AFRICA - House Foreign Affairs Committee Democrats

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speak out against abuse and discrimination. Households headed by women were
represented disproportionately in the lowest quarter of income distribution. In a
country where 85 percent of the population was rural, the majority of farmers were
women; 70 percent of the rural female population farm full time. Typically women
worked more hours than men to complete the same farm tasks because they rarely
had comparable tools and equipment, and they remained responsible for all household
tasks. Women had limited access to agricultural extension services, training,
and credit. Some progress has been made in all of these areas with gender training
for agricultural extension workers and the gradual introduction of rural credit programs
for women. The participation of women in the limited formal labor market
was particularly constrained; they constituted less than 5 percent of managerial and
administrative staff.
The law provides for a minimum level of child support, widows’ rights, and the
right to maternity leave; however, only individuals who utilized the formal legal system
benefited from these legal protections.
In 2000 women joined the army for the first time in noncombatant positions as
a result of a 1994 revision in the Government directive that previously had prohibited
women from military service. The Government commissioned a female officer
in August 2001, and during the year, there were new recruit classes of women, who
were serving both as officers and as enlisted personnel in the armed forces. Female
soldiers may only be deployed in combat as support personnel, such as in the communications
field.
The Government addressed women’s concerns through the Ministry of Gender and
Community Services.
Children.—The Constitution provides for equal treatment of children under the
law, and during the year, the Government continued a high level of spending on
children’s health and welfare. The Government provided free primary education for
all children, although education was not compulsory. Girls dropped out of school
more frequently than boys did, and in the final year of primary school, 42 percent
of students were girls. Despite recent significant gains in girls’ access to education,
large gaps remained between girls’ and boys’ achievement levels. Girls, especially
in rural areas, historically had been unable to complete even a primary education
and were therefore at a serious disadvantage in finding employment. Accepted economic
and social practice hampered the ability of women and girls to gain an education.
However, there were signs of improvement in education for girls. The 2002
Malawi Demographic Household and Education Data Survey’s preliminary report
indicated that there was not a large gender gap in primary school attendance between
boys and girls; however, in secondary school the boys were more likely to attend
than girls.
Well over half of the country’s children live in poverty, mostly in rural areas. Children
in rural households headed by women were among the poorest. Only one-third
of children had easy access to safe drinking water. Infant mortality was high, and
child malnutrition was a serious problem. A few charitable organizations attempted
to reduce the number of child beggars in urban areas and find alternative care for
them. The problem of street children worsened as the number of orphans whose parents
died from HIV/AIDS increased. According to the National Statistic Office’s Demographic
and Health Survey of 2000, only 60 percent of children under age 15
lived with both of their biological parents; 23 percent of children under age 15 lived
with only one parent, while 16 percent were orphans. Extended family members
normally cared for such children and other orphans.
FGM was performed on girls (see Section 5, Women).
There were societal patterns of abuse of children. The media also reported on the
sexual abuse of children, especially in relation to traditional practices of initiation.
While rites to initiate girls into their future adult roles still were secret, information
suggested that abusive practices were widespread and quite damaging.
Child prostitution occurred (see Section 6.f.).
Persons with Disabilities.—The Government has not mandated accessibility to
buildings and services for persons with disabilities, but one of the national goals in
the Constitution is to support persons with disabilities through greater access to
public places, fair opportunities in employment, and full participation in all spheres
of society. There were both public and privately supported schools and training centers,
which assisted persons with disabilities. There also were several self-supporting
businesses run by and for persons with disabilities. The Minister of State
responsible for persons with disabilities was a cabinet-level position, which was held
by a person with disabilities.
In December 2001, the Ministry responsible for persons with disabilities held a
consultative workshop with representatives from NGOs and U.N. agencies to create
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