enhancing biodiversity hotspots along western ... - South West NRM

THREATS: The major threats to Ooline Park are overgrazing by cattle, habitat 

degradation by rabbits (which leads to erosion), collectors of wood for both firewood 

and wood-turning, inappropriate fire regime, and habitat degradation from weeds 

such as harrisia cactus (Eriocereus sp.) (Plate 34). 

Although gravel extraction for road maintenance and construction is not currently 

occurring at this site, it has happened in the past and is a potential future threat. 

Because ooline grows on gravely ridges, which are rare in this black soil country and 

so are often sites favoured by road crews as sites to extract gravel. Therefore it is 

important all regional council and DTMR road crews are made aware of the 

identification of ooline and encouraged to mitigate the impacts of any potential gravel 

extraction. 

Plate 34. Harrisia cactus (Photo: B. Walsh). 

CURRENT MANAGEMENT: Murweh Shire Council is well aware of the priority 

species and issues along this section, and has devoted additional resources to 

controlling harrisia cactus. 

RECOMMENDATIONS: This stock route comes under more pressure than most, as 

it is the site where stock routes converge before cattle are driven to the Roma 

market. Consequently, the high density of cattle compounds the conservation threats 

to the site and Murweh Shire Council will need additional support for the 

management of these threats. 

As the erosion on the upper side of the watering dam (situated on the northern side 

of the road) is quite pronounced, it will need remedial action with some diversion 

earthworks and restoration. Consideration should be given to the removal of the dam, 

as its present location is a traffic hazard because cattle gather around this watering 

point and some animal spill on to the road (stock fatalities have previously occurred 

63

here), and if a new watering point was established further towards Mitchell this 

difference in distance would not disadvantage drovers. 

It is also recommended that there should be no camping of stock overnight in the 

vicinity and stock should be expedited through the park. This would not 

inconvenience drovers either as there is minimal stock feed at this site. Designated 

overnight camping zones would prevent overgrazing of priority species, or trampling 

of the habitat of another priority species – the collared delma (Delma torquata). 

Consideration should be given to develop a comprehensive zoned management plan 

along the Morven to Mitchell section of stock route P002, as there are five priority 

species (ooline, womal (Acacia maranoensis), painted honeyeater (Grantiella picta), 

collared delma (Delma torquata), and diamond firetail (Stagonopleura guttata)) and 

three identified biodiversity hotspots along this route that are currently being 

considered in isolation. Management of specific sites may need to include some 

fencing of ooline and womal (Acacia maranoensis) in the more vulnerable locations. 

64

Site 4. Morven – Tregole Road (opposite Tregole Park) 

STOCK ROUTE NUMBER: U527 

PRIORITY SPECIES: Plants: 

ooline (Cadellia pentasylis). 

RATING: BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT 

SHIRE COUNCIL: MURWEH SHIRE 

This site is a triangular reserve on an inactive stock route opposite Tregole National 

Park. It is one of the best stands of ooline (Cadellia pentasylis) (Plate 35) visited 

during the field visits for this project, as the trees were abundant and intermixed with 

bottle trees (Brachychiton rupestris). This reserve is approximately 300 metres by 

100 metres, and as it is opposite Tregole National Park it has good connectivity. The 

site also has a road on all sides that provides good protection from wildfires. 

Plate 35. Ooline trees (Photo: B. Walsh). 

THREATS: The major threats to this reserve are overgrazing by cattle, habitat 

degradation by rabbits, inappropriate fire regime, collectors (for both firewood and 

wood turning), and habitat degradation by weeds. 

CURRENT MANEGEMENT: None. 

RECOMMENDATIONS: It is recommended that there needs to be negotiations 

between Murweh Shire Council and DTMR to recognise this site as an area of ‘no 

disturbance’, which would avoid accidental clearance or gravel extraction. Inclusion 

of the site in the shire pest and weed management programme is also 

recommended. 

65

Site 5. Mungalala – Mitchell Road (1) (Warrego Highway) 

STOCK ROUTE NUMBER: P002 


ooline (Cadellia pentasylis). 



Although the ooline trees (Cadellia pentasylis) at this site are scattered along either 

side of the highway, they do however consist of both mature and regenerating trees, 

and so the site is valuable as a biodiversity hotspot. 

THREATS: The major threats to this site are overgrazing by cattle, habitat 

degradation by rabbits, wood collectors, inappropriate fire regime, gravel extraction, 

road widening, and habitat degradation by weeds. 

CURRENT MANAGEMENT: None. Although along the nearby section of the 

Warrego Highway there is work being undertaken by Murweh Shire Council to 

address weeds, especially harrisia cactus (Eriocereus sp.), which is part of the weed 

control for Ooline Park (site 3, pp. 62-64). 

RECOMMENDATIONS: As for Ooline Park, it is recommended that there needs to 

be negotiations between Murweh Shire Council and DTMR to recognise this site as 

an area of ‘no disturbance’, which would avoid accidental clearance or gravel 

extraction. Inclusion of the site in the shire pest and weed management programme 

is also recommended. 

66

Site 6. Mungalala – Mitchell Road (2) (Warrego Highway) 



womal (Acacia maranoensis). 

Animals: 

painted honeyeater (Grantiella picta). 



At this site womal (Acacia maranoensis) is spread along the sides of the Warrego 

Highway, where it is more abundant than ooline and widely spread about the district 

as well. Growing off the womal trees is grey mistletoe (Amyema quandang), which is 

a favourite of the painted honeyeater (Grantiella picta) – another priority species 

which has been sighted in this location. There is actually an overlap with ooline along 

the Warrego Highway, resulting in five priority species in one extended stretch of 

highway (womal, ooline, painted honeyeater, collared delma (Delma torquata), and 

diamond firetail (Stagonopleura guttata)). 

THREATS: The major threats to this site are overgrazing and disturbance (Plate 36) 

by cattle, habitat degradation by rabbits, inappropriate fire regime, and habitat 

degradation by weeds. 

Plate 36. Overnight cattle stock camp after rain (Photo: B. Walsh). 

CURRENT MANAGEMENT: Murweh Shire Council concentrates on this length of 

stock route for weed management. 

67

RECOMMENDATIONS: It is recommended that Murweh Shire Council maintain their 

weed management along this length of stock route, and that this be included in a 

management plan for all the biodiversity hotspots along this stock route (as 

mentioned under site 3, Ooline Park). Permits given for the movement of stock along 

this route need to emphasise that overnight camping of stock should avoid these 

sites where possible, as womal is quite palatable to stock and the regenerating plants 

at this site could easily be consumed by cattle. 

68

Site 7. Morven – Tregonning Road 

STOCK ROUTE NUMBER: M570 





This site is on a back road that is rated as an active stock route, but as with many of 

these sites it is virtually inactive. The womal trees (Acacia maranoensis) at this site 

are scattered over a wide area (Plate 37), but consist of both mature and 

regenerating trees. Additionally, there was good connectivity with habitat on adjoining 

private land. 

Plate 37. Womal (Photo: B. Walsh). 


degradation by rabbits, inappropriate fire regime, gravel extraction, and habitat 

degradation by weeds. There is also a borrow pit in the middle of a mature stand of 

trees. 

CURRENT MANAGEMENT: None. 

RECOMMENDATIONS: It is recommended that the borrow pit be phased out as 

further expansion of the pit will cause more trees to be removed. 

Some priority species, such as womal in this area, are often locally common, and it is 

recommended that awareness programmes for field-based council staff would be 

useful to raise awareness of the value of these species as well as their management 

needs. 

