Second North American Sea Duck Conference - Patuxent Wildlife ...

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SECOND NORTH AMERICAN SEA DUCK CONFERENCE POPULATION TRENDS OF SEA DUCKS WINTERING IN FOUR BAYS OF KODIAK ISLAND, ALASKA – A TWENTY YEAR ANALYSIS Denny Zwiefelhofer¹, Douglas J. Forsell², Mike Keim 3 , and Joel Reynolds 3 ¹USFWS, Kodiak National <strong>Wildlife</strong> Refuge; Kodiak, AK; Denny_Zwiefelhofer@FWS.gov ²Chesapeake Bay Field Office, Annapolis, MD; 3 USFWS, Division of Natural Resources; Anchorage, AK Shipboard surveys of marine birds wintering near shore on Kodiak Island have been conducted each February since 1986 on two western shore bays, Uyak and Uganik, and since 1991 on two eastern shore straits, Eastern and Western Sitkalidak Strait. Each survey revisited a fixed set of standardized 300 m wide strip transects, each of ten-minute duration at 9 knots running speed. The annual surveyed area covered approximately 200 km 2 , or 17 percent of the surface area of the bays and 13 percent of the shore. Birds on the water were counted from the flying bridge of a 15 meter vessel using 8x40 or 10x50 binoculars (pre-1996) or 12x36 stabilizing binoculars (post-1996). The same observer conducted all surveys. Survey observations were analyzed using generalized estimating equations to account for the longitudinal study design, i.e. repeated surveys of the same transect through time. Separate analyses were conducted for eight sea duck species at each survey area, estimating annual mean density on the sample transects, temporal trend in mean density, annual mean probability of occurrence on the sample transects, and temporal trend in probability of occurrence. The predominantly resident breeding species, Barrow’s goldeneye (Bucephala islandica), harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus), common mergansers (Mergus merganser), and red-breasted mergansers (Mergus serrator), all exhibited increasing or relatively stable winter population densities and occurrence probabilities. Common mergansers’ extreme rate of increase suggested a recently increasing influx of winter migrants of unknown origin. Of the winter migrant species, surf scoters (Melanitta perspicillata), black scoters (Melanitta nigra), and white-winged scoters (Melanitta fusca) all exhibited relatively stable or declining densities and occurrence probabilities, with spatially contrasting trend patterns suggesting possible differential harvest pressure. The other winter migrant species, long-tailed ducks (Clangula hyemalis), exhibited increasing or relatively stable winter densities and occurrence probabilities at all survey areas. 122 ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND, USA NOV. 7-11, 2005
Allard, Karel 5, 62 Anderson, Eric M. 3, 47 Bedard, Jean 45 Bond, Jeanine C. 4, 49 Boyd, <strong>Sea</strong>n 3, 48 Bozza, Mary 6, 75 Bruneau, Benoit 4, 55 Corcoran, Robin 6, 76 Craik, Sharon 6, 77 Deshohn, Mark 6, 78, 79 DeVink, Jean-Michel 5, 6, 72, 80 Dickson, Lynne 2, 35 Dieval, Helene 6, 81 Drolet, Bruno 1, 16 Esler, Daniel 2, 3, 27, 41 Evenson, Joseph 6, 82, 83 Fast, Peter L. F. 6, 84 Flint, Paul L. 1, 19 Fox, Anthony D 1, 9 Franson, J. Christian 5, 71 Gereg, Ian 6, 85 Gilchrist, Grant 4, 56 Giroux, Jean-Francois 3, 6, 45, 88 Guillemette, Magella 4, 53 Guilliland, Scott 6, 86, 87 Haggie, Michael R. 6, 89 Haszard, Shannon 6, 90 Heath, Joel P. 4, 54 Hollmen, Tuula 5, 70 Hoover, Andrea K. 2, 23 Jamieson, Sarah 56 Kidwell, David 6, 91 Kirk, Molly 5, 6, 65, 92 Koneff, Mark D. 2, 22 Laforge, Helene 6, 93 Langlois, Annie 6, 94 Larsen, Jesper 6, 95 Lawson, Shona L. 2, 6, 31, 96 Lehikoineu, Aleksi 4, 61 Lewis, Tyler 48 Lok, Erika 3, 38 Lovvorn, J. R. 4, 52 McGurre, Rebecca 5, 63 McKay, Kerrith 6, 97, 98 SECOND NORTH AMERICAN SEA DUCK CONFERENCE AUTHOR INDEX PAGES PAGES NOV. 7-11, 2005 ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND, USA McKinnon, Laura 5, 67 Mehl, Katherine R. 1, 6, 20, 99 Merkel, Flemming R. 3, 43 Mosbech, Anders 2, 36 Nilsson, Leif 7, 100 Niven, Daniel K. 7, 101 Nysewander, David 1, 12 O’Connell, William T. 7, 102 Ost, Markus 5, 68 Ouellet, Jean-Francois 7, 103 Pearce, John 2, 24, 28 Pelletier, David 7, 104 Perry, Matthew 1, 7, 15, 105 Petersen, Margaret 3, 39 Phillips, Laura 7, 34, 106 Powell, Abby 2, 34 Raven, Garnet 7, 107 Rigou, Yves 7, 108 Reed, John 2, 25 Richman, Samantha E. 4, 50 Robert, Michel 7, 109 Robertson, Gregory J. 7, 110, 111, 112 Robertson, Myra O. Wiebe 3, 44 Rojek, Nora A. 7, 113 Ronka, Mia 1, 13 Rosenberg, Daniel 2, 21 Safine, David E. 4, 60 Savard, Jean-Pierre L. 3, 7, 42, 114, 115 Schamber, Jason L. 4, 7, 57, 116 Schummer, Michael L. 5, 73 Slattery, Stuart 4, 51 Solovieva, Diana V. 7, 117, 118 Sonsthagen, Sarah 2, 29 Steele, Ben 7, 119 Swoboda, Cindy J. 2, 30 Thorarinsson, Thorkell Lindberg 7, 120 Traylor, Joshua J. 5, 66 Wainwright-DeLaCruz, Susan 3, 37 Walker, Johann 2, 32 Ward, David H. 1, 11 Wells-Berlin, Alica M. 7, 121 Wilson, Heather 1, 18 Zwiefelhofer, Denny 7, 122 Zydelis, Ramunas 1, 14 123
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