compiling 


Welding – Wet 

Hyperbaric 

Underwater Arc 

ISO 15614 – 9 All applicable WPQR Qualification based on welding procedure test 

Welding – Dry 

Hyperbaric 

ISO 15614 – 10 All applicable WPQR Qualification based on welding procedure test 

Table 3 – Standards for the qualification of welding procedures 

Different methods for the qualification of welding procedures are available: 

- welding procedure test – this method consists in welding a standardised test piece on which 

destructive and non-destructive tests are carried out in order to verify the achievement of 

required properties; 



- use of approved welding consumables - this method of approval may be used if the welding 

consumables and the base material are not particularly affecting the welding quality, 

provided that heat inputs are kept within specified limits; 

- previous welding experience - a welding procedure may be qualified by referring to previous 

experiences in welding if the Manufacturer is able to prove, by appropriate authentic 

documentation of an independent nature, that he has previously satisfactorily welded the 

same joint with reliable results; 

- use of a standard welding procedure – a procedure is qualified if it is issued as a 

specification in the format of a WPS or WPQR based on appropriate qualification (e.g based 

on the relevant part of EN ISO 15614), not related to the Manufacturer and qualified by an 

examiner or examining body; 

- Pre production Test - this method is the only reliable method of qualification for those welding 

procedures in which the resulting properties of the weld strongly depend on certain 

conditions such as: components, special restraint conditions, heat sinks etc., which cannot 

be reproduced by standardised test pieces; it is mostly used when the shape and dimensions 

of standardised pieces do not adequately represent the joint to be welded. 

Even if different qualification methods are considered, the most commonly used are qualification 

by welding procedure test and pre-production test; however the applicable method of qualification 

is generally specified in either manufacturing codes, standards or contracts. 

2.7.3 Welding related document control 

In order to demonstrate the achieved quality of the welded product, all the welding related 

documents (e.g. WPS, WPQR, Welder’s Qualification record, etc) shall be properly controlled. 

This involves the preparation and maintenance of a procedure for the management of such 

documents, in order to identify issuance responsibilities, distribution methods, availability, and 

method for withdrawing obsolete documents. Even if it is not a normative requirement, a commonly 

adopted method to control documentation is the production of a written procedure, produced or 

approved by the welding coordinator, to be kept by the Manufacturer quality assurance department 

or directly by the welding coordinator himself. 

2.8 Welding consumables 

Welding consumables are a basic element in the quality of a welded joint. As an example, covered 

electrodes, which have absorbed humidity due to incorrect storage or management procedures, 

can seriously affect the quality of a welded joint causing cold cracks, porosity, etc. Therefore 

welding consumables such as filler metals, shielding gases, welding fluxes, etc. shall be managed 

according to the supplier’s recommendations. 



Figure 6 – Oven for welding electrodes 

As a reference, table 4 reports the standards for the classification of welding consumables sorted 

by material and welding process. 



Material Welding process Standard 

All applicable to the process Submerged arc welding (fluxes) EN 760 

All applicable to the process TIG (tungsten electrodes) EN 26848 

All applicable to the processes 

Shielding gases for arc welding 

and cutting 

EN 439 

Flux (or metal) cored (gas) metal 

arc welding 

EN 758 

TIG EN 1668 

Non alloyed and fine grain steels Covered electrodes EN 499 

MIG/MAG EN 440 

Submerged arc welding (wire 

flux combination) 

EN 756 

Covered electrodes EN 1599 

Creep resistant steels TIG, MIG/MAG EN 12070 

Flux (or metal) cored arc welding EN 12071 


arc welding 

EN 12535 

High strength steels Submerged arc welding (wire 

flux combination) 

EN 14295 

TIG, MIG/MAG EN 12534 

Covered electrodes EN 1600 

Stainless and heat resistant 

steels 


arc welding 

EN 12073 

TIG - Rods and wires EN 12072 

Aluminium and Aluminium alloys TIG, MIG EN 18273 

Nickel and Nickel alloys Covered electrodes EN 14172 

2.9 Parent material 

Table 4 – Standards for the welding consumables 

The material shall be stored in a way, which prevents from adverse effects (this applies also to 

client supplied material). Moreover, some materials seem to be quite similar but possess very 

different properties; thus, identification shall be maintained at least during the storage. 

Even if it is not specifically required, a written procedure, which has to be prepared or is to be 

approved by the welding coordinator and has to be made available to the parent material 

warehouse, is suggested to cover this point of the standard. 

In order to be sure that the product delivered by the supplier complies with the Manufacturer’s 

needs and orders, references to the “certificates for the conformance of the furnished product to 

the order” can be made according to EN 10204 “Metallic products - Types of inspection 

documents”. 

In accordance with such a standard, inspection documents are divided in two groups, based on the 

following conditions: 



- class 2 documents (namely 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3) are certificates or test reports issued by 

personnel employed in the production departments 

- class 3 documents (namely 3.1.A, 3.1.B, 3.1.C, 3.2) are inspection reports or certificates 

issued by personnel independent from the production departments. 

As a consequence, class 3 documents can be considered more objective, although they will add 

cost (and value) to the product to be delivered. 

It shall be noted that both above-mentioned types of documents refer to the Manufacturer order 

and to the relevant standards, which are to be attached to the documents. 

The type of document needed for the welding fabrication is not reported in the ISO 3834 Standard; 

possibly, this can be reported on product standards, on fabrication codes or can be a customer 

requirement. 

2.10 Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) 

Post-weld heat treatments as heat treatments in general can be considered as special processes. 

Figure 7 – Hot air heat treatment of a pressure vessel 

Hence, the Manufacturer is anyhow responsible for the quality of the final product and has to 

manage properly all the activities relevant to the heat treatment, which concerns: 

- subcontracting; 

- personnel; 



- inspection and destructive and non destructive testing; 

- equipment for heat treatment (suitability, maintenance, etc.); 

- heat treatment parameters; 

- heat treatment specification; 

- measuring of parameters; 

- heat treatment records. 

In particular a PWHT procedure shall be produced by the Manufacturer or by the potential supplier, 

though approved by the Manufacturer’s Welding Coordinator according to the Customer or 

Standard/code requirements. It has to be compatible with the parent material, the welded joint, the 

construction etc. 

Moreover, the heat treatment shall be recorded during the process to evidence that the 

specification has been followed as well as to ensure the traceability for the particular product. 

Figure 8 – Equipment for the heat treatment control 

The technical report CR/ISO TR 17663 is a reference for the management of the heat treatment 

activities. 

2.11 Inspection and testing 

In order to guarantee the application of all the fabrication procedures and the required properties 

for the product, appropriate inspections and tests shall be implemented during the manufacturing 

process 



Location and frequency of such inspections and/or tests will depend on the contract and/or product 

standard, on the welding process and on the type of construction. As a general rule the state of 

inspection and testing of the welded product have to be indicated in some way. Such a means 

shall be adequate to the type of product; as an example, a Fabrication and Control Plan may be 

required for big products (on which the testing activities are marked); while routing cards or 

confined space inside the manufacturing plant shall be sufficient for small series product to indicate 

the inspection and testing status. Table 5 reports a typical chart for tests to be carried out before, 

during and after welding operations. 

In some situations, the signature of the inspector 7 shall be required in order to enhance the 

traceability of the welding and related process activities. Moreover, the reference number of the 

relevant test report shall be included, if required. 

All the procedures or instructions relevant to inspection and testing shall be made available to the 

inspection personnel, and properly controlled. 

As to NDT, testing activities (method, technique and extension) shall be carried out in 

consideration of and in accordance with the quality level of the product. Some of those parameters 

are reported in the manufacturing codes, where the designer chooses the class of the weld taking 

into consideration all of the above mentioned factors. All these aspects should be considered 

during the design review phase by the welding coordinator. 

Figure 9 – Welding gauge for Visual Inspection of joints 

7 For some tests or checks (e.g. welding parameters, dimensional checks, visual testing, etc.) the welder or 

welding operator itself shall be considered as inspector. 



TEST 

Tests before welding operations Reference procedure 

Suitability and validity of welders 

qualification certificates 

Suitability of welding procedure 

specification 

Identity of parent material 

Identity of welding consumables 

Joint preparation (e.g. Shape and 

dimensions) 

Fit-up, jigging and tacking 

Special requirements in the welding 

procedure specification (e.g. 

Prevention of distortion) 

Arrangement for any production test 

Suitability of working conditions for 

welding, including environment 

Tests during welding operations 

Preheating / interpass temperature 

Welding parameters 

Cleaning and shape of runs and 

layers of weld metal; 

Back gouging; 

Welding sequence; 

Correct use and handling of welding 

consumables; 

Control of distortion; 

Dimensional check 

Tests after welding operations 

Compliance with acceptance criteria 

for Visual Testing 

Compliance with acceptance criteria 

for other NDT examinations (e.g. 

Radiographic or Ultrasonic Testing) 

Compliance for destructive testing 

(when applicable) 

Results and records of post-welding 

operations (e.g. PWHT) 

Dimensional checking. 

Checked 

(date) 

Signature of 

the inspector 

Table 5 – Template for testing and inspection chart. 

Reference 

report 

EN 12062 standard may be used as a reference for the application of NDT on welded structures, 

reporting cross references between testing standards, acceptance levels and quality levels (see 

table 6). 



Test 

method 

VT 

Quality level 

according to 

EN ISO 5817 

B 

C 

D 

Applicable standard for the testing 

method and relevant level 

EN 970 – no levels are specified 

Standard for the acceptance 

and relevant level 

Refer directly to the imperfections 

dimension as reported in EN ISO 

5817 

B EN 1289 – 2X 

PT 

C EN 527-1 – no levels are specified 

EN 1289 – 2X 

D 

EN 1289 – 3X 

B EN 1291 – 2X 

MT 

C EN 1290 – no levels are specified 

EN 1291 – 2X 

D 

EN 1291 – 3X 

B EN 13445 – level B EN 15817 - 1 

RT 

C EN 13445 – level B* EN 15817 – 2 

D EN 13445 – level C EN 15817 – 3 

B EN 1714 – At least level B EN 1712 – 2 

UT** 

C EN 1714 – At least level A EN 1712 – 2 

D Level not applicable*** 

* However, the maximum area for single exposition shall be in accordance with level A 

** Only for ferritic steels 

*** However, level D can be applied, with the same requirements of level C, if agreed by the contracting parties 

Table 6 – Applicable standards for NDT examination according to EN 12062. 

Figure 10 – Ultrasonic Testing on a claw 



2.12 Non-conformance and corrective actions 

As previously stated, ISO 3834 is a process standard, which refers to welding fabrication, however 

containing some elements relevant to the management system. 

Therefore, non conformances refer to either product defects or aberrations from the contract 

(however concerning the product itself). As a consequence, the Manufacturer has to consider 

proper procedures to resolve non-conformances and avoid further accidents in the future 

(avoidance of recurrence of non-conformances). 

In particular, if repair welding is needed, repair specifications shall be produced or approved by the 

welding coordinator, and shall be made available to the repairing site (note that qualification, 

according to any standard, is not required). After repair has been accomplished, the items shall be 

re-inspected, tested and examined in accordance with the original requirements. 

2.13 Calibration and validation of measuring, inspection and testing 

equipment 

In general, calibration of welding equipment instruments (e.g. ammeters, voltmeters) is only 

required where the quality/repeatability of the weld depends on accurate and repeatable setting of 

parameters such as current, voltage, speed, gas flow, pulse characteristics, etc. 

In some cases, calibration is not needed, as appropriate repeatability of the weld quality can be 

simply achieved by indirect control of parameters. As an example in manual metal arc welding, 

heat input can be controlled via the measurement of the run out length. Oxygen cutting machines 

are similarly controlled by observing the quality (visual appearance) of the cut faces. Therefore it 

can be stated that in this case, the “instrument” to be calibrated shall be, the “intuition and 

experience” of qualified and skilled welders. Elaborate procedures for calibration of instruments will 

be in some cases impossible to be applied or however, if applicable, will simply add costs without 

increasing the quality. 

In general, calibration of instruments is required for automatic welding machines, temperature 

recorders for heat treatment, NDT equipment, etc. 

Moreover, calibration is necessary in other situations. Instruments for inspection and testing and 

for control of e.g. PWHT should be calibrated at regular intervals. New welding processes and new 

power sources, e.g. pulsed arc welding, are difficult or impossible to control just on the base of 

"intuition and experience", therefore objective instruments are required. Control of mechanised 

welding operations necessitate strict control of heat input, which also presupposes reliable 

instruments. 

A good reference for the management of calibration of welding and related processes for 

Manufacturers applying ISO 3834 is the EN 17662 standard “Welding - Calibration, verification and 



validation of equipment used for welding, including ancillary activities”. A key issue of the standard 

is the discussion of the influence of various process variables on the resulting output and, in 

particular, of the possibilities of verification of the output by subsequent monitoring, inspection and 

testing. 

Especially the following concepts are applicable to welding manufacturing: 

- calibration: “set of operations that establish, under specified conditions, the relationship 

between values of quantities indicated by a measuring instrument or measuring system, or 

values represented by a material measure or a reference material, and the corresponding 

values realised by standards”; 

- verification: “confirmation by examination and provision of objective evidence that specified 

requirements have been fulfilled”; 

- validation: “confirmation by examination and provision of objective evidence that the 

particular requirements for a specific intended use are fulfilled”. 

Figure 11 – Automatic Twin Arc Submerged arc welding system 

The specific requirements to calibration, verification and validation of a particular instrument should 

be derived from the required performance, which should be compatible with the permissible range 

as specified in the welding procedure specification (WPS) for the variable(s) in question. 

Moreover it should be noted that any types of instruments used for control of welding such as 

ammeters, voltmeters, thermocouples, stop-watches etc. are also used for non-welding purposes: 

the requirements on accuracy, when used for welding purposes, might be less stringent than for 



other applications of the instruments. “Normal” ( standardised) procedures for calibration, 

verification and validation of the instruments may be too stringent and costly, if applied for welding 

purposes. 

Table 7 gives examples of the content of the standard, as relates to welding consumables. 

Designation Requirements Procedure 

Application of flux and 

filler metal, method, 

position, deposition rate, 

etc. 

Handling 

Temperature in storage 

cabinet/room 

Treatment prior to welding 

Instruments should be calibrated, verified 

or validated, as appropriate. 

Instruments used e.g. for control of 

storage conditions (temperature, humidity, 

etc.) should be calibrated, verified or 

validated. 

Instruments for temperature control, e.g. 

thermometers and other temperature 

indicators should be validated 

Instruments used for process control 

should be calibrated, verified or validated, 

as appropriate, depending on the nature of 

the treatment: drying, cleaning, etc. 

Requirements to measuring 

instruments such as weighing 

instruments, vernier callipers, rulers 

and straightedges, etc. are found in 

several EN, ISO and national 

standards. Stopwatches may be 

validated by comparison with any 

reasonably accurate clock. 

Requirements - 5 % for the 

instruments concerning humidity and 

+ 5 °C for thermometer. 

Requirement max. +/- 5 °C. 

Appropriate standards for the 

procedure should be consulted. 