69

Site 8. Bundoona Springs (Eulo – Toompine Road) 



Hydrocotyle dipleura, and 

Myriophyllum artesium. 


SHIRE COUNCIL: PAROO SHIRE 

This spring is located in open mulga country adjacent to a drainage line on the stock 

route (Plate 38), and is one of the group that makes up Bundoona Springs. It is a 

large, shallow and vegetated spring, which is well known as it has long been studied 

for its endemic species. 

Plate 38. Bundoona Springs (Photo: B. Walsh). 

THREATS: The major threats to this spring are reduced flow and habitat degradation 

from water draw-down, overgrazing and trampling by cattle, rooting and wallowing 

damage by feral pigs, competition between introduced Gambusia fish and native 

aquatic fauna, and habitat degradation by weeds. 


RECOMMENDATIONS: It is acknowledged that all springs are not the same, and 

best practice management may vary from spring to spring. It must also be 

acknowledged that these springs existed with their endemic species before the 

arrival of Europeans, livestock and invasive species such as feral animals and 

weeds. 

Inadequate information exists to make recommendations on best practice 

management for this spring. However, it is recommended that an enclosure be 

70

established on part of the spring to study the effects of excluding cattle and feral pigs. 

The results from this enclosure would give a benchmark from which to monitor the 

impacts of cattle and pigs that might occur at this spring. This recommendation is 

based on the success of excluding cattle and pigs at Tego spring in Culgoa 

Floodplains National Park (page 98) that resulted in the return of plant species 

including the Rare Sporobolus partimpatens (Craig Eddy, pers. comm.). Similarly the 

condition of Elizabeth Springs in the Desert Channels NRM region has improved 

markedly with the use of fencing to exclude cattle (Steve Wilson, pers. comm.). 

At the time of this project, negotiations were being undertaken with the adjoining 

owners to make the springs a nature refuge. If this proceeds, it is recommended that 

this spring be included in that nature refuge. 

71

Site 9. Currawinya National Park (Stock Route) 


PRIORITY SPECIES: Animals: 



SHIRE COUNCIL: BULLOO SHIRE 

The stock route that runs through Currawinya National Park is narrow, unused, and 

the connectivity is continuous. Painted honeyeaters (Grantiella picta) are regularly 

sighted along the route and feed on the mistletoe Amyema quandang (Plate 39), 

which grows prolifically on the mulga trees. 

Plate 39. The mistletoe Amyema quandang (Photo: B. Walsh). 

THREATS: The major threats to this site are browsing by goats (that can prevent 

regeneration of mulga on which the mistletoe Amyema quandang grows), and 

predation of native fauna by feral cats. Inappropriate fire regime is a potential threat. 

It is possible that apiary activities outside the park may be competing with the painted 

honeyeaters for nectar as a food source. 

CURRENT MANAGEMENT: This stock route comes under the management of 

Currawinya National Park. 

72

RECOMMENDATIONS: It is recommended that DERM’s current management 

activities be maintained, and that the site would benefit from a more coordinated 

approach to pest management between Bulloo Shire Council and DERM. 

At the time of the project, surveys were being undertaken by Birds Australia Birdata 

in the southern part of the South West NRM region. An opportunity may exist from 

the results of this survey to identify additional sites for the painted honeyeater. 

73

Site 10. Lake Bindegolly (Eulo – Thargomindah Road) 



Australasian bittern (Botaurus poiciloptilus), 

Australian painted snipe (Rostratula australis), and 



SHIRE COUNCIL: BULLOO SHIRE 

Lake Bindegolly (Plate 40) is a string of salt and freshwater wetlands in Lake 

Bindegolly National Park that dries out approximately every decade. The lakes are a 

major haven for waterbirds including the priority species Australasian bittern 

(Botaurus poiciloptilus), Australian painted snipe (Rostratula australis) and painted 

honeyeater (Grantiella picta), and other species of interest such as the Rare freckled 

duck (Stictonetta naevosa) and the Vulnerable plant Acacia ammophila. 

The stock route cuts the system in half, but the stock route is inactive. A tourist 

information bay has been established as the area is popular with tourists, and use of 

the stock routes for tourism is well supported by the Bulloo Shire Council. 

Plate 40. Lake Bindegolly with an approaching storm in the distance 

(Photo: B. Walsh). 

THREATS: The major threats to Lake Bindegolly are predation by feral cats, foxes 

and dogs, habitat degradation by rabbits, weeds, feral pigs and feral goats, and 

overgrazing by livestock (both sheep and cattle). 

CURRENT MANAGEMENT: Lake Bindegolly comes under the management of Lake 

Bindegolly National Park. 

74


activities be maintained, and that wherever possible pest and weed control be 

coordinated with those of the Bulloo Shire Council. It is also suggested that 

consideration be given to the installation of cattle grids along the main road to 

prevent the continuous drifting of livestock into the national park. 

75

Site 11. Ward River (Charleville – Quilpie Road) 



Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii). 



The Ward River waterhole and adjacent reserve is a favourite recreational site for the 

people of Charleville. The Charleville Fishing and Restocking Club (CFRC) in 

conjunction with the DEEDI, are also active at this site with a catch and release 

programme for Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii) (Plates 41 and 42), and 

undertake restocking of the cod at well known waterholes. 

Due to the ephemeral nature of all rivers and creeks in western Queensland, fish 

stocks tend to retreat to these known refugia in the dry times to await the next wet 

season and flooding event. The river at this site on Ward River is about seven metres 

deep at the bridge, and averages about four metres in depth across the waterhole. 

Such waterholes of this depth and dimension are not common and are extremely 

important to all species they support, especially Murray cod. 

Plate 41. A juvenile Murray cod (Photo: G. Walsh). 

76

THREATS: The major threats to this site on the Ward River are overgrazing of the 

riparian edge by cattle, overfishing, introduced carp (Cyprinus carpio) that can 

compete with and displace Murray cod, habitat degradation from water extraction, 

and erosion where visitors drive off the access road. The removal of snags, which 

removes an important feature of the habitat for Murray cod, is a potential threat. 

CURRENT MANAGEMENT: Murweh Shire Council maintains road access off the 

main highway to the river bank. The CFRC maintain an informal recreational 

monitoring, restocking and catch and release programme for Murray cod. 

RECOMMENDATIONS: It is important to support and maintain the current actions to 

conserve Murray cod that are undertaken by the CFRC and DEEDI. 

It would be highly beneficial to control carp in this waterhole, as has been planned by 

South West NRM who are attempting to initiate carp management projects in the 

Warrego River and its tributaries such as the Ward River. 

Droving permits should stipulate no overnight camping of stock on the Ward River in 

order to avoid siltation and deterioration of water quality. Static grazing of this stock 

route reserve should be declined or limited in the interests of public usage and the 

avoidance of siltation. 

Similarly to other locations in western Queensland, this site is reaching the point 

where the local council will need to consider a management plan to address visitor 

impacts from camping, pollution, rubbish, and firewood collection. 

Plate 42. The CFRC releasing Murray cod fingerlings (Photo: D. Clark). 

77

Site 12. Bakers Bend (Warrego River) 






Bakers Bend is one of the largest waterholes on the Warrego River, and a popular 

local and tourist destination. This is major refugia for aquatic species, such as Murray 

cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii), and averages about six metres deep. The stock 

route runs on both sides of the river, and is classified as active but has not been used 

for some years. The riparian vegetation is mostly healthy, old growth trees, with the 

exception of some eroded sites, and is a known habitat for koala (Phascolarctos 

cinereus) and sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps). 

THREATS: The major threats to Bakers Bend are overfishing, habitat degradation 

from water extraction, introduced carp (Cyprinus carpio) that can compete with and 

displace Murray cod, and siltation from erosion that is exacerbated by feral goats 

(Plate 43). 

Plate 43. Erosion at Bakers Bend (Photo: B. Walsh). 

CURRENT MANAGEMENT: The CFRC, under guidance from DEEDI, conduct 

recreational monitoring, restocking and catch and release for Murray cod (Plate 44). 

78

Plate 44. Tagging a mature Murray cod for release (Photo: D. Clark). 

RECOMMENDATIONS: The removal of goats from the badly eroded areas, 

combined with some earthworks/fencing, would greatly contribute to restore some of 

the damage to this site and reduce siltation of the river. 

As for the Ward River biodiversity hotspot (site 11, pp. 76-77), it would be highly 

beneficial to control carp at this waterhole, as has been planned by South West NRM 

who are attempting to initiate carp management projects in the Warrego River and its 

tributaries. 

It is important to support and maintain the current actions to conserve Murray cod 

that are undertaken by the CFRC (with guidance from DEEDI). 

Recent fish surveys by DEEDI indicated that Bakers Bend has very little structure on 

the bottom of the river, which denies hatchling cod and other native species 

protective habitat. It is strongly recommended that consideration be given to the 

reintroduction of snags to improve the habitat of this aquatic refuge. 

Concern has been expressed by the CFRC and others that there is a decline in 

freshwater catfish (Tandanus tandanus) throughout the Warrego and Paroo River 

systems. It would be prudent to monitor the populations of this species and identify 

any causes of any decline, as it may have implications for other native species as 

well. 

79

Site 13. Dillalah Waterhole (Warrego River) 






The bridge at Dillalah crossing traverses another well known waterhole on the 

Warrego River for Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii). This waterhole averages 

approximately five metres deep and has plenty of fallen trees and overhangs of tree 

roots that create good cod habitat. An active stock route runs down either side of the 

river, but the majority of stock traditionally travels down the eastern side. The riparian 

vegetation is in very good condition and is known to be a habitat for koala 

(Phascolarctos cinereus) (Plate 45). 

Plate 45. Koala at Boatman Station (Photo: N. Davies). 

THREATS: The major threats to this site are overgrazing by cattle that can affect the 

water quality, habitat degradation from pig rooting and wallowing, siltation from 

erosion, overfishing, and introduced carp (Cyprinus carpio) that can compete with 

and displace Murray cod. Water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) (Plate 46) is an emerging 

threat that exists downstream at Cunnamulla, which has the potential to be 

transported upstream by wildlife. 

80

Plate 46. Water lettuce at Cunnamulla Weir (Photo: B. Walsh). 

CURRENT MANAGEMENT: Access to the site is maintained by Murweh Shire 

Council, and the monitoring of Murray cod is undertaken by CFRC and DEEDI. 

RECOMMENDATIONS: As for the Ward River biodiversity hotspot (site 11), it would 

be highly beneficial to control carp at this waterhole, as has been planned by South 

West NRM who are attempting to initiate carp management projects in the Warrego 

River and its tributaries. 

It is important to support and maintain the current actions to conserve Murray cod 

that are undertaken by the CFRC (with guidance from DEEDI). 

Water lettuce occurs at the Cunnamulla Weir in Paroo Shire, where the Paroo Shire 

Council is taking action to eradicate this weed. However, biological control has not 

yet been introduced and should be considered and integrated with the current 

mechanical work being undertaken. 

The Cunnamulla Weir is an acknowledged fish barrier and careful consideration 

should be given to the installation of a suitable fish ladder, which is supported by the 

Paroo Shire Council. However, if implemented, care needs to be taken that it does 

not become a harvest site by default. South West NRM has previously proposed 

such a ladder for the Warrego and the Paroo Rivers (which has a similar barrier at 

Eulo). 

81

Site 14. Boatman Road (1) (Charleville – Bollon Road) 



yakka skink (Egernia rugosa). 



There have been several sites along the Boatman Road which are biodiversity 

hotspots for yakka skink (Egernia rugosa) (Plate 47). The sites look very 

inhospitable, and it is difficult to imagine there is enough insect life to sustain such a 

large skink. 

Confirmation of the sites was made with DERM expertise. Determination of presence 

and abundance was made from live trapping by DERM, which has given confidence 

in identification of the sites along the Boatman Road as suitable habitat. 

The yakka skink is mostly diurnal and very opportunistic. They make use of rabbit 

holes/warrens where they co-exist, as well as pushed-up roadside debris for habitat 

for sheltering and breeding. It usually constructs additional holes at the extremities of 

the warren for its usage. 

Plate 47. Yakka skink (Photo: B. Walsh). 

THREATS: The major threats to the yakka skink at this site are predation from feral 

cats, foxes and dogs, inappropriate fire regime, the destruction of the habitat by road 

works, and the destruction of the habitat if the rabbit warren are ripped up (if rabbit 

numbers rise and control is implemented). 


82

RECOMMENDATIONS: Yakka skinks are distributed over a vast area of 

Queensland, and to mitigate their threats will require the control of feral predators, 

appropriate fire regimes, and the protection of their habitat from road maintenance. 

As with other biodiversity hotspots along Boatman Road (sites 14 – 18, pp. 82-90), 

the priority actions at this site would be to include this location in the pest control 

activities for feral predators implemented by Murweh Shire Council, and to protect 

this habitat from any destructive impacts caused by any road works and rabbit 

control. 

For any future controlled fires at this site, it is recommended that they be of low 

intensity, and that any mounds of timber/plant material are unburnt as they are used 

as habitat by yakka skink. 

It is also strongly recommend that a population survey of yakka skinks be undertaken 

to map current populations, as isolated healthy populations may need more intensive 

protection. 

83








this site included a rabbit warren occupied by yakka skinks (Egernia rugosa) in a 

monospecific stand of mulga with no understorey (Plate 48). Yakka skink scats, both 

fresh and stale, indicated the presence and abundance of this species. Additionally, 

this site had good connectivity with habitat on the surrounding land. 

Plate 48. Active rabbit warren with yakka skinks (Photo: B. Walsh). 






RECOMMENDATIONS: As with other biodiversity hotspots along Boatman Road 

(sites 14 – 18, pp. 82-90), the priority actions at this site would be to include this 

location in the pest control activities for feral predators implemented by Murweh Shire 

Council, and to protect this habitat from any destructive impacts caused by any road 

works and rabbit control. 

84




85









monospecific stand of mulga with no understorey. Yakka skink scats (Plate 49), both 

fresh and stale, indicated the presence and abundance of this species. Additionally, 

there were good landscape linkages at this site with mulga trees in all directions. 

Plate 49. Yakka skink scats (Photo: B. Walsh). 











86




87








this site included a rabbit warren occupied by yakka skinks (Egernia rugosa) (Plate 

50) in a monospecific stand of mulga with no understorey. A search of the 

surrounding area found stale scats that indicated yakka skink activity. 












88




89









monospecific stand of mulga with no understorey. 














90

Site 19. Riversleigh Road (Boatman – Cunnamulla Road) 






As with the biodiversity hotspots along Boatman Road (sites 14 – 18), this site 

included a rabbit warren occupied by yakka skinks (Egernia rugosa). During the field 

visit, a further search of the immediate area revealed an additional active site, also in 

a rabbit burrow, that suggests a small colony of yakka skink in the area. 






RECOMMENDATIONS: As with the biodiversity hotspots along Boatman Road (sites 

14 – 18), the priority actions at this site would be to include this location in the pest 

control activities for feral predators implemented by Murweh Shire Council, and to 

protect this habitat from any destructive impacts caused by any road works and 

rabbit control. 




91

Site 20. Angelalla (Bollon – Riversleigh junction) 



Major Mitchell’s cockatoo (Lophochroa leadbeateri) 



It was difficult to identify biodiversity hotspots for Major Mitchell’s cockatoo 

(Lophochroa leadbeateri) (Plate 51). This bird was observed at a number of sites 

during field visits, including along the stock route on Boatman Road, but, given that 

this species is highly mobile in their search for food, at most sites sightings were not 

enough evidence to identify the location as a biodiversity hotspot for this bird. 

Repeated sightings of flocks of up to 20 Major Mitchell’s cockatoo, and observations 

of them feeding fledgling young, around the Angelalla site was evidence that this 

section of stock route is at least a linked part of a larger biodiversity hotspot for this 

bird. Additionally, where Angelalla Creek and stock route intersect there is a large 

permanent waterhole with ideal nesting hollows along the riparian edges, and Major 

Mitchell’s cockatoo are known to have a strong fidelity to nesting sites. 

Plate 51 Major Mitchell’s cockatoo with crest extension (Photo: B. Walsh). 

THREATS: The major threats to Major Mitchell’s cockatoo at this site are the removal 

of nesting hollows from the clearing / pulling of mulga trees, high intensity fires that 

can removing nesting trees, predation from feral cats, and road fatalities (Plate 52) as 

the birds are reluctant to take flight when feeding on paddy melons found on the road 

verge (Plate 53). 

92

Plate 52. Major Mitchell’s cockatoo road fatality (Photo: B. Walsh). 

Plate 53. Major Mitchell’s cockatoo feeding on a desert paddy melon on the road 

verge (Photo: B. Walsh). 


93

RECOMMENDATIONS: The South West NRM region has a number of sites where 

Major Mitchell’s cockatoo are regularly sighted. However, further research needs to 

be done to identify the biodiversity hotspots for this species, in both the South West 

and Desert Channels NRM regions and to determine how the stock routes relate in 

respect to the connectivity and linkage of these sites. As this species have a strong 

fidelity for nesting hollows, a first step would be to survey and map the known nesting 

sites. 

Recommended management actions for the Angelalla site are protecting nesting 

trees from being pulled, encouraging a low intensity fires, and coordinated control of 

feral cats. 

At the Angelalla site priority should be given to protecting the area from any clearing 

of vegetation. 

94

Site 21. Charleville – Augathella Road 




Woma (Aspidites ramsayi) are also known to occur in 

area. 



As with the biodiversity hotspots along Boatman Road (sites 14 – 18, pp. 82-90), this 

site north of Charleville included a rabbit warren occupied by yakka skinks (Egernia 

rugosa), and mulga trees growing in red sandy soil with little or no understorey. 






RECOMMENDATIONS: As with the biodiversity hotspots along Boatman Road (sites 

14 – 18, pp. 82-90), the priority actions at this site would be to include this location in 

the pest control activities for feral predators implemented by Murweh Shire Council, 

and to protect this habitat from any destructive impacts caused by any road works 

and rabbit control. 




95

Sites of high nature conservation and geological 

values 

Site 22. Oak Swamp (Charleville Adavale Road) 


PRIORITY SPECIES: Unknown 

RATING: HIGH NATURE CONSERVATION VALUE 


Oak Swamp (Plate 54) is periodically inundated when Lake Dartmouth overflows (last 

believed to have occurred in 1989), and appears to be in-excess of a square 

kilometre in size. The active stock route here traverses a dense, attractive swamp of 

belah trees (Casuarina cristata), which is believed to be at the extremity of this 

species’ western distribution. The site is worth further investigation, as it may support 

priority species, and belah is a favourite food source of red-tailed black-cockatoos 

(Calyptorhynchus banksii). 

Plate 54. Oak Swamp (Photo: B. Walsh). 

THREATS: The major threats to this site are inappropriate fire regime. Road 

widening is a minor threat 

CURRENT MANAGEMENT: There is no current management of this site, but it is 

recognised by DTMR as a significant site. 

RECOMMENDATIONS: It is recommended that Oak Swamp be recognised as being 

of high nature conservation value and left undisturbed, and that a closer survey be 

made to determine the flora and fauna values. 

96

Site 23. Adavale Escarpment (Adavale – Blackall Road) 



yellow-footed rock-wallaby (Petrogale xanthopus 

celeris). 


SHIRE COUNCIL: QUILPIE SHIRE 

The Adavale Escarpment (Plate 55) is classified as an active stock route although no 

cattle have been over this route for many years. The stock route and road converge 

to descend down an attractive conglomerate escarpment with a drop of some 30 

metres. The area has records of yellow-footed rock-wallaby (Petrogale xanthopus 

celeris), although none were seen during the field visit. During the field visit a 

peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) was sighted launching from the escarpment, and 

undoubtedly falcon eyries exist around its perimeter. 

Plate 55. Adavale Escarpment / Blackall Road (Photo: B. Walsh). 

THREATS: Feral goats have taken over the top of the escarpment, are dramatically 

impacting on the vegetation, and have possibly displaced most macropods. 


RECOMMENDATIONS: There is the urgent need to remove the goats from the 

Adavale Escarpment. A closer survey is also needed to determine if yellow-footed 

rock-wallaby still exist at the site, and if so, to determine strategies for their 

protection. 

97

24. Tego Springs (Culgoa Floodplain) 





Tego Springs in Culgoa Floodplains National Park is of special interest as it has 

records of plant life before and after a pig-proof fence was constructed (Plate 56). 

Prior to the construction of the pig-proof fence, the spring was overgrazed and 

trampled by cattle and feral animals with only three plants recorded for the site. 

Eighteen months after the fence was constructed an additional 37 plants were 

recorded including the Rare Sporobolus partimpatens. 

Plate 56. The pig-proof fencing around Tego Springs (Photo: B. Walsh). 

THREATS: The major threats to this site are habitat degradation from water drawdown, 

and the table drain off the nearby road that directs water into the springs which 

is altering the water quality and the species composition. 

CURRENT MANAGEMENT: This site comes under the management of Culgoa 

Floodplains National Park. 


activities be maintained, that options to reduce road water-off are investigated, and 

that this site be used as a positive example of the conservation benefits of fencing 

around a spring 

98

25. Yowah Creek (Eulo – Thargomindah Road) 



RATING: AREA OF HIGH GEOLOGICAL VALUE 


The Yowah Creek site is where a fault line runs in a westerly direction along the 

stock route from Eulo and crosses Yowah Creek. Records show that this site 

contains mound springs, but the majority are mud springs with a dried surface which 

is easily penetrated revealing viscous, grey mud. The mounds stand between two to 

three metres in height, and have a circular base with a diameter of approximately 10 

– 20 metres. Little or no water seeps from the majority of the mounds, but they are of 

geological interest and a tourist attraction. 

THREATS: The threats to this site, such as water draw-down, are unknown. 

CURRENT MANAGEMENT: There is no current management at this site. Some of 

the other springs close to Eulo are fenced-off, but the majority are not. 

RECOMMENDATIONS: It is recommended that the spring on the eastern side of 

Yowah Creek be re-fenced (it had been fenced off many years ago and has since 

fallen into disrepair), as it appears to be a spring with different characteristics and 

has held water. It would also be advisable to make sure that visitor management to 

the springs in the area limits any potential negative impacts. 

Sites recommended for further research 

26. Murra Murra 



RATING: FURTHER RESEARCH 


This site is a potential biodiversity hotspot that warrants further research, as it has a 

number of natural values but no confirmed sightings of priority species. 

The site adjoins the properties of Murra Murra and Bendee Downs, which are owned 

by the Kooma Traditional Owners and have part of their area dedicated as a nature 

refuge and an indigenous protected area. There is also a rich cultural heritage 

throughout the area. 

Priority species that could occur at this stock route site are yakka skink (Egernia 

rugosa), diamond firetail (Stagonopleura guttata), and painted honeyeaters 

(Grantiella picta). Major Mitchell’s cockatoos (Lophochroa leadbeateri) are frequently 

sighted along this stock route, but as stated for the Angelalla biodiversity hotspot (site 

20, pp. 92-94), given the mobility of this species it is difficult to identify their hotspots 

unless nesting sites can also be identified. 

99

THREATS: The threats to this site would include inappropriate fire regime, clearing 

of vegetation that would remove potential nesting hollows, predation by feral cats, 

and road fatalities. 


RECOMMENDATIONS: As there is no information on the nesting sites of Major 

Mitchell’s cockatoos, or other priority species, at this site, further surveys are required 

to identify any presence and confirm their threats. 

If the presence of priority species were confirmed and the site met the criteria as a 

biodiversity hotspot, then the protection of this habitat would be important because of 

the probable value of the site itself as well as the linkages it has with adjoining 

habitat. 

100

Additional findings 

The majority of Major Mitchell’s cockatoo (Lophochroa leadbeateri) sightings during 

the field visit for this project were in the South West NRM region. They showed a 

distinct preference that this species has for country commonly known as ‘soft mulga’ 

with its distinctive red sandy soils (i.e. red Kandosols and red Chromosols soils). 

These soils have nutrient limitations which may benefit the wildlife as it limits the 

introduction of invasive grasses, such as buffel grass (Pennisetum ciliare), enabling a 

favourite food source of these cockatoos, the desert paddy melon (Zehneria 

micrantha), to thrive on disturbed ground. 

There seems to be reluctance throughout most of the regions of western Queensland 

to use fire as a management tool for the maintenance of biodiversity. The lack of 

appropriate fire regimes is inhibiting flora species, as certain fire regimes are required 

to maintain biodiversity. This is a topic that needs greater consideration as a 

management option, especially for the stock routes that retain remnant vegetation in 

otherwise cleared country, as many species are threatened by a lack of appropriate 

fire regimes (Dyer et al., 2001). 

101

The Border Rivers Maranoa-Balonne NRM 

Region 

Introduction 

The Border Rivers Maranoa-Balonne NRM region is approximately 100,300 square 

kilometres in size, and includes the catchments of the Maranoa, Balonne, Moonie, 

Macintyre, and Weir Rivers. In this region the Brigalow Belt is proportionally the 

largest bioregion, with other bioregions including Mulga lands and New England 

tablelands. There are six local government areas within this region with a population 

of approximately 54,600 people, and the main employment areas are in pastoral, 

cropping, some tourism, and the extractive industries including gas and mining. 

Twelve biodiversity hotspots were identified during field visits across the Border 

Rivers Maranoa-Balonne NRM region (Table 4 and Map 5). 

Site Recommendation Local Government Area 

1. Barakula Biodiversity Hotspot Dalby Regional Council 

2. Mitchell/Dunkeld Road Biodiversity Hotspot Roma Regional Council 

3. Mitchell/Bollon Road Biodiversity Hotspot Roma Regional Council 

4. Mitchell/Forestvale Biodiversity Hotspot Roma Regional Council 

Road 

5. Womalilla Creek Biodiversity Hotspot Roma Regional Council 

6. Surat/Balonne River Biodiversity Hotspot Roma Regional Council 

7. Green Trees Reserve Biodiversity Hotspot Roma Regional Council 

8. Wylara Waterhole Biodiversity Hotspot Roma Regional Council 

9. Beranga Reserve Biodiversity Hotspot Roma Regional Council 

10. Surat/Glenmorgan 

Road 

Biodiversity Hotspot Roma Regional Council 

11. Jackson/Wandoan 

Road 

Biodiversity Hotspot Roma Regional Council 

Table 4. Biodiversity hotspots in the Border Rivers Maranoa-Balonne NRM Region. 

102

Map 5. Biodiversity hotspots of the Border Rivers Maranoa-Balonne NRM Region. 

103

Biodiversity hotspots 

Site 1. Barakula (Chinchilla – Auburn Road) 



golden-tailed gecko (Strophurus taenicauda), 

diamond firetail (Stagonopleura guttata), and 

yellow-bellied glider (southern subspecies) (Petaurus 

australis australis). 


SHIRE COUNCIL: DALBY REGIONAL SHIRE 

This site is where an unused stock route follows the road through the Barakula State 

Forest (Plate 57). The forest is in good condition, with records of the priority species 

golden-tailed gecko (Strophurus taenicauda), diamond firetail (Stagonopleura 

guttata), and yellow-bellied glider (southern subspecies) (Petaurus australis 

australis). There were also other species sighted during the field visit including plumheaded 

finch (Neochmia modesta), olive-backed oriole (Oriolus sagittatus), leaden 

flycatcher (Myiagra rubecula) and rufous whistler (Pachycephala rufiventris). Both the 

confirmed species, and local knowledge that confirmed the richness of the forest and 

its biodiversity, was strong evidence to select this site as a biodiversity hotspot. 

Plate 57. Barakula State Forest (Photo: B. Walsh). 

THREATS: The major threats to this site are predation of native fauna by feral cats 

and foxes. As the presence of the priority species indicates that the current fire 

regime is working well, a potential threat is changing the current fire regime. 

104

CURRENT MANAGEMENT: This stock route comes under the management of 

Barakula State Forest 


activities be maintained, and that the site would benefit from a more coordinated 

approach to pest management between Dalby Regional Shire Council and DERM. 

Given the number of species at this site, a future survey would probably confirm the 

presence of additional priority species. 

105

Site 2. Mitchell – Dunkeld Road 

STOCK ROUTE NUMBER: S716 




SHIRE COUNCIL: ROMA REGIONAL COUNCIL 

This site on the Mitchell – Dunkeld Road is scattered a considerable distance over an 

active stock route, with stands of womal (Acacia maranoensis) (Plate 58) that 

includes both mature and regenerating trees. This site also has good habitat 

connectivity with the surrounding landscape. 

Plate 58. Womal trees (Photo: B. Walsh). 

THREATS: The major threats to this site are inappropriate fire regime, and habitat 

degradation by weeds. 


RECOMMENDATIONS: The key recommendation or this site is to include it in the 

Roma Regional Council pest and weed management programme as a site for control 

actions. Care needs to be taken with any stock route / road management that burns 

the verge, in order to protect the regeneration of the womal trees. As livestock have 

not travelled this route for many years, there is minimal threat from overgrazing. 

106

Site 3. Mitchell – Bollon Road 



womal (Acacia maranoensis) 


SHIRE COUNCIL: ROMA REGIONAL COUNCIL. 

At this site along the Mitchell – Bollon Road, a stand of womal (Acacia maranoensis) 

thinly stretches over several kilometres of the stock route, is interspersed with other 

trees such as brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) and myall (Acacia pendula). There is 

good habitat connectivity extending with the adjoining land. Interestingly, further 

along the Mitchell – Bollon Road the womal overlaps with ooline (Cadellia 

pentasylis). 

THREATS: The major threats to this site are inappropriate fire regime, and habitat 

degradation by weeds. There is a minimal threat of overgrazing by cattle as the stock 

route is currently inactive. 


RECOMMENDATIONS: The priority recommendation for this site is to include it in 

the Roma Regional Council pest and weed management programme, with emphasis 

on weed control. Care needs to be taken with any stock route / road management 

that burns the verge, in order to protect the regeneration of the womal trees. 

107

4. Mitchell – Forestvale Road 






Along the Mitchell – Forestvale Road there are some large stock route reserves that 

have a dense cover of grass, including buffel grass (Pennisetum ciliare). Amongst 

those reserves is this site, north of the dingo fence, which is heavily forested in 

cypress pine (Callitris sp.) with minimal understorey in many sections. In this cypress 

forest is an area of pushed up road material interspersed with dead branches that is 

a habitat for yakka skink (Egernia rugosa) (Plate 59), whose healthy abundance 

could be determined by the number of scats observed during the field visit. 


THREATS: The major threats to this site are predation by feral cats, foxes and dogs, 

and inappropriate fire regime. 



the Roma Regional Council pest and weed management programme, with emphasis 

on the control of feral predators. 




108

Site 5. Womalilla Creek (Off the Warrego Highway) 






This site is at a dead-end section of stock route that leads to a watering point on 

Womalilla Creek. There is a healthy riparian flat and womal (Acacia maranoensis) 

scattered over a wide area mixed with diverse number of plants including river red 

gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis). During the field visit there was also a number of 

bird species observed, including the largest flock of plum-headed finches (Neochmia 

modesta) sighted during the project (approximately 100 birds). 


degradation by weeds, and inappropriate fire regime. 


RECOMMENDATIONS: It is recommended that droving permits should emphasise 

no camping stock at this site over night. (This does not appear to be occurring at 

present). 

As previously mentioned for the Ooline Park biodiversity hotspot (page 61), the P002 

stock route is a special case because of the convergence of all stock along this 

section en-route to Roma market. The Roma Regional Council is already giving this 

stock route additional attention, and as for Ooline Park, a comprehensive zoned 

management plan is recommended (see page 63). Care needs to be taken with any 

stock route / road management that burns the verge, in order to protect the 

regeneration of the womal trees. 

109

Site 6. Surat – Balonne River 






This site contains a large waterhole on the Balonne River that is on the approach to 

the town of Surat. It has traditionally been a popular site for Murray cod 

(Maccullochella peelii peelii), and similarly to the Charleville area, the cod is an icon 

species amongst the locals. Many stock routes converge on Surat and along the 

Balonne River, but the riparian vegetation of this site is healthy and, until recently, 

had supported a colony of little red flying-fox (Pteropus scapulatus) (Plate 60). 

Plate 60. Little red flying-fox colony on the Balonne River (Photo: B. Walsh). 

THREATS: The major threat to this site are overgrazing by cattle that could reduce 

the water quality, overfishing, and introduced carp (Cyprinus carpio) that can 

compete with and displace Murray cod. 

CURRENT MANAGEMENT: At this site there is monitoring and restocking of Murray 

cod undertaken by the Surat Fishing Restocking Club in conjunction with DEEDI. As 

with the community in Charleville, this strong local support for Murray cod is 

beneficial for the species through monitoring and maintenance of the population. 

RECOMMENDATIONS: As for the biodiversity hotspots for Murray cod on the 

Balonne River (sites 6-8, pp. 110-113), it is important to support and maintain the 

current actions to conserve Murray cod that are undertaken by the Surat Fishing 

Restocking Club and DEEDI. 

110

Reports of past snag removal south of Surat is of concern, and a matter that should 

be investigated. 

In the Border Rivers Maranoa-Balonne NRM region, the Queensland Murray Darling 

Committee is most active in conducting ‘carp busting’ fishing competitions to remove 

as many carp as possible from aquatic habitats. These events are usually 

incorporated in catchment management programs that seek to improve water quality, 

which is of additional benefit to Murray cod and other aquatic species. It would be of 

benefit to expand these activities to this site and other known localities for Murray 

cod in other regions. 

The Invasive Animals CRC is researching control techniques on carp and other feral 

species. As these threats overlap all the NRM regions covered by this project, it 

would be valuable for all the NRM bodies of western Queensland to communicate 

closely with this CRC in order to remain informed about current research and to try 

and address these issues on a landscape scale. 

111

Site 7. Green Trees Reserve (Surat – St. George Road) 






The Green Trees Reserve is a well-known recreational destination for locals from 

Surat, and is an attractive riparian floodplain with a large lagoon adjacent to the 

Balonne River. The waterhole located on this river is also a habitat for Murray cod 

(Maccullochella peelii peelii). 



compete with and displace Murray cod. Additionally, snag removal has (that removes 

an important feature of the habitat for Murray cod) been reported south of Surat. 


cod undertaken by the Surat Fishing Restocking Club in conjunction with DEEDI. 





112

Site 8. Wylara Hole (Surat – St. George Road) 






The Wylara Hole is one of the most popular local recreational sites, as it is close to 

Surat and is known to have good population of Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii 

peelii). The riparian vegetation at this site is in good condition, and snags (that 

provide an important habitat for Murray cod) are more plentiful along this stretch of 

the Balonne River. 



compete with and displace Murray cod. Additionally, snag removal has (that removes 

an important feature of the habitat for Murray cod) been reported south of Surat. 


cod undertaken by the Surat Fishing Restocking Club in conjunction with DEEDI. 





113

Site 9. Beranga Reserve (Surat – Yuleba Road) 






The Beranga Reserve is known locally as “The Lilies” because of the lily coverage 

over its lagoons (Plate 61). The reserve is rich in biodiversity, supported by old 

growth riparian vegetation that is still intact and many good breeding hollows. Apart 

from yakka skink (Egernia rugosa) there should be many other species that could be 

identified at this site, because of the quality of the undisturbed habitat, and the site 

warrants a closer survey to confirm them. 

Plate 61. Beranga Reserve – “The Lilies” (Photo: B. Walsh). 

THREATS: The major threats to this site are predation of native fauna by feral cats, 

foxes and dogs, and habitat degradation by weeds. 


the Roma Regional Council pest and weed management programme. 

114

Site 10. Surat – Glenmorgan Road 






This site on the stock route along the Surat – Glenmorgan Road has relatively intact 

remnant vegetation on a harsh shale rise. It is a biodiversity hotspot for yakka skink 

(Egernia rugosa) who utilise the habitat formed by mounds of scrubby cypress pine 

(Callitris sp.), wattle (Acacia sp.), ironbark (Eucalyptus sp.), and road material that 

has been pushed up by road works. 

THREATS: The main threats to this site are clearing of vegetation, habitat 

destruction by the removal of the mounds that yakka skinks inhabit, inappropriate fire 

regime, and predation by feral cats, foxes and dogs. 


RECOMMENDATIONS: The site would greatly benefit from being included in the 

Roma Regional Council pest and weed management programme, with emphasis on 

feral control (fresh dog and fox tracks were noted in the vicinity during the field visit). 

Although road-works can create mound habitats for yakka skink, it is important that 

any future road-works at this site should take care not to destroy the existing mounds 

that are habitat for yakka skinks. 




115

Site 11. Jackson – Wandoan Road 

STOCK ROUTE NUMBER: U 708 


Rutidosis lanata. 



This site on the Jackson – Wandoan Road is on gravel country with mixed tree 

species along a narrow section of unused stock route. The site is well known to 

botanical enthusiasts who want to view the daisy Rutidosis lanata (Plate 62). This 

priority species appears to have disappeared form the Yuleba State Forest where it 

has previously been collected and other locations where grazing has occurred (Ailsa 

Holland, pers. comm.), therefore this site is of high importance for the species. 

Plate 62. The daisy Rutidosis lanata (Photo: B. Walsh). 

THREATS: The major threats to Rutidosis lanata at this site are habitat degradation 

by weeds, competition and smothering by buffel grass (Pennisetum ciliare), habitat 

degradation by low-levels of grazing, habitat destruction by road widening, and illegal 

collectors. 

RECOMMENDATIONS: This tenacious population of Rutidosis lanata has been 

known to exist for at least ten years. It is situated on the road verge in a shallow 

gravel drain, and would almost certainly have been subjected to some disturbance 

during road grading or maintenance (Ailsa Holland, pers. comm.). 

The existence of this population of Rutidosis lanata should be brought to the attention 

of Roma Regional Council to protect it from any potential road widening. Additionally, 

should the stock route become reactivated, permits should stipulate that stock would 

need to be driven along the western side of the road to avoid grazing this species. 

116

It is also recommended that consideration be given to the control of buffel grass 

(Pennisetum ciliare) and other pasture species along the road verge, which appear to 

be encroaching on the population of Rutidosis lanata. 

117

Additional findings 

An interesting historical find on some stock routes were the evidence of Cobb & Co 

“corduroy” coach tracks (Plate 63). This type of track is constructed from cypress 

pine that had been lain over boggy grown to allow access for Cobb & Co coaches, 

which had been very active throughout the Border Rivers Maranoa-Balonne NRM 

region. A section of corduroy coach tracks near Surat has been dedicated as an 

historic site (stock route number P005). However, the most impressive site is a 100 

metre stretch of corduroy coach tracks on the Surat – Yuleba Road, which requires 

control of erosion and drainage that is destroying the site. 

Plate 63. Cobb & Co corduroy coach track (Photo: B. Walsh). 

Aboriginal stone wells (Plate 64) can also be found near a site of corduroy coach 

tracks (stock route number M705). These wells have been maintained in the past, but 

since neglected, and it would not be a major task to restore the area. 

118

Plate 64. Aboriginal well (Photo: B. Walsh). 

Pegleg Reserve on the stock route north of Mitchell is located in what is broadly 

known as woma (Aspidites ramsayi) habitat. This reserve warrants a closer survey to 

determine the presence of this priority species and possibly others. 

Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus) (Plate 65) is now well established 

along the Maranoa River and its tributaries north of Mitchell. As it has vigorous 

growth, it can quickly colonise grasslands and woodlands and out compete native 

species, changing the structure of the habitat. Its ability to reproduce in 28 days, 

proliferation of seed (15,000 per plant), and spread by flowing water, animals and 

machinery, makes it one of the biggest threats to the current and future management 

of the stock routes and their surround (Chamberlain and Gittens, 2004). 

119

Plate 65. Parthenium weed, Maranoa River, Mitchell (Photo: B. Walsh). 

120

Conclusions 

The Stock Route Network (SRN) of western Queensland is a wonderful legacy that 

provides a substantial public benefit by protecting biodiversity on public land, 

protecting and enhancing public resources used by a range of private and public 

members, and fostering the sustainable use of this network. 

This network also has an important future with a potential increase in stock 

movement, more usage from tourism and recreation, and growing interest from 

community groups. Therefore in order to conserve the natural values as well as 

maintain its other benefits for the community, and given the vast geographic scale of 

the network and compounding threats, management needs to be focussed on 

biodiversity hotspots. 

This project has highlighted the lack of knowledge there is about many of the 

biological values across the SRN of western Queensland, but it has also highlighted 

47 biodiversity hotspots where management actions will achieve the greatest 

conservation benefits. 

The process to identify these biodiversity hotspots met several challenges. Given the 

time constraints, the project was forced to rely on data that had been collected on the 

more frequented routes, and also prevented the inspection of all the isolated routes 

that hold the exciting promise of more priority species yet to be discovered. Seasonal 

conditions limited access to sites, and also greatly impacted on the presence and 

abundance of species, especially birds. It would no doubt be possible to revisit sites 

in the wet season and record priority species missed during the dry season in this 

project. 

The project found that the majority of stock routes in western Queensland can be 

described under the three ‘Us’: ‘Unused for droving stock, Unfenced, and 

Unrecognisable’. The condition of unfenced stock routes is as good as the 

management of the station they adjoin. It is fair to say that in most cases the stock 

routes were in good condition, especially considering other factors such as the recent 

drought. 

In the number of biodiversity hotspots identified, there was a distinct bias towards the 

South West NRM region. This in no way reflects the abundance of biodiversity, but 

simply the fact that the project coordinator (Bryan Walsh) was based in that region for 

the duration of the project and spent weekends in the field visiting local sites. 

However, it does add credence to the suggestion of follow-up projects being 

conducted at the regional level. This approach would be far more thorough and 

comprehensive, as local information flows more readily at the intra-regional level. 

For all of the 47 biodiversity hotspots identified, this report has recommended 

management actions to conserve the biodiversity values at each site. Of course none 

of this can occur without a unified effort with the relevant local governments and staff. 

This would include combined efforts to seek funding, thus enabling the 

implementation of the recommendations on ground. 

As the adjacent landholders are the de-facto managers of the stock routes, it is 

important that they are not excluded from the ongoing management of these 

biodiversity hotspots. The success of a combined approach to the management of 

these hotspots will require their awareness of the values and management needs, 

and their continued involvement. 

121

Acknowledgements 

I would like to thank all the staff from the four NRM regions that have assisted with 

mapping and GIS support, and in particular Martin Wingett from South West NRM 

Ltd. 

The Department of Environment and Resource Management staff have been most 

helpful, especially those based at Charleville, Longreach, and Roma, and the 

WildNet team. 

To the Stock Route Officers, and the myriad of others who provided local knowledge 

and pointed me in the right direction, thank you. 

Other assistance was received from: the Queensland Museum, the Queensland 

Herbarium, Bush Heritage, the Department of Transport and Main Roads, the 

Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, and the Shire 

Councils of Western Queensland. 

References 

Balcombe, S.R. and Arthington, A.H. 2009. Temporal changes in fish abundance in 

response to hydrological variability in a dryland floodplain river. Marine and 

Freshwater Research, 2009, 60, 146-159. 

Chamberlain, J. and Gittens, A. 2004. Parthenium weed management. Department of 

Natural Resources, Mines and Energy. 

Dyer, R., Jacklyn, P., Partridge, I., Russell-Smith, J., and Williams, D. (eds). 2001. 

Savanna burning: Understanding and using fire in northern Australia. Tropical 

Savannas CRC. 

Hogan, A. and Vallance, T. 2005. Rapid assessment of fish biodiversity in southern 

Gulf of Carpentaria catchments. Project report number QI04074, Queensland 

Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Walkamin. 

Sattler, P.S. and Williams, R.D. (eds). 1999. The Conservation Status of 

Queensland’s Bioregional Ecosystems. Published by Environmental 

Protection Agency, Brisbane. 

Sullivan, H. (ed). 1984. Visitors to Aboriginal sites: access, control and management: 

proceedings of the 1983 Kakadu Workshop. Australian National Parks and 

Wildlife Service, Canberra. 

122

Acronyms 

BRMB Border Rivers Maranoa-Balonne (NRM region) 

CFRC Charleville Fishing and Restocking Club 

CRC Cooperative Research Centre 

DC Desert Channels (NRM region) 

DCQ Desert Channels Queensland Inc. 

DTMR Queensland Department of Transport and Main Roads 

DEEDI Queensland Department of Employment, Economic Development and 

Innovation 

DERM Queensland Department of Environment and Resource Management 

EPBC Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 

NCA Nature Conservation Act 1992 

NRM Natural Resource Management 

QMDC Queensland Murray Darling Committee Inc. 

RE Regional Ecosystem 

SG Southern Gulf (NRM region) 

SGC Southern Gulf Catchments Inc. 

SRN Stock Route Network 

SW South West (NRM region) 

SWNRM South West NRM Ltd. 

123

Appendix 1: Priority species 

The presence of priority species for conservation (identified through the ‘Back on Track 

species prioritisation framework’ in the Southern Gulf (SG), Desert Channels (DC), South 

West (SW), and Border Rivers Maranoa-Balonne (BRMB) NRM regions. (A “1” indicating the 

species is present in the region). The legislative status of each species is shown under the 

Queensland Nature Conservation Act 1992, and the Commonwealth Environment Protection 

and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999: E = Endangered, V = Vulnerable, R = Rare, and LC 

= Least Concern. 

Appendix 1a: Priority plant species 

Presence in NRM region 

Species name Common name NCA EPBC SG DC SW BRMB 

Acacia maranoensis womal LC 1 1 

Aponogeton queenslandicus R 1 1 1 

Boronia repanda E E 1 

Cadellia pentastylis ooline V V 1 1 1 

Caladenia atroclavia E E 1 

Callitris baileyi Bailey's cypress R 1 

Commersonia inglewoodensis 1 

Cycas couttsiana R 1 

Cymbonotus maidenii 1 1 

Cyperus clarus V 1 1 

Eleocharis blakeana R 1 1 

Eriocaulon carsonii E E 1 1 1 

Eryngium fontanum E E 1 

Eucalyptus argophloia V V 1 

Eucalyptus pachycalyx subsp. 

waajensis 

E 1 

Glycyrrhiza acanthocarpa 1 1 1 

Grevillea scortechinii subsp. 

scortechinii 

V 1 

Gunniopsis sp. (Edgbaston 

R.J.Fensham 5094) 

1 

Hemigenia sp. (Homestead 

E.J.Thompson+ CHA203) 

1 

Homoranthus sp. (Wyaga 

D.Jermyn+ HM25) 

1 

Hydrocotyle dipleura 1 1 

Leucopogon sp. (Coolmunda 

D.Halford Q1635) 

E E 1 

Macrozamia conferta V V 1 

Macrozamia cranei E E 1 

Macrozamia machinii V V 1 

Macrozamia occidua V V 1 

Macrozamia viridis E 1 

Melaleuca groveana R 1 

Myriophyllum artesium E 1 1 

Pandanus aquaticus 1 

Pararistolochia praevenosa R 1 

Peplidium sp. (Edgbaston 

R.J.Fensham 3341) 

LC 1 

Philotheca sporadica V V 1 

Prostanthera sp. (Mount 

Stewart) 

1 

Ptilotus brachyanthus R 1 1 

Rhaponticum australe V V 1 1 

Rumex dumosus LC 1 

Rutidosis lanata E 1 

Senecio daltonii 1 

Solanum argopetalum LC 1 1 

Solanum coracinum 1 

Solanum innoxium 1 

Solanum papaverifolium E 1 

Solanum stenopterum V 1 

124

Appendix 1b: Priority animal species 

Presence in NRM region 

Species name 

Spiders 

Common name NCA EPBC SG DC SW BRMB 

Selenocosmia crassipes 

Butterflies 

LC 1 

Hypochrysops piceata bulloak jewel E 1 

Jalmenus evagoras 

Freshwater fish 

imperial hairstreak (northern 

subspecies) 

V 1 

Chlamydogobius micropterus Elizabeth Springs Goby E E 1 

Chlamydogobius squamigenus Edgbaston goby E V 1 

Craterocephalus sp. Edgbaston hardyhead 1 

Maccullochella peeli peeli Murray cod E 1 1 1 

Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis red-finned blue-eye E E 1 

Reptiles 

Acanthophis antarcticus common death adder R 1 1 1 1 

Aspidites ramsayi woma R 1 1 1 

Egernia rugosa yakka skink V V 1 1 1 

Wollumbinia belli Bell's turtle LC V 1 

Elseya lavarackorum Gulf snapping turtle V E 1 

Emydura macquarii emmotti Emmott's short-neck turtle LC 1 

Hoplocephalus bitorquatus pale-headed snake LC 1 1 1 

Hoplocephalus stephensii Stephens' banded snake R 1 

Nephrurus sphyrurus border thick-tailed gecko R V 1 

Paradelma orientalis brigalow scaly-foot V V 1 1 

Strophurus taenicauda golden-tailed gecko R 1 1 

Birds 

Amytornis ballarae Kalkadoon grasswren LC 1 1 

Amytornis barbatus barbatus grey grasswren (Bulloo) R V 1 1 

Amytornis barbatus diamantina grey grasswren (Lake Eyre basin) 1 

Amytornis dorotheae Carpentarian grasswren 1 1 

Amytornis striatus rowleyi (S&M) striated grasswren R 1 

Artamus cinereus normani black-faced woodswallow (Cape 

York Peninsula) 

LC 1 

Botaurus poiciloptilus Australasian bittern LC 1 1 

Lophochroa leadbeateri Major Mitchell's cockatoo V 1 1 1 1 

Calyptorhynchus lathami lathami glossy black-cockatoo (eastern) V 1 1 

Elanus scriptus letter-winged kite LC 1 1 1 1 

Erythrotriorchis radiatus red goshawk E V 1 1 1 1 

Grantiella picta painted honeyeater R 1 1 1 1 

Lathamus discolor swift parrot E E 1 

Malurus coronatus purple-crowned fairy-wren V 1 

Melanodryas cucullata cucullata hooded robin (south-eastern) LC 1 

Neochmia ruficauda clarescens star finch (northern subspecies) LC 1 1 

Rostratula australis Australian painted snipe V V 1 1 1 1 

Stagonopleura guttata diamond firetail LC 1 1 1 

Anthochaera phrygia 

Mammals 

regent honeyeater E E 1 1 

Dasycercus cristicauda mulgara V V 1 

Dasycercus hillieri ampurta LC E 1 

Dasyuroides byrnei kowari V V 1 

Dasyurus hallucatus northern quoll LC E 1 1 

Macroderma gigas ghost bat V 1 1 1 1 

Macrotis lagotis greater bilby E V 1 1 

Nyctophilus timoriensis eastern long-eared bat V V 1 1 

Petaurus australis australis yellow-bellied glider (southern 

subspecies) 

LC 1 1 

Petrogale penicillata brush-tailed rock-wallaby V V 1 

Petrogale xanthopus celeris yellow-footed rock-wallaby LC 1 1 

Pseudomys oralis Hastings River mouse V E 1 

Pteropus poliocephalus grey-headed flying-fox LC V 1 

Sminthopsis douglasi Julia Creek dunnart E E 1 1 

125

Appendix 2: Data sheet for site visits 

Site number: 

Coordinates: 

Site name: 

Road/stock route: 

Local Government authority: 

NRM region: 

Flora: 

Fauna: 

Other: 

Biodiversity Hotspot Criteria 

Priority species: 

Presence/abundance: 

Threats/constraints: 

Current management: 

Social constraints: 

Active/inactive stock route: 

Connectivity/linkage: 

Regional ecosystems: 

Local knowledge input: 

Photographs: 

Comments: 

Recommendation: 

Date: 

Officer: 

126

enhancing biodiversity hotspots along western ... - South West NRM

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