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pictUre BiBles the new ‘mUst-have’ Arty Bibles the latest collectible for the smart set. Bible picture books hit the market from the thirteenth century CE onwards. They contained the biblical text in Latin and were illustrated with relevant scenes (e.g. the garden of Eden, Jonah and the whale or the last judgment). However, they were expensive, so were only really bought by the wealthy and educated. By the fourteenth century CE, the Bible was first translated from Latin into Dutch, English, French, German, Italian and Spanish. 7.2 modern translation work Current translation projects struggle to keep up with global demand Hundreds of Bible translation projects are currently under-way, spearheaded by the work of the United Bible Societies. The major language groups are well catered for – but more than 4,500 languages still wait for even one book of the Bible. Therefore, the Bible Societies and their partners continue to produce hundreds of new translations to meet this need. Provision of the Bible continues to have a huge impact on communities all around the world. For example, making the Bible available in new languages can raise literacy standards or help marginalised groups gain new status. Bible translation also includes putting the Bible into formats that work for disadvantaged groups. This includes translation of the Bible into both Braille and audio format, to cater for people who are blind or who can’t read. On top of that, languages continually change over time, with words and expressions going in and out of use. This means that up-to-date translations are always needed across the world. Many Christian organisations are involved in translating the Bible. This includes the United Bible Societies, Wycliffe Bible Translators and the World Bible Translation Center, to name a few. Bible Societies are involved in Bible translation at several levels: Most of these translations were either paraphrases or selections from the Bible, rather than complete, unedited versions. During the fifteenth century CE, a copy of the Book of Hours was owned by many families throughout Europe, wealthy or not. These were mass-produced prayer books in Latin which mostly contained word-forword quotations from the Bible. They also included pictures that helped the reader made the link between the biblical text and everyday life. thoUsands of langUages ‘still wait for the BiBle’ by PRoViDiNG tRAiNiNG Over 80 translation consultants and advisors work in this area around the world. These experts are highly trained in biblical studies and linguistics. They often have some training in anthropology and sociology. They run seminars and other forms of hands-on training. They also help review and critique the work of other translators. by PublisHiNG booKs AND JouRNAls About tRANslAtioN Books are often donated to those involved in official projects. The Bible Translator is the flagship journal of the United Bible Societies. by PAyiNG FoR/subsiDisiNG tHe PRoDuctioN AND DistRibutioN oF NeW bibles A typical translation project – paid for by one of the Bible Societies – takes many years from start to finish (six years for the Old Testament and four for the New). Translation consultants help produce new translations, train other translators, undertake quality control and develop new computer software to help speed up the process. 7.0 Berliner or BroAdSheeT? This section looks at issues around Bible translation and production from the perspective of history, as well as popular formats and versions in use today. The BiBle STyle Guide 53 bible society 2008
54 The BiBle STyle Guide bible society 2008 7.3 the history of the BiBle in english dying monk writes ‘chav’ gospel Gospel of John translated into common English by northern monk The translation of the Bible into English began in Anglo-Saxon times. In the seventh century CE, a poet named Caedmon translated a series of biblical stories into ‘Old English’ (Anglo-Saxon) verse. There were copies of parts of the Bible in Old English, the language of the common people, from as early as the eighth century CE. The monk and scholar Bede translated the gospel of John into Old English in 735 CE, allegedly on his deathbed. In the tenth century CE, a stand-alone edition of the gospels was translated into West-Saxon. Next, at the turn of the eleventh century CE, a priest named Aelfric translated the Pentateuch and other parts of the Old Testament into Old English. BiBle-Basher slams ‘chUrch corrUption’ Oxford don sparks political firestorm with new Bible translation Many regard John Wycliffe (1320–1384 CE) as the first to translate the entire Bible into English. In fact, he probably only translated some of it. Most likely, the scholars Nicholas Hereford and John Trevisa translated the rest. However, he was probably the mastermind of the operation. Wycliffe was a priest and noted scholar from Oxford University. He wanted radical reform of the Church and believed it should stay out of politics. He gathered a group of followers who were nicknamed the ‘Lollards’ (which in Dutch means ‘babblers of nonsense’). Wycliffe’s outspoken views about Church corruption and his claim that some of its teachings were unbiblical got him into hot water. Wycliffe believed that people should consult the Bible for guidance - rather than Church leaders. For this, they would need a copy of the Bible in their own language. The Bible he inspired came out between 1380–1390 CE and was a literal translation of the Latin Vulgate. Shortly after his death, his secretary John Purvey produced a revision of Wycliffe’s translation. After the arrival of the Normans in 1066 CE, new forms of the English language developed. A scribe called Eadwine translated the book of Psalms into ‘Anglo-Norman’, the language of the upper classes, in 1160 CE. The hermit and writer Richard Rolle translated the Psalms into ‘Middle English’, the language of the common people, around 1340 CE. His writings were very popular and were widely circulated. With this in mind, a number of scholars have argued that English people knew the Bible very well during the Middle Ages. One of the reasons for this is that illustrated Bible storybooks in English (which usually included other stories too) sold like hot cakes across medieval England. It wasn’t until the late fourteenth century CE, however, that the entire Bible was translated into English. The Lollards were sent out across England to read these Bibles to people. Wycliffe hoped that his lay preachers would use them to sweep away what he saw as superstition in the Church. Needless to say, this did not go down well among the Church leaders. They had no time for his religious or political agenda. In 1381 CE, a Lollard preacher named John Ball stirred up the common people by referencing the Bible during the ‘Peasant’s Revolt’ (medieval poll-tax riots). From then on, owning and reading the Bible in English became associated with religious and political unrest. This led to a clampdown by the King and the Church. Between 1407 and 1409 CE, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Arundel, forbade people to read or own any Bible text that had not been vetted by a local bishop. Lollard Bibles, where found, were confiscated and burned. However, by then people had become used to seeing and reading the Bible in English. So the issue was to resurface during the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century.
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