Norwegian Journal of Entomology - Norsk entomologisk forening

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Lønnve et al.: Overwintering of Gonioctena pallida (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) in Norway DISCUSSION At Finse, the winter normally has a duration of approximately eight months. The snow usually arrives in early October, and at the overwintering sites of G. pallida a layer of at least 1 m is built up during the winter. Temperature recorded in the ground 2. 5 and 8 cm below the surface at the overwintering sites of the beetles dropped to approximately 0 °C in the middle of October. At the end of the month, air temperatures 8 cm above the ground fell close to –15 °C. In general, the snow cover protects the ground from fluctuating and freezing temperatures (Wielgolaski 1997). When the snow cover is sufficiently thick, temperatures rarely drops more than one or two °C below zero. In this way the beetles are protected from low freezing temperatures. As pointed out by Nordmoen & Lønnve (1996), G. pallida apparently prefer areas of dense snow cover, and may be absent from Salix at other sites. In the laboratory, adult G. pallida survived exposure at 0 and –3°C for periods corresponding to the duration of the winter, or longer. At –6 °C most specimens survived for more than six months, but this temperature is rarely encountered in the field. The supercooling capacity of the adult beetles is more than required to survive the temperatures they are likely to be exposed to during the winter. Their high degree of chill tolerance makes it possible for the beetles to survive long periods of exposure at temperatures above the supercooling points. In contrast to the freeze susceptible G. pallida, two other chrysomelid beetles from the alpine zone in Norway are freeze tolerant. Phyllodecta laticollis may survive freezing down to –42 °C (van der Laak 1982) and Melasoma (Chrysomela) collaris tolerates temperatures down to –35 °C (Sømme & Conradi-Larsen 1979). Both species overwinter in unprotected sites and are exposed to low air temperatures. Recently, several papers on chrysomelid beetles 8 with similar life cycles and overwintering strategies as G. pallida have been published. At the Kola Peninsula, NW Russia the leaf beetle Chrysomela lapponica feeds on Salix borealis (Zvereva 2002). Adult beetles overwinter in the soil where they are protected from low temperatures. Food quality in the pre-overwintering period has strong impact on survival. In Tsukuba, Japan, the univoltine chrysomelid beetle Aulacophora nigripennis overwinters as adult in cracks and crevices (Watanabe & Tanaka 1998). More than 90 % of the beetles survived for five months at outdoor conditions. Their chill tolerance increased during the autumn, while mean SCPs did not fall below –11 °C. Similarly, Lam & Pedigo (2000) found that the bean leaf beetle Cerotoma trifurcata avoids extreme temperatures during overwintering in leaf litter of woodlands in Iowa, USA. In conclusion, adults of G. pallida are sufficiently cold hardy to survive the alpine winter conditions at Finse. Their overwintering sites in litter and below a deep snow cover are protected from extreme low temperatures, but the beetles survive very long periods at temperatures close to 0 °C. Their overwintering strategy is similar to a pattern that has also been found in some other chrysomelid beetles. REFERENCES Axelsson, B., Bosetta, E., Lohm, U., Persson, T. & Tenow, O. 1974a. Energy flow through a larval population of Phytodecta pallidus L. (Col., Chrysomelidae) on Coryllus avellana L. I. Individual energy budget. Zoon 2. 49-50. Axelsson, B., Lohm, U., Persson, T. & Tenow, O. 1974b. Energy flow through a larval population of Phytodecta pallidus L. (Col., Chrysomelidae) on Coryllus avellana L. II. Population energy budget. Zoon 2. 153-160. Bontems, C. 1988. Localization of spermatozoa inside viviparous and oviparous female of Chrysomelidae. Pp. 299-315 in Jolivet, P., Petipierre, E. & Hsio, T. H. (eds). Biology of Chrysomelidae. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht.
Hansen, V. 1927. Biller VII. Bladbiller og bønnebiller. Danm. Fauna, 31. 1-401. Lam, W.-K. F. & Pedigo, L.P. 2000. Cold tolerance of overwintering bean leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Environ. Entomol. 29, 157-163. Nordmoen, J.-A. & Lønnve, O. J. 1996. Undersøkelser av biologien til en lavalpin populasjon av Gonioctena pallida L. (Col., Chrysomelidae). 95pp. Cand. scient. thesis in zoology. Department of Biology, University of Oslo. Mason, M. L. & Lawson, F. A. 1982. Biology of the American aspen beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Gonioctena americana Schaeffer) in the Medicine Bow National Forest, Wyoming. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 55. 779-788. Mardulyn, P. 2001. Phylogeograph of the Vosges mountains populations of Gonioctena pallida (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): a nested clade analysis of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes. Molec. Ecol. 10, 1751-1763. Richards, O. W. & Waloff, N. 1961. A study of a natural population of Phytodecta olivacea (Forster) (Col., Chrysomelidae). Phil. Trans. Brit. 244, 205-257. Silfverberg, H. 1989. The problem of arctic Chrysomelids (Coleoptera). Fauna norv. Ser. B. 36. 53-55. Silfverberg, H. 2004. Enumeratio nova Coleopterorum Fennoscandiae, Daniae et Baltiae. Sahlbergia 9. 1-111. Sømme, L. & Conradi-Larsen, E.M. 1979. Frost resistance in alpine, adult Melasoma collaris (Coleoptera). Oikos 33, 80-84. Van der Laak, S. 1982. Physiological adaptations to low temperature in freezing tolerant Phyllodecta laticollis beetles. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 73A, 613-620. Watanabe, M. & Tanaka, K. 1998. Diapause and cold hardiness in Aulacophora nigripennis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Insect Physiol. 44, 1103-1110. Wielgolaski, F.E. 1997. Fennoscandian Tundra. Pp. 27-83 in Wielgolaski, F.E. (ed.), Polar and alpine Tundra. Ecosystems of the World 3. Elsevier, Amsterdam Zvererva, E. 2002. Effects of host plant quality on overwintering success of the leaf beetle Chrysomela lapponica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Eur. J. Entomol. 99, 189-195. Received 30 October 2005, accepted 7 March 2006. Norw. J. Entomol. 53, 5-9, 22 May 2006 9
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Gammelmo & Søli: Norwegian fungus
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Spiders active on snow in Southern
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in the total material which include
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Table 1. continued No. of Loc. no.
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landed after flying. The general sn
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and captured collembolans. Several
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Lauxania minor Martinek, 1974 (Dipt
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Checklist of Nordic Pseudoscorpione
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REFERENCES Agnarsson, I. 1998. Isle
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Hansen & Hodkinson: Cacopsylla visc
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The division of Norway in geographi
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Instructions to authors Manuscripts
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