European Arachnology 2005 - European Society of Arachnology

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44 EUROPEAN ARACHNOLOGY 2005 Its electron-lucent inner (i.e., adjacent to the lumen) layer projects into the reservoir lumen. The canal cell is proximally linked by septate junctions with the collar cell (Fig. 1E). The collar cell attaches to the cuticle by a peculiar junction (comparable to hemidesmosomes) (Fig. 1B). The distal part of the canal cell (length about 0.3 μm) is provided with a thin but dense cuticle. It seems that the thin cuticle of the distal part is interlocked in the thick cuticle of the proximal part composing a valve like structure. The canal surrounded by the canal cell is distinctly narrowed in this region before extending to the surface. Near the orifi ce, the cuticle of the distal canal merges with the integument cuticle. The duct terminates at the surface with a small opening surrounded by tiny cuticular lips arranged in a rosette like manner (Fig. 1D). 2. Defence glands In C. duricorius, as in other Cyphopthalmi, the openings of the sac-like defence glands are located on dorsolateral elevations, the ozophores (Fig. 2A). They are approximately 110 μm high. The slit-like opening is located under a small lid-like protuberance (Fig. 2B, C) and measures about 20 μm. The glands are composed of a short excretory canal, a distal non-secretory part and a proximal secretory part. Examined by TEM, the secretory slit is bordered by a cuticle forming a thick and externally smooth dorsal lid that overhangs the ventral border (Fig. 2B). Starting from the secretory slit, the cuticle becomes thinner towards the excretory canal (Fig. 2 D). At this part muscles are attached to the canal (Fig. 2E, F). Likely, the muscles play an important role for the opening of the glands and consequently for the expulsion of the secretory products. The excretory canal continues to the non-secretory part and fi nally to the secretory part. Both regions are composed of an epithelium, covered by a thin cuticle. The fl at epithelium of the non-secretory area is composed of cuticle-supporting cells only. Characteristic for the non-secretory part are the foldings of the wall. Because of this feature we propose a division of the non-secretory area in to three parts. In the fi rst part the intima shows simple ridges (Fig. 2F); in the second part regular folds are present (Fig. 2G) and, fi nally, in the third part close to the secretory area the intima is strongly and irregularly folded (Fig. 2H). These differences may refl ect the different rigidity of the cuticle of the three regions. The cuticle-supporting cells of the non-secretory part are provided with ovoid nuclei and glycogen granules. Other cell organelles like small mitochondria (0.2 μm in diameter) were more obvious in the second and third part of the non-secretory area. In the last part of the non-secretory area muscles are also present (Fig. 2H). The secretory part extends into the interior of the body as a rather wide large sac (Fig. 2A). This part of the gland is more complex. Like the non-secretory part, the secretory part of the defence glands is also characterized by many folds of the wall (Fig. 2I). These folds are stronger here than in the non-secretory part. Contrary to the excretory canal and the third part of the non-secretory area, no muscles have been observed in the secretory area. The wall of the secretory part consists of secretory cells and duct cells, forming glandular units, and cuticle-supporting cells. The secretory cells consist of an ovoid nucleus (0.4 μm in diameter), numerous cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, many mitochondria, lipid droplets and granules. The mitochondria are elongated and are mostly concentrated at base and at apex of the cell. The granules are either electron-lucent or electron-dense. The lucent granules are smaller (0.07 μm in diameter) while the dark granules (0.07-0.1 μm in diameter) are larger. The dark granules were more often observed and sometimes appeared in groups of two or three granules. Furthermore, lysosomes were observed in the secretory cells. The cells of the secretory part are connected to each other by interdigitations and bear many microvilli projecting into an elongated cavity (Fig. 2J). The duct cells begin at this cavity (Fig. 2J, K). The duct cells are similar to those of the dermal glands. But the thick, less dense cuticle is not seen. The cuticle-supporting cells of the secretory area contain an elongated nucleus, some small mitochondria and glycogen granules. The lumen of the defence gland may contain sometimes a heterogeneous secretion (Fig. 2I).
M. Gutjahr et al.: Dermal and defence glands in C. duricorius Fig. 2. The defence gland. A: SEM fi gure of the ozophore with the defence gland. B: Lid-like structure of the opening of the ozophore.C: SEM view of the secretory slit of the defence gland. D: Secretion in the excretory canal next to its exit. E: Longitudinal section through the excretory canal showing the muscle attachment. F: Wall of the fi rst part of the non-secretory area. G: The second part of the non-secretory area with regular folds. Mitochondria (arrows) are located under the folds. H: Third part of the non-secretory area with irregular folds. Note the muscles under the epithelium. I: The secretory part of the glandular sac with some microvilli bordered cavities of the glandular units. J: The secretory cells are linked to each other by interdigitations (asterisks). K: Ducts are also observed in the secretory epithelium. Abbreviations: c = cuticle, d = duct, dg = dense granules, lg = lucent granules, ld = lipid droplets, lu = lumen, ly = lysosomes, mi = mitochondria, mu = muscles, mv = microvilli, nu = nucleus, ss = secretory slit. 45
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Page 3 and 4: Foreword The 22nd European Colloqui
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N. Snegovaya: Opiliones from Absher
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N. Snegovaya: Opiliones from Absher
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P. Gajdoš: Spiders of Domica St. C
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P. Gajdoš: Spiders of Domica Table
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S1 S7 S3 S9 S6 S10 S2 S8 S5 S4 P. G
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P. Gajdoš: Spiders of Domica Па
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P. van Helsdingen: Spiders of peat
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Lycosid abundance R. Jocqué & M. A
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Results and Discussion S. Koponen &
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S. Koponen & G. Koneva: Spiders alo
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K. Lambeets et al.: Synecology of s
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Table 1. Relative number of spider
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References 158 EUROPEAN ARACHNOLOGY
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R. Seyfulina: Spiders in winter whe
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Longevity (days) Time (min) 35 30 2
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Materials and Methods 182 EUROPEAN
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Material and Methods Study area 192
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Appendix 1. List of spiders sampled
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Fig. 1. Conventional borders of Cau
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Fig. 1. Map of Ukraine. 270 EUROPEA
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Table 1. Three periods of the spide
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276 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% COS
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Palearctic sub-regions level 284 EU
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