GRBMP 2nd Newsletter_Final.pdf - GANGAPEDIA

From the Coordinator’s Desk 

Grbmpvaataa- 

GBPIIT Bulletin 

A Quarterly Newsletter of the Consortia of 7 IITs for Communicating Various Aspects of 

Ganga River Basin Environment Management Plan 

GBP/IIT/QNL/56 November 4, 2011 

In an endeavor to prepare framework for developing Ganga River 

Basin Environment Management Plan (GRB EMP), the Consortia of 

7 IITs are engaged in wide ranging consultations with various 

stakeholders. The consensus appears to be that the plan should 

be consistent with the premise that river Ganga (i) is lively, holy 

and unique amongst all rivers of India, if not of the world; (ii) is to 

be viewed as World’s Natural Heritage*; and (iii) must flow 

uninterruptedly from her source to destination, and sustain all 

natural and indigenous living forms and systems. 

The overarching objective of the GRB EMP is the restoration of 

wholesomeness of rivers in the Ganga basin while ensuring 

appropriate management of water, sediments and energy (both 

demand and supply) to accommodate the pressures of increased 

population, urbanization, industrialization and agriculture. 

Restoring wholesomeness of rivers means ensuring the sanctity of 

the fundamental aspects of the river system as imbibed in the 

following “Panch Sutras”: 

1. Continuous flow (Aivarla Qaara), 

2. Un‐polluted flow (inama-la Qaara), 

3. Longitudinal, lateral and vertical connectivity of the river 

system, 

4. Adequate space for various river functions, and 

5. River as an ecological entity. 

With this background, following four broad objectives in context 

of the preparation of GRB EMP may be set: 

Environmental Flows to be maintained in all minor and 

major tributaries and main stem of the river Ganga. 

All anthropogenic activities must ensure maintenance of 

river bed and river water quality to suit ecological and 

socio‐cultural functions. 

Utilize excess water (available runoff from rainfall and 

snowmelt over and above environmental flows) 

judiciously, equitably and effectively for sustainable 

development. 

All human activities/interventions, whether existing, 

being implemented, and/or proposed in the Ganga 

Basin to be planned and modified appropriately in a 

* Seven of the Ten Criteria of the UNESCO’s 

Revised Operational Guidelines for the 

Implementation of the World Heritage Convention 

(2005) considered to be met by the river Ganga: 

1. to exhibit an important interchange of human 

values, over a span of time or within a cultural 

area of the world, on developments in 

architecture or technology, monumental arts, 

town‐planning or landscape design; 

2. to bear a unique or at least exceptional 

testimony to a cultural tradition or to a 

civilization which is living or which has 

disappeared; 

3. to be an outstanding example of a traditional 

human settlement, land‐use, or sea‐use which 

is representative of a culture (or cultures), or 

human interaction with the environment 

especially when it has become vulnerable 

under the impact of irreversible change; 

4. to contain superlative natural phenomena or 

areas of exceptional natural beauty and 

aesthetic importance; 

5. to be outstanding examples representing major 

stages of earth's history, including the record of 

life, significant on‐going geological processes in 

the development of landforms, or significant 

geomorphic or physiographic features; 

6. to be outstanding examples representing 

significant on‐going ecological and biological 

processes in the evolution and development of 

terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine 

ecosystems and communities of plants and 

animals; 

7. to contain the most important and significant 

natural habitats for in‐situ conservation of 

biological diversity, including those containing 

threatened species of outstanding universal 

value from the point of view of science or 

conservation. 

transparent manner i.e. undertake any activity/intervention only after achieving broad consensus (from 

conception through implementation and operation) amongst all stakeholders.

In orrder 

to achieeve 

the abovve 

mentionedd 

objectives, , following pr rinciples andd 

criteria mayy 

be adopted d: 

Apply modern scieence 

and neww 

technologiies 

but with traditional wwisdom 

(&aana Qaara + jana &aan na). 

Precauutionary 

Prinnciples 

must apply whereever 

knowled dge gaps andd 

uncertaintiies 

exist. 

Multi‐ ‐disciplinary inputs needded, 

but neeed 

to be ca autious abouut 

only “Expperts” 

and “Some “ Influeential 

Stakehholders” 

drivving 

the proccess. 

Processs 

should ideeally 

start frrom 

smaller watersheds and build up 

in a nested 

manner to o the higher sub‐ 

basin level, and thhen 

to the baasin 

level. 

Keep fflexibility 

to cater to futuure 

needs and 

changing contexts. c 

Clearlyy 

articulate choices andd 

the trade‐off 

involved d – Environmental 

Flowws, 

Irrigation n, Hydro poower, 

Domestic, 

Commeercial 

and Industrial 

neeeds 

or in oth her words Ennvironmental, 

Social, Cultural, 

Econoomic, 

and Financial 

criteeria 

must be given appropriate 

weigh htages. 

Need to treat parrts/portions 

of basin with 

heavy inte erventions (hhighly 

altered/modified) 

differently from 

portioons 

with low interventionn 

intensity (nnear 

pristine) ). 

Avoidiing 

and eliminating 

polluution 

through 

all direct and a visible annthropogenicc 

activities (z zero tolerancce 

or 

concept 

of zero discharge). 

Considder 

surface and groundd 

water toggether; 

Explore 

all posssible 

meanss 

of storing g water keeeping 

continnuous 

flow, aand 

longitudinal, 

lateral aand 

vertical connectivity c of the riverss. 

Existinng 

water usees 

to be proteected 

but care 

taken that 

existing ineequities 

are nnot 

perpetua ated. 

Creating 

broad puublic 

acceptance 

of the pplan 

(local bo odies, state aassemblies 

and 

parliament 

to debatee 

and 

approve). 

Creation 

of structuures 

to monitor 

and regulate 

the im mplementatioon 

(nested governance; 

central c and sstate 

governnment 

to serve 

as mentoor 

and local communitie es assigned rroles, 

responnsibilities 

and d rights on wwater 

considdering 

comprromises 

by/nneeds 

of upsstream/downstream 

commmunities. 

A river basin may be viewwed 

and mo odeled as a ttree 

(e.g. Baanyan 

Trree 

as showwn 

in the addjacent 

pictu ure) having numerous leeaves 

(reepresenting 

numerous watersheds) ) and many small and large 

brranches 

(representing 

small st treams/minoor 

and mmajor 

tributaries). 

