Draft Import Risk Analysis - Biosecurity New Zealand

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Hansen, A J; Parish, C L (1990) Transmissible Fruit Disorders. In: Jones AL, Aldwinckle HS, eds. Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases. St Paul, MN, USA: APS Press, 77-78. Helson G A H (1953) Outbreaks and new records. New Zealand: FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 1:122. ICTVdB Management (2006) 00.111.0.01.001. Cherry rasp leaf virus. In: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. Büchen-Osmond, C. (Ed), Columbia University, New York, USA. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.111.0.01.001.htm ISHS (1980) Detection of viruses and other graft-transmissible virus-like diseases of fruit trees. Acta Phytopathologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 15:407-413. James D, Howell W E, Mink G I (2000) Development of an RT-PCR procedure for the detection of flat apple virus and molecular evidence of identity with cherry rasp leaf virus. Phytopathology (Abstr), 90(6):38 James, D; Howell, W E; Mink, G I (2001) Molecular evidence of the relationship between a virus associated with flat apple disease and Cherry rasp leaf virus as determined by RT-PCR. Plant Disease, 85(1):47-52. Jones, A T (1987) Cherry rasp leaf virus in Rubus. In: Converse RH, ed. Virus Diseases of Small Fruits. USA: United States Department of Agriculture. Agriculture Handbook No. 631, 241- 242. Jones, A T; Mayo, M A; Henderson, S J (1985) Biological and biochemical properties of an isolate of cherry rasp leaf virus from red raspberry. Annals of Applied Biology, 106(1):101- 110. Jones, A T; Brown, D J F; Halbrendt, J M; Vrain, T C; Robbins, R T (1995) The transmission of three nepoviruses by populations of four Xiphinema americanum-group species. Acta Horticulturae, No. 385:105-109. Li, T S C; Eastwell, K C; Hansen, A J (1996) Transmission of cherry viruses by approach grafting from herbaceous to woody hosts. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 18(4):429- 432. View Abstract Luepschen, N S; Harder, H H; Rohrbach, K G; Sisson, M A (1974) Sweet cherry raspleaf incidence in Colorado. Plant Disease Reporter, 58(1):26-27. McElroy, F D (1975) Nematode transmitted viruses in British Columbia, Canada. In Nematode vectors of plant viruses. pg 287-288. Nyland, G (1976) Cherry rasp leaf. In: Virus diseases and non-infectious disorders of stone fruits in North America. USA: US Department of Agriculture. Agriculture Handbook No. 437, 219- 221. Nyland, G; Lownebery, B F; Lowe, S K; Mitchell, J F (1969) The Transmission of Cherry Rasp Leaf Virus by Xiphinema americanum. Phytopathology, 59:111-1112. OEPP/EPPO (1984) Data sheets on quarantine organisms No. 131, Liriomyza trifolii. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO, 14:29-37. Ogawa, J M; English, H eds (1991) Diseases of Temperate Zone Tree Fruit and Nut Crops. Oakland, CA, USA: University of California, Division of Natural Resources. Parish, C L (1976) A comparison between the causal agents of cherry rasp leaf and flat apple diseases. Acta Horticulturae, 67:199-202. Parish, C L (1977) A relationship between flat apple disease and cherry rasp leaf disease. Phytopathology, 67(8):982-984. Page 42 of 203 August 2009 DRAFT Import Risk Analysis: Viruses, Viroids, Phytoplasma, Bacteria and Diseases of Unknown Aetiology on Malus Nursery Stock
Pearson, M N; Clover, G R G; Guy, P L; Fletcher, J D; Beever, R E (2006) A review of the plant virus, viroid and mollicute records for New Zealand. Australasian Plant Pathology 35 (2): 217-252 Pennycook, S R (1989) Plant diseases recorded in New Zealand. 3 Vol. Pl. Dis. Div. D.S.I.R; Auckland PPIN (Year of search) Plant Information Network. MAF database. Smith, I M; Dunez, J; Phillips, D H; Lelliott, R A; Archer, S A (1988) European Handbook of Plant Diseases. London, UK: Blackwell Scientific. Smith, I M; McNamara, D G; Scott, P R; Holderness, M; Burger, B (1997) Quarantine Pests for Europe. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CAB International. Stace-Smith, R; Hansen, A J (1976a) Some properties of cherry rasp leaf virus. Acta Horticulturae, 67:193-197. Stace-Smith, R; Hansen, A J (1976b) Cherry rasp leaf virus. Wellesbourne, UK: Association of Applied Biologists. CMI/AAB Descriptions of Plant Viruses No. 159. Thompson J R, Perry K L, De Jong W (2004) A new potato virus in a new lineage of picornalike viruses. Archives of Virology 149: pp. 2141-2154. Wagnon, H K; Traylor, J A; Williams, H E; Weiner, A C (1968) Investigations of cherry rasp leaf disease in California. Plant Disease Reporter, 52:618-622. Wellinck J, Le Gall O, Sanfacon H, Ikegami M, Jones A T (2000) Family Comoviridae. In van Regenmortel MHV, et al., Virus Taxonomy; Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, 691-701. San Diego, USA: Academic Press. Wood, G A (1979) Virus and virus-like diseases of pome fruits and stone fruits in New Zealand. Bulletin, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Wood, G A; Fry, P R (1972) Virus infection in Central Otago sweet cherry trees. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 15:172-178. WSU (2003) “Virus Free” Stone & Pome Fruit - Pome Fruit Diseases caused by Viruses (NRSP5) 2001. Washington State University. National Research Support Project 5. Supporting Research & Development. Pome Fruit-Virus Detection Procedures (NRSP5, Indexing Procedures) http://nrsp5.prosser.wsu.edu/index.html. DRAFT Import Risk Analysis: Viruses, Viroids, Phytoplasma, Bacteria and Diseases of Unknown Aetiology on Malus Nursery Stock August 2009 Page 43 of 203
Page 1 and 2: Draft Import Risk Analysis: Viruses
Page 3 and 4: Contributors to this risk analysis
Page 5: 8.10. Apple McIntosh depression age
Page 8 and 9: Organism (Name and organism type) A
Page 10 and 11: 1. Project background and process 1
Page 12 and 13: The process outlined in figure 2.1
Page 14 and 15: 2. Commodity and pathway descriptio
Page 16 and 17: Flowering and fruiting are sporadic
Page 18 and 19: MAF (2003) PP42: Inspection and Cle
Page 20 and 21: Viroids are pathogens that are pres
Page 22 and 23: Scientific name In Vector In NZ but
Page 24 and 25: 4. General phytosanitary measures f
Page 26 and 27: e detected while the specificity le
Page 28 and 29: maintained within the facility. MAF
Page 30 and 31: Postman D pers. com. (2008) Comment
Page 32 and 33: 5.1.2. Risk assessment 5.1.2.1. Ent
Page 34 and 35: Virus indexing of mother plants Whi
Page 36 and 37: Kegler et al. 1983). Dianthoviruses
Page 38 and 39: ecosystems. Naturalised introduced
Page 40 and 41: Koenig R, Rüdel M, Lesemann D E (1
Page 42 and 43: Symptoms by affected plant part inc
Page 44 and 45: The likelihood of exposure and esta
Page 46 and 47: the causal agent as CRLV. It theref
Page 50 and 51: 5.4. Clover yellow mosaic virus (Cl
Page 52 and 53: Environmental consequences While th
Page 54 and 55: Baker, C A, Beckham, K, Hiebert, E
Page 56 and 57: Pearson M N, Clover G R G, Guy P L,
Page 58 and 59: 5.6.2. References Bancroft JB, Toli
Page 60 and 61: TBSV spreads (principally on plants
Page 62 and 63: Pest free place of production (PFPP
Page 64 and 65: 5.8. Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV)
Page 66 and 67: MM.106 rootstock, because it moves
Page 68 and 69: ange of host crops overseas that to
Page 70 and 71: Bioassays are effectively used with
Page 72 and 73: 5.9. Tulare apple mosaic virus (TAM
Page 74 and 75: 5.9.3.2. Option evaluation There ar
Page 76 and 77: 6. Risk analyses - Viroids 6.1. App
Page 78 and 79: The potential environmental impact
Page 80 and 81: 6.1.4. References Allan H H (1982)
Page 82 and 83: 6.2.2. Risk assessment 6.2.2.1. Ent
Page 84 and 85: There is currently no information o
Page 86 and 87: No insect vector is known, but root
Page 88 and 89: a. Pest free area (PFA) (see sectio
Page 90 and 91: 6.4. Peach latent mosaic viroid (PL
Page 92 and 93: 7. Risk analyses - Phytoplasma 7.1.
Page 94 and 95: 7.1.3. Risk management 7.1.3.1. Ris
Page 96 and 97: 7.2. Candidatus Phytoplasma mali (A
Page 98 and 99:
plum), Pyrus communis (European pea
Page 100 and 101:
7.2.2.5. Risk estimation The likeli
Page 102 and 103:
Larivière, M-C (Ed.) (2005) Checkl
Page 104 and 105:
8. Risk analyses - Diseases of unkn
Page 106 and 107:
impacts, while being significant on
Page 108 and 109:
BA (2002) Review of Post-Entry Quar
Page 110 and 111:
8.2.2.3. Consequence assessment Spr
Page 112 and 113:
There is currently no information o
Page 114 and 115:
8.3.2. Risk assessment 8.3.2.1. Ent
Page 116 and 117:
Mitigation by industry As discussed
Page 118 and 119:
8.4. Apple bunchy top agent 8.4.1.
Page 120 and 121:
8.5. Apple dead spur agent 8.5.1. H
Page 122 and 123:
8.5.2.4. Conclusion of consequence
Page 124 and 125:
8.6. Apple decline agent 8.6.1. Haz
Page 126 and 127:
Human health consequences Apple Dec
Page 128 and 129:
8.7. Apple freckle scurf agent 8.7.
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However, as discussed in section 4.
Page 132 and 133:
8.8. Apple green dimple and ring bl
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
8.9. Apple junction necrotic pittin
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they may potential receive from imp
Page 140 and 141:
8.10. Apple McIntosh depression age
Page 142 and 143:
8.10.2.6. Assessment of uncertainty
Page 144 and 145:
8.11. Apple narrow leaf agent 8.11.
Page 146 and 147:
eceive from importing such material
Page 148 and 149:
8.12. Apple necrosis agent 8.12.1.
Page 150 and 151:
8.14. Apple Newton wrinkle agent 8.
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
8.15. Apple painted face agent 8.15
Page 156 and 157:
8.16. Apple pustule canker agent 8.
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Xylella fastidiosa. NAPPO (North Am
Page 162 and 163:
The likelihood of exposure and esta
Page 164 and 165:
old fruit bearing trees, woody inde
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
period, woody indexing on the Malus
Page 170 and 171:
8.19.2. Risk assessment 8.19.2.1. E
Page 172 and 173:
Indexing of mother plants Given tha
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
There is currently no information o
Page 178 and 179:
8.21.1.4. Hazard identification con
Page 180 and 181:
d. Indexing of mother plants either
Page 182 and 183:
8.22. Apple transmissible internal
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
Jones, A L; Aldwinckle, H S (1990)
Page 188 and 189:
9. Risk analyses - Bacteria 9.1. Ps
Page 190 and 191:
symptoms in New Zealand all suggest
Page 192 and 193:
papulans associated with imported M
Page 194 and 195:
Bradbury, J F (1986) Guide to plant
Page 196 and 197:
Glossary of Terms Area An officiall
Page 198 and 199:
Pest Any species, strain or biotype
Page 200 and 201:
Appendix 1 Potential hazards - desc
Page 202 and 203:
Scientific name Common name Synonym
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210:
Pearson M N; Clover G R G; Guy P L;
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