Table 7 – EN ISO 17662 requirements applicable to welding consumables 

Concerning welding processes parameters, EN ISO 17662 states that the requirement for 

calibration, verification and validation of instruments to measure arc welding parameters should be 

related to the ratio between deposited weld metal and total cross sections (a high ratio 

corresponding to a “cold” process and a low ratio to a “hot” process): welding processes/power 

sources, which permit significant variations of such a ratio, necessitate calibration, verification or 

validation, whenever the heat input control is required (see table 8). 



Designation Requirements Procedure 

Electrical variables 

Current (mean)* Ammeters should be validated. 

Arc voltage (mean) 3 Voltmeters should be validated. 

Maximum width of the run 

or weaving amplitude 

when weaving is applied 

Travel speed 

Wire feed speed 

Weawing Frequency 

Dwell time of oscillation 

Torch, electrode and/or 

wire angle 

Instruments used for measuring should be 

calibrated, verified or validated, as 

appropriate. 

For Mechanised welding 

Measurements by means of stopwatches 

and rulers. Appropriate steel rulers need 

not to be calibrated, verified or validated 

provided the rulers are not visibly 

damaged. 

Measurements by means of stopwatches 

and rulers. Appropriate steel rulers need 

not to be calibrated, verified or validated 

provided the rulers are not visibly 

damaged. 

Calibration, verification or validation not 

required, provided size (penetration) and 

position of weld can be determined by 

non-destructive examination. 

Calibration, verification or validation not 

required, provided size (penetration) and 

position of weld can be determined by 

non-destructive examination. 

Instruments used for measuring should be 

calibrated, verified or validated, as 

appropriate. 

See ENV 50184. Mean value of 

(rectified) current. 

See ENV 50184. Mean value of 

(rectified) tension. 


instruments such as vernier callipers, 

micrometer callipers, etc. are found in 


standards. 

Stopwatches may be validated by 

comparison with any reasonably 

accurate clock or watch. See also ENV 

50184. 

Stopwatches may be validated by 

comparison with any reasonably 

accurate clock or watch. See also ENV 

50184. 

Istituto Italiano della Saldatura Lungobisagno Istria, 15 - 16141 Genova (I) - Tel. 01083411 - Fax 0108367780 

- 

- 


instruments such as vernier callipers, 

micrometer callipers, etc. are found in 


standards. 

* The signal should be monitored continuously. The sampling time should be sufficient to give a reasonably 

stable reading. If tong-tests are used for measurement of current, the difference between mean value 

and RMS value measuring instruments has to be taken into consideration. 

Table 8 – EN ISO 17662 requirements applicable to welding parameters 

2.14 Identification and traceability 

Identification of pieces and parts, and the possibility to retrace their position during the 

manufacturing stages and when delivered to the customer is one of the most effective way to 

achieve quality of the product and to have feedback about its functionality.


However, it shall be noted that identification and traceability can imply expensive procedures and 

are therefore not required by the ISO 3834 standard. However, they can be required by standards, 

fabrication codes or by the customer himself. 

Whenever required, it shall be maintained during the manufacturing process, which means that for 

every piece or component it shall be possible to retrieve its history by marking the parts and 

controlling the relevant documentation. Documented systems to ensure identification and 

traceability of the welding operations shall include: 

- identification of production plans; 

- identification of routing cards; 

- identification of weld locations in construction; 

- identification of non-destructive testing procedures and personnel; 

- identification of welding consumable (e.g. designation, trade name, Manufacturer of 

consumables and batch or cast numbers); 

- identification and/or traceability of parent material (e.g. type, cast number); 

- identification of location of repairs; 

- identification of location of temporary attachments; 

- traceability for fully mechanised and automatic weld-equipment for specific welds; 

- traceability of welder and welding operators of specific welds; 

- traceability of welding procedure specification of specific welds. 

2.15 Quality records 

Quality records shall be retained for a minimum period of five years in the absence of any other 

specified requirements. 

Quality records shall include, when applicable: 

- record of requirement/technical review; 

- material certificates; 

- welding consumable certificates; 

- welding procedure specifications; 

- equipment maintenance records; 

- welding procedure approval records (WPQR); 

- welder or welding operator qualification certificates; 

- production plan; 

- non-destructive testing personnel certificates; 

- heat treatment procedure specification and records; 

- non-destructive testing and destructive testing procedures and reports; 

- dimensional reports; 



- records of repairs and non-conformance reports. 



3 Comparison of ISO 3834 Requirements 


ISO 3834 incorporates three quality levels that may be included in product standards, regulations 

and contracts or selected by a Manufacturer. The particular level selected will depend on the 

nature of the product to be manufactured, the conditions in which it will be used and the range of 

products manufactured. 

In this chapter some criteria for the choice of the appropriate level will be given, outlining the 

differences of every part (and level) of the standard. 

3.2 Choice of the appropriate quality level 

Product standards that require compliance with ISO 3834 have emphasised two critical areas in 

the choice of quality level. On one hand has been the safety critical nature of the products whilst, 

on the other, there has been the inclusion of the type of loading (static, dynamic) in the product 

service environment. 

At first it should be noted that a Manufacturer compliant at a particular quality level is also 

compliant at a lower level. Thus, a Manufacturer demonstrating compliance to ISO 3834-2 is also 

compliant with ISO 3834-3 and ISO 3834-4. 

This may be relevant for a Manufacturer producing a range of products, some of which may require 

a comprehensive quality level while others only require a standard or elementary quality level. 

Such a Manufacture can apply the comprehensive quality level to all its products, or only apply the 

comprehensive quality level to those products where it is required, and apply the requirements at a 

lower level for the products for which this is more appropriate. 

Moreover, a Manufacturer applying ISO 3834 part 2 or part 3 can have some suppliers working on 

small assemblies or, in some cases, can need some extra welders properly qualified and 

controlled. In such situations the Manufacturer can require to his suppliers the application of a 

lower quality level. For example, this is the case of ISO 3834 part 4, that seems the easiest way to 

comply with the quality requirements for welders on loan. 

In general, the standard quality level should be suitable for the broad range of products that have a 

normal safety relevance and may experience dynamic loading. Such products would be 



manufactured from conventional materials where the weldability is known and the precautions to 

be taken to ensure mechanical performance and defect avoidance are well documented. Products, 

which have a very limited safety component and are subjected to only moderate static loads with 

minor dynamic components, would normally only require the elementary quality level. 

Where the safety factors are significant and there are high static and dynamic loading and the 

materials are designed for high performance applications, the comprehensive quality level would 

be appropriate. Moreover, in some situations materials and loading seem to be pertinent to 

standard quality level, but the innovative nature of the design or the use of novel production 

processes can imply the choice of the comprehensive quality level in place of the standard level. 

It is not possible to allocate specific quality parts of ISO 3834, i.e., parts 2, 3 or 4, to particular 

types of products, because there can be different levels of complexity in the design, materials and 

fabrication processes in any product group. 

For example, in the case of bridges manufacturing, some bridges are highly complex in the design 

and are subject to significant dynamic loads. High strength steels may be employed and the 

product may be subjected to high levels of non destructive testing to meet tight fabrication defect 

acceptance levels. In contrast, foot bridges use conventional materials with little or no complexity 

in manufacture and are not subjected to high levels of dynamic loading. 

3.3 Comparison chart 

In the following tables, a comparison chart of the quality requirement of the different parts of ISO 

3834 is reported. 

Requirement ISO 3834 - 2 ISO 3834 - 3 ISO 3834 - 4 

Requirements review 

Technical review 

Sub-contracting 

Necessary documentation is 

required 

Necessary -documentation 

may be required 

Necessary - 

documentation is not 

required 

Necessary - documentation is 

Necessary - documentation may be required 

required 

Treat like a Manufacturer for the specific subcontracted product, services and/or 

activities, however final responsibility for quality remains with the Manufacturer 

Table 9 – Comparison chart on ISO 3834 requirement (to be continued ) 



Welders and welding 

operators 

Welding coordination 

personnel 

Equipment 

maintenance 

Production and 

testing equipment 

Production planning 

Welding procedure 

specifications 

Qualification of the 

welding procedures 

Batch testing Storage 

and handling of 

welding 

consumables 

Storage of parent 

material 

Post-weld heat 

treatment 

Inspection and 

testing before, during 

and after welding 

Non-conformance 

and corrective 

actions 

Calibration and 

validation of 

measuring, 

inspection and 

testing equipment 

Identification during 

process 

Necessary as applicable to 

provide, maintain and 

achieve product conformity, 

documented plans, and 

records are required 

Qualification is required 

Required No specific requirement 

Necessary as applicable to 

provide, maintain and 

achieve product conformity, 

records are recommended 

As necessary to assure 

equipment suitable and 

available, no specific 

requirements for 

records 

Suitable and available as required for preparation, process execution, testing, 

transport, lifting in combination with safety equipment and protective clothes 

Required documented plans 

and records are required 

Required 

Required documented plans 

records are recommended 

No specific requirement 

Appropriate welding 

technique required 

Required No specific requirement 

If required No specific requirement 

A procedure is required in accordance with supplier 

recommendations 

Confirmation that the requirements according to product 

standard or specifications are fulfilled 

Procedure, record and 

traceability of the record to 

the product are required 

Procedure and record are 

required 

In accordance with 

supplier 

recommendations 

No specific requirement 

Necessary If required 

Measures of control are implemented procedures for repair 

and/or rectification are required 

Measures of control are 

implemented 

Necessary If required No specific requirement 

If required No specific requirement 

Traceability If required No specific requirement 

Quality records If required 

Table 10 – comparison chart on ISO 3834 requirement (continued) 

3.3.1 ISO 3834-2 - Comprehensive quality level 

This part can be applied to constructions in which the failure of welds may lead to total product 

failure with successive significant financial consequences and a major risk of human injury. 

The product may be subject to pronounced dynamic loading in addition to high static loading. 



Manufacture can be complex and the range of materials could include high performance metals as 

well as more standard materials such as structural boiler steels and aluminium alloys that require 

enhanced controls to avoid the occurrence of deleterious fabrication imperfections. 

3.3.2 ISO 3834-3 - Standard quality level 

This part can be applied to constructions in which failure of welds could impair the intended use of 

the construction and the operational unit in which it forms a part. The product would have a normal 

safety risk and the financial consequences would not be extreme. 

The manufacturing technique would be conventional without reliance on high performance 

materials and the production processes would be well established. 

3.3.3 ISO 3834-4 - Elementary quality level 

This part can be applied to constructions in which failure of welds would not fundamentally impair 

the intended use of the constructions. Additionally, failure would not be expected to have any 

adverse effects on the safety of people and would only have minor financial consequences. 

The materials used would be simple as well as the manufacturing technique. 



4 European standard for manufacturing unfired pressure 

vessels 


A possible definition of pressure vessel is “housing and its direct attachments up to the coupling 

point connecting it to other equipment, designed and built to contain fluids under pressure”. 

Many standards have been developed trough the years to consider the criteria for design, 

manufacturing and testing of these standards, mainly taking into consideration the hazard arising 

from possible failure of the vessels. As a consequence, all the European countries produced their 

own technical standards, having as a reference both the technical conditions (generally the same 

in every country) and the national industrial customs. 

After the development of the European Market, and in order to guarantee harmonisation of national 

legislation to abolish commercial and technical barriers, the European directive 97/23/CE on 

pressure equipment (PED) has been developed, applicable to all pressure equipment working with 

internal or external pressure higher than 0,5 bar. 

The application of the directive indirectly implied a standardisation work for the production of sets 

of standards, within the field of application of the directive and supporting its essential 

requirements, as a mean to demonstrate conformity. 

In this framework the technical committee CEN TC 54 “Unfired pressure vessels” prepared the 

standard EN 13445, harmonised to the 97/23/CE directive, relating to unfired pressure vessels 

subject to a maximum allowable pressure greater than 0,5 bar gauge and with maximum allowable 

temperatures for which creep effects need not to be considered, i.e. for maximum allowable 

temperatures for which the corresponding maximum calculation temperature renders a relevant 

proof strength smaller than the 100 000 h creep rupture strength 8 . 

8 

In the case of ferritic steels, for ferritic steels the temperature limit corresponds to calculation temperatures 

below approximately 380 °C. 



Figure 12 – A polyethylene reactor made of Carbon steel 

This European Standard is not applicable to the following types of pressure equipment: 

- transportable pressure equipment; 

- items specifically designed for nuclear use, the failure of which may cause a release of 

radioactivity; 

- pressure equipment intended for the generation of steam or superheated water at 

temperatures higher than 110 °C; 

- vessels of riveted construction; 

- vessels of lamellar cast iron or any other materials not included in EN 13445-2 or EN 13445- 

6; 

- multilayered, autorefragged or pre-stressed vessels; 

- pipelines and industrial piping. 

The standard is composed by 6 parts and a technical report; a brief description of which will be 

given in the next paragraphs. 

4.2 EN 13445 – 1: General rules 

This Part outlines the basic principles underpinning the standard. 

The Manufacturer is required to declare that the technical design specification and the supporting 

documentation are in compliance with the requirements of this standard. 



Unforeseen factors may arise that require design modifications and/or manufacturing concessions. 

These need to be handled with the same rigour as the original design. 

4.3 EN 13445 – 2: Materials 

This Part deals with the general philosophy on materials, material grouping and low temperature 

behaviour in relation to Room Temperature performance range providing the general requirements 

for establishing technical delivery. It is limited to steel with sufficient ductility and excludes at 

present materials operating in the creep conditions. 

Furthermore it includes four annexes, which give further details as relate to: 

− material grouping system, (according to CR ISO 15608:2000) with a list of all acceptable 

material grades based upon European base material standards; 

− information on the requirements for the prevention of brittle fracture in the base material and 

the welds (two methods based upon a code of practice developed from fracture mechanics are 

included); 

− information on technical delivery conditions for clad products; 

− survey on European base material and component standards and their systematic 

nomenclature. 

4.4 EN 13445 – 3: Design 

This Part of the standard gives the rules to be used for design and calculation under internal and/or 

external pressure (as applicable) of pressure bearing components of Pressure Vessels, such as 

shells of various shapes, flat walls, flanges, heat exchanger tubesheets, including the calculation of 

reinforcement of openings. Rules are also given for components subject to local loads and to 

actions other than pressure. 

For all these components three different design approaches are considered: 

− Design by Formulae (DBF), as appropriate formulae are given in order to find stresses, which 

have to be limited to safe values; these formulae are generally intended for predominantly 

non-cyclic loads, i.e. for a number of full pressure cycles not exceeding 500; 

− Design by Analysis (DBA), which can be used either to evaluate component designs or loading 

situations for which a DBF method is not provided, or, more generally, as an alternative to 

DBF. 

− Design by Formulae (DBF), based on limit analysis for certain components (such as flanges 

and tubesheets). 

Methods are also given where a fatigue evaluation is required, due to a number of load cycles 

being greater than 500. There are two alternative methods: 



− a simplified method based on DBF (valid only in case of pressure variations); 

− a sophisticated method based on a detailed determination of total stresses using, for example, 

FEM or experimental methods, to be used also in the case of variable loads other than 

pressure. 

Figure 13 – Chart in EN 13445 – 3 (Correction factor fm to take account of mean stress in 

unwelded material for N > 2x106 cycles) 

As already stated, for the time being, the scope of Part 3 is limited to steel components working at 

temperatures lower than the creep range of the specific material concerned. 