Itt 

is important 

to realize that t health oof 

each and eevery 

watershed 

is paramountt 

to the ma aintenance oof 

the healtth 

of 

streams/ 

tribuutaries, 

as aalso 

the health 

of the mmain 

stem oof 

the 

rivver 

in the bbasin. 

Hencee 

a bottom‐up 

approacch 

of conseerving 

watersheds, 

sstreams 

andd 

tributaries, , and wetlands 

to the main 

stem 

of the rivver 

is essential. 

While 

in terms oof 

actions ceertain 

issues (e.g. pollution), 

stretche es (e.g. mostt 

polluted sttretches), 

are eas or parts (e.g. 

mosst 

sensitive and 

fragile Gaangotri 

Valleey 

or some wwetlands) 

ma ay be addresssed 

on priorrity 

dependin ng upon urgeency, 

availability 

of reesources 

(e.gg. 

data and information) 

and time required r to ccomplete, 

annd 

integrate e upwards too 

the 

basin 

level (parts 

to the whole 

conceppt), 

the thouught 

process s has to be the other wway, 

i.e. who ole to the pparts. 

Simiilarly, 

GRB EMMP 

should bbe 

prepared based on souund 

scientific 

principles aand 

with appplication 

of modern/stat 

m te‐of‐ 

the‐ ‐art tools, tecchniques 

andd 

methods bbut 

with tradditional 

know wledge and bbeliefs 

(e.g. ssubtle 

quality y of Ganga wwater 

as expressed 

thrrough 

followwing 

“Shloka” ” may also haave 

to be giv ven due conssideration). 

Asyaaa 

jalsya gauNaaa 

: SaItatvama\, ssvaadutvama, 

sva vaCtvama, Atyanntar}cyatvama\ 

, paqtatvama\, 

paavanatvama\ ma\, paapahairtvamma\, 

taRYNaamaaohQQvaMsatvama\, 

dIp panatvama\, pa`&aaQQaairtvaMca, 

[it ita rajainaV-NaT T : 

TThe 

qualities oof 

the Ganga wwater 

are: Cooolness, 

sweetnness, 

transpar rency, high tonic 

property, wholesomene ess, potability, , ability 

to remove evils, ability tto 

resuscitate ffrom 

swoon ccaused 

by deh hydration, digeestive 

propertty 

and ability to t retain wisddom 

The use of tradittional 

knowledge/beliefss 

and precauutionary 

principle 

thus may 

imply thaat 

due consid deration be ggiven 

to thhe 

subtle quuality 

of Gannga 

water annd 

scientific efforts shou uld continuee 

to further uunderstanding 

on traditional 

knowwledge 

and bbeliefs. 

The policy frameework 

propoosed 

as abovve 

for preparring 

GRB EMP 

needs to bbe 

discussed at several fo orums by various 

stakkeholders. 

Feeedback, 

suggestions 

andd 

comments will be highl ly appreciateed. 

Vinod 

Tare, Profe fessor, IIT Kaanpur

Uppdates 

GRBMPP 

is now GRRB 

EMP: On the advice oof 

Shri Jairam m Ramesh, tthe 

then Minister 

of Sta ate (Indepenndent 

Charge) 

of the MoEF, 

the Gangga 

River Bassin 

Managem ment Plan (GGRBMP) 

has been referr red as the Ganga 

River Basin 

Environnment 

Managgement 

Plann 

(GRB EMP) since July 7, 2011. 

Geo‐sppatial 

Databaase 

Managemment 

(GDM) , one of the thematic grroups 

of GRBB 

EMP has re ecently launched 

its ownn 

website (wwww.gangalaaya.in; 

can aalso 

be acce essed througgh 

www.ganngapedia.in) 

to provide data 

storagee, 

retrieval, visualization 

and searcch 

capabilities 

along wwith 

relevant 

interfaces s for simulaation, 

predicttion 

and anaalysis 

of dataa 

for use of all thematic c groups andd 

policy makkers 

associated 

with the GRB 

EMP. 

Thhematic 

GGroup 

Actiivities 

Enviironmental 

QQuality 

and Pollution (EQQP): 

The EQP Groupp 

is involved 

in collectting 

and analyzing 

som me primary and mostly secondary data relateed 

to 

population, 

watter 

supply, sewage generation, 

coollection 

and 

treatment, 

status annd 

performa ance of sewwage 

treatment 

plantts 

(STPs) in the 

class I annd 

II cities/toowns 

in the entire Gangga 

River Basin 

for estima ation of polluution 

loadd 

in the Gangga 

River and its tributariees 

due to doomestic 

activ vities (point ssources). 

Datta 

generated d from this ggroup 

will form an impportant 

commponent 

in preparation 

oof 

GRB EMP. . In view of the uneven rainfall distr ribution over 

the 

yearrs 

and variattion 

in dischharge 

in rivers 

of the Gaanga 

Basin, limitations l oof 

managing STPs and ET TPs in India, , and 

increeasing 

gap bbetween 

estimated 

finanncial 

outlay and funds available, a thee 

group is wworking 

passionately 

towwards 

prommoting 

Zero Liquid Dischharge 

(i.e. reecycling 

and reuse of tre eated wastewwater) 

and mmanagement 

t regime throough 

public‐private 

partnership 

( PPP) in dommestic 

as welll 

as industri ial sectors inn 

the entire Ganga River r Basin. The EQP 

grouup 

has so farr 

prepared foollowing 

repoorts: 

Guidelines 

for the PPreparation 

of Urban Rivver 

Managem ment Plan (URMP) 

for all Class I Town ns in Ganga RRiver 

Basin 

Sewagee 

Treatment in Class I Towns: 

Recommmendations 

s and Guidellines 

Guideliines 

for Impllementation 

of Sewage Collection, Diversion, PPumping, 

Treeatment, 

and d Reuse (Sewwage 

CDPTR) ) Infrastructuure 

in Class I Towns 

Wastewwater 

Reuse Projects Woorldwide: 

Coollation 

of Selected 

Internnational 

Casee 

Studies and d Experiencees 

Emerging 

Contaminnants 

in Ganga 

River Basin 

with Speci ial Emphasiss 

on Pesticidees 

The group plans to prepare ffollowing 

repports 

by the end of Dece ember 2011: 

Water QQuality 

in thee 

Ganga Riveer 

– A Case foor 

Adopting Tertiary Treaatment 

Pollutioon 

Load in thhe 

Ganga Rivver 

and Her Tributaries due to Dommestic 

Activities 

in Class I and II Towns 

in 

Uttar Prradesh 

Purn nendu Bose, , Group Leadder 

and Prof fessor, IIT Kaanpur 

Watter 

Resourcees 

Managemment 

(WRM): 

The WRM groupp 

has decided 

to use hyddrological, 

hyydraulic 

and groundwateer 

models foor 

the study. The SWAT, HEC‐ 

RAS and MODFLLOW 

modelss 

have been selected in the respect tive categoriies. 

