European Arachnology 2005 - European Society of Arachnology

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42 EUROPEAN ARACHNOLOGY 2005 transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examinations the cyphophthalmids were cut between prosoma and opisthosoma with a razor blade in buffered glutaraldehyd (2.5% glutaraldehyd in 0.1M phosphate buffer, pH 7.2). The tissues remained in the fi xative for one night. After washing the material in 0.1M phosphate buffer (two times), it was postfi xed in osmium tetroxide (2%), and then washed in phosphate buffer (three times) again. Before embedding in Spurr`s resin (SPURR 1969) the material was dehydrated in graded ethanols (from 60 up to 100%). Ultrathin sections were made with a Leica Ultracut UCT, and then stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Observations were done with a transmission electron microscope Zeiss EM 10 A. For scanning electron microscopy (SEM) one animal was dissected in a phosphate buffer (same as above) for studying the defence glands. The sample was then transferred into the fi xative (see above), and then treated like the material for TEM until the dehydration in pure ethanol. Afterwards the sample was transferred in amylacetate and critical point dried with a BAL-TEC CPD. Subsequently, the material was covered with palladium-gold by using the Polaron Mini Sputter Coater SC 7620. The sample was studied with a scanning electron microscope LEO DSM 940 A. Results No structural differences between the sexes were observed with regard to the glands studied. 1. Dermal glands The integument of C. duricorius is richly invested with small dermal glands on the dorsal side of the body as well as on the ventral side. The gland openings are distributed irregularly with a maximum density of 8 openings per 100 μm2 . These glands consist of a set of three types of cells: secretory, collar and canal cells which are surrounded by intercalary cells (Fig. 1A). The secretory cells (Fig. 1A-C), are rather large, containing a prominent nucleus, which is surrounded by numerous cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes and mitochondria. The mitochondria (0.1–0.4 μm in diameter) are round, sometimes elongated, located mainly in the distal part of cells. Small lipid droplets were also observed. Golgi bodies produce distinct, densely staining granules (0.5-2.1 μm in diameter). A different distribution of granules was found depending on the secretory activity of the cell. In early stages there are round or oval granules differing in their electron density. In late stages a number of the electron lucent granules merge and fi ll almost the whole cell. The apex of the secretory cell bears microvilli (1.0 -1.8 μm long), which extend into a funnel-shaped cavity, called secretory reservoir, where the secretion accumulates (Fig. 1A, B). The collar cell surrounds the secretory cells of each gland and a small part of the proximal part of the canal cell (Fig. 1A). The collar cell contains rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and granules. Its nucleus is situated at the base. Golgi bodies and lipid droplets are present as well. The granules (0.5-0.7 μm in diameter) of the collar cell are surrounded by a distinct membrane. Similar to the secretory cells, also the collar cell bears microvilli (Fig. 1A, B). However, in contrast to the secretory cells, the microvilli are shorter (0.2-0.4 μm long). A distinct marginal fold is connecting the secretory cells and the collar cell (Fig. 1A, B). This fold stabilises this area as it anchors the glandular cells (secretory cells + collar cell). The fold includes densely packed microtubules encircling this area of the reservoir (Fig. 1B). The microvilli border encloses the secretory funnel-shaped reservoir. The contents of the reservoir pass through a canal formed by a canal cell. Although the canal can be divided in two strikingly different parts, it seems that the duct is composed of one canal cell only. The proximal part of the canal cell (0.1 μm long) has a thick but less dense cuticle of a peculiar fi ne structure.
M. Gutjahr et al.: Dermal and defence glands in C. duricorius Fig. 1. The dermal glands. A: Glandular unit of a gland. Both, the secretory and the collar cell form a microvilli border, which extends into the secretory reservoir. B: The connection between the secretory cell and the collar cell is characterized by marginal folds provided with many microtubules. The linking of the collar cell to the proximal canal cuticle is provided by a peculiar attachment zone (arrows). The proximal beginning of the duct is wide open. C: Detail of the secretory cell. Note the Golgi bodies and secretions. D: Longitudinal section through the canal of a dermal gland. The canal cell is surrounded by intercalary cells. The proximal beginning of the duct is closed. Inset: SEM fi gure of the orifi ce of a dermal gland (arrow) in the surface cuticle next to a smooth tubercle. E: The proximal beginning of the canal with the collar cell linked to the canal cell by septate junctions. 43
Page 1 and 2: European Arachnology 2005 Editors:
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N. Snegovaya: Opiliones from Absher
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P. Gajdoš: Spiders of Domica St. C
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P. van Helsdingen: Spiders of peat
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Lycosid abundance R. Jocqué & M. A
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Results and Discussion S. Koponen &
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ind./25 sweeps ind./25 sweeps 154 5
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References 158 EUROPEAN ARACHNOLOGY
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R. Seyfulina: Spiders in winter whe
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Longevity (days) Time (min) 35 30 2
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Table 3. Evaluation of the forest,
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Fig. 1. Conventional borders of Cau
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Fig. 1. Map of Ukraine. 270 EUROPEA
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Table 1. Three periods of the spide
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Palearctic sub-regions level 284 EU
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