4.5 EN 13445 – 4: Fabrication 

The philosophy in Part 4 is based on existing good practice in current European Standards, as 

relates requirements for the manufacture of unfired pressure vessels and their parts, made of 

steels, including their connections to non-pressure parts. It specifies requirements for material 

traceability, manufacturing tolerances, welding requirements, production tests, forming 

requirements, heat treatment, repairs and finishing operations. 

Part 4 is not applicable for pressure vessels and parts made of spheroidal graphite cast iron for 

which separate and different requirements regarding manufacturing are given in EN 134445-6. 

4.5.1 Specific requirements for the Manufacturer 

According to the standard the following requirements shall be fulfilled by the Manufacturer: 

− the organisation (and relevant responsibilities) for the control of manufacturing operations, 

which includes special processes such as welding, forming and heat treatment shall be clearly 

defined by the Manufacturer; 



− the manufacturing procedures such as welding, forming and heat treatment shall be adequate 

for the purpose and the pressure vessel meets the requirements of EN 13445-4; 

− the manufacturing equipment shall be adequate for fabrication; 

− the staff shall be adequate for the assigned tasks, in particular as far as welding co-ordination 

is concerned, the qualifications, tasks and responsibilities can be defined by the Manufacturer 

in accordance with ISO 14731/EN 719 in the job assignment; 

− the quality requirements for welding defined in ISO 3834-3:1994 shall be met as a minimum; 

− material traceability to the original identification markings is required through appropriate 

methods; 

− the batch numbers of welding consumables shall be recorded. 

4.5.2 Requirements for subcontracting 

When welding, forming, heat treatment and non destructive testing work is performed by a 

Subcontractor, the following requirements shall be met: 

− the Subcontractor shall give information on its manufacturing capabilities by an appropriate 

subcontracting form; 

− the Manufacturer shall properly asses the Subcontractor, that he applies the requirements 

according to this part of the standard and according to the ISO 3834 – 3; 

− the Manufacturer shall also either obtain copies of the welding procedure and welding operator 

qualification records or take other action to ensure that they comply with this part of the 

standard. 

4.5.3 Specific requirements for welding activities 

In addition to what reported in ISO 3834-3, welding of the component parts of a pressure vessel 

shall only be undertaken if the following conditions are satisfied: 

− a welding procedure specification for every type of joint is held by the Manufacturer; 

− the welding procedures selected by the Manufacturer are qualified for the field of application; 

− the welders and welding operators are qualified for the work allocated to them and their 

approval is in the validity period; 

− a record shall be maintained for each weld reporting the welder or welding operator that 

performed the joint. 

The type and design of the weld detail shall be considered taking into consideration: 

− the method of manufacture; 

− the service conditions (e.g. corrosion); 

− the ability to carry out the necessary non-destructive testing required in accordance with EN 

13445-5. 



As for the approval of welding procedures, qualification by welding procedure test and pre 

production test are the only applicable methods, and specific requirements for the acceptance 

criteria for the tests are given to integrate the ISO 15614. This is required also in the case of repair 

by welding. 

In the case of welds other than pressure retaining welds directly attached to the pressure vessels 

(e.g. tray rings, support feet, etc.), welding procedure specifications may be acceptable by holding 

welding procedure approval records by to previous experience and /or standard welding procedure 

for arc welding. 

Whenever welders not in the employ of the Manufacturer are used, they shall be under the full 

technical control of the Manufacturer and work to the Manufacturer's requirements. 

Other requirements are given for filler metals, joint preparation methods, attachment supports and 

stiffeners and preheat. 

4.5.4 Other requirements 

This part of the standards reports other requirements as concerns: 

− materials 

− manufacturing tolerances; 

− production tests; 

− forming of pressure parts; 

− post weld heat treatment (PWHT); 

− repair; 

− finishing operations. 

4.6 EN 13445 – 5: Inspection and testing 

This Part covers all those inspection and testing activities associated with the verification of the 

pressure vessel for compliance with the standard, including design review by the Manufacturer and 

supporting technical documentation. 

Numerous inspection activities, in addition to the Non Destructive Testing (NDT) are described 

including document control, material traceability, joint preparation and welding. 

The requirements for testing are predominantly related to individually designed single vessels. 

However, procedures are provided for serially produced pressure vessels. 

The level of testing is driven by the selection of the vessel testing group. Basically, the testing 

group determines the level of NDT and the joint coefficient used in the design. There are four 

testing groups, which are designed to give the same safety by a combination of several factors. 



Testing groups take into consideration manufacturing difficulties associated with different groups of 

steels, maximum permitted thickness, welding processes, service temperature range and the 

thickness by means of the joint coefficient of the governing joint (i.e. the full penetration butt joint 

that, as a result of the weld joint coefficient, governs the thickness of the component). Table 1 

reports the testing groups for steel pressure vessels. 

The testing groups are numbered from 1 to 4 in decreasing levels of NDT. However, testing groups 

1, 2 and 3 are subdivided into subgroups 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, and 3b in order to reflect the better 

behaviour to crack sensitivity of easy to weld low carbon alloyed steels and Austenitic stainless 

steels. 

As for testing group 4, it shall be applicable only for: 

− Group 2 fluids 9 ; 

− Ps ≤ 20 bar; and 

− Ps ≤ 20 000 bar x L above 100 °C; or 

− Ps ≤ 50 000 bar x L if temperature is equal or less than 100 °C; 

− higher pressure test; 

− maximum number of full pressure cycle less than 500; 

− lower level of nominal design stress (according to EN 13445-3). 

A single testing group is normally applied to the entire vessel. However, provided specific 

requirements are met, a combination of testing groups is permitted. 

Table 11 reports the main requirements for the testing groups. 

In terms of quality levels for the welding imperfections, the overall philosophy has been the general 

adoption of the following acceptance criteria: 

− predominantly non-cyclic loaded vessels: ISO/DIS 5817:2000 quality level 'C' 

− vessels subject to cyclic loading: ISO/DIS 5817:2000 quality level 'B' 

9 According to the 97/23/Ce Directive, Group 2 fluids are non dangerous fluids (i.e. fluids other then 

explosive, extremely or highly flammable or flammable, toxic and very toxic, oxidizing) 



Requirements 

Permitted materials 

(CR ISO 15608) 

Testing group and subgroup 

1 a 1 b 2 a 2 b 3 a 3 b 4 

1 to 10 

1.1, 1.2, 

8.1 

8.2, 9.1, 

9.2, 9.3, 10 

1.1, 1.2, 8.1 

8.2, 9.1, 

9.2, 10 

Extent of Visual inspection 100% to the maximum possible extent 

Extent of NDT for governing 

welded joints 

100% 

100% on first item, 10% 

after satisfactory 

experience 

1.1, 1.2, 

8.1 

1.1, 8.1 

25% 10% 0% 

NDT of other welds A specific reference table is given in the standard (Table 6.6.2-1) 

Joint coefficient (to be used 

for design) 

1 1 0,85 0,7 

Maximum thickness for 

each material 

Welding process 

No additional 

requirements due 

to testing 

No additional 

requirements due 

to testing 

gr. 9.1, 9.2: 

30 mm 

gr, 9.3, 8.2* 

10: 16 mm 

gr. 1.1, 8.1: 

50 mm 

gr, 1.2: 

16 mm 

Fully mechanised or 

automatic welding 

processes 

No additional requirements due 

to testing 

No additional requirements due 

to testing 

Service temperature range No additional requirements due to testing 

gr. 1.1: 

-10÷200°C 

gr. 8.1: 

-50÷500°C 

* 30 mm for group 8.2 material is allowed if delta ferrite containing welding consumables are used for 

depositing filling passes up to but not including the capping 

Table 11 – Testing groups and relevant requirements 

4.7 EN 13445 – 6: specific requirements for pressure vessels and parts 

made of spheroidal graphite cast iron 

This Part specifies that the Manufacturer shall select a testing factor of 0,8 (visual inspection only) 

or 0,9 (NDT inspection) when a cast pressure vessel or cast part is designed for pressure up to 50 

bar and a maximum temperature of 300 °C. 

As concerns welding, no production or repair welding shall be carried out on spheroidal graphite 

cast iron parts. 

Concerning component design, the DBF method is generally followed considering appropriate 

formulae to limit stresses up to safe values. These formulae are generally intended for 

predominantly static loads, which means for a number of load cycles not exceeding 200 000 in the 

case of spheroidal graphite cast iron. However, a method for design by experiment up to 6000 bar 

x l without calculation is given. 

Inspection and testing requirements are as in Part 5 except requirements for castings and test 

pressure. Interaction between good design and good workmanship is so important for cast vessels 

that special requirements are laid down in this Part. 



Annex A is informative for the determination of burst pressure and wall thickness minimum 

requirements. 

4.8 CR 13445 – 7: Guidance on the use of conformity procedures 

This Technical Report gives guidance on the use of conformity assessment procedures for unfired 

pressure vessels as covered by Article 1, § 2.1.1 of the Pressure Equipment Directive (PED). 

The PED requires all pressure equipment falling within its scope to have its design and 

manufacture assessed for conformity in accordance with a series of conformity assessment 

procedures given in Article 10 of the Directive, and in particular according to its Annex III. 

Therefore the following information are given: 

− classification of pressure vessels in hazard categories; 

− conformity assessment procedures, as relates of the choice of the most appropriate procedure 

and the involvement of responsible authorities; 

− management of subctontracted activities. 

Moreover, an useful summary of Inspection and testing activities and participation of the 

Responsible Authority in respect of P.E. 

D. conformity assessment modules is given in annex C, for informative scope only. 





5 European standard for manufacturing metallic industrial 

piping 


In the framework of European Directive 97/23/CEE for pressure vessels (PED), also metallic 

industrial piping has to fulfil certain safety requirements, as relates to materials, design and 

calculation, fabrication and installation, inspection and testing. 

Figure 14 –Metallic industrial piping in a plant. 

Such safety requirements depend on the “hazard category”, based on the type of fluid (defined as 

dangerous or non-dangerous) in combination with the internal volume (in this case the pipe 

diameter) and/or the maximum allowable pressure (PS) of the pipeline. 

This lead to the development of the EN 13480:2002 standard “Metallic industrial piping”, prepared 

by Technical Committee CEN/TC 267 "Industrial piping and pipelines", as specific standard 

harmonised do the European directive. 



The standard applies to metallic piping above ground, ducted or buried, irrespective of pressure, 

and does not relate to: 

− pipelines and their accessories; 

− stream waterways such as penstocks, pressure tunnels, pressure shaft for hydro-electricinstallations 

and their related specific accessories; 

− permanently fixed piping for ships, rockets, aircraft and mobile offshore units; 

− items specifically designed for nuclear use, failure of which may cause an emission of 

radioactivity; 

− well-control equipment used in the petroleum, gas or geothermal exploration and extraction 

industry and in underground storage, which is intended to contain and/or control well pressure, 

including the piping; 

− piping of blast furnaces including the furnace cooling, hot blast recuperators, dust extractors 

and blast furnace exhaust gas scrubbers and direct reducing cupolas including the furnace 

cooling, gas converters and vacuum; 

− furnaces and pans for melting, re-melting de-gassing and casting of steel and non ferrous 

metals; 

− enclosures for high voltage electrical equipment such as switchgear, control gear and 

transformers; 

− pressurised pipes for the containment of transmission systems such as for electrical power and 

telephone cables; 

− internal piping of boilers and piping integral to pressure vessels. 

The standard is divided in six parts; part 1 is a general introduction of the standard, the other part 

define specific requirements, a detail of which will be given in the next paragraphs. 

5.2 EN 13480-2: Materials 

This Part specifies the requirements for materials (including metallic clad materials) for industrial 

piping and supports, not serviced in the creep range temperatures. 

It specifies the requirements for the selection, inspection, testing and marking of metallic materials 

for the fabrication of industrial piping. 

All the materials shall have sufficient ductility, as specific values for elongation are provided (e.g. 

14% in the transverse direction and 16% in the longitudinal direction). 

Three different methods for the evaluation of the impact tests properties are provided, based on 

the following different approaches: 

− technical requirements are developed from operating experience and applicable to all metallic 

materials, but limited to certain thicknesses for which experience exist; 



− technical requirements are developed from the principle of fracture mechanics and from 

operating experiences (only applicable to C, C-Mn and low alloy ferritic steels with a specified 

minimum yield strength of 460 N/mm); 

− technical requirements are derived by the application of a fracture mechanics analysis (to be 

used only in agreement with the parties concerned). 

Maximum values for the Carbon, Sulphur and Silicon content are provided depending on the 

considered material (see Table 12). 

Material 

Maximum content of cast analisys 

%C %S %P 

Steel 0,23 0,025 0,035 

Ferritic stainless steels 0,08 0,015 0,040 

Martensitic stainless steels 0,06 0,015 0,040 

Austenitic stainless steels 0,08 0,015 0,045 

Austenitic stainless steels 0,10 0,015 0,035 

Austenitic-ferritic stainless 

steels 

0,030 0,015 0,035 

Table 12 – Maximum content of alloying element for steels 

Special provisions are also given as relates to lamellar tearing, design temperature above 20°C, 

prevention of brittle fracture, fasteners and lined piping. 

Figure 15 – Stocking of pipes and fittings 

The marking of the products or delivery units shall ensure traceability between the product or 

delivery unit and the inspection documents. For European standardised materials, the marking 



shall fulfil the requirements of the relevant standard; for materials not contained in an European 

standard the marking shall at least contain: 

− the material specification (reference, material designation); 

− the Manufacturer's name or mark; 

− the stamp of the inspection representative, if applicable. 

For material supplied with specific inspection the marking shall include an identification, which 

permits the correlation between the product or delivery unit and the relevant inspection document. 

5.3 EN 13480-3: Design and calculations 

The calculation rules in this part apply for operating and testing conditions as well as preset, cold 

spring conditions, flushing and cleaning conditions. 

This part considers only elastic calculation methods, although some components might exhibit 

plastic behaviour. 

The design load shall be one or a combination of the following, at least: 

− internal and/or external pressure; 

− temperature; 

− weight of piping and contents; 

− climatic loads; 

− dynamic effects of the fluid; 

− movements of the ground and buildings; 

− vibrations; 

− earthquakes. 

In the specific case of welds other than circumferential, depending on the pressure, size, type of 

fluid and inspection extent, different values for the joint efficiency factor (Z) are identified. 

5.4 EN 13480-4: Fabrication 

ISO 3834 is not directly recalled by this standard, even if some requirements are similar to those of 

the standard. 

5.4.1 General requirements for the Manufacturer 

The standard requires the presence of welding supervisors, having sufficient knowledge and 

experience in the field of welding and capable to give the welders clear and unambiguous working 

instructions. 



As relates to welding materials, in addition to what is required in part 2 of the standard, the 

Manufacturer is requested to have filler metals and auxiliary materials with documentation 

according to EN 10204, test report 2.2. 

For identification and traceability reasons, all the welds shall be directly correlated to the welder 

that performed the joint, by the welder’s symbol close to the weld itself or by corresponding details 

in the fabrication documents. 

5.4.2 Requirements for the welding activities 

Welders and welding operator shall be qualified according to the relevant standard (EN 287-1 and 

EN 1418) for the intended processes, material groups and range of sizes, and shall be in 

possession of a valid test certificate. 

Welding procedures specification shall be prepared in accordance to the relevant European 

standard - e.g. EN 15609 (EN 288-2) -, also reporting information on the Non Destructive Testing 

to be applied to the joint. 

Specifications shall be properly qualified by an appropriate method, depending on the “piping 

class” (defined on the base of diameter, pressure and type of fluid). In the case of the higher 

classes (class II and III) only qualification by welding procedure test or welding pre-production test 

are accepted, having as examining body a third party. Less stringent requirements are given for 

less critical classes. 

During electric arc welding, piping shall be earthed so that no welding currents flow through spring 

hangers, constant load hangers, snubbers, machines, valves, mechanical connections etc. This 

has to be accomplished in order to avoid both welding defects (e.g. due to arc blow) and to avoid 

damage or degradation in the mechanics of these components (e.g. ball bearings) due to high 

welding currents. 

Welding defects, which require repair shall be removed by grinding, chipping, gouging, flame, 

plasma or machining part or all of the weld. When using thermal processes, the pipe and weld 

material shall not be adversely affected. Prior to repair welding, the surface of all joints shall be 

examined by NDT to ensure they are free from cracks and other defects. 

Weld repairs shall be made using approved procedures and approved welding personal; A weld 

defect shall not be repaired more than twice with the same procedure. Any further repair shall be 

done in accordance with an approved, modified and documented procedure. 

All weld repairs shall be documented, by reporting the test reports that lead to the repair, (e.g. by 

attaching the films showing the defects, if available), and the repair procedures and the report for 

the newly carried on tests. 



5.5 EN 13480-5: Inspection 

Figure 16 – Welding of a 10 inches industrial piping 

This Part of the Standard specifies the requirements for inspection and testing of industrial piping 

to be performed on individual spools or piping systems, including supports, designed in 

accordance with part 3 and 6 (if applicable), and fabricated and installed in accordance with EN 

13480-4. 

Type, extension and acceptance criteria for the testing are reported, depending on the piping 

class. The following inspection phases are identified: 

− design validation; 

− in-process inspection and testing (including welding process indirect control, as relates to 

welders, to welding procedures and to inspection during welding); 

− non destructive testing of welds; 

− final assessment; 

− documentation to be maintained and delivered with the product. 

Table 13 reports the general requirements for the non destructive testing of welds, and the relevant 

acceptance criteria. 



NDT Technique Method Acceptance criteria 

Visual Examination 

(VT) 

Radiographic Testing 

(RT) 

Ultrasonic Testing 

(UT) 

EN 970 Refer to EN 5817 – level B 

EN 1435:1997, class B 


a b 

EN 1714:1998, class B b 

Penetrant Testing (PT) EN 571-1 

Magnetic Particle Testing 

(MT) 

EN 1290 

EN 12517:1998: 

Acceptance level 2 

and additional requirements 

EN 1712 :1997 c : 

Acceptance level 2 d 

EN 1289 :1998, 


EN 1291 :1998, 


NOTES: 

a 

However, the maximum area for single exposure shall correspond to the requirements of EN 

1435:1997, class A. 

b 

Class A for material group 1.1, 1.2, 8.1 when piping class is I or II. 

c 

For the characterisation of indications EN 1713 may be used. 

d 

Acceptance level 3 for material group 1.1, 1.2, 8.1 when piping class is I or II. 

Table 13 – Requirements for the non destructive testing of welds 

Figure 17 – Ultrasonic testing of a pipe to pressure vessel connection 

5.6 EN 13480-6: Additional requirements for buried piping 

This Part of EN 13480 identifies specific requirements for industrial piping either totally buried or 

partly buried and partly run in sleeves or similar protection, running at an operating temperature up 

to 75°C. This part must be used in conjunction with the other six parts of EN 13480.


Figure 18 – Lining of a buried pipeline in the nearby of a chemical plant 

Where buried piping subject to this standard connects to piping installed under other jurisdiction 

such as pipelines, the transition should be made at a closing element e.g. an isolating or regulating 

valve separating the two sections, that should be close to the boundary of the industrial site, but 

may be inside or outside the boundary. 

The standard reports therefore some additional requirements, as relates to: 

− safety 

− depth of installation; 

− pipes marking and recording; 

− design and calculation; 

− installation (trenches, pipe laying and back filling); 

− sleeves or casings; 

− corrosion protection; 

− examination and testing. 

As concerns welding activities, no specific requirements are given. 

5.7 CR 13445 – 7: Guidance on the use of conformity procedures 

This Technical Report gives guidance on the use of conformity assessment procedures for 

industrial piping and pipelines as covered by Article 1, § 2.1.1 of the Pressure Equipment Directive 

(PED). 

The PED requires all pressure equipment falling within its scope to have its design and 

manufacture assessed for conformity in accordance with a series of conformity assessment 

procedures given in Article 10 of the Directive, and in particular according to its Annex III. 

Therefore the following information are given: 



− classification of industrial piping vessels in hazard categories; 

− conformity assessment procedures, as relates to the choice of the most appropriate procedure 

and the involvement of responsible authorities; 

− management of subcontracted activities. 

Moreover, an useful Summary of Inspection and testing activities and participation of the 

Responsible Authority in respect of PED conformity assessment modules is given in annex C, for 

informative scope only. 





6 European standard for manufacturing simple unfired 

vessels to contain air or nitrogen. 


Meeting a variety of safety objectives, Directive 87/404/EEC (amended by Directive 93/68/EEC) 

relating to simple pressure vessels came into force in the European Community on 1 July 1990. To 

ensure the disposal of existing stocks before the application date of this directive, a transition 

period was authorised until 1 July 1992, the date upon which the national regulations were 

abrogated in all Member States. 

This directive establishes the methods of inspection of these vessels, permitting them to be sold 

and commissioned in all Member States and benefit from free circulation. 

The Directive is applicable to series-produced simple pressure vessels introduced on the 

European market, regardless of origin, if subjected to an internal pressure greater than 0.5 bar, 

intended to contain air or nitrogen and not exposed to fire or flame. 

Other limitations also apply in relation to the materials used, the shape of the vessels, the 

maximum pressure, the product PS x V (working pressure –PS, volume -V), and the minimum and 

maximum operating temperatures. The Directive also includes a list of exceptions. 

The Directive introduces the following concepts: 

− a classification of simple pressure vessels according to the risk created by the combination of 

working pressure and volume, as expressed by PS x V; 

− Essential safety requirements, compliance with which may be assumed further to the use of a 

harmonised European standard, or by submitting a prototype representative of the production 

under consideration, or a combination of both; 

− Conformity assessment procedures by risk class, which give Manufacturers the option of 

selecting the most stringent class. 4. “increased Manufacturer responsibility”. The 

Manufacturer is now required to issue a declaration of conformity with the Directive for his 

equipment; 

− The obligation on the part of the Manufacturer to supply the user with a user manual 

specifying the intended areas of use and the maintenance and installation conditions required 

for safety purposes. 



Figure 19 – Simple unfired pressure vessel containing Air (Left side) and Nitrogen (Right) 

In this framework, CEN TC 54 “Simple pressure vessels” produced a series of standard, namely 

the EN 286 – “Simple unfired pressure vessels made to contain air or nitrogen”, made of 4 parts: 

− Part 1: design, manufacture and testing; 

− Part 2: Pressure vessels for air braking and auxiliary systems for motor-vehicles and their 

trailers; 

− Part 3: Steel pressure vessels designed to contain compressed air for rail rolling stock 

− Part 4: Aluminium pressure vessels designed to contain compressed air for railway rolling 

stock. 

In the following paragraph the requirements to be met during welding fabrication as relates to EN 

286 - part 1 will be briefly described. 

6.2 EN 286-1: requirements for welding manufacturing of simple unfired 

pressure vessels 

This Standard applies to the design and manufacture of simple unfired serially made pressure 

vessels with a single compartment manufactured by welding (even if some design can entail the 

use of bolts) having a simple geometry and have branches not lager in diameter than 0,5 of the 

diameter of the cylinder to which they are welded. 

The two following production procedures are considered: 



a cylindrical part of circular cross section is closed by outwardly dished and/or flat ends which 

revolve around the same axis as the cylindrical part; 

− two outwardly dished ends revolving around the same axis; 

Moreover, the field of application of the standard considers the following technical conditions are 

met: 

− the vessel is subjected to an internal gauge pressure greater than 0,5 bar; 

− the parts and assemblies contributing to the strength of the vessel under pressure are made 

either of non-alloy quality steel or of non-alloy aluminium or non-age hardening aluminium 

alloys; 

− the maximum working pressure is 30 bar and the product of that pressure and the capacity of 

the vessel (PS x V) is greater than 50 bar litres and not exceeding 10 000 bar litres; 

− the minimum working temperature -50° C and maximum working temperature not higher than 

300°C for steel and 100°C for aluminium or aluminium alloy vessels. 

It does not apply to vessels specifically designed for nuclear use, to vessels specifically intended 

for installation for the propulsion of ships and aircraft, or to fire extinguishers. 

Aspects of Quality Assurance are dealt with in various clauses and annexes of this Standard, even 

if there is no specific requirements as relates to the application of quality management standards. 

Therefore the fulfilment of EN ISO 3834 10 can only be suggested, and is not compulsory. 

As concerns specific requirements for welding activities, the following apply: 

− there shall be no welding carried out on the pressurised parts of a vessel once the hydraulic 

test has been successfully completed; however reinforcing plates for supports and brackets 

are not considered to be pressurised parts; 

− if a manual root on the reverse side is made prior to a second run made by an automatic 

process then the root weld shall be taken back to the sound metal to remove any inclusion i.e. 

slag, etc.; 

− welding procedures shall be qualified by welding procedure test or previous satisfactory 

experience; 

− the testing and qualification of welding procedures, welders and welding operators shall be 

carried out by an approved inspection body. 

The standards also reports specific testing criteria and relevant acceptance depending on the type 

of joint, stresses and materials considered in the design phase. 

10 

The EN ISO 3834 part 3 or part 4 seem to be enough significant to guarantee proper management of 

welding operations. 



As relates to the equipment, it is required to the Manufacturer to calibrate the testing equipment 

and to maintain the relevant record. 



7 European standard for steel pipelines and pipework for gas 

supply systems. 


Gas supply systems are complex and the importance on safety of their construction and on their 

use has led to the development of very detailed codes of practice and operating manuals in the 

European countries. These detailed statements embrace recognised standards of gas engineering 

and the specific requirements imposed by the legal structures of each country. 

Some basic elements are common to the production and testing of weld joints for the installation 

and modification of onshore steel pipelines and pipework used in gas supply systems, including inservice 

pipelines, for all pressure ranges for the carriage of processed, non-toxic and noncorrosive 

natural gas as relates to materials, manufacturing techniques, location and design 

temperature. 

Figure 20 – Pipeline welded in the northern areas. 

In this framework the CEN TC 234 “supply systems” produced the EN 12732:2000 “gas supply 

systems – welding steel pipework – functional requirements” with the purpose of identifying 



commonly adopted requirements and to be intended as “state of the art” in the field of pipelines 

constructions for gas supply system. 

7.2 EN 12732: scope and structure of the standard. 

This standard contains requirements for the production and testing of weld joints for the installation 

and modification of onshore steel pipelines and pipework used in gas supply systems, including inservice 

pipelines, for all pressure ranges for the carriage of processed, non-toxic and noncorrosive 

natural gas accordingly, where: 

− the pipeline elements are made of unalloyed or low-alloyed carbon steel; 

− the pipeline is not located within commercial or industrial premises as an integral part of the 

industrial process on those premises except for any pipelines and facilities supplying such 

premises ; 

− the pipework is not located within household installations according to EN 1775:1998; 

− the design temperature of the system is between -40 °C and 120 °C inclusive. 

Figure 21 - Welding of a Buried Pipeline 

The standard can be considered as divided in different parts, the first reporting general 

requirements applicable to all supply systems, the others giving specific indications for distribution 

systems, for transmission systems and for metering, regulating and compressor stations. 



7.3 EN 12732: Quality requirement categories 

The standard considers different categories of pipelines, depending on which the requirements to 

comply with are identified. Table 14 reports this assignment based on the materials used and on 

the operating pressure. 

Category 

A 

B 

Operating 

pressure 

Lower than 

100 mbar 

100 mbar up to 

5 bar 

C 5 bar up to 16 bar 

D Higher than 16 bar 

Base material Example of use 

C and C-Mn steels, 

with Rs≤360Mpa* 





Low alloyed C, C-Mn, 

microalloyed and quenched 

and tempered steels** 

NOTES 

* Steels classified as Group 1 according to CR ISO 15608 and reported in EN 10208 

** Steels classified as Group 1 to 3 according CR ISO 15608 and reported in EN 10208 

Table 14 – Allocation to quality requirements categories 

Mains and service pipes in gas supply 

systems 

Mains and service pipes in gas supply 

systems, pipework in stations 

Pipeline including pipework in stations 

and gas distribution systems 

Pipeline including pipework in stations 

and gas distribution systems 

However, depending on particular conditions, such as materials used, line routing, design or 

welding techniques, higher or lower quality categories can be assigned in order to identify the more 

coherent quality requirements. 

7.4 EN 12732: requirements on quality systems 

Depending on the quality requirement category, some specific requirements on the application of 

quality systems are identified by the standards. 

This involves the application of an appropriate quality level of EN ISO 3834, the qualification grade 

of the welding coordinator, the NDT personnel and the approval of welding procedures; giving the 

exact interpretation and integrating the clauses of EN ISO 3834. 

Table 15 reports a summary on the recommended quality requirements to be fulfilled. 



Quality requirement 

Quality system according to EN ISO 3834 

A 

Quality category 

B C D 

- EN ISO 3834 – 2 (Comprehensive) OPT. OPT. REC. REC. 

- EN ISO 3834 – 3 (Standard) OPT. OPT. REC. REC. 

- EN ISO 3834 (elementary) 

Welding co-ordination personnel 

REC. REC. - - 

- Welding engineer OPT. OPT. OPT. REC. 

- Welding technologist OPT. OPT. REC. - 

- Welding Specialist OPT. REC. REC. - 

- Foreman with several years of experience 

Qualification of welders 

REC. REC. - - 

According to EN 287-1 in on-site conditions 

Welding procedures qualification 

REC. REC. REC. REC. 

According to EN 288-2* REC. REC. REC. REC. 

Applicable method of qualification of welding procedure: 

- Welding procedure test OPT. OPT. REC. REC. 

- Use of approved welding consumables REC. REC. - - 

- Previous experience REC. - - - 

- Standard welding procedures OPT. OPT. REC. REC. 

- pre-production welding tests OPT. REC. REC. - 

- welding procedure test for site welding 

Key: 

REC. Recommended 

OPT. Optional 

OPT. OPT. OPT. REC. 

- 

Notes: 

not required 

* This standard refers to the old Qualification standards; EN 288-2 has been 

replaced by EN 15609 

Table 15 – Recommended quality requirements according to EN 12732 

Particular attention should be devoted to the qualification of welders for the installation of buried 

pipelines, that should carry on approval test in on–site conditions, by examination conducted in an 

area, which simulates a pipe trench of the following dimensions: 

− maximum length: 1,5 m; 

− maximum spacing between pipe wall and trench bottom: 0,4 m; 

− maximum spacing between pipe wall and trench wall: 0,5 m. 

Welders certificate shall clearly indicate, by reference to this standard, that the welders 

qualification test has been performed under the conditions mentioned above. 

7.5 EN 12732: Inspection of welded joints and acceptance criteria 

Weld quality shall be ensured by inspection of the welds using destructive tests and/or nondestructive 

examination. The results of these tests shall be documented. 



Non-destructive examination shall be carried out in accordance with approved procedures and 

destructive testing acceptance criteria shall be the same as for the original welding procedure. 

The minimum extent of non-destructive examination depends on the quality requirement category 

and the type/position of the weld joint, as reported in table 16. 

Cate 

gory 

Type/position of the weld 

VT (by 

welding 

supervisor 

Volumetric 

inspection 

NDT 

(RT/UT)* 

Superficial 

NDT 

inspection 

Circumferential welds, branches, nozzles and fillet welds; 

longitudinal seams 

** ** / *** - 

A Unconcealed pipe spans; pipelines on bridges, pipeline 

sections crossing railways, navigable waterways or 

landing strips/runways 

100% **** - 

Circumferential welds ** ** - 

Branches, nozzles and fillet welds ** ** 

B Longitudinal seams 

Unconcealed pipe spans; pipelines on bridges, pipeline 

100% 10% - 

sections crossing railways, major roads and motorways, 

navigable waterways or landing strips/runways 

100% **** - 

Circumferential welds 20% 10% - 

Branches, nozzles, fillet welds 100% - 10% 

Longitudinal seams 100% 100% - 

C Weld joints not included in the pressure test 


100% 100% - 


waterways or landing strips/runways 

100% 100% - 

Circumferential welds 100% 20% - 

Branches, nozzles, fillet welds 100% ******* 20% ***** 

Longitudinal seams 100% 100% - 

D Weld joints not included in the pressure test 100% 100%***** - 

If pipelines/units are laid or installed in built-up areas 


100% 100% - 


waterways or landing strips/runways 

100% 100% - 

NOTES 

* The proportion of both techniques shall be agreed. 

** Representative random sample on the basis of the total number of weld joints made by a welder during 

the course of one year. 

*** One destructive test of field weld per year by means of tensile and/or bending test for welders qualified 

only for gas welding (process 311) or only for fillet welds. 

**** The pipeline operator shall specify the extent of non-destructive examination taking into account the 

design conditions, for example: 

- external loads in addition to internal pressure; 

- supports; 

- expansion due to temperature. 

***** Where welds with incomplete penetration are used, the pipeline operator can require 100 %. 

***** Seams shall be tested 100 % by two different inspection techniques. 

******* For branches and nozzles, consideration should be given by the pipeline operator to these methods. 

Table 16 – Minimum extent of NDT according to EN 12732 

Where less than 100 % non-destructive examination has to be performed, the pipeline operator 

shall select which welds are to be tested. Whenever the quality of the weld joint does not meet the 

requirements, further welds shall be examined to determine the extent of the problem (except 



when otherwise agreed, two further welds shall be inspected for each rejected weld) and the cause 

of the fault shall be eliminated. 

The definition of acceptance criteria is under the responsibility of the Manufacturer, depending on 

the design, the quality requirement category and the inspection level. 

Useful information on the applicable NDT techniques for the inspection of the pipelines are given in 

Appendixes C to F. As example, figure 22 reports the calibration block suggested for the 

application of Ultrasonic Testing. 

Figure 22 –Calibration block with rectangular grooves and edge (dimensions in mm) 



8 European standards for the fabrication of steel and 

aluminium structures 


Many standards have been developed trough the years to consider the criteria for design, 

manufacturing and testing of steel structures; as a consequence all the European countries 

produced their own technical standards, having as a reference both the technical conditions 

(generally the same in every country) and the national industrial customs. 

In the same framework as pressure vessel one, after the development of the European Market, 

and in order to guarantee harmonization of national legislation to abolish commercial and technical 

barriers, the European directive 89/106/CE on construction products (CPD) has been developed. 

Figure 23 – Steel structure manufacturing (covering of a swimming pool) 



For the purposes of this Directive, “construction product” means any product which is produced for 

incorporation in a permanent manner in construction works, including both buildings and civil 

engineering works. “Construction products” are hereinafter referred to as 'products'; construction 

works including both buildings and civil engineering works are hereinafter referred to as “Works”. 

Therefore the directive does not directly refer to the whole product, but to all those single elements 

(e.g. beams, connections, etc), that assembled realize the final work. 

Member States shall presume that products are fit for use if they enable works in which they are 

employed, provided the latter are properly designed and built, to satisfy the essential requirements 

referred to in Article 3 of the directive. 

The application of the directive indirectly implied a standardisation work for the production of sets 

of standards, within the field of application of the directive and supporting its essential 

requirements, as a mean to demonstrate conformity. 

In this framework the technical committee CEN TC 135 “Steel structure fabrication” is now 

preparing the standard (the name will be EN 1090) harmonized to the 89/106/CE directive. This 

standard is made of 3 parts: 

- Part 1: Steel and aluminium structural components - General delivery conditions 

- Part 2: Technical requirements for the execution of steel structures 

- Part 3: Technical requirements for the execution of aluminium structures 

8.2 EN 1090 – 1: Steel and aluminium structural components - General 

delivery conditions 

This European Standard specifies general technical delivery conditions in terms of performance 

characteristics for structural steel and aluminium components placed on the market as construction 

products. The components may be used directly or for inclusion in construction works or as 

structural components in the form of kits. 

The Standard also specifies requirements for the evaluation of conformity to the specified 

performance characteristics and for the test methods to be used. 

8.2.1 Requirements for the design of structures. 

Structural characteristics of a component covered in this Standard refer to its load bearing 

capacity, fatigue strength and resistance to fire 11 . 

11 Those structural characteristic shall refer to National Determined Parameters (referred as NPD in the 

standard), that are parameters specified in the National Annex to the relevant Eurocode, defined by the 

member states 



The load bearing capacity for a component shall refer to the specified actions and combination of 

actions, referring to situations for which the loads are predominantly static such that the influence 

of repetitive loads need not be considered. 

The fatigue strength for steel components shall be determined in accordance with EN 1993 

(Eurocode 3) for steel structures and with EN 1999 (Eurocode 9) for aluminium components and 

are usually expressed by reference to S-N diagrams. 

The resistance to fire shall be determined according to the relevant part of Eurocodes. 

In conclusion, the standards does not give specific guidance for the design, as the structural 

characteristics shall be determined in accordance the relevant Eurocodes, as follows: 

- EN 1990 (Eurocode 0) - Basis of structural design; 

- EN 1991 (Eurocode 1)- Actions on structures; 

- EN 1993 (Eurocode 3)- Design of steel structures, for steel components; 

- EN 1994 (Eurocode 4)- Design of composite structures of steel and concrete, for the steel 

parts; 

EN 1999 (Eurocode 9)- Design of aluminium structures, for aluminium components. 

Figure 24 – Workshop for bridge manufacturing. 



8.3 EN 1090 – 2: Technical requirements for the execution of steel 

structures 

This European Standard specifies general requirements for execution of structural steelwork. 

The pursued objective during the realization of a project of structure is to control risks connected to 

it by controlling possible execution defects. Nature and extend of risks being specific in every 

structure according to its purpose and complexity, execution classes are specified in this European 

Standard, to which correspond execution requirements with different severity levels. 

In accordance with EN 1990:2001, which defines consequence classes in its annex B for the 

purpose of reliability differentiation, three different consequence classes for structural elements are 

distributed in three levels noted as CC1, CC2 and CC3. The consequence classes of the elements 

of a structure may be indicated on the basis of indications given in table 17. 

Consequences 

Class 

CC3 

CC2 

CC1 

Description 

High consequence for loss of human life, or 

economic, social or environmental 

consequences very great 

Medium consequence for loss of human 

life, economic, social or environmental 

consequences considerable 

Low consequence for loss of human life, 

and economic, social or environmental 

consequences small or negligible 

Table 17 – Definition of consequences classes 

Examples of buildings and civil 

engineering works 

Grandstands, public buildings where 

consequences of failure are high (e.g. a concert 

hall) 

Residential and office buildings, public buildings 

where consequences of failure are medium (e.g. 

an office building) 

Agricultural buildings where people do not 

normally enter (e.g. storage buildings), 

greenhouses 

It should be noted that a same work, or part of it, can contain elements with different consequence 

classes. 

Moreover, in the definition of requirements for the product (and for the Manufacturer) also the use 

condition of the component shall be considered (execution and use); as a consequence the 

standard defines the execution categories, based on the table 18. 



Execution and use categories 

Consequences Class 

CC1 CC2 CC3 

E1 Elements for which fatigue assessment is necessary 1 2 2 

Elements not concerned by E1 but by some particular conditions, as 

following: 

- Temperature of service of elements < -20 °C, 

- Welded elements made of S355 steel grade with thickness > 25 mm 

- Welded elements made of S355 M and ML steel grade with 

thickness > 50 mm 

E2 - Main elements assembled by welding on construction site, 

2 3 3 

- Elements with hot forming manufacturing or receiving thermic 

treatment, 

- Elements of CHS lattice girder requiring end profile cuts, 

- Elements of crane way and corresponding skeleton, 

- Elements of structure with more than five floors, 

- Elements with full contact bearing surfaces. 

E3 Elements neither C1 nor C2. 2 3 4 

Table 18 – Definition of execution classes 

8.3.1 Specific requirements for welding Manufacturers 

Welding shall be undertaken in accordance with the requirements of the relevant part of EN 729 

"Quality requirements for welding – Fusion welding of metallic materials" or EN ISO 14554 "Quality 

requirements for welding - Resistance welding of metallic materials" as applicable. 

When using EN ISO 15613 or EN ISO 15614-1 qualification procedures, the following conditions 

are required: 

a) where impact tests are required, they shall be carried out at the lowest temperature for which 

the standard of the steel grade requires impact properties; 

b) for steels according to EN 10025-6 (Quenched and tempered steels), one specimen for microexamination 

is required. Photographs of weld metal, fusion line zone and HAZ shall be 

recorded; 

c) for fillet welds on steel grades higher than S355 subject to tensile load, tests shall be 

completed by an additional cruciform tensile test performed in accordance with prEN ISO 

9018; 

d) when welding on shop primers, tests shall be carried out on the maximum (nominal + 

tolerance) accepted layer thickness. 

e) if any welding process qualified in accordance with EN ISO 15614-1 has not been used by the 

constructor for a certain period, following requirements apply: 

- for steel grades up to S355, and if the procedure has not been used for a period of more 

than three years, a macro specimen taken from a production trial shall be inspected for 

acceptability; 



- for steel grades above S355, and if the procedure has not been used for a period between 

one and three years, a production welding test, where shape and dimensions are 

according to the requirements of EN ISO 15614-1, shall be carried out (examination and 

testing shall include visual inspection, radiographic or ultrasonic inspection, surface crack 

detection, macro-examination and hardness test); 

- for steel grades above S355, and if the procedure has not been used for a period of more 

than three years, new welding procedure tests shall be carried out. 

Depending on the execution classes, different requirements apply, according to table 19. 

Requirements 

Quality requirements for fusion 

welding 

Execution Class 

1 2 3 4 

EN ISO 3834 - 2 EN ISO 3834 - 3 EN ISO 3834 -4 

Welding procedures specification EN ISO15609 -1 

Qualification of welding procedures by: Required Not required 

- welding procedures test* (EN ISO 

15614-1) 

- pre – production test* (EN ISO 

15613) 

- use of tested welding consumables 

(EN ISO 15610) 

- previous welding experience (EN 

ISO 15611) 

- standard welding procedure (EN 

ISO 15612) 

Welders and welding operators 

qualification 

Base materials inspection documents 

(ref. EN 10204) 

Welding Coordinator 

Recommended Recommended -- 

Recommended Recommended -- 

NOT recommended Recommended -- 



Required according to prEN ISO 9606-1 (EN 287-1) - welders 

and with EN 1418** - welding operators. 

type 3.1 type 2.2 type 2.1 

Required, with comprehensive 

technical knowledge 

Required: all 

levels are 

accepted 

Not required 

* Time validity of the certificates and qualification tests are subject to special rules, specified in the following. 

** For welding hollow section lattice structures, welders shall be qualified by a single-side welding test carried 

out on a branch connection 

Table 19 – Requirements for welding according to the execution classes 

For execution classes 1 and 2, if welding with deep penetration processes or two pass welding 

from both sides without back grinding is used, an appropriate macro or fracture specimen in 

accordance with EN 1321 or EN 1320 respectively, shall be tested at intervals not exceeding six 

months, in addition to the welding procedure test. 

Welding procedure specifications for joints in hollow section lattice structures shall define the start 

and stop zones, and method to be used in order to cope with situation where the welds change 

from fillet to butt aroundjoint. 



8.3.2 Requirements for inspection and testing and acceptance criteria 

Inspection and testing follow the general rules reported in EN ISO 3834; moreover different criteria 

are considered for extension and timing, depending on the following parameters: 

- place of execution (Worksop pre-fabrication – on site production); 

- type of weld (transverse welds, longitudinal welds, strength welds, attachment welds); 

- joint utilisation factor - k (defined as k = σ / σe, relationship “ULS stress / yield stress” in the 

weld); 

- execution class (E.C., already previously defined). 

Visual inspection has to be performed for the overall length of the welds, independently from the 

above cited factors; moreover for execution classes 1 to 3 additional testing is required, according 

to the following table. 

It has to be noted that there is not any specific guidance on the testing method, as general criteria 

reported in EN 12062 for the field of application of NDT testing apply. 

Requirements, depending on the 

joint type 

Independently from the joint type, 

general extension for NDT activities 

Transverse butt 

welds subjected to 

tensile stress 

Transverse butt welds subjected to 

compression stress 

Transverse fillet welds at end of lap 

joints and at connection gussets. 

Longitudinal welds and welds to 

stiffeners. 

Attachment welds (e.g. for fixing 

purlins, side rails, etc.) 

Execution Class - 

Workshop 

Execution Class – On site 

1 and 2 3 1 and 2 3 

The first 5 joints of each 

same type* shall be 

tested according to the 

following values. 

All joints shall 

be tested 

according to the 

following values 

The first 5 joints of each 

same type* shall be tested 

according to following 

values. The extent of 

additional NDT is reduced to 

50 % (minimum of 10%) 

0.8 ≤ k 100 % 50 % 100 % 100 % 

0.3 < k< 0.8 50% 20% 100% 50% 

k ≤ 0.3 10% 5% 20% 10% 

10 % 5 % 20 % 10 % 

20 % 10 % 20 % 10 % 

10 %, 5 % 20 % 10 % 

* Same basic dimensions, material grades, weld geometry and welded to the same procedures. 

Table 20 – Additional Requirements for NDT extension for Execution Classes 1 to 3. 

Unless otherwise specified, the acceptance criteria for welds shall be as follows, with reference to 

EN ISO 5817: Any special requirements on weld geometry and profile shall be taken into account. 

Execution class Acceptance criteria 

4 EN ISO 5817 – Quality level D 

3 EN ISO 5817 – Quality level C 

2 EN ISO 5817 – Quality level B 


5%


1 

EN ISO 5817 – Quality level B, with the following additional requirements 

Type of defect Acceptance 

undercut (5011) not permitted 

excess weld metal (502) ≤ 2 mm 

incorrect toe (505) ≤ 165° 

internal pores (201) ≤ 1 mm 

solid inclusions (300) not permitted 

linear misalignment (507) < 0,05t 

Table 21 – Acceptance criteria depending on execution classes. 

8.4 EN 1090 -3: Technical requirements for the execution of aluminium 

structures 12 

This European Standard specifies general requirements for execution of aluminium structures 

produced from rolled, welded, casted, forged, drawn and extruded products, and covers 

components made with material thickness not less than 0.6 mm, and for welded components, not 

less than 1.5 mm. Moreover it is applicable to fixed and temporary aluminium structures. 

Figure 25 - Part of a lattice aluminium structure 

As for the steel structures, different execution classes are defined, taking into consideration 

consequence classes (already defined in table 1, according to EN 1990) and structural classes 

(dependent on the orientation and intensity of the static and cyclic stressing at a cross section of a 

member or in a joint, according to EN 1999 – Eurocode 9). Next table reports criteria for the 

definition of execution classes. 

Consequence 

Structural class 

classes Significant fatigue Standard Reduced static 

CC1 IV III III 

CC2 III III II 

CC3 III II I (II)* 

* Execution class I may be selected for structures or part of a structure 

12 Up to the date of publishing, this part of EN 1090-3 seems to be at a very early stage; consequently, many 

concepts reported in this paragraph may be subject to significant changes, even if the general concept for 

this standard should be definitively stated. 



where the risk of loss of human life is nil and the consequences of 

personal injury, economic loss or pollution is negligible. 

Table 22 – Execution classes for aluminium structures. 

Welding shall be undertaken in accordance with the requirements of the relevant part of EN ISO 

3834 (EN 729) "Quality requirements for welding – Fusion welding of metallic materials" or EN ISO 

14554 "Quality requirements for welding - Resistance welding of metallic materials" as applicable; 

in particular different requirements apply depending on the execution classes, following same rules 

as for steel (see table 22). 

As for the extent of non destructive testing and for the acceptance criteria, very detailed tables are 

reported in the standard, where requirements are given on the basis of execution class, testing 

method, joint type and geometry, joint orientation in respect of the main member of the structure. 





9 Project European standards for the fabrication of railway 

vehicles and components 


As already stated in other Chapters of this book, over the last few years, standardisation at 

international level has become more and more “product-oriented”, considering not only the 

technical requirements of the product itself, but also specific requirements to be fulfilled by the 

Manufacturer, in its fabrication process. 

Figure 26 – Manufacturing of a boogie for railway application 



Therefore CEN TC 256 WG 31 has started working on the development of a new European 

standard for design, fabrication and maintenance of railway vehicles and components, which has 

been developed as prEN 15085 in 2005 13 . 

This document has been produced considering the commonly agreed best practice fabrication 

criteria, as the main Customers (the national railway Companies) and Manufacturers were strongly 

represented in this standardisation phase. 

The standard will be composed by several parts, as follows: 

- prEN15085 – 1: general guidelines and definitions; 

- prEN15085 – 2: requirements for the Manufacturer; 

- prEN15085 – 3: design requirements; 

- prEN15085 – 4: production requirements; 

- prEN15085 – 5: the guidelines of inspection, testing and documentation. 

In the next paragraph only the requirements for the welding Manufacturer (as relates to part 2) will 

be described. 

9.2 prEN 15085-2 Requirements for the Manufacturer 

Differently from other standards, this standard requires that the Manufacturer complies with 

specific technical requirements, in order to demonstrate its capability to fabricate railway vehicles 

and components. Such a capability must be evaluated and assessed by an authorised body 

(“recognition of a welding Manufacturer”). 

The standards defines different Manufacturer certification levels, taking into consideration the type 

of product manufactured and the “safety relevance”, intended as complexity of the design and the 

consequence of failure. Precise criteria for the definition of the safety relevance are still under 

discussion. 

Next table shortly summarizes the criteria for the identification of those levels. 

Level Definition 

New build, conversion and repair of rail vehicles and relevant components with high safety 

1 

relevance 

2 New production of parts of railway vehicles with medium safety relevance 

3 New production of parts of railway vehicles with low safety relevance 

4 Design and/or assembly of railway vehicles and relevant components with High, medium or 

low safety relevance, when welding activities are sub-contracted and not performed. 

Table 23 – Identification of the level of the Manufacturer of railway vehicles and components 

13 Because of the early stage of development of this standard, some of the information contained can be 

subject to changes in the future. However the general approach to the standard should not be changed in 

the future. 



Depending on such levels, different requirements are considered for the Manufacturer to comply 

with. 

As relates to the welding coordinator, depending on the level of the Manufacturer and on the 

number and dimension of the workshops, one or more welding coordinators are required, having 

different level of qualification, according to three grades, defined as follows. 

- Welding Coordinator - Grade 1: a Welding coordinator with comprehensive technical 

knowledge as specified in EN 719 (EWE, EWT with proof of comprehensive technical 

knowledge or suitable qualification with comprehensive technical knowledge as specified in EN 

719 and evidence of experience over many years). 

- Welding Coordinator - Grade 2: a Welding Coordinator with specific technical knowledge as 

specified in EN 719 (EWT, EWS with proof of specific technical knowledge or suitable 

qualification with specific technical knowledge as specified in EN 719 and evidence of 

experience over many years). 

- Welding Coordinator - Grade 3: Welding Coordinator with basic technical knowledge as 

specified in EN 719 (EWS, EWP with proof of basic technical knowledge or suitable 

qualification with basic technical knowledge as specified in EN 719 and evidence of experience 

over many years). 

As relates to the welding inspection, the assessment of the weld seam tests is done basically 

under the responsibility of the welding coordinator of the Manufacturer. Alternatively the 

assessments can be done by an International Welding Inspector at the Comprehensive level, 

properly qualified according to IIW guidelines. 

However, It is possible that the welders or welding operators are responsible for checking the weld 

seams themselves; in this case the welders or welding operators shall be instructed by the 

responsible welding coordinator for the Manufacturer and a corresponding test instruction shall be 

available. 

Table 24 shortly summarises the requirements for the Manufacturer, as decided up to time. 



Requirements for the 

welding Manufacturer 

Recognition of the 

Manufacturer 

Certification Levels 

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 

Necessary Necessary Not necessary Necessary 

Quality requirements EN ISO 3834-3 EN ISO 3834-3 EN ISO 3834-4 EN ISO 3834-3 

Welding Coordinator Grade 1 Grade 2 or 3 no requirement 

Deputy of the Welding 

Coordinator 

Deputy: Grade 1* 

Further Deputies: 

Grade 2 or 3** 

Grade 1, 2 or 3 

depending on the 

relevant welding 

work 

Deputy: Grade 3 no requirement no requirement 

Welders Qualified according to EN 287 not necessary 

Welding operators Qualified according to EN 1418 not necessary 

Welding quality tests Responsible welding coordinator or IWI-C not necessary 

NDT personnel Qualification according to EN 473 not necessary 

WPS According to EN ISO 15609; not necessary 

Qualification of 

welding procedures 

ISO 15614-1 to -13 

ISO 15611 

ISO 15613 

ISO 15614 

ISO 15613 

not necessary 

* Equally empowered deputy (Grade 1). Not necessary for small welding Manufacturers (Welding 

Manufacturers with small welding production and one welding shop). 

* For welding Manufacturers with several welding shops a further deputy, Grade 3, is necessary for each 

welding shop. 

Table 24 – Requirements for the Manufacturer 



10 Normative references 

In the following table the list of the European (EN) standards, sorted by number is reported. 

Standard Title 

EN 288-4 SPECIFICATION AND APPROVAL OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 4: WELDING 

PROCEDURE TESTS FOR THE ARC WELDING OF ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS 

EN 288-4/A1 SPECIFICATION AND APPROVAL OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 4: WELDING 

PROCEDURE TESTS FOR THE ARC WELDING OF ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS 

EN 288-7 SPECIFICATION AND APPROVAL OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 7: APPROVAL 

BY A STANDARD WELDING PROCEDURE FOR ARC WELDING 

EN 288-8 SPECIFICATION AND APPROVAL OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 8: APPROVAL 

BY A PRE-PRODUCTION WELDING TEST 

EN 288-9 SPECIFICATION AND APPROVAL OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS-PART 9: WELDING 

PROCEDURE TESTS FOR PIPELINE WELDING ON LAND AND OFFSHORE SITE BUTT WELDING ON 

TRANSMISSION PIPELINES 

EN 439 WELDING CONSUMABLES - SHIELDING GASES FOR ARC WELDING AND CUTTING 

EN 440 WELDING CONSUMABLES - WIRE ELECTRODES AND DEPOSITS FOR GAS SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING OF 

NON ALLOY AND FINE GRAIN STEELS - CLASSIFICATION 

EN 499 WELDING CONSUMABLES - COVERED ELECTRODES FOR MANUAL METAL ARC WELDING OF NON ALLOY AND 

FINE GRAIN STEELS - CLASSIFICATION 

EN ISO 544 WELDING CONSUMABLES - TECHNICAL DELIVERY CONDITIONS FOR WELDING FILLER MATERIALS - TYPE OF 

PRODUCT, DIMENSIONS, TOLERANCES AND MARKINGS 

EN 559 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - RUBBER HOSES FOR WELDING, CUTTING AND ALLIED PROCESSES 

EN 560 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - HOSE CONNECTIONS FOR EQUIPMENT FOR WELDING,AND ALLIED PROCESSES 

EN 561 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - QUICK-ACTION COUPLING WITH SHUT-OFFVALVES FOR WELDING, CUTTING AND 

ALLIED PROCESSES 

EN 562 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - PRESSURE GAUGES USED IN WELDING, CUTTING AND ALLIED PROCESSES 

EN 719 WELDING COORDINATION - TASKS AND RESPONSABILITIES 

EN 729-1 QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR WELDING - FUSION WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 1: GUIDELINES 

FOR SELECTION AND USE 

EN 729-2 QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR WELDING - FUSION WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 2: 

COMPREHENSIVE QUALITY REQUIREMENTS 

EN 729-3 QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR WELDING - FUSION WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 3: STANDARD 

QUALITY REQUIREMENTS 

EN 729-4 QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR WELDING - FUSION WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 4: ELEMENTARY 


EN 730-1 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - SAFETY DEVICES-PART 1: INCORPORATING A FLAME (FLASHBACK) ARRESTOR 

EN 730-2 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - SAFETY DEVICES-PART 2: NOT INCORPORATING A FLAME (FLASHBACK) 

ARRESTOR 

EN 731 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - AIR ASPIRATED HAND BLOWPIPES - SPECIFICATIONS AND TESTS 

EN 756 WELDING CONSUMABLES - SOLID WIRES, SOLID WIRE-FLUX AND TUBULAR CORED ELECTRODE-FLUX 

COMBINATIONS FOR SUBMERGED ARC WELDING OF NON ALLOY AND FINE GRAIN STEELS - CLASSIFICATION 

EN 757 WELDING CONSUMABLES - COVERED ELECTRODES FOR MANUAL METAL ARC WELDING OF HIGH STRENGHT 

STEELS - CLASSIFICATION 

EN 758 WELDING CONSUMABLES - TUBULAR CORED ELECTRODES FOR METAL ARC WELDING WITH AND WITHOUT 

GAS SHIELD OF NON ALLOY AND FINE GRAIN STEELS - CLASSIFICATION 

EN 760 WELDING CONSUMABLES - FLUXES FOR SUBMERGED ARC WELDING - CLASSIFICATION 

EN 874 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT-OXYGEN/FUEL GAS BLOWIPES (CUTTING MACHINE TYPE) OF CYLINDRICAL 

BARREL-TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION, GENERAL SPECIFICATION, TEST METHODS 

EN 875 DESTRUCTIVE TEST ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS-IMPACT TEST-TEST SPECIMEN LOCATION,NOTCH 

ORIENTATION AND EXAMINATION 

EN 876 DESTRUCTIVE TEST ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS-LONGITUDINAL TENSILE TEST ON WELD METAL IN 



FUSION WELDED JOINTS 

EN 895 DESTRUCTIVE TEST ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS-TRANSVERSE TENSILE TEST 

EN 910 DESTRUCTIVE TESTS ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS - BEND TESTS 

EN 970 NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF FUSION WELDS - VISUAL EXAMINATION 

EN 1011-1 WELDING - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 1: GENERAL GUIDANCE FOR 

ARC WELDING 

EN 1011-1/A1 WELDING - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 1: GENERAL GUIDANCE FOR 

ARC WELDING 

EN 1011-1/A2 WELDING - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 1: GENERAL GUIDANCE FOR 

ARC WELDING 

EN 1011-2 WELDING-RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 2: ARC WELDING OF FERRITIC 

STEELS. 

EN 1011-2/A1 WELDING - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 2: ARC WELDING OF 

FERRITIC STEELS 

EN 1011-3 WELDING-RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 3: ARC WELDING OF 

STAINLESS STEELS 

EN 1011-3/A1 WELDING - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS- PART 3: ARC WELDING OF 

STAINLESS STEELS 

EN 1011-4 WELDING-RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 4: ARC WELDING OF 

ALUMINIUM AND ALUMINIUM ALLOYS 

EN 1011-4/A1 WELDING - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS- PART 4: ARC WELDING OF 

ALUMINIUM AND ALUMINIUM ALLOYS 

EN 1011-5 WELDING-RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 5: WELDING OF CLAD STEEL 

EN 1011-7 WELDING - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 7: ELECTRON BEAM 

WELDING 

EN 1043-1 DESTRUCTIVE TESTS ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS - HARDNESS TESTING - PART 1: HARDNESS TEST 

ON ARC WELDED JOINTS 

EN 1043-2 DESTRUCTIVE TESTS ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS - HARDNESS TEST -PART 2: MICRO HARDNESS 

TESTING ON WELDED JOINTS 

EN 1044 BRAZING - FILLER METALS 

EN 1045 BRAZING - FLUXES FOR BRAZING - CLASSIFICATIONS AND TECHNICAL DELIVERY CONDITIONS 

EN ISO 1071 WELDING CONSUMABLES - COVERED ELECTRODES, WIRES, RODS AND TUBULAR CORED ELECTRODES FOR 

FUSION WELDING OF CAST IRON -CLASSIFICATION 

EN 1256 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - SPECIFICATION FOR HOSE ASSEMBLIES FOR EQUIPMENT FOR WELDING, 

CUTTING AND ALLIED PROCESSES 

EN 1289 NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - PENETRANT TESTING OF WELDS - ACCEPTANCE LEVELS 

EN 1289/A1 NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - PENETRANT TESTING OF WELDS - ACCEPTANCE LEVELS 

EN 1289/A2 NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - PENETRANT TESTING OF WELDS - ACCEPTANCE LEVELS 

EN 1290 NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - MAGNETIC PARTICLE EXAMINATION OF WELDS 

EN 1290/A1 NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING OF WELDS 

EN 1290/A2 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING OF WELDS 

EN 1291 NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - MAGNETIC PARTICLE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - ACCEPTANCE 

LEVELS 

EN 1291/A1 NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING OF WELDS - ACCEPTANCE LEVELS 

EN 1291/A2 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING OF WELDS - ACCEPTANCE LEVELS 

EN 1320 DESTRUCTIVE TESTS ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS - FRACTURE TESTS 

EN 1321 DESTRUCTIVE TESTS OF WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS - MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION 

OF WELDS 

EN 1326 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT- SMALL KITS FOR GAS BRAZING AND WELDING 

EN 1327 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT- THERMOPLASTICS HOSES FOR WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES 

EN 1418 WELDING PERSONNEL- APPROVAL TESTING OF WELDING OPERATORS FOR FUSION WELDING AND 

RESISTANCE WELD SETTER FOR FULLY MECHANIZED AND AUTOMATIC WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS 

EN 1435 NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - RADIOGRAFIC EXAMINATION OF WELDED JOINTS 

EN 1435/A1 NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - RADIOGRAFIC TESTING OF WELDED JOINTS 

EN 1435/A2 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING OF WELDED JOINTS 

EN 1597-1 WELDING CONSUMABLES- TEST METHODS- PART 1- TEST PIECE FOR ALL- WELD METAL TEST SPECIMENS IN 

STEEL, NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOYS 

EN 1597-2 WELDING CONSUMABLES- TEST METHODS- PART 2- PREPARATION OF TEST PIECE FOR SINGLE AND TWO 

RUN TECHNIQUE TEST SPECIMEN IN STEEL 

EN 1597-3 WELDING CONSUMABLES- TEST METHODS- PART 3: TESTING OF POSITIONAL CAPABILITY OF WELDING 

CONSUMABLES IN A FILLET WELD 

EN 1598 HEALTH AND SAFETY IN WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - TRANSPARENT WELDING CURTAINS, STRIPS 

AND SCREENS FOR ARC WELDING PROCESSES 

EN 1598/A1 HEALTH AND SAFETY IN WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - TRANSPARENT WELDING CURTAINS, STRIPS 



AND SCREENS FOR ARC WELDING PROCESSES 

EN 1599 WELDING CONSUMABLES- COVERED ELECTRODES FOR MANUAL METAL ARC WELDING OF CREEP RESISTING 

STEELS- CLASSIFICATION 

EN 1600 WELDING CONSUMABLES- COVERED ELECTRODES FOR MANUAL METAL ARC WELDING OF STAINLESS AND 

HEAT RESISTING STEELS- CLASSIFICATION 

EN 1668 WELDING CONSUMABLES- RODS, WIRES AND DEPOSITS FOR TUNGSTEN INERT GAS WELDING OF NON 

ALLOY AND FINE GRAIN STEELS- CLASSIFICATION 

EN 1708-1 WELDING- BASIC WELD JOINT DETAILS IN STEEL- PART 1: PRESSURIZED COMPONENTS 

EN 1708-1/A1 WELDING - BASIC WELD JOINT DETAILS IN STEEL - PART 1: PRESSURIZED COMPONENTS 

EN 1708-2 WELDING - BASIC WELD JOINT DETAILS IN STEEL - PART 2: NON INTERNAL PRESSURIZED COMPONENTS 

EN 1711 NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - EDDY CURRENT EXAMINATION BY COMPLEX PLANE ANALYSIS 

EN 1711/A1 NON-DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - EDDY CURRENT EXAMINATION OF WELDS BY COMPLEX PLANE 

ANALYSIS. 

EN 1712 NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF WELDED JOINTS - 

ACCEPTANCE LEVELS 

EN 1712/A1 NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - ULTRASONIC TESTING OF WELDED JOINTS - ACCEPTANCE LEVELS 

EN 1712/A2 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - ULTRASONIC TESTING OF WELDED JOINTS - ACCEPTANCE LEVELS 

EN 1713 NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION- CHARACTERIZATION OF 

INDICATIONS IN WELDS 

EN 1713/A1 NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - ULTRASONIC TESTING - CHARACTERIZATION OF INDICATIONS IN 

WELDS 

EN 1713/A2 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - ULTRASONIC TESTING - CHARACTERIZATION OF INDICATIONS IN 

WELDS 

EN 1714 NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF WELDED JOINTS 

EN 1714/A1 NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - ULTRASONIC TESTING OF WELDED JOINTS 

EN 1714/A2 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - ULTRASONIC TESTING OF WELDED JOINTS 

EN 1792 WELDING- MULTILINGUAL LIST OF TERMS FOR WELDING AND RELATED PROCESSES 

EN ISO 2503 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - PRESSURE REGULATORS FOR GAS CYLINDERS USED IN WELDING, CUTTING 

AND ALLIED PROCESSES UP TO 300 BAR (SOSITUISCE EN 585?) 

EN ISO 3677 FILLER METAL FOR SOFT SOLDERING, BRAZING AND BRAZE WELDING -DESIGNATION 

EN ISO 3690 WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - DETERMINATION OF HYDROGEN CONTENT IN FERRITIC ARC WELD 

METAL 

EN ISO 4063 WELDING, BRAZING, SOLDERING, AND BRAZE WELDING OF METALS -NOMENCLATURE OF PROCESSES AND 

REFERENCE NUMBERS FOR SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION ON DRAWINGS 

EN ISO 5172 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - MANUAL BLOWPIPES FOR WELDING, CUTTING AND HEATING - SPECIFICATIONS 

AND TESTS 

EN ISO 5183-1 RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT- ELECTRODE ADAPTORS, MALE TAPER 1:10 - CONICAL FIXING, TAPER 1:10 

EN ISO 5183-2 RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT - ELECTRODE ADAPTORS, MALE TAPPER 1:10 - PART 2: PARALLEL SHANK 

FIXING FOR END-THRUST ELECTRODES 

EN ISO 5817 WELDING - FUSION-WELDED JOINTS IN STEEL, NICKEL, TITANIUM AND THEIR ALLOYS (BEAM WELDING 

EXCLUDED) - QUALITY LEVELS FOR IMPERFECTIONS 

EN ISO 5826 RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT - TRANSFORMERS - GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS APPLICABLE TO ALL 

TRANSFORMERS (ISO 5826:1999) 

EN ISO 5828 RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT - SECONDARY CONNECTING CABLES WITH TERMINALS CONNECTED TO 

WATERCOOLED LUGS - DIMENSIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS 

EN ISO 6520-1 WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - CLASSIFICATION OF GEOMETRIC IMPERFECTIONS IN METALLIC 

MATERIALS - PART 1: FUSION WELDING 

EN ISO 6520-2 WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - CLASSIFICATION OF GEOMETRIC IMPERFECTIONS IN METALLIC 

MATERIALS - PART 2: WELDING WITH PRESSURE 

EN ISO 6847 WELDING CONSUMABLES - DEPOSITION OF A WELD METAL PAD FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 

EN ISO 6947 WELDS - WORKING POSITIONS - DEFINITIONS OF ANGLES OF SLOPE AND ROTATION 

EN ISO 7284 RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT-PARTICULAR SPECIFICATION APPLICABLE TO TRANSFORMERS WITH 

TWO SEPARATE SECONDARY WINDINGS FOR MULTI SPOT WELDING AS USED IN THE AUTOMOBILE 

INDUSTRY 

EN ISO 7287 GRAPHICAL SYMBOLS FOR THERMAL CUTTING EQUIPMENT 

EN ISO 7291 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT- PRESSURE REGULATORS FOR MANIFOLD SYSTEMS USED IN WELDING, CUTTING 

AND ALLIED PROCESSES UP TO 300 BAR 

EN ISO 8166 RESISTANCE WELDING - PROCEDURE FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE LIFE OF SPOT WELDING ELECTRODES 

USING CONSTANT MACHINE SETTINGS 

EN ISO 8205-1 WATER COOLED SECONDARY CONNECTION CABLES FOR RESISTANCE WELDING PART 1: DIMENSIONS AND 

REQUIREMENTS FOR DOUBLE-CONDUCTOR CONNECTION CABLES 

EN ISO 8205-2 WATER COOLED SECONDARY CONNECTION CABLES FOR RESISTANCE WELDING PART 2: DIMENSIONS AND 

REQUIREMENTS FOR SINGLE-CONDUCTOR CONNECTION CABLES 

EN ISO 8205-3 WATER COOLED SECONDARY CONNECTION CABLES FOR RESISTANCE WELDING PART 3: TEST 



REQUIREMENTS 

EN ISO 8249 WELDING- DETERMINATION OF FERRITE NUMBER (FN) IN AUSTENITIC AND DUPLEX FERRITIC-AUSTENITIC CR- 

NI STAINLESS STEEL WELD METAL 

EN ISO 9013 THERMAL CUTTING - CLASSIFICATION OF THERMAL CUTS - GEOMETRICAL PRODUCT SPECIFICATION AND 

QUALITY TOLERANCES 

EN ISO 9013/A1 THERMAL CUTTING - CLASSIFICATION OF THERMAL CUTS - GEOMETRICAL PRODUCT SPECIFICATION AND 

QUALITY TOLERANCES 

EN ISO 9018 DESTRUCTIVE TESTS ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS — TENSILE TEST ON CRUCIFORM AND LAPPED 

JOINTS 

EN ISO 9312 RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT - INSULATED PINS FOR USE IN ELECTRODE BACK-UPS 

EN ISO 9454-2 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - CLASSIFICATION AND REQUIREMENTS - PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 

EN ISO 9455-2 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS-PART 2: DETERMINATION OF NON VOLATILE MATTER, 

EBULLIOMETRIC METHOD 

EN ISO 9455-3 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS-PART 3: DETERMINATION OF ACID VALUE, POTENTIOMETRIC AND 

VISUAL TITRATION METHODS 

EN ISO 9455-6 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS - PART 6 : DETERMINATION AND DETECTION OF HALIDE 

(EXCLUDING FLUORIDE) CONTENT 

EN ISO 9455-9 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS-PART 9: DETERMINATION OF AMONIA CONTENT 

EN ISO 9455-10 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS -PART 10: FLUX EFFICACY TEST, SOLDER SPREAD METHOD 

EN ISO 9455-12 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS-PART 12: STEEL TUBE CORROSION TEST 

EN ISO 9455-13 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TESTS METHODS - PART 13: DETERMINATION OF FLUX SPATTERING 

EN ISO 9455-15 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TESTS METHODS - PART 15: COPPER CORROSION TEST 

EN ISO 9455-16 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES-TEST METHODS-PART 16: FLUX EFFICACY TESTS,WETTING BALANCE METHOD 

EN ISO 9606-3 APPROVAL TESTING OF WELDERS- FUSION WELDING - PART 3 - COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS 

EN ISO 9606-4 APPROVAL TESTING OF WELDERS - FUSION WELDING - PART 4 - NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOYS 

EN ISO 9606-5 APPROVAL TESTING OF WELDERS - FUSION WELDING - TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS, ZIRCONIUM AND 

ZIRCONIUM ALLOYS 

ENISO 9692-1 WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES — RECOMMENDATIONS FOR JOINT PREPARATION — PART 1: MANUAL 

METAL-ARC WELDING, GAS-SHIELDED METAL-ARC WELDING, GAS WELDING, TIG WELDING AND BEAM 

WELDING OF STEELS 

EN ISO 9692-2 WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - JOINT PREPARATION - PART 2: SUBMERGED ARC WELDING OF STEELS 

EN ISO 9692-3 WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - RECOMMENDATION FOR JOINT PREPARATION - PART 3: METAL INERT 

GAS WELDING AND TUNGSTEN INERT GAS WELDING OF ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS 

EN ISO 9692-3/A1 WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR JOINT PREPARATION - PART 3: METAL INERT 

GAS WELDING AND TUNGSTEN INERT GAS WELDING OF ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS 

EN ISO 9692-4 WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR JOINT PREPARATION - PART 4: CLAD STEELS 

EN ISO 9956-10* SPECIFICATION AND APPROVAL OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS-PART 10: WELDING 

PROCEDURE SPECIFICATION FOR ELECTRON BEAM WELDING 

EN ISO 9956-11* SPECIFICATION AND APPROVAL OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS-PART 11: WELDING 

PROCEDURE SPECIFICATION FOR LASER BEAM WELDING 

EN ISO 10564 SOLDERING AND BRAZING MATERIALS - METHODS FOR THE SAMPLING OF SOFT SOLDERS FOR ANALYSIS 

EN ISO 10882-1 HEALTH AND SAFETY IN WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - SAMPLING OF AIRBORNE PARTICLES AND 

GASES IN THE OPERATOR'S BREATING ZONE - PART 1: SAMPLING OF AIRBONE PARTICLES 

EN ISO 10882-2 HEALTH AND SAFETY IN WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - SAMPLING OF AIRBORNE PARTICLES AND 

GASES IN THE OPERATOR'S BREATING ZONE - PART 2: SAMPLING OF GASES 

EN 12062 NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - GENERAL RULES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS 

EN 12062/A1 NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - GENERAL RULES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS 

EN 12062/A2 NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - GENERAL RULES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS 

EN 12070 WELDING CONSUMABLES - WIRE ELECTRODES, WIRES AND RODS FOR ARC WELDING OF CREEP RESISTING 

STEELS - CLASSIFICATION 

EN 12071 WELDING CONSUMABLES - TUBULAR CORED ELECTRODES FOR GAS SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING OF 

CREEP RESISTING STEELS - CLASSIFICATION 

EN 12072 WELDING CONSUMABLES - WIRE ELECTRODES, WIRES AND RODS FOR ARC WELDING OF STAINLESS AND 

HEAT RESISTING STEELS - CLASSIFICATION 

EN 12073 WELDING CONSUMABLES - TUBULAR CORED ELECTRODES FOR METAL ARC WELDING WITH OR WITHOUT A 

GAS SHIELD OF STAINLESS AND HEAT RESISTING STEELS - CLASSIFICATION 

EN 12074 WELDING CONSUMABLES-QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR MANUFACTURE, SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION OF 

CONSUMABLES FOR WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES 

EN ISO 12224-1 SOLDER WIRE, SOLID AND FLUX CORED - SPECIFICATION AND TEST METHOD - PART 1: CLASSIFICATION AND 

PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 

EN ISO 12224-2 FLUX CORED SOLDER WIRE - SPECIFICATION AND TEST METHODS - PART 2: DETERMINATION OF FLUX 

CONTENT 

EN ISO 12224-3 SOLDER WIRE, SOLID AND FLUX CORED — SPECIFICATIONS AND TEST METHODS — PART 3: WETTING 

BALANCE TEST METHOD FOR FLUX CORED SOLDER WIRE EFFICACY 



EN 12345 WELDING - MULTILINGUAL TERMS FOR WELDED JOINTS WITH ILLUSTRATIONS 

CR 12361 DESTRUCTIVE TESTS ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS -ETCHANTS FOR MACROSCOPIC AND 

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION 

EN 12517 NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF WELDED JOINTS - 

ACCEPTANCE LEVELS 

EN 12517/A1 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING OF WELDED JOINTS - ACCEPTANCE 

LEVELS 

EN 12517/A2 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING OF WELDED JOINTS - ACCEPTANCE 

LEVELS 

EN 12534 WELDING CONSUMABLES- WIRE ELECTRODES, WIRES, RODS AND DEPOSITS FOR GAS SHIELDED METAL ARC 

WELDING OF HIGH STRENGTH STEELS- CLASSIFICATION 

EN 12535 WELDING CONSUMABLES- TUBULAR CORED ELECTRODES FOR GAS SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING OF 

HIGH STRENGTH STEELS- CLASSIFICATION 

EN 12536 WELDING CONSUMABLES- RODS FOR GAS WELDING OF NON ALLOY AND CREEP-RESISTING STEELS- 

CLASSIFICATION 

EN 12584 IMPERFECTIONS IN OXYFUEL FLAME CUTS, LASER BEAM CUTS AND PLASMA CUTS: TERMINOLOGY 

EN 12797 BRAZING- DESTRUCTIVE TESTS OF BRAZED JOINTS 

EN 12797/A1 BRAZING- DESTRUCTIVE TESTS OF BRAZED JOINTS 

EN 12799 BRAZING- NON-DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF BRAZED JOINTS 

EN 12799/A1 BRAZING - NON-DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF BRAZED JOINTS 

EN 13133 BRAZING - BRAZER APPROVAL 

EN 13134 BRAZING - PROCEDURE APPROVAL 

CR 13576 IMPLEMENTATION OF EN 729 ON QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR FUSION WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS 

EN 13622 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - TERMINOLOGY - TERMS USED FOR GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT 

EN ISO 13916 WELDING - GUIDANCE ON THE MEASUREMENT OF PRE-HEATING TEMPERATURE, INTERPASS TEMPERATURE 

AND PRE-HEAT MAINTENANCE TEMPERATURE 

EN ISO 13918 WELDING - STUDS AND CERAMIC FERRULES FOR ARC STUD WELDING 

EN 13918 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - INTEGRATED FLOWMETER REGULATORS USED ON CYLINDERS FOR WELDING, 

CUTTING AND ALLIED PROCESSES -CLASSIFICATION, SPECIFICATION AND TESTS 

EN ISO 13919-1 WELDING - ELECTRON AND LASER BEAM WELDED JOINTS- GUIDANCE ON QUALITY LEVELS FOR 

IMPERFECTIONS-PART 1: STEEL 

EN ISO 13919-2 WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - ELECTRON AND LASER BEAM WELDED JOINTS - GUIDANCE ON QUALITY 

LEVEL FOR IMPERFECTIONS - PART 2: ALUMINIUM AND ITS WELDABLE ALLOYS 

EN ISO 13919-2/A1 WELDING - ELECTRON AND LASER BEAM WELDED JOINTS - GUIDANCE ON QUALITY LEVELS FOR 

IMPERFECTIONS - PART 2: ALUMINIUM AND ITS WELDABLE ALLOYS 

EN ISO 13920 WELDING - GENERAL TOLLERANCES FOR WELDED CONSTRUCTIONS -DIMENSIONS FOR LENGTHS AND 

ANGLES - SHAPE AND POSITION 

EN ISO 14113 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT- RUBBER AND PLASTIC HOSES ASSEMBLED FOR COMPRESSED OR LIQUEFIED 

GASES UP TO A MAXIMUM DESIGN PRESSURE OF 450 BAR 

EN ISO 14114 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT- ACETYLENE MANIFOLD SYSTEMS FOR WELDING, CUTTING AND ALLIED 

PROCESSES- GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

EN ISO 14172 WELDING CONSUMABLES - COVERED ELECTRODES FOR MANUAL METAL ARC WELDING OF NICKEL AND 

NICKEL ALLOYS -CLASSIFICATION 

EN ISO 14270 SPECIMEN DIMENSIONS AND PROCEDURE FOR MECHANIZED PEEL TESTING RESISTANCE SPOT, SEAM AND 

EMBOSSED PROJECTION WELDS 

EN ISO 14271 VICKERS HARDNESS TESTING OF RESISTANCE, SPOT PROJECTION AND SEAM WELDS (LOW LOAD AND 

MICROHARDNESS) 

EN ISO 14272 SPECIMEN DIMENSIONS AND PROCEDURE FOR CROSS TENSION TESTING RESISTANCE SPOT AND 

EMBOSSED PROJECTION WELDS 

EN ISO 14273 SPECIMEN DIMENSIONS AND PROCEDURE FOR SHEAR TESTING RESISTANCE SPOT, SEAM AND EMBOSSED 

PROJECTION WELDS 

EN 14295 WELDING CONSUMABLES - WIRE AND TUBULAR CORED ELECTRODES AND ELECTRODE-FLUX COMBINATIONS 

FOR SUBMERGED ARC WELDING OF HIGH STRENGTH STEELS - CLASSIFICATION 

EN ISO 14324 RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING - DESTRUCTIVE TESTS OF WELDS - METHOD FOR THE FATIGUE TESTING OF 

SPOT WELDED JOINTS 

EN ISO 14329 RESISTANCE WELDING - DESTRUCTIVE TESTS OF WELDS - FAILURE TYPES AND GEOMETRIC 

MEASUREMENTS FOR RESISTANCE SPOT, SEAM AND PROJECTION WELDS 

EN ISO 14372 WELDING CONSUMABLES - DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE RESISTANCE OF MANUAL METAL ARC WELDING 

ELECTRODES BY MEASUREMENT OF DIFFUSIBLE HYDROGEN 

EN ISO 14554-1 QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR WELDING - RESISTANCE WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - 

COMPREHENSIVE QUALITY REQUIREMENTS 

EN ISO 14554-2 QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR WELDING - RESISTANCE WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - ELEMENTARY 


EN ISO 14555 WELDING - ARC STUD WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS 



CR 14599 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS FOR WELDING PURPOSES IN RELATION WITH EN 1792 

EN ISO 14744-1 WELDING - ACCEPTANCE INSPECTION OF ELECTRON BEAM WELDING MACHINE- PART 1: PRINCIPLES AND 

ACCEPTANCE CONDITION 

EN ISO 14744-2 WELDING - ACCEPTANCE INSPECTION OF ELECTRON BEAM WELDING MACHINE- PART 2: MEASUREMENT OF 

ACCELERATING VOLTAGE 

EN ISO 14744-3 WELDING - ACCEPTANCE INSPECTION OF ELECTRON BEAM WELDING MACHINE- MEASUREMENT OF BEAM 

CURRENT CHARACTERISTIC 

EN ISO 14744-4 WELDING - ACCEPTANCE INSPECTION OF ELECTRON BEAM WELDING MACHINE- MEASUREMENT OF WELDING 

SPEED 

EN ISO 14744-5 WELDING - ACCEPTANCE INSPECTION OF ELECTRON BEAM WELDING MACHINE- MEASUREMENT OF RUN-OUT 

ACCURACY 

EN ISO 14744-6 WELDING - ACCEPTANCE INSPECTION OF ELECTRON BEAM WELDING MACHINE- PART 6: MEASUREMENT OF 

STABILITY OF SPOT POSITION 

EN ISO 15011-1 HEALTH AND SAFETY IN WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES-LABORATORY METHOD FOR SAMPLING FUMES 

AND GASES GENERATED BY ARC WELDING- PART 1: DETERMINATION OF EMISSION RATE AND SAMPLING FOR 

ANALYSIS OF PARTICULATE FUME 

EN ISO 15011-2 HEALTH AND SAFETY IN WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - LABORATORY METHOD FOR SAMPLING FUME 

AND GASES GENERATED BY ARC WELDING -PART 2: DETERMINATION OF EMISSION RATES OF GASES, 

EXCEPT OZONE (ISO 15011-2:2003) 

EN ISO 15607 SPECIFICATION AND QUALIFICATION OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - GENERAL 

RULES 

CR ISO 15608 WELDING - GUIDELINES FOR A METALLIC MATERIAL GROUPING SYSTEM 

EN ISO 15609-2 SPECIFICATION AND QUALIFICATION OF WELDING PROCEDURE FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - WELDING 

PROCEDURE SPECIFICATION - PART 2: GAS WELDING 

EN ISO 15609-2/A1 SPECIFICATION AND QUALIFICATION OF WELDING PROCEDURE FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - WELDING 

PROCEDURE SPECIFICATION - PART 2: GAS WELDING 

EN ISO 15610 SPECIFICATION AND QUALIFICATION OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - QUALIFICATION 

BASED ON TESTED WELDING CONSUMABLES 

EN ISO 15611 SPECIFICATION AND QUALIFICATION OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - QUALIFICATION 

BASED ON PREVIOUS WELDING EXPERIENCE 

EN ISO 15614-1 SPECIFICATION AND QUALIFICATION OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - WELDING 

PROCEDURE TEST - PART 1: ARC AND GAS WELDING OF STEELS AND ARC WELDING OF NICKEL AND NICKEL 

ALLOYS 


PROCEDURE TEST - PART 5: ARC WELDING OF TITANIUM, ZIRCONIUM AND THEIR ALLOYS (ISO 15614-5:2004) 


PROCEDURE TEST- PART 8: WELDING OF TUBES TO TUBE-PLATE JOINTS 


PROCEDURE TEST- PART 11: ELECTRON AND LASER BEAM WELDING 

EN ISO 15615 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT-ACETYLENE MANIFOLD SYSTEMS FOR WELDING, CUTTING AND ALLIED 

PROCESSES-SAFETY REQUIREMENTS IN HIGH-PRESSURE DEVICES 

EN ISO 15616-1 ACCEPTANCE TESTS FOR CO2-LASER BEAM MACHINES FOR HIGH QUALITY WELDING AND CUTTING - PART 1: 

GENERAL PRINCIPLES, ACCEPTANCE CONDITIONS (ISO 15616-1:2003) 


MEASUREMENT OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC ACCURACY (ISO 15616-2:2003) 


CALIBRATION OF INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASUREMENT OF GAS FLOW AND PRESSURE (ISO 15616- 3:2003) 

EN ISO 15618-1 APPROVAL TESTING OF WELDERS FOR UNDERWATER WELDING - PART 1: DIVER-WELDERS FOR 

HYPERBARIC WET WELDING 

EN ISO 15618-2 APPROVAL TESTING OF WELDERS FOR UNDERWATER WELDING - PART 2: DIVER-WELDERS AND WELDING 

OPERATORS FOR HYPERBARIC DRY WELDING 

EN ISO 15620 WELDING - FRICTION WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS 

EN ISO 17652-1 WELDING - TEST FOR SHOP PRIMERS IN RELATION TO WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - PART 1: GENERAL 

REQUIREMENTS (ISO 17652-1:2003) 

EN ISO 17652-2 WELDING - TEST FOR SHOP PRIMERS IN RELATION TO WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - PART 2: WELDING 

PROPERTIES OF SHOP PRIMERS (ISO 17652-2:2003) 

EN ISO 17652-3 WELDING - TEST FOR SHOP PRIMERS IN RELATION TO WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - PART 3: THERMAL 

CUTTING (ISO 17652-3:2003) 

EN ISO 17652-4 WELDING - TEST FOR SHOP PRIMERS IN RELATION TO WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - PART 4: EMISSION 

OF FUMES AND GASES (ISO 17652- 4:2003) 

EN ISO 17653 DESTRUCTIVE TESTS ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS-TORSION TEST OF RESISTANCE SPOT WELDS (ISO 

17653:2003) 

EN ISO 17654 DESTRUCTIVE TESTS ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS - RESISTANCE WELDING - PRESSURE TEST ON 

RESISTANCE SEAM WELDS (ISO 17654:2003) 



EN ISO 17655 DESTRUCTIVE TESTS ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS - METHOD FOR TAKING SAMPLES FOR DELTA 

FERRITE MEASUREMANT (ISO 17655:2003) 

CR ISO 17663 GUIDELINES FOR QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR HEAT TREATMENT IN CONNECTION WITH WELDING AND 

ALLIED PROCESSES 

EN ISO 18279 BRAZING - IMPERFECTIONS IN BRAZED JOINTS 

EN 20544 FILLER MATERIALS FOR MANUAL WELDING - SIZE REQUIREMENTS 

EN 20693 DIMENSIONS OF SEAM WELDING WHEEL BLANKS 

EN 20865 SLOTS IN PLATENS FOR PROJECTION WELDING MACHINES 

EN 21089 ELECTRODES TAPER FIT FOR SPOT WELDING EQUIPMENT - DIMENSIONS 

EN 22401 COVERED ELECTRODES - DETERMINATION OF THE EFFICIENCY, METAL RECOVERY AND DEPOSITION 

COEFFICIENT 

EN 22553 WELDED, BRAZED AND SOLDERED JOINTS - SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION ON DRAWINGS 

EN 25184 STRAIGHT RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING ELECTRODES 

EN 25821 RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING ELECTRODE CAPS 

EN 25822 SPOT WELDING EQUIPMENT - TAPER PLUG GAUGES AND TAPER RING GAUGES 

EN 25827 SPOT WELDING - ELECTRODE BACK-UP AND CLAMPS 

EN 26848 TUNGSTEN ELECTRODES FOR INERT GAS SHIELDED ARC WELDING AND FOR PLASMA CUTTING AND 

WELDING - CODIFICATION 

EN 27286 GRAPHICAL SYMBOLS FOR RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT 

EN 27931 INSULATION CAPS AND BUSHES FOR RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT 

EN 27963 WELDS IN STEEL - CALIBRATION BLOCK N 2 FOR ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF WELDS 

EN 28167 PROJECTIONS FOR RESISTANCE WELDING 

EN 28206 ACCEPTANCE TESTS FOR OXYGEN CUTTING MACHINES - REPRODUCIBLE ACCURACY OPERATIONAL 

CHARACTERISTICS 

EN 28430-1 RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING - ELECTRODE HOLDERS - PART 1: TAPER FIXING 1:10 

EN 28430-2 RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING - ELECTRODE HOLDERS- PART 2: MORSE TAPER FIXING 

EN 28430-3 RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING - ELECTRODE HOLDERS - PART 3: PARALLEL SHANK FIXING FOR END THRUST 

EN 29090 GAS TIGHTNESS OF EQUIPMENT FOR GAS WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES 

EN 29313 RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING - COOLING TUBES 

EN 29453 SOFT SOLDER ALLOYS - CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS AND FORMS 

EN 29454-1 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - CLASSIFICATION AND REQUIREMENTS -PART 1: CLASSIFICATION, LABELLING AND 

PACKAGING 

EN 29455-1 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS PART 1: DETERMINATION OF NON-VOLATILE MATTER, 

GRAVIMETRIC METHOD 

EN 29455-5 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS-PART 5: COPPER MIRROR TEST 

EN 29455-8 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS-PART 8: DETERMINATION OF ZINC CONTENT 

EN 29455-11 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS -PART 11: DETERMINATION OF NON-VOLATILE MATTER, 

GRAVIMETRIC METHOD 

EN 29455-14 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS-PART 14: ASSESSMENT OF TACKINESS OF FLUX RESIDUES 

EN 29539 MATERIALS FOR EQUIPMENT USED IN GAS WELDING, CUTTING AND ALLIED PROCESSES 

EN 29692 METAL-ARC WELDING WITH COVERED ELECTRODES, GAS-SHIELDED METAL-ARC WELDING - JOINT 

PREPARATION FOR STEEL 

EN 30042 ARC-WELDED JOINTS IN ALUMINIUM AND ITS WELDABLE ALLOYS - GUIDANCE ON QUALITY LEVELS FOR 

IMPERFECTIONS

Welding Fabrication Standards - EWF

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