The maiin 

reason for 

selecting tthese 

moddels 

is that these are pproven 

moddels 

in theirr 

categories and are avvailable 

in ppublic 

doma ain. A reporrt 

on 

methodology 

addopted 

has been prepared 

and being 

circulated. 

The statuus 

of the acctivities 

of WRM W group is as 

folloows:

Hydroloogical 

and hydraulic daata 

issues aare 

causing delay in pprogress 

for hydrologica al and hydrraulic 

modeling. 

Respectiive 

groups in 

all IITs aree 

eagerly wa aiting for the 

data to become 

avail lable so thatt 

the 

modeling 

work can be completeed. 

As far aas 

the groundwater 

moddeling 

work is 

concerned, 

model set up for Chammbal 

river bas sin, a tributaary 

of 

Yamuna 

river basinn 

has been taken up too 

start with. The information 

and innput 

data su uch as horizoontal 

hydraulic 

conductivvity, 

conducctance 

of rivver 

bed, aqu uifer parameeters 

(thickness, 

bottom elevation, eetc.), 

well draaft 

based onn 

block wise iinformation 

are being ac cquired and pput 

in place. 

The DEEM 

of SRTM (90m resoluution) 

is beinng 

used to generate g cross 

sections oof 

streams in n the absencce 

of 

actual ccross 

sectionns 

that are being 

obtaineed 

through th he primary survey. 

Thesee 

data are be eing used to start 

gettingg 

the first cuut 

results thhat 

will be uupdated 

with h the more refined data 

once mad de available. The 

hydraulic 

modelingg 

also requirees 

detailed gauge 

dischar rge data thatt 

is still awaitted. 

Ashvin 

K Gosaiin, 

Group Leeader 

and Pr rofessor, IIT DDelhi 

Fluvvial 

Geomorpphology 

(FGMM): 

The FGM Group is involved in mapping aand 

characteerizing 

the Ganga G River aand 

her majoor 

tributaries s for geomorphic 

asseessment 

of river 

conditioon. 

Data gennerated 

fromm 

this group will form ann 

important ccomponent 

in developinng 

an 

ecossystem‐based 

managemment 

of the Ganga River. 

Till now, the group hhas 

prepareed 

two reports 

titled, AActive 

Flooodplain 

Mappping‐ 

defining 

the ‘river sspace’ 

and DDelineation 

of f Valley Marrgin 

and Geomorphic 

Mapping 

of Chaannel 

Belt and Active Floodplain oof 

the Gangaa 

River. Twoo 

group mee etings cum wworkshops 

wwere 

held recently 

to finnalize 

geommorphic 

chaaracterizationn 

of the Gannga 

River annd 

to define e templates for the majoor 

attributes s of River Sttyles. 

Thesse 

templatess 

along with the River Styyle 

differenttiation 

will fu urther be useed 

to assess the geomorphic 

conditioon 

of 

the Ganga River. 

Following tthe 

main stem, 

the geommorphic 

map pping of majoor 

tributariess 

is also near r completionn 

and 

the group is finaalizing 

the river 

style fraamework 

forr 

the tributar ries as well. The group is 

also involv ved in compuuting 

stream 

power ddistribution 

inn 

the Gangaa 

basin. This will help to better undeerstand 

the rriver 

dynami ics and sedimment 

depoosition 

in thee 

whole basiin. 

FFGM 

group me 

(22 nd eeting at ISI, K 

– 233 

rd Kolkata 

August, 20111) 

A visitt 

to the Check 

during the FG 

(12 th – 14 t 

k Dam site in JJNU 

Campus 

GM group meeeting 

th 

October, 20111) 

FGM group 

(12 th meeting at JN 

– 14 th NU, New Delhi i 

Octoberr, 

2011) 

FGM M group members 

at field ssite 

for river su urvey 

Rajiv Sinha, , Group Leadder 

and Profe fessor, IIT Kaanpur

Ecology and Biodiversity (ENB): 

A one day workshop was held on August 6, 2011 at IIT, Kanpur. Presentations were made on “Floral and Faunal 

Diversity of Upper Ganga Segment, Middle Ganga Segment and Lower Ganga Segment”. A preliminary note on Fish 

and Fisheries was also circulated. A brief presentation on “ Higher vertebrates in Ganga river was made by WWF, 

New Delhi and Microbial Diversity in Ganga river by IIT K and IIT R. Workshop recommendations are given elsewhere 

in this newsletter. 

A meeting of team members of IITK and IITR was held to review the progress of primary data collection on Microbial 

Diversity and suggest measures for future sampling and differentiation at IITK on September 3, 2011. To review the 

progress of ENB and EQP group a meeting was held on October 8, 2011 at IITR. It was decided that in addition to 

work at hand the following will also be done by IITR: Collation of information on Macro invertebrates in Ganga River 

and Riparian vegetation in Ganga River basin. The group has prepared following two reports so far: 

Floral and Faunal Diversity of Upper Ganga 

Floral and Faunal Diversity of Middle Ganga 

The tentative titles of the reports under preparation are as follows: 

Floral and Faunal Diversity of Lower Ganga (Part I and II) Varanasi to Farakka and Farakka to Ganga Sagar 

Higher Vertebrates in Ganga River 

Preliminary report on Microbial Diversity in Ganga River. 

R P Mathur, Group Leader and Advisor, GRB EMP Project, IIT Kanpur 

Socio‐Economic and Socio‐Cultural (SEC): 

The SEC group in the first phase concentrated on collating information related to agriculture and livelihood in the 

Ganga Basin and has prepared following reports: 

Trends in Agriculture and Agriculture Practices in Ganga Basin: An Overview 

Trends in Agriculture and Agriculture Practices in Upper Ganga Basin (Uttarakhand ) 

Trends in Agriculture and Agriculture Practices in Middle Ganga Basin (Uttar Pradesh) 

Trends in Agriculture and Agriculture Practices in Lower Ganga Basin (Bihar) 

Trends in Agriculture and Agriculture Practices in Lower Ganga Basin (West Bengal) 

Livelihood Aspects of the Ganga River Basin 

The group organized a workshop at IIT Delhi during June 13‐14, 2011 to deliberate on preparation of next set of 

reports, develop methodology and contents, and identify the data sources for the reports. The group is now involved 

in (i) preparing status reports on urbanization and industrialization, (ii) demographic and socio‐economic analysis, 

(iii) mapping of cultural and religious activities, and (iv) developing methodology for water accounting. 

S P Singh, Group Leader and Professor, IIT Roorkee 

Policy, Law and Governance (PLG): 

The problems in the Ganga River Basin is the result of a diverse set of complex and interlinked factors, from the 

interaction and intervention of technological, socio‐cultural, political, and institutional factors. As a background, a 

detailed analysis of the earlier efforts to improve the river water quality through the GAP I and II was undertaken. 

One of the reports prepared along with EQP group presents an analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities 

and threats (SWOT) of the GAP and consolidates the available knowledge and insights in order to understand 

nuances and complexity involved in design, implementation, monitoring and regulation aspects of the GAP. The PLG 

group started working on two issues related to the major objectives (Aivarla Qaara and inama-la Qaara ) of GRB EMP: urban 

sanitation issues in Uttar Pradesh and environmental clearance of large dams in Uttarakhand. 

Studies on Urban Sanitation: Two reports pertaining to urban sanitation issues have been prepared. The first one 

provides a conceptual framework for the studies of PLG group. It attempts to articulate a systematic, 

comprehensive, conceptually sound, and internally consistent perspective—and an analytical framework based on 

it—that is focused on issues of policies and governance. A conceptual schema—called as the ‘Governance Grid’—a 

comprehensive and conceptually coherent schema of the actual process of governance as it generally unfolds in 

reality is presented. The schema begins with the ground‐level problems in any sector and helps identify the core 

governance maladies of different types in the sector. To address these maladies, appropriate changes in—or 

creation of new—policy instruments and/ or governing agencies is then suggested. The major argument is that core 

governance maladies cannot be cured by technical, financial, or managerial ‘fixes’. It also makes a note that all

governance problems cannot be addressed using the policy and institutional ‘fixes’ either, as they cannot resolve 

such problems rooted in the ‘political bottom‐line’. In other words, the problems rooted in the adverse balance of 

political‐economic powers acting against the goals set for the governance of the sector can be resolved only through 

political action by the sections of society supporting the goals set for governance. Based on this, a related report 

presents an analysis of the ground‐level situation of the sewage conveyance and treatment systems in the Kanpur 

city in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The objective is to bring out important policy and governance related lacunas in 

the sector, causing continued release of partially treated or untreated sewage and faecal‐matter in the river Ganga. 

This report broadly follows the template presented in the first report of the group and provides background 

information on Kanpur with the focus on the activities of the Ganga Action Plan (Phase I and II) in the city. The 

findings focus on different deficiencies in the performance of the sewage system in the city of Kanpur. Further, it 

presents the review and analysis of various major Policy Instruments (PIs), the in‐depth analysis of the lacunas in the 

Governing Agencies (GAs) and provides a set of recommendations with a three‐pronged strategy. 

Studies on Environmental Clearance of Hydro Power Projects: Hydropower development as an activity, involves 

many stakeholders ranging from the state to the people and from commercial developers to the environmentalists, 

and their differential and often contradictory perspectives and interests. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and 

Environmental Clearance (EC) for the government is a management tool that can show a pathway to achieve 

developmental goals without compromising environmental protection objective; for developers it is an essential 

procedural requirement to initiate project activities and for environmental activists and project affected people the 

only way to safeguard their interests. The first report pertaining to this aspect has systematically mapped the 

institutional structure for environmental governance in India and especially highlights the critical perspectives from 

the civil society angle. It has brought out the misalignment of goals and expectations from the EIA‐EC process that 

leads to violations of policies, bringing out the limitations of the existing institutional frameworks, procedures and 

implementation. The second report analyzes one important step in EC ‐the Public Hearing and Consultation (PC) 

process‐ which is mandatory for hydropower projects to ensure transparency, accountability and participation. It is 

an important vehicle in democratic environmental decision making by developing an arena where the views and 

suggestions of public are incorporated. Eight case studies of projects sampled for both the main tributaries of River 

Ganga (Bhagirathi and Alaknanda) were undertaken to understand the issues that illustrated the lacunas in the 

present PC process. Both reports provide a set of recommendations meant to be widely debated by all stakeholders 

to arrive at consensus solutions to this major issue threatening Aivarla Qaara of the river. 

Studies on Legal Aspects: The reports dealing with legal aspects analyze the legislations at the central and state 

levels, with specific reference to the portion of the state of West Bengal in Ganga River Basin. It is noted that these 

legislations have been enacted with different objectives and at different times, and have created provisions 

regarding the prevention and conservation of river resources. The processes like irrigation, preservation and 

distribution of the waters, issues of sanitation, water pollution, etc. have been addressed under these acts. All 

relevant acts, notifications, have been described and briefly discussed providing a preliminary analysis. 

N C Narayanan, Group Leader and Associate Professor, IIT Bombay 

Geo‐spatial Database Management (GDM): 

Under the Ganga River Basin Environment Management Plan (GRB EMP), different thematic groups have been 

identified that work together for achieving the goals of the project. A key component that binds all the groups 

together is the Geo‐spatial Database Management (GDM) group. This group is responsible for handling the data 

needs of all the other groups, and is therefore, central to the entire project. The main task of the group is to set up a 

data repository that stores and manages all information produced and used by scientists and researchers linked with 

the project. A geo‐spatial database server running at the backend provides much of the capabilities including data 

upload/download facilities, security, access control rights, querying and visualization. A GIS frontend has been 

created that allows different map layers to be overlaid, visualized, and downloaded. A new portal, 

http://www.gangalaya.in/, has been registered that serves as the entry point to the database. Facilities have also 

been put in place for common users to browse and download certain data. 

Harish Karnick, Group Leader and Professor, IIT Kanpur

Communication (COM): 

To achieve the goal of communication, mass awareness and information dissemination amongst the people, a 

websites namely, Gangapedia was launched. The English version of Gangapedia (GP) website 

(http://www.gangapedia.in) was first launched in July 2010, as the common public platform for public at large to 

interact, express, share and discuss their views and opinions. 

Though the quantum of data on the river system is voluminous, there are numerous lacunae in the information that 

still needs to be plugged. The repository of data and information should be such which is easily accessible and 

understandable by anyone. The group has come up with Cmaps which are pictorial representations easy to 

comprehend at a quick glance by anyone. The immense amount of data generated by many institutions and 

organizations is being visualized in the form of these knowledge based models. They form a very powerful 

visualization tool when it comes to comparing and understanding various aspects of the Ganga basin at a quick 

glance. 

For the community not so well versed with the English language, the need to have a Hindi version of the GP website 

was felt. The communication group has been able to co‐create contents in Hindi on the ‘read and write’ GP website. 

It is hoped that the numerous organizations involved in different aspects of Ganga river studies will also be assisted 

by such efforts. 

T V Prabhakar, Group Leader and Professor, IIT Kanpur 

Environmental Flows (EFL): 

The Environmental Flows or E‐Flows group has prepared state‐of‐the‐art report on E‐Flows in reference to the rivers 

of the Ganga Basin. After considerable debate within and outside the group following definition for E‐flows has been 

adopted. The group has decided to use Building Block Methodology (BBM), as this was successfully piloted through 

the Living Ganga Programme of WWF‐India in which many Faculty members from different IITs participated. The 

group has benefitted from the experiences and learning of that exercise. 

"Environmental Flows are a regime of flow in a river or stream that describes the temporal and spatial 

variation in quantity and quality of water required for freshwater as well as estuarine systems to perform 

their natural ecological functions (including sediment transport) and support the spiritual, cultural and 

livelihood activities that depend on these ecosystems" 

After several rounds of discussions with SEC, ENB, FGM and WRM groups, about three sites downstream of each of 

the important river confluences on Alaknanda/Mandakini (namely Vishnu Prayag, Karn Prayag, and Rudra Prayag), 16 

sites from Gangotri to Farraka, and three sites on river Hugli have been identified for E‐Flows assessment. The IIT 

team has also taken up the survey work to get reliable data on cross‐sections at each of these sites. Although the 

socio‐cultural surveys and field visits are about to begin, the group is awaiting the hydrology data for the river Ganga 

from the Government of India. It is essential to have long‐term (at least for continuous 30 years) flow data for a river 

system for assessment of E‐Flows. 

First Set of Reports 

Nitin Kaushal, Convener and Senior Manager‐Water Resources at WWF India 

001_GBP_IIT_GEN_DAT_01_Ver 1_Dec 2010: River Ganga at a Glance: Identification of Issues and Priority Actions 

for Restoration 

002_GBP_IIT_EQP_S&R_01_Ver 1_Dec 2010: Guidelines for the Preparation of Urban River Management Plan 

(URMP) for all Class I Towns in Ganga River Basin 

003_GBP_IIT_EQP_S&R_02_Ver 1_Dec 2010: Sewage Treatment in Class I Towns: Recommendations and 

Guidelines 

004_GBP_IIT_EQP_S&R_03_Ver 1_Dec 2010: Guidelines for Implementation of Sewage Collection, Diversion, 

Pumping, Treatment, and Reuse (Sewage CDPTR) Infrastructure in Class I Towns 

005_GBP_IIT_FGM_DAT_01_Ver 1_Dec 2010: Active Floodplain Mapping: Defining the “River Space”

Highlights of Some of the Second Set of Draft Reports 

Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat (SWOT) Analysis of Ganga Action Plan 

The major strengths of GAP include strategizing of interception and diversion of nalas, creation of 

institutional structure, basis for future tariff policies design and funding responsibilities of the ULBs and the 

state governments with respect to Ganga, peer review and monitoring of GAP through various stakeholders, 

appointment of independent agencies for water quality monitoring, improvements in river water quality, 

creation of knowledge base and awareness building. 

The major weakness of GAP remains in limited scope of issues addressed neglecting non‐point sources of 

pollution, fixing of inadequate water quality standards blindly following the western countries, improper 

collection of sewage, over‐designed STPs, influence of aid on inappropriate sewage treatment technology 

like UASB, irregular maintenance by ULBs, unclear and unviable financial models and improper management 

of industrial wastes. 

The opportunities of GAP lie on learning experience of sewage treatment technology for employing new 

technology, adoption of river basin approach, Govt.’s commitment to raise adequate funds and awareness 

and inclination of civil society contribution. 

The threats and challenges of GAP include divergence of River Action Plans (RAPs) with broader 

development policies, influence of bilateral and multilateral funding on policy matters, wastage of funds and 

challenges in experimenting with regulatory authorities. 

Wastewater Reuse Projects Worldwide: Collation of Selected International Case Studies and Experiences 

Inclusions of highly treated wastewater reuse alternatives in demand driven river basin management plan 

like GRB EMP 

In context of integrated urban water management, promotion of zero discharge municipality/city adopting 

reuse of tertiary‐treated wastewater in the Ganga Basin 

Groundwater recharge through seasonal storage in surface reservoirs and irrigation with highly reclaimed 

water in the Ganga Basin 

Awareness on potential benefits and research on plausible health impacts of wastewater reuse 

Floral and Faunal Diversity in Upper Ganga Segment: Gangotri – Haridwar (Upstream Bhimgoda Barrage) 

The differences in aquatic biodiversity, both floral and faunal (viz. phytoplankton, periphyton, zoobenthos, 

zooplanktons and consumers including fish population) in three different stretches, namely Gangotri to 

Gangani, Gangani to Devprayag, and Devprayag to Haridwar of the Upper Ganga segment are being 

characterized. 

Delineation of Valley Margin and Geomorphic Mapping of Channel Belt and Active Floodplain of the Ganga River 

Significant diversity in terms of valley width and geomorphic features in different reaches of the Ganga river 

provide important input for E‐Flows assessment in relation to hydrological regime. 

Stretches with wide valleys and active floodplains are potential sites for creating artificial recharge. 

Channel‐belt and floodplain features provide valuable insights to the possible habitats for aquatic and land 

biota. 

Mapping of Policy Instruments and Governance Agencies for Environmental Clearance of Hydropower Projects in 

Upper Ganga Segment 

Mandatory pre‐environmental clearance for mini and small scale hydropower projects based on EIA studies 

conducted by the independent and competent technical authority and financed by MoEF‐recognized 

consortium of developers. 

Transparent and accountable decision making process through public proceedings of various stakeholders on 

the EIA study findings. 

Assessment of Public Consultation Process for Environmental Clearance of Hydropower Projects in Upper Ganga 

Segment 

Restructure Public Consultation process with more public participation and strengthen EC process in 

environmental decision making for expediting the project clearance and implementation, avoiding financial 

losses due to public protests and making the process more transparent and accountable. 

Environmental Flows: State‐of‐the‐Art with Special Reference to Rivers in the Ganga River Basin 

E‐flows assessment is critical in the context of integrated river basin approach such as GRB EMP. 

The Building Block Methodology (BBM), a flexible and robust method, is highly suitable for E‐Flows 

assessment for rivers like the Ganga having diverse socio‐cultural and livelihood aspects.

Livelihood 

Aspects 

of the Gaanga 

River BBasin: 

Overviiew 

and Map pping of Touurism 

on Main 

Stem of River R Ganga 

Status oof 

the livelihoods 

in the whole Gangga 

river basin n and tourissm‐related 

livvelihoods 

es specially in tthree 

states, vviz. 

Uttara Khhand, 

Uttar PPradesh 

and Bihar in the basin are annalyzed. 

Emeerging 

Contaminants 

in GGanga 

River Basin with SSpecial 

Emph hasis on Pesticides 

The preesence 

of emerging 

contaminants 

especially pesticides p (DDDT 

and HCCH 

mainly) level in various 

environmmental 

mediia 

and fish tisssues 

in the Ganga river basin are revviewed. 

Constannt 

monitoringg 

and analyssis 

of widelyy 

used pestic cides in various 

environmental 

med dia suggestedd 

for 

comprehhensive 

risk assessment. 

An OOverview 

of Trends in Aggriculture 

annd 

Agriculture 

Practices 

Increaseed 

crop outpput 

during laast 

four deccades 

with intensive 

culltivation 

andd 

crop diversification 

duue 

to 

improveed 

irrigation ffacilities. 

Decline in agriculturral 

area due tto 

growing inndustrialization 

and urbaanization. 

Increasee 

in use of fertilizers 

and modern agricultural 

equ uipments. 

The status of agriculture (i.e. land‐use, 

cropping 

pattern, irrigation sttatus, 

use oof 

fertilizers s, practices and 

prodductivity) 

annd 

its impliccations 

withh 

specific reeference 

to the portionn 

of the Gaanga 

Basin in states off 

the 

Uttaarakhand, 

Utttar 

Pradesh, , Bihar and WWest 

Bengal for preparat tion of GRB EEMP 

has beeen 

presented d in four sepaarate 

repoorts. 

Pulpp 

and Paper Industries inn 

Ganga Basiin: 

Achievingg 

Zero Liquid d Discharge 

Shifting towards zerro 

liquid disccharge 

paraddigm 

(i.e. rec cycling and reuse of treated 

wastew water) emplooying 

tertiary treatment ffollowed 

by RO technology 

and ad dopting Design, 

Build, Finance 

and Operate (DBFO) 

model hhave 

been reecommended 

for pulp and 

paper industries 

in tthe 

Ganga River 

Basin to o save riverss 

and 

help maintain 

“Aivarrla 

Qaara and innama-la 

Qaara”. 

Mappping 

of Releevant 

Legislaations 

Appliccable 

to the West Benga al Portion of the Ganga RRiver 

Basin 

In orderr 

to conservee 

river resourrces, 

the legislations 

at the 

central and 

state leveels, 

with specific 

reference 

to 

the porttion 

of the sstate 

of the West Bengaal 

in the Gan nga River Baasin 

(GRB) foor 

various in nfrastructuree 

and 

processees 

like irrigattion, 

preservvation 

and diistribution 

of 

the water, issues of sannitation, 

wat ter pollution, , etc. 

have been 

reviewedd. 

Major 

Eventts 

Meetingg 

of the Prooject 

Manageement 

Board 

(PMB): Fir rst PMB meeeting 

was heeld 

on July 7, 7 2011 at BBoard 

Room, IIT 

Delhi. Proofessor 

Devaang 

Khakhar, , Chairman, PMB and Director, 

IIT BBombay 

chair red the meeeting. 

All the three experrt 

members, , Swami Aviimukteshwaranand 

Saraaswati, 

Dr BBharat 

Jhunjhunwala 

and 

Dr 

Madhavv 

A Chitale wwere 

present apart from representatives 

of Minisstry 

of Enviroonment 

and Forests, Minnistry 

of Wateer 

Resources, 

Directors oof 

IITs and Professor 

Vin nod Tare, Coordinator, 

TTeam 

GRB EM MP. All memmbers 

were of the opinionn 

that it is unnrealistic 

to address all issues 

withinn 

the stipulatted 

time of 18 months ggiven 

the consstraint 

of avaailability 

of ddata/informaation 

and the e variety of iissues 

that nneed 

to be co onsidered. Itt 

was 

decided that IITs willl 

continue thhe 

project foor 

much long ger time requuesting 

suppport 

from MH HRD, if the MMoEF 

has constraints 

in pproviding 

addditional 

finaancial 

suppo ort and exteending 

the pproject 

duration 

beyondd 

the 

stipulateed 

time periood.

Mark off 

Completionn 

of One Yeaar 

Since Signning 

of Mem morandum of 

Agreement 

between IITs 

and MOEEF: 

A 

meetingg 

was held with Shri Jaairam 

Rameesh, 

Hon’ble e Minister, MMoEF 

and rrepresentativ 

ves of IIT TTeam 

including 

Professor DDevang 

Khakkhar, 

Directoor, 

IIT Bomba ay, Professorr 

Sanjay Dhande, 

Directo or, IIT Kanpurr 

and 

Professoor 

Vinod Taree, 

Coordinattor, 

GRBEMPP 

Project at New N Delhi onn 

July 7, 20111 

to mark on ne year of siggning 

of MoA. . The First Newsletter 

(VVol 

1‐4) prepared 

by the IIT Team waas 

presentedd 

to the Hon n’ble Minister. 

In 

the meeeting, 

the Hoon’ble 

Minisster 

suggesteed 

that the project titlee 

may be moodified 

as Ganga 

River BBasin 

Environmment 

Managgement 

Plan (GRB EMP) . Project Coo ordinator presented 

the highlights of o the First Set 

of 

Reports and stated that the draft 

reportss 

have been n revised considering 

thhe 

comment ts received from 

various stakeholderrs. 

The Honn’ble 

Minister 

stated that 

IITs shoould 

give reecommendations 

with their 

considerred 

opinion and suggesteed 

that the FFirst 

Set of Reports R should 

be submittted 

shortly for the followw 

up 

action by 

the ministrry. 

Third PICC 

Meeting, , July 26, 20111, 

IIT Delhi: 

The meetin ng was chaireed 

by Professsor 

Vinod Ta are, Coordinator, 

Team GGRB 

EMP. Thhe 

Thematicc 

Group leaders 

and institute 

representatives 

attended th he meeting. The 

contentious 

issues rrelated 

to thhe 

First Set of Reports were w discusssed 

in the mmeeting. 

Pro ofessor Purneendu 

Bose, Grroup 

Leader, , EQP presennted 

detailedd 

account of f various meetings, 

particularly 

the meetings m helld 

on 

May 18, , 2011 and Juuly 

7, 2011, with the minnistry. 

After considerable 

discussions 

PICC unanimously 

resoolved 

that IIT reports shhould 

reflectt 

the considdered 

opinio on of the cconcerned 

TThematic 

Groups 

after due 

considerration 

to the 

commennts 

receivedd 

from various 

individduals/groupss/governmen 

nt departmeents/ 

ministriees. 

EQP Grouup 

was authoorized 

to revvize 

its report ts included in 

the First Seet 

of Reports s. 

Third Workshop 

of EENB 

Group: The third woorkshop 

of ENB E Group wwas 

held on AAugust 

6, 20 011 at IIT Kannpur. 

The worrkshop 

was aattended 

by the invited eexperts 

in th he field, Dr R K Sinha, Dr R C Trivedi, Dr K K Vass, Dr K 

D Joshi, Dr R S Ambhast, 

Dr Prakash 

Nautiyaal, 

and Dr Na aveen Ambhhast 

besides members of f Team ENB from 

various IITs (Kanpurr, 

Roorkee, Guwahati, KKharagpur) 

and a WWF‐Inndia. 

Professsor 

Vinod Ta are, Coordinator, 

Team GRRB 

EMP and Professor R P Mathur, GGroup 

Leader r, ENB coorddinated 

the pproceedings 

of the worksshop. 

In the Brrain 

Storming 

Session following 

thinggs 

emerged through t conssensus: 

Gannga 

river ecosystem, 

ass 

of now, is by and large 

an altereed 

eco‐systeem. 

It is diff ficult to sett 

any 

refeerence 

condiition 

as not mmuch 

historical 

informat tion is availabble. 

For ecological rrestoration 

inn 

the Ganga River Basin, 

main stem of the riverr, 

some impo ortant tributaries 

andd 

some repreesentative 

wetlands 

mayy 

be consider red as repressentative 

of tthe 

basin. 

Bassed 

on the sscattered 

hisstorical 

inforrmation 

and expert opinnion 

indicatoor 

flora and fauna species 

in 

various 

stretches 

on mainn 

stem and important tributaries, along with desired den nsities wherrever 

posssible, 

can bbe 

used to set target environment 

management 

class. SSimilar 

exerc cise can alsoo 

be 

atteempted 

for tthe 

riparian fflora 

and fauuna. 

It iss 

important tto 

consider ddesired 

riverr 

conditions (channel as well as activve 

flood plain) 

for survivval 

as 

welll 

flourishing of indicator species. 

Linkkages 

betweeen 

biotic ( (mostly of identified in ndicator speecies) 

and aabiotic 

components 

cann 

be 

estaablished 

based 

on informmation 

availaable 

in literat ture and connsultation 

with 

experts. 

Inteerventions 

mmay 

mostly bbe 

required to improve the abiotic componentss 

(e.g. maint tenance of wwater 

quaality/pollutioon 

prevention, 

reducing water abstra actions, avoiding 

or proper 

design of o barriers inn 

the 

formm 

of barragges/dams 

too 

ensure smmooth 

movem ment (both upstream aand 

downstream) 

of crritical 

indiicator 

speciees, 

maintenaance 

of ecological 

flows and substraate 

conditionns 

for surviv val and breeding, 

etc. .). These willl 

be suggesteed 

by the othher 

thematic c groups, nammely 

EQP, WWRM, 

FGM an nd PLG. 

In ssome 

cases ddirect 

biotic interventionns 

may also be required. 

These wouuld 

be in the form of suppport 

for breeding inddigenous 

speecies. 

It is noot 

desirable to 

introduce exotic speciees.

Bio‐monitoring should be emphasized. A report can be prepared on bio‐monitoring. Saprobity Index, 

P/R ratio, diversity level could be included in bio‐monitoring. 

Average fish catch during 1950‐1980 could be set as target on the main stem of the river. Some of the 

other targets could be (i) appearance of Dolphins with some suggested sighting frequency in the main 

stem of the river from Bijnor to Farakka, and Yamuna up to Delhi, (ii) Indian major carps in specified 

stretches, (iii) native and sensitive species of Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera/Trichoptera, (iv) ratio of 

Bacillariophyceae/Cholorophyceae and Cyanophyceae, etc. 

Review Meeting with Secretary, MoEF: A meeting to review the preparation of the Ganga River Basin 

Environment Management Plan (GRB EMP) was held on September 14, 2011 at Paryavaran Bhawan, New 

Delhi under the chairmanship of Shri T Chatterjee, Secretary, MoEF. The meeting was attended by Professor 

Devang Khakhar, Chairman, PMB and Director, IIT Bombay; Professor Sanjay G Dhande, Director, IIT Kanpur; 

Professor Gautam Barua, Director, IIT Guwahati, Professor Vinod Tare, Coordinator, Team GRB EMP and Dr 

Geneviece Connors, Water Specialist, World Bank besides the representatives of MoEF including Ms Mira 

Mehrishi, Additional Secretary, MoEF. Being the Chairman of PMB, Professor Khakhar handed over a set of 

first five reports relating to the GRB EMP, prepared by the IIT consortium, to the Secretary, MoEF. It was 

informed to the Secretary, MoEF that the first set of reports were prepared in December 2010 and have 

been widely circulated and discussed at various forums including the Standing Committee constituted by 

MoEF for this purpose, consultative workshop with the NGRBA expert members and PMB of the IIT 

consortium. In the meeting, Professor Tare informed that a special task group for environmental flows (E‐ 

Flows) has been constituted. IIT consortium raised its concerns in the meeting over the data availability. It 

was informed that much of the data of the river flow is yet to be received from the government. Further, 

most of the data received from the CWC is in hardcopy, which will take many months to convert into digital 

form. Digital soil data of the river basin has also not been received from National Bureau of Soil Survey & 

Land Use Planning, Nagpur. Moreover, IIT consortium is carrying out the exercise of sectional survey of the 

river, while the information is already available with the CWC. In this context, Professor Dhande requested 

the Secretary, MoEF to take up the matter at his level to provide these data. The Secretary, MoEF assured 

the IIT consortium that all efforts will be made to address the issues relating to the supply of data for 

preparation of E‐Flows report under the GRB EMP. 

Consultative Workshop of PLG Group: The PLG Thematic Group organized a Consultative Workshop on 

October 15‐16, 2011 at Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property Law, Indian Institute of Technology 

Kharagpur. The Consultative Workshop was organized with the objective of examining the need and 

framework of comprehensive legislation on River Basin Management. 

The organizers invited experts from several sectors representing views from respective areas. Amongst 

participants, lawyers, activists, environmentalists, engineers, academics and researchers were invited to 

present their views on River Basin Management Plan. To name a few, Mr Ramaswamy Iyer, Ms Ram Rauta, 

Professor M K Ramesh, Mr Videh Upadhaya, Mr Panjwani, Mr Parityosh Tygi and Mr G N Kathpalia were 

distinguished speakers in the Workshop. From IITs, Dr Vinod Tare (IIT Kanpur), Dr Shyam Asholekar (IIT 

Bombay), Dr N C Narayan (IIT Bombay), Dr D J Sen (IIT Kharagpur) were present. The Workshop was 

inaugurated by Professor Majumdar, Deputy Director, IIT Kharagpur. 

The Workshop witnessed deliberations on issues of Need for Legislative and Regulatory framework on River 

Ganga, Prevention, Conservation and Development of River Ganga, River Basin Management and 

Implementation Agencies and Adjudication and Dispute Settlement Mechanism. The Workshop was 

coordinated by Dr Indrajit Dube along with Dr Dipa Dube and Dr Uday Shankar. All participants supported 

the resolution that a comprehensive National Ganga River Basin Act is necessary and IIT Team should take 

the lead based on deliberations of the workshop.

Internattional 

Worksshop 

on ‘PPPP 

Models and 

Technolog gical Solutionns 

for Sewagge 

and Wast te Management’: 

An interrnational 

woorkshop 

on tthe 

public‐private‐partne 

ership (PPP) and technoological 

solut tions for sewwage 

and wasste 

management 

was hheld 

at Vishwwakarma 

Bh hawan, Indiaan 

Institute of Technolo ogy Delhi duuring 

Septembber 

22–23, 2011 to expplore 

state‐oof‐the‐art 

technological 

solutions cooupled 

with PPP models 

for 

sewage and industrial 

effluents in India, in general, and d the Gangaa 

River Basinn 

in particula ar. More thaan 

30 

delegatees 

representting 

about 122 

countries including Ita aly, France, GGermany, 

UKK, 

Israel, Aus stralia, Denmmark, 

Singapore, 

etc. sharred 

international 

experiences 

and explored e thee 

possibilitiees 

of bilatera al or multilaateral 

cooperaation 

on advaanced 

technoological 

applications 

cou upled with PP PP solutions at the works shop. Five mmodel 

projectss 

pertaining tto 

managemment 

of sewaage 

and indu ustrial efflueent 

employinng 

Zero Liquid 

Dischargee 

and 

PPP moddel 

have beeen 

proposedd 

as part of tthe 

preparat tion of GRB EMP at the workshop. Mr M Sanmit Ahuja, 

CEO of EETI 

Dynamics, 

a UK baseed 

economicc 

development 

focused eenterprise, 

served 

as Co‐organiser 

of 

the 

workshoop 

and greattly 

facilitatedd 

participatiion 

of intern national deleegates 

in thee 

workshop. ETI Dynamics 

is 

collaborrating 

with thhe 

IIT Consortia 

to facilitate 

interacti ion with manny 

countries interested in 

participatioon 

in 

gigantic task of restooring 

the heaalth 

of riverss 

in the Gang ga Basin. Proofessor 

Mukeesh 

Khare, IIT T Delhi serveed 

as 

local cooordinator. 

EETI 

Dynamiccs 

is also sppearheading 

the settingg 

up of inteernational 

fo ocus groups and 

internattional 

Ganga River knowlledge 

centrees 

with Unive ersity of Soutthampton 

(UUK) 

already taking t the lead 

in 

establishhing 

one. 

14th Intternational 

River Sympoosium, 

Brisbbane: 

Dr Vin nod Tare, Professor, 

Envvironmental 

Engineeringg 

and 

Manageement 

Prograamme, 

Depaartment 

of CCivil 

Engineer ring, IIT Kanpur 

and Cooordinator, 

Co onsortia of Seven 

IITs for Preparationn 

of GRB EMMP 

was invitted 

to delive er a talk on ‘Preparing the First Ga anga River BBasin 

Manageement 

Plan’ aat 

the 14th Innternational 

River Sympo osium, Brisbane, 

Australia: 

Septembe er 26‐29, 2011. 

Fortthcoming 

Ev vents 

First NNational 

Stuudents’ 

Confference 

on RRiver 

Basin Planning P (BRRiP‐2011) 

Orrganized 

by Consortia C off 

7 

IITs aat 

IIT Kanpurr: 

November 4–5, 2011 

FGM Thematic Grroup 

Meetinng 

at Patna UUniversity: 

December D 222–23, 

2011 

IITT 

Bombay 

IIT Delhi 

IIT MMadras 

Mail us your valua able feedbackss 

and suggesttions 

at ganga apedia@gmaiil.com 

IIT Kanpur 

IIT Guwwahati 

Vinod Tare e; vinod@iitk. ac.in; 

Subrataa 

Hait; subrat ta.hait@gmail.com 

Rakeshh 

Mishra; rmi ishraz@yahooo.com 

RRasmi 

Sanghi; rsanghi@iitkk.ac.in 

Tripti Singh; triptis@gmaiil.com 

Shaashikant 

Patel; 

spatel@iitkk.ac.in 

Shivam KKapoor; 

shiva amkpr@yahooo.com 

IIT Roorkee 

Attributioons 

IIT Kharagpur

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