Draft Import Risk Analysis - Biosecurity New Zealand

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Scientific name In Vector In NZ but In NZ but In NZ but has No or little Under official Potential NZ? of a association with geographically different host information on control or hazard Hazard goods increases hazard bounded associations organism notifiable Tulare apple mosaic virus Viroids No N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes No Yes Apple dimple fruit viroid No N/A N/A N/A N/A No No Yes Apple fruit crinkle viroid No N/A N/A N/A N/A No No Yes Apple scar skin viroid No N/A N/A N/A N/A No No Yes Peach latent mosaic viroid Phytoplasma No N/A N/A N/A N/A No No Yes Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris No N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes No Yes Candidatus Phytoplasma mali No N/A N/A N/A N/A No No Yes Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri No N/A N/A N/A N/A No No Yes Diseases of unknown aetiology Apple blister bark agent No N/A N/A N/A N/A No No Yes Apple brown ringspot agent No N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes No Yes Apple bumpy fruit agent No N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes No Yes Apple bunchy top agent No N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes No Yes Apple chat fruit agent Yes N/A No No No No No No Apple dead spur agent No N/A N/A N/A N/A No No Yes Apple decline agent No N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes No Yes Apple flat limb agent Yes N/A No No No No No No Apple freckle scurf agent Apple green crinkle agent Apple green dimple and ring blotch agent Apple junction necrotic pitting agent Apple leaf chlorosis and fruit distortion agent No N/A N/A N/A N/A No No Yes Yes N/A No No No No No No No N/A N/A N/A N/A No No Yes No N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes No Yes Yes N/A No No No No No No Apple leaf fleck, bark blister, and fruit distortion agent Yes N/A No No No No No No Apple leaf pucker and fruit russet agent Yes N/A No No No No No No Apple McIntosh depression agent No N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes No Yes Apple narrow leaf agent No N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes No Yes Apple necrosis agent No N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes No Yes Apple necrotic spot & mottle agent Apple Newton wrinkle agent Apple painted face agent No N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes No Yes No N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes No Yes No N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes No Yes Page 16 of 203 August 2009 DRAFT Import Risk Analysis: Viruses, Viroids, Phytoplasma, Bacteria and Diseases of Unknown Aetiology on Malus Nursery Stock
Scientific name In Vector In NZ but In NZ but In NZ but has No or little Under official Potential NZ? of a association with geographically different host information on control or hazard Hazard goods increases hazard bounded associations organism notifiable Apple platycarpa dwarf agent Yes N/A No No No No No No Apple platycarpa scaly bark agent Yes N/A No No No No No No Apple pustule canker agent No N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes No Yes Apple red ring agent No N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes No Yes Apple ringspot agent Yes N/A No No No No No No Apple rosette agent No N/A N/A N/A N/A No No Yes Apple rough skin agent No N/A N/A N/A N/A No No Yes Apple rubbery wood agent Yes N/A No No No No No No Apple russet ring agent Yes N/A No No No No No No Apple russet wart agent No N/A N/A N/A N/A No No Yes Apple star crack agent No N/A N/A N/A N/A No No Yes Apple transmissible internal bark necrosis agent Quince yellow mosaic agent Bacteria No N/A N/A N/A N/A No No Yes No N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes No Yes Erwinia amylovora Yes No No No No No No No Pseudomonas cichorii Yes No No No No No No No Pseudomonas syringae pv. papulans No No N/A N/A N/A No No Yes Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae Yes No No No No No No No Rhizobium radiobacter Yes No No No No No No No 3.3. References for chapter 3 Agrios G N (2005) Plant pathology. Fifth Edition. Academic Press inc, pp 801 Bokx, de J A; Want, van der J P H (1987) Viruses of potatoes and seed-potato production. 2 nd edition. Pudoc Wageningen, pp 259 Brunt, A.A., Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, M.J., Gibbs, A.J., Watson, L. and Zurcher, E.J. (eds.) (1996). Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. Version: 20 th August 1996. Available at: http://image.fs.uidaho.edu/vide/ Constable, F; Rodoni, B; Joyce, P (2006) Improving diagnostic protocols to ensure rapid and safe access to imported pome fruit propagating germplasm. Final report for Horticulture Australia project AP01030. Department of Primary Industries Knoxfield, pp 161 Fauquet, C M; Mayo, M A; Maniloff, J; Desselberger, U; Ball, L A (2005) Virus Taxonomy. Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Elsevier Academic Press, London, UK; 1259 pp. MAF (2006) Biosecurity New Zealand risk analysis procedures. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, New Zealand, 201 pp. Available online at http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/files/pestsdiseases/surveillance-review/risk-analysis-procedures.pdf DRAFT Import Risk Analysis: Viruses, Viroids, Phytoplasma, Bacteria and Diseases of Unknown Aetiology on Malus Nursery Stock August 2009 Page 17 of 203
Page 1 and 2: Draft Import Risk Analysis: Viruses
Page 3 and 4: Contributors to this risk analysis
Page 5: 8.10. Apple McIntosh depression age
Page 8 and 9: Organism (Name and organism type) A
Page 10 and 11: 1. Project background and process 1
Page 12 and 13: The process outlined in figure 2.1
Page 14 and 15: 2. Commodity and pathway descriptio
Page 16 and 17: Flowering and fruiting are sporadic
Page 18 and 19: MAF (2003) PP42: Inspection and Cle
Page 20 and 21: Viroids are pathogens that are pres
Page 24 and 25: 4. General phytosanitary measures f
Page 26 and 27: e detected while the specificity le
Page 28 and 29: maintained within the facility. MAF
Page 30 and 31: Postman D pers. com. (2008) Comment
Page 32 and 33: 5.1.2. Risk assessment 5.1.2.1. Ent
Page 34 and 35: Virus indexing of mother plants Whi
Page 36 and 37: Kegler et al. 1983). Dianthoviruses
Page 38 and 39: ecosystems. Naturalised introduced
Page 40 and 41: Koenig R, Rüdel M, Lesemann D E (1
Page 42 and 43: Symptoms by affected plant part inc
Page 44 and 45: The likelihood of exposure and esta
Page 46 and 47: the causal agent as CRLV. It theref
Page 48 and 49: Hansen, A J; Parish, C L (1990) Tra
Page 50 and 51: 5.4. Clover yellow mosaic virus (Cl
Page 52 and 53: Environmental consequences While th
Page 54 and 55: Baker, C A, Beckham, K, Hiebert, E
Page 56 and 57: Pearson M N, Clover G R G, Guy P L,
Page 58 and 59: 5.6.2. References Bancroft JB, Toli
Page 60 and 61: TBSV spreads (principally on plants
Page 62 and 63: Pest free place of production (PFPP
Page 64 and 65: 5.8. Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV)
Page 66 and 67: MM.106 rootstock, because it moves
Page 68 and 69: ange of host crops overseas that to
Page 70 and 71: Bioassays are effectively used with
Page 72 and 73:
5.9. Tulare apple mosaic virus (TAM
Page 74 and 75:
5.9.3.2. Option evaluation There ar
Page 76 and 77:
6. Risk analyses - Viroids 6.1. App
Page 78 and 79:
The potential environmental impact
Page 80 and 81:
6.1.4. References Allan H H (1982)
Page 82 and 83:
6.2.2. Risk assessment 6.2.2.1. Ent
Page 84 and 85:
There is currently no information o
Page 86 and 87:
No insect vector is known, but root
Page 88 and 89:
a. Pest free area (PFA) (see sectio
Page 90 and 91:
6.4. Peach latent mosaic viroid (PL
Page 92 and 93:
7. Risk analyses - Phytoplasma 7.1.
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7.1.3. Risk management 7.1.3.1. Ris
Page 96 and 97:
7.2. Candidatus Phytoplasma mali (A
Page 98 and 99:
plum), Pyrus communis (European pea
Page 100 and 101:
7.2.2.5. Risk estimation The likeli
Page 102 and 103:
Larivière, M-C (Ed.) (2005) Checkl
Page 104 and 105:
8. Risk analyses - Diseases of unkn
Page 106 and 107:
impacts, while being significant on
Page 108 and 109:
BA (2002) Review of Post-Entry Quar
Page 110 and 111:
8.2.2.3. Consequence assessment Spr
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
8.3.2. Risk assessment 8.3.2.1. Ent
Page 116 and 117:
Mitigation by industry As discussed
Page 118 and 119:
8.4. Apple bunchy top agent 8.4.1.
Page 120 and 121:
8.5. Apple dead spur agent 8.5.1. H
Page 122 and 123:
8.5.2.4. Conclusion of consequence
Page 124 and 125:
8.6. Apple decline agent 8.6.1. Haz
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Human health consequences Apple Dec
Page 128 and 129:
8.7. Apple freckle scurf agent 8.7.
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However, as discussed in section 4.
Page 132 and 133:
8.8. Apple green dimple and ring bl
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
8.9. Apple junction necrotic pittin
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they may potential receive from imp
Page 140 and 141:
8.10. Apple McIntosh depression age
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8.10.2.6. Assessment of uncertainty
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8.11. Apple narrow leaf agent 8.11.
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eceive from importing such material
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8.12. Apple necrosis agent 8.12.1.
Page 150 and 151:
8.14. Apple Newton wrinkle agent 8.
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
8.15. Apple painted face agent 8.15
Page 156 and 157:
8.16. Apple pustule canker agent 8.
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Xylella fastidiosa. NAPPO (North Am
Page 162 and 163:
The likelihood of exposure and esta
Page 164 and 165:
old fruit bearing trees, woody inde
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
period, woody indexing on the Malus
Page 170 and 171:
8.19.2. Risk assessment 8.19.2.1. E
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Indexing of mother plants Given tha
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
8.21.1.4. Hazard identification con
Page 180 and 181:
d. Indexing of mother plants either
Page 182 and 183:
8.22. Apple transmissible internal
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
Jones, A L; Aldwinckle, H S (1990)
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9. Risk analyses - Bacteria 9.1. Ps
Page 190 and 191:
symptoms in New Zealand all suggest
Page 192 and 193:
papulans associated with imported M
Page 194 and 195:
Bradbury, J F (1986) Guide to plant
Page 196 and 197:
Glossary of Terms Area An officiall
Page 198 and 199:
Pest Any species, strain or biotype
Page 200 and 201:
Appendix 1 Potential hazards - desc
Page 202 and 203:
Scientific name Common name Synonym
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210:
Pearson M N; Clover G R G; Guy P L;
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