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4.3 The Bible contains many different types of literature, known as genres. This includes history (as it was understood in ancient times), songs, letters, biographies, poetry, legal documents and parables. Simply put, the Bible contains material where God is understood to addresses people (prophecy and law), material where people address God (songs, poetry, prayers) and material where people address each other (narratives, letters, etc.). 4.4 different types of literatUre within the BiBle old or new testament? Most Christians believe that the Old Testament should be interpreted in the light of the New Testament. Augustine, an influential theologian from the fourth century CE, put it this way: ‘The New Testament is hidden in the Old; the Old is made accessible by the New’. One of the reasons for this is that sometimes, the New Testament seems to give a different spin to passages from the Old Testament. For example, Matthew 2.15 quotes Hosea 11.1, which says ‘Out of Egypt I called my son’. Approaching the text from the standpoint of the author, Hosea seems to be referring to the rescue of the Jewish people from Egypt. Matthew, on the other hand, seems to understand the text to refer to the journey back from Egypt of the child Jesus. This range of literature means that the question of whether the Bible should be taken ‘literally’ or not is a bit misplaced. It would be a mistake to ask whether poetry or symbolic stories in the Bible should be taken literally. Arguably, some literature in the Bible was never meant literally in the first place, but that doesn’t lessen its significance. For example, the novel Animal Farm by George Orwell is not a literal story about animals on a farm. It was meant as a critique of real events in the Soviet Union, but its animal characters are symbolic. Some scholars would say that a number of books in the Bible could fall into this literary category of being symbolic descriptions of real events (whether past, present or future). To get round this problem, some theologians have developed a concept called sensus plenior (Latin for ‘fuller sense’). This means that while the human writers of the Bible may have had one thing in mind as they wrote, God (the ultimate author) also meant the words to have a deeper meaning that he would later reveal. On the other hand, some maintain that Old Testament writers like Hosea and David may have had several levels of meaning in mind in the first place (cf. Acts 2.25–31). in sUmmary: 4.0 QueSTion Time: whAT doeS The BiBle meAn? This section provides an overview of interpretation of the Bible, looking at different starting points and the variety of methods people use. • Interpretation of the Bible can focus on what the author originally meant, how it reads as literature or how the text is understood by the reader; • The Bible has been interpreted on several levels – literally, symbolically, ethically and mystically; • Different kinds of literature in the Bible require different kinds of interpretation; • Most Christians believe that the Old Testament should be interpreted in the light of the New. The BiBle STyle Guide 37 bible society 2008
5.0 38 The BiBle STyle Guide bible society 2008 5.2 the BiBle: a statUs Update However, the Bible is not merely understood by Christians as a private religious text. Many Christians view it as a sourcebook for developing religious beliefs. However, there are several ways of understanding the role that the Bible has in this process: pUBlic or private: what’s the BiBle for